Incidence of Human Conflicts by Research Grizzly Bears
Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15:170-173,
1987
INCIDENCE OF HUMAN CONFLICTS BY RESEARCH GRIZZLY BEARS RICHARD MACE, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlifeand Parks, Box 67, Kalispell, MT 59903 KEITH AUNE, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlifeand Parks, Box 638, Choteau, MT 59422 WAYNE KASWORM, Montana Departmentof Fish, Wildlifeand Parks, Route 1, Box 1455, Libby, MT 59923 ROBERT KLAVER, Bureau of Indian Affairs,Flathead Agency,Drawer A, Ronan, MT 59764 JAMES CLAAR, Bureau of Indian Affairs,Flathead Agency,Drawer A, Ronan, MT 59764
The capture,immobilization, Thereis no and marking terrainwestof HungryHorseReservoir. in thisarea administered bytheU.S. of wild grizzlybears (Ursus arctos) for re- privateproperty ForestService.Livestockwerenotgrazedwhereresearchhas occurredin westernMontanasince searchwasconducted(Zageret al. 1983). 1975. Field studiesby state,federal,and uniThe NorthForkoftheFlatheadRiverwas westof Mountain Range. versitypersonnelhave recentlycome under GlacierNationalParkintheWhitefish in The studyarea did notincluderesearchactivities publiccriticism regardingthehandlingofthis adjacentBritishColumbia,as land-usepracticesare species. Thevalleyfloor oftheNorthForkhasabout dissimilar. Considerablemedia attentionand specula- 8,550ha (7% ofarea)oftractsownedbyseasonaland perennial residents. Severallandowners grazelivestock, tionhavebeengeneratedconcerning thelong- but it is primarily subsistence Mostof the ranching. termeffectsof thisresearchon the behavior area is administered as multiple-use landsby theU.S. of grizzlybears (McRae 1986). Media com- ForestService. The East Frontstudyarea,eastof theContinental mentsand publicperception suggestthatbears Divide, includedthe ecotonebetweenthe Rocky handled by researchersbehave differentlyMountains andtheGreatPlains.Resident grizzly bears intothePlains. from,and are morepronetoconflict withman, occupylow elevationsitesextending Land ownership patterns are a complexmixtureof thanbears not handled.Unfortunately, there state,federal,and privateparcels.Thirty-six percent isno waytotestthishypothesis. To do so would oftheEastFrontstudyarea (190,105ha) is privateor landswherelivestock andlivestock carcass require knowledgeof the behavior,activity state-leased dumps(boneyards) wereattractants. In 1985,21grizzly patterns,and historyof human-bearencoun- bear conflicts wererecordedin thestudyarea,14 of tersof nonhandledgrizzlybears. It was pos- whichinvolvedrelocations. TheMissionMountains studyareawassouthofFlatsible,however,todrawinferences onthisqueshead Lake on theFlatheadIndianReservation. This tionbyinvestigating theactivities of"research mountain and rangeabutsa valleywhereagriculture bears" subsequentto capture.The objectives livestock arecommon. wet grazing Manylow-elevation theiractiveseaof this analysiswere to determinethe per- areasattractgrizzlybearsthroughout son as do abandonedapple orchardsin autumn centageof researchbearsthatconflicted with (Servheen1981).Conflicts betweenmanandbearsocman,documentthetypesof offenses commit- curannuallyin thisstudyarea (Claaret al. In press). percent(139,806ha) oftheareawasinhabted,and comparethesedatatoknownproblem Seventeen itedbyman. grizzlybears. STUDY AREAS
METHODS Between1975and 1985,81 grizzlybearswerecap-
Data on theactivities ofresearch bearswerecol- turedandreleasedforvariousfieldstudies.These"relectedfrom 4 areaswithin theNorthern Continentalsearchbears,"tothebestofourknowledge, werenever DivideGrizzly BearEcosystem (Fig.1) as describedinvolvedina conflict withmanpriortoinitialcapture. in theGrizzly BearRecovery Plan(U.S.Dep. Inter. TheywerecapturedwithAldrichfootsnaresorculvert 1982). trapsand immobilized withphencyclidine hydrochloTheSouth ForkoftheFlathead River ismountainousridein conjunction withthetranquilizers promazine
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
RESEARCH GRIZZLY BEAR CONFLICTS * Mace et al.
SigjiIIII1\
25
Study Areas
North
20
Fork
mSouth Fork Glacier'Miso
Mountains
D East
National
ParkX
0
ront 32 km
171
*Problem
fResearch
Uj WU10
5
0.5
1
2
3
4
5 6 AGE
7 89
10 >10
of grizzlybears Fig. 2. Comparative age structure handledforresearch or relocatedbecauseof damage problems, Montana,1975-1985. RESULTS
Flathead Lake
Age and Sex of Captured Bears
N
The age distributions of capturedgrizzly bears was skewed towardsyoungeranimals (gl= 1.4). Forty-onepercentof all research capturesintheNorthern wereeither Ecosystem 1.5 or 2.5 yearsold (Fig. 2). Fifty-nine percent of theresearchbearswere male.
Fig. 1. Locations of areas where grizzlybears were captured and handled for research,Montana, 19751985.
Fate of Bears
or acetyipromazine.Ketamine hydrochlorideand xylazine hydrochloridewere used on several bears. Individualswere markedwithear tagsand lip tattoos and fittedwithneck-mountedradio transmitters. Handling took 1-1.5 hours. Because snares were checked at 24-hourintervals,the animal may have been held captive forseveralhourspriorto handling.Bears were aged (Stonebergand Jonkel1966) as adult (?-4.5 years), subadult (1.5-3.5 years),or cub of the year. Fates of bears were as follows:(1) alive in 1985, and caused no conflictwith man, (2) legally harvested,(3) illegallyharvested,and (4) conflictedwithman to the point where controlaction was necessary. We collated informationfrom40 known problem grizzlybear capturesin westernMontanabetween1975 and 1984 to determinewhichage and sex classeswere mostfrequentlyinvolvedin human conflictsituations. This sample of problem bears was then compared to the researchbear sample using Chi-square and Student's t-tests(Lund 1985). To furthercompare the age a testof skewness(g,) was also performed distributions, on the 2 samples (Sokal and Rohlf 1981:114-117).
of 81 researchbears (84%) did Sixty-eight not conflictwith man to the degree where agencycontrolactionswere necessary(Table 1). Forty-three of these68 bears (63%) were assumedto be alive as of 1985,13 (19%) were legally harvested,and 12 (18%) were nonhuntingmortalities. Thirteenof81 researchbears(16%) conflicted withman subsequentto capture(Table 1). Of the12 caseswhereage and sexwereknown, 6 werefemale.Medianages were2.5 yearsfor sexes combined,2 years for males, and 3.5 yearsforfemales.Subadultsand cubs totaled 58.3% of the 12 animals. Eleven of the 13 conflicting bearswere involvedin livestock depredations. One individual was killedby a landowneras it loitered
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
172
Wildl.Soc. Bull. 15(2) 1987
Table 1. Fate ofgrizzlybearscapturedand handled age-classfrequenciesof researchbears and in 4 areasofMontana(Fig. 1) during1975-1985. knownproblembears (X2 = 0.12, 1 df,P = Dead Area
Alive
Legal
Illegal
Problem
SouthFork NorthFork MissionMountains EastFront
6 12 8 17
3 2 3 5
3 4 2 3
0 1 6 6
0.72).
SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS
The fateof 81 researchgrizzlybearsfrom 4 areas in Montanawas investigated to documentthe percentageof bearsinvolvedin human conflicts subsequentto captureand handling. Eighty-four percentof theseresearch near his residence,and 1 bear was killedin bears did not conflictwithman. One-halfof defenseof humanlife. theoffending bearswerefemale.Subadultsand A relationship mayhaveexistedbetweenthe cubs totaled58.3% of the 13 conflicting aniofconflicting percentage researchbearsineach mals.Elevenofthe13 conflict recordsinvolved studyarea and the percentageof each study livestockdepredations. area inhabitedby man or used to graze liveThe percentageof researchbears involved stock (r2 = 0.41, n = 4, P = 0.36). Where in controlactionsvariedby geographicarea; human encroachmentwas relativelyhigh,a areas withthegreatesthumanland-uselevels greaterpercentageof researchbears became showedthe highestlevelsof conflict.Only 1 problemanimals. bearin themoreremoteNorthand SouthFork areas conflictedwithman. Conflictlevels in Comparison withKnown Problem Bears the East Frontand MissionMountainswere Fortyproblemgrizzlybears of knownsex relatively highbecausemorehumansand their wererelocatedintheNorthern since livestockoccupy low elevationgrizzlybear Ecosystem 1975,53% ofwhichweremale.In comparison, habitat.Eighty-five percentof the conflicts 59% of researchbears were male and there were directlyrelatedto the presenceof livewas no difference betweenthe 2 samplesin stock. termsof sex (X2= 0.49, 1 df,P = 0.48). Both Age and sex classesof researchbears were sampleswere skewed towardsyoungerages comparedto 40 knownproblembears. Both (g1 = 1.4 and 1.2 forresearchand problem capturesampleswereskewedtowardsyounger bears,respectively). animalsand therewas no age difference (P = The median age of researchbears (sexes 0.42) between researchand problembears. combined)was 2.5 yearsand forknownprob- Therefore,bears capturedforresearchwere lem bearswas 3.5 years.Therewas no differ- thesame subsetof thepopulationproneto be ence in mean age betweenthese 2 samples problemanimals.Consequently, itisinevitable (t = -0.79, 120 df, P = 0.42). thatsomeresearchbearswillconflict withman. Subadultsand cubsdominatedbothsamples, As long as grizzlybearsare permittedto coand therewas a difference betweenage-class occupy low elevationhabitatswithman, refrequenciesof researchand knownproblem searchanimalswilloccasionallybe involvedin bears (X2 = 6.7, 2 df, P = 0.03). Cubs were problemsituations. Fromthisanalysisthereis themajorcontributor to thissignificant differ- no indicationthatcapturingand handlingof ence. This age class was inflatedin the data grizzlybearsleads to an artificially highlevel because severalcapturesof adultfemalesalso of humanconflict. included1-3 cubs. Whencubs wereincluded Acknowledgments.-WethankC. Jonkel, as subadults,therewas no difference in the leader of the Univ. MontanaBorderGrizzly
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
173
Proj., who organizedvariousfieldinvestigationsfromwhichseveralof theresearchbears were initiallycaptured.We also thankthose personswhohelpedcaptureand monitorgrizzly bearsduringthestudyperiod:D. Carney, M. Haroldson,M. Madel, T. Thier,A. Schallenberger, C. Servheen, and T. Stivers. K. Greer oftheMont.Dep. Fish,Wildl.and Parkshelped maintaina listof problembears. LITERATURE CITED
MCRAE,W. 1986. Arewe creatingcrazed bears?Outdoor Life (Jan):56,90-92. SERVHEEN, C. W. 1981. Grizzly bear ecology and managementin the MissionMountains,Montana. Ph.D. Thesis,Univ. Montana, Missoula. 138pp. SOKAL, R. R., AND F. J.ROHLF. 1981. Biometry-the principlesand practice of statisticsin biological research.W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif. 859pp. STONEBERG,R. P., AND C. J. JONKEL. 1966. Age determinationof black bears by cementumlayers.J. Wild]. Manage. 30:411-414. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. 1982. Grizzly bear recoveryplan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,Washington,D.C. 195pp. ZAGER,P., C. JONKEL,AND J.HABECK. 1983. Logging and wildfireinfluenceon grizzlybear habitat in northwestern Montana. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 5:124-132.
J.,R. KLAVER, AND C. SERVHEEN. In press. Grizzlybear managementon the Flathead Indian Reservation,Montana. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 6. LUND, R. E. 1985. MSUSTAT: an interactivestatistical analysis package. Res. and Dev. Inst., Inc., Received19 May 1986. Accepted9 October1986. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 146pp.
CLAAR,
Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15:173-180,
1987
PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD A SUBURBAN DEER HERD DANIEL J. DECKER, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY 14853 THOMAS A. GAVIN, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY 14853
Managementproblemsassociatedwithexpanding populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileusvirginianus)in suburbanareasof the easternUnitedStatesare increasing(Flygeret al. 1983). Accordingto theU.S. Bureau of the Census (1985), we can expecthuman populationsto continueto growby 50 million by the year2000, a trendthatportendseven moresuburbandeer problems.In theseareas of highhumandensitythe impactof a small herdofdeercan be significant. The coexistence ofdeerand humansin residential areasresults in potentialconflicts, includingdeer damage to plantings,deer-vehiclecollisions,and disease transmission fromdeertohumansortheir domesticpets.Naturalareasand "greenbelts"
(e.g.,birdsanctuaries, countyparks,orwooded streamcorridors) oftenexacerbatetheproblem deertopenetrate bypermitting suburbanareas moreeasily.Such sitesproviderefugewhere deer may spendmostof theirtime,but from whichtheycan accessnearbyresidential properties. A new challengeforwildlifemanagersin some suburbanareas of the easternUnited Statesisunderstanding theroleofdeerintransmittingLyme disease to humans.Lyme disease,whichhasonlybeendocumented inNorth Americasince 1970 (Spielmanet al. 1985),is caused by a spirochetethatis transmitted by thedeertick(Ixodesdammini)(Burgdorfer et al. 1982);theadultstageofthetickuseswhite-
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
1987
INCIDENCE OF HUMAN CONFLICTS BY RESEARCH GRIZZLY BEARS RICHARD MACE, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlifeand Parks, Box 67, Kalispell, MT 59903 KEITH AUNE, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlifeand Parks, Box 638, Choteau, MT 59422 WAYNE KASWORM, Montana Departmentof Fish, Wildlifeand Parks, Route 1, Box 1455, Libby, MT 59923 ROBERT KLAVER, Bureau of Indian Affairs,Flathead Agency,Drawer A, Ronan, MT 59764 JAMES CLAAR, Bureau of Indian Affairs,Flathead Agency,Drawer A, Ronan, MT 59764
The capture,immobilization, Thereis no and marking terrainwestof HungryHorseReservoir. in thisarea administered bytheU.S. of wild grizzlybears (Ursus arctos) for re- privateproperty ForestService.Livestockwerenotgrazedwhereresearchhas occurredin westernMontanasince searchwasconducted(Zageret al. 1983). 1975. Field studiesby state,federal,and uniThe NorthForkoftheFlatheadRiverwas westof Mountain Range. versitypersonnelhave recentlycome under GlacierNationalParkintheWhitefish in The studyarea did notincluderesearchactivities publiccriticism regardingthehandlingofthis adjacentBritishColumbia,as land-usepracticesare species. Thevalleyfloor oftheNorthForkhasabout dissimilar. Considerablemedia attentionand specula- 8,550ha (7% ofarea)oftractsownedbyseasonaland perennial residents. Severallandowners grazelivestock, tionhavebeengeneratedconcerning thelong- but it is primarily subsistence Mostof the ranching. termeffectsof thisresearchon the behavior area is administered as multiple-use landsby theU.S. of grizzlybears (McRae 1986). Media com- ForestService. The East Frontstudyarea,eastof theContinental mentsand publicperception suggestthatbears Divide, includedthe ecotonebetweenthe Rocky handled by researchersbehave differentlyMountains andtheGreatPlains.Resident grizzly bears intothePlains. from,and are morepronetoconflict withman, occupylow elevationsitesextending Land ownership patterns are a complexmixtureof thanbears not handled.Unfortunately, there state,federal,and privateparcels.Thirty-six percent isno waytotestthishypothesis. To do so would oftheEastFrontstudyarea (190,105ha) is privateor landswherelivestock andlivestock carcass require knowledgeof the behavior,activity state-leased dumps(boneyards) wereattractants. In 1985,21grizzly patterns,and historyof human-bearencoun- bear conflicts wererecordedin thestudyarea,14 of tersof nonhandledgrizzlybears. It was pos- whichinvolvedrelocations. TheMissionMountains studyareawassouthofFlatsible,however,todrawinferences onthisqueshead Lake on theFlatheadIndianReservation. This tionbyinvestigating theactivities of"research mountain and rangeabutsa valleywhereagriculture bears" subsequentto capture.The objectives livestock arecommon. wet grazing Manylow-elevation theiractiveseaof this analysiswere to determinethe per- areasattractgrizzlybearsthroughout son as do abandonedapple orchardsin autumn centageof researchbearsthatconflicted with (Servheen1981).Conflicts betweenmanandbearsocman,documentthetypesof offenses commit- curannuallyin thisstudyarea (Claaret al. In press). percent(139,806ha) oftheareawasinhabted,and comparethesedatatoknownproblem Seventeen itedbyman. grizzlybears. STUDY AREAS
METHODS Between1975and 1985,81 grizzlybearswerecap-
Data on theactivities ofresearch bearswerecol- turedandreleasedforvariousfieldstudies.These"relectedfrom 4 areaswithin theNorthern Continentalsearchbears,"tothebestofourknowledge, werenever DivideGrizzly BearEcosystem (Fig.1) as describedinvolvedina conflict withmanpriortoinitialcapture. in theGrizzly BearRecovery Plan(U.S.Dep. Inter. TheywerecapturedwithAldrichfootsnaresorculvert 1982). trapsand immobilized withphencyclidine hydrochloTheSouth ForkoftheFlathead River ismountainousridein conjunction withthetranquilizers promazine
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
RESEARCH GRIZZLY BEAR CONFLICTS * Mace et al.
SigjiIIII1\
25
Study Areas
North
20
Fork
mSouth Fork Glacier'Miso
Mountains
D East
National
ParkX
0
ront 32 km
171
*Problem
fResearch
Uj WU10
5
0.5
1
2
3
4
5 6 AGE
7 89
10 >10
of grizzlybears Fig. 2. Comparative age structure handledforresearch or relocatedbecauseof damage problems, Montana,1975-1985. RESULTS
Flathead Lake
Age and Sex of Captured Bears
N
The age distributions of capturedgrizzly bears was skewed towardsyoungeranimals (gl= 1.4). Forty-onepercentof all research capturesintheNorthern wereeither Ecosystem 1.5 or 2.5 yearsold (Fig. 2). Fifty-nine percent of theresearchbearswere male.
Fig. 1. Locations of areas where grizzlybears were captured and handled for research,Montana, 19751985.
Fate of Bears
or acetyipromazine.Ketamine hydrochlorideand xylazine hydrochloridewere used on several bears. Individualswere markedwithear tagsand lip tattoos and fittedwithneck-mountedradio transmitters. Handling took 1-1.5 hours. Because snares were checked at 24-hourintervals,the animal may have been held captive forseveralhourspriorto handling.Bears were aged (Stonebergand Jonkel1966) as adult (?-4.5 years), subadult (1.5-3.5 years),or cub of the year. Fates of bears were as follows:(1) alive in 1985, and caused no conflictwith man, (2) legally harvested,(3) illegallyharvested,and (4) conflictedwithman to the point where controlaction was necessary. We collated informationfrom40 known problem grizzlybear capturesin westernMontanabetween1975 and 1984 to determinewhichage and sex classeswere mostfrequentlyinvolvedin human conflictsituations. This sample of problem bears was then compared to the researchbear sample using Chi-square and Student's t-tests(Lund 1985). To furthercompare the age a testof skewness(g,) was also performed distributions, on the 2 samples (Sokal and Rohlf 1981:114-117).
of 81 researchbears (84%) did Sixty-eight not conflictwith man to the degree where agencycontrolactionswere necessary(Table 1). Forty-three of these68 bears (63%) were assumedto be alive as of 1985,13 (19%) were legally harvested,and 12 (18%) were nonhuntingmortalities. Thirteenof81 researchbears(16%) conflicted withman subsequentto capture(Table 1). Of the12 caseswhereage and sexwereknown, 6 werefemale.Medianages were2.5 yearsfor sexes combined,2 years for males, and 3.5 yearsforfemales.Subadultsand cubs totaled 58.3% of the 12 animals. Eleven of the 13 conflicting bearswere involvedin livestock depredations. One individual was killedby a landowneras it loitered
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
172
Wildl.Soc. Bull. 15(2) 1987
Table 1. Fate ofgrizzlybearscapturedand handled age-classfrequenciesof researchbears and in 4 areasofMontana(Fig. 1) during1975-1985. knownproblembears (X2 = 0.12, 1 df,P = Dead Area
Alive
Legal
Illegal
Problem
SouthFork NorthFork MissionMountains EastFront
6 12 8 17
3 2 3 5
3 4 2 3
0 1 6 6
0.72).
SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS
The fateof 81 researchgrizzlybearsfrom 4 areas in Montanawas investigated to documentthe percentageof bearsinvolvedin human conflicts subsequentto captureand handling. Eighty-four percentof theseresearch near his residence,and 1 bear was killedin bears did not conflictwithman. One-halfof defenseof humanlife. theoffending bearswerefemale.Subadultsand A relationship mayhaveexistedbetweenthe cubs totaled58.3% of the 13 conflicting aniofconflicting percentage researchbearsineach mals.Elevenofthe13 conflict recordsinvolved studyarea and the percentageof each study livestockdepredations. area inhabitedby man or used to graze liveThe percentageof researchbears involved stock (r2 = 0.41, n = 4, P = 0.36). Where in controlactionsvariedby geographicarea; human encroachmentwas relativelyhigh,a areas withthegreatesthumanland-uselevels greaterpercentageof researchbears became showedthe highestlevelsof conflict.Only 1 problemanimals. bearin themoreremoteNorthand SouthFork areas conflictedwithman. Conflictlevels in Comparison withKnown Problem Bears the East Frontand MissionMountainswere Fortyproblemgrizzlybears of knownsex relatively highbecausemorehumansand their wererelocatedintheNorthern since livestockoccupy low elevationgrizzlybear Ecosystem 1975,53% ofwhichweremale.In comparison, habitat.Eighty-five percentof the conflicts 59% of researchbears were male and there were directlyrelatedto the presenceof livewas no difference betweenthe 2 samplesin stock. termsof sex (X2= 0.49, 1 df,P = 0.48). Both Age and sex classesof researchbears were sampleswere skewed towardsyoungerages comparedto 40 knownproblembears. Both (g1 = 1.4 and 1.2 forresearchand problem capturesampleswereskewedtowardsyounger bears,respectively). animalsand therewas no age difference (P = The median age of researchbears (sexes 0.42) between researchand problembears. combined)was 2.5 yearsand forknownprob- Therefore,bears capturedforresearchwere lem bearswas 3.5 years.Therewas no differ- thesame subsetof thepopulationproneto be ence in mean age betweenthese 2 samples problemanimals.Consequently, itisinevitable (t = -0.79, 120 df, P = 0.42). thatsomeresearchbearswillconflict withman. Subadultsand cubsdominatedbothsamples, As long as grizzlybearsare permittedto coand therewas a difference betweenage-class occupy low elevationhabitatswithman, refrequenciesof researchand knownproblem searchanimalswilloccasionallybe involvedin bears (X2 = 6.7, 2 df, P = 0.03). Cubs were problemsituations. Fromthisanalysisthereis themajorcontributor to thissignificant differ- no indicationthatcapturingand handlingof ence. This age class was inflatedin the data grizzlybearsleads to an artificially highlevel because severalcapturesof adultfemalesalso of humanconflict. included1-3 cubs. Whencubs wereincluded Acknowledgments.-WethankC. Jonkel, as subadults,therewas no difference in the leader of the Univ. MontanaBorderGrizzly
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
173
Proj., who organizedvariousfieldinvestigationsfromwhichseveralof theresearchbears were initiallycaptured.We also thankthose personswhohelpedcaptureand monitorgrizzly bearsduringthestudyperiod:D. Carney, M. Haroldson,M. Madel, T. Thier,A. Schallenberger, C. Servheen, and T. Stivers. K. Greer oftheMont.Dep. Fish,Wildl.and Parkshelped maintaina listof problembears. LITERATURE CITED
MCRAE,W. 1986. Arewe creatingcrazed bears?Outdoor Life (Jan):56,90-92. SERVHEEN, C. W. 1981. Grizzly bear ecology and managementin the MissionMountains,Montana. Ph.D. Thesis,Univ. Montana, Missoula. 138pp. SOKAL, R. R., AND F. J.ROHLF. 1981. Biometry-the principlesand practice of statisticsin biological research.W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif. 859pp. STONEBERG,R. P., AND C. J. JONKEL. 1966. Age determinationof black bears by cementumlayers.J. Wild]. Manage. 30:411-414. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. 1982. Grizzly bear recoveryplan. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.,Washington,D.C. 195pp. ZAGER,P., C. JONKEL,AND J.HABECK. 1983. Logging and wildfireinfluenceon grizzlybear habitat in northwestern Montana. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 5:124-132.
J.,R. KLAVER, AND C. SERVHEEN. In press. Grizzlybear managementon the Flathead Indian Reservation,Montana. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 6. LUND, R. E. 1985. MSUSTAT: an interactivestatistical analysis package. Res. and Dev. Inst., Inc., Received19 May 1986. Accepted9 October1986. Montana State Univ., Bozeman. 146pp.
CLAAR,
Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15:173-180,
1987
PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD A SUBURBAN DEER HERD DANIEL J. DECKER, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY 14853 THOMAS A. GAVIN, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY 14853
Managementproblemsassociatedwithexpanding populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileusvirginianus)in suburbanareasof the easternUnitedStatesare increasing(Flygeret al. 1983). Accordingto theU.S. Bureau of the Census (1985), we can expecthuman populationsto continueto growby 50 million by the year2000, a trendthatportendseven moresuburbandeer problems.In theseareas of highhumandensitythe impactof a small herdofdeercan be significant. The coexistence ofdeerand humansin residential areasresults in potentialconflicts, includingdeer damage to plantings,deer-vehiclecollisions,and disease transmission fromdeertohumansortheir domesticpets.Naturalareasand "greenbelts"
(e.g.,birdsanctuaries, countyparks,orwooded streamcorridors) oftenexacerbatetheproblem deertopenetrate bypermitting suburbanareas moreeasily.Such sitesproviderefugewhere deer may spendmostof theirtime,but from whichtheycan accessnearbyresidential properties. A new challengeforwildlifemanagersin some suburbanareas of the easternUnited Statesisunderstanding theroleofdeerintransmittingLyme disease to humans.Lyme disease,whichhasonlybeendocumented inNorth Americasince 1970 (Spielmanet al. 1985),is caused by a spirochetethatis transmitted by thedeertick(Ixodesdammini)(Burgdorfer et al. 1982);theadultstageofthetickuseswhite-
This content downloaded from 129.186.1.55 on Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:10:40 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
