INDIAN TWO WHEELERS
INDIAN TWO WHEELERS
Presentation By M.N.MURALIKRISHNA Technical Adviser TVS MOTOR COMPANY INDIA
PCRA International seminar on fuel efficiency
Chennai
6/7th Dec ‘07
INDIAN TWO WHEELERS
India 2nd largest producer of two wheelers globally
World’s largest motorcycle manufacturer is in India
Meeting very stringent emission regulations
Provides convenient and affordable personal transport
Usage pattern mostly utilityutility- for families, office goers,small traders,farmers etc
FillsFills-in the void created by lack of efficient public transport system in the country
1
Emission Values (g/km)
Emission Regulations of Two-Wheelers 14 12 10 8
CO
12.00
HC+NOx
90% Reduction
8.00
6 4 2 0
4.50
1991
3.60
1996
2.00 2.00
1.50 1.50
1.00 1.00
2000
2005
2010
Emission Regulations
Additional requirements being met: Deterioration factor (D.F) 1.2 Durability 30,000 km Emission warranty 3yrs/30,000 km
Fuel economy
Indian two wheelers are the most fuel efficient, globally
Incorporate most updated technologies for meeting high levels of fuel economy and also stringent emission regulation – Not because of any regulation – Dictated by customer’s preference for high fuel economy (high fuel costs in India)
2
Gasoline prices & per capita incomes - Comparative Figures: ( Price in local currency converted to Rs ) Fue l Rrice (Rs) 191.16
Gasoline Prices Vs Per Capita Income
2.70
20
10.31
16.89
40
33.47
46.8 30.4
60
45
85.84
81.2
62.06
80
74.24
100
95.09
112.50
129.69
130.50
120
67.28
Rupees
140
140.99
180 160
Pe r Ca pita Income ( x 1000 Rs)
164.03
200
6.53
International Scenario
0 France
Germany
Italy
Spain
UK
USA
Japan
China
Thailand
India
SOURCE : Fuel Price - Internal HHML Data Per capita Income - World Bank Data for the Year 2005
FUEL PRICE / CAPITA INCOME (POCKET PINCHING)
Average Ratio – 0.3 times
In India Fuel price as a Pocket Pinching factor is highest. Hence , it is already a strong competitive development parameter
SOURCE : Fuel Price - Internal HHML Data Per capita Income - World Bank Data for the Year 2005
3
Important technologies currently on Indian two wheelers
Major shift to Four stroke engines incorporating improved combustion and leanlean-burn technologies
Secondary air injection system
Digital electronic ignition with multiple curves
Carburettors incorporating precision controlled fuel delivery
Sophisticated multiple catalytic convertor arrangements
Electronic Fuel injection
….etc
Progression of shift to four stroke engines 4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke
4
Status of regulation on Fuel economy – two wheelers globally EU
None
USA
None
Japan
None
Indonesia
None
Malaysia
None
Philippines
None
Thailand
None
China Taiwan
Draft notification Yes
Fuel Economy Standard China (draft ) & Taiwan 60 50
50 42
40
km/l
40
39 35.7 31.25
30
29.2 29.2
26.3
19.7
17.2
20
14.28
17
15.8
12.5
10 0
0 China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
Below 50
Over 50-100
Over 100-150
Over 150-250
Over 250-400
Over 400-650
Over 650-1000
Over 1000
SOURCE : China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
5
Comparative fuel economy - India vs Others International Scenario ( 2W’s ): Over 50-100 CC
~30%
km/l
~ 55%
EU, Japan & others China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
India (Avg)
India (Min)
Different countries follow different driving cycles , reflecting the actual driving pattern for that particular country Even in present scenario , the fuel efficiency levels as obtained obtained on Indian vehicles are significantly higher than that in other countries
SOURCE : IDC Data ( n=42 )from SIAM / ARAI, China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
Comparative fuel economy - India vs Others International Scenario ( 2W’s ): Over 100-150 cc
~ 33%
Km/l
~ 55%
EU, Japan & others
China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
India (Avg)
India (Min)
The fuel efficiency levels as obtained on Indian vehicles are significantly significantly higher than that in other countries
SOURCE : IDC Data ( n=42 ) from SIAM / ARAI, China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
6
Comparative fuel economy - India vs Others International Scenario ( 2W’s ): Over 150-250 cc
~ 55% km/l
~ 40%
EU, Japan & others
China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
India (Avg)
India (Min)
Across all classes of vehicles , Indian FE values are much superior superior to FE values as regulated in other countries
SOURCE : IDC Data ( n=42 ) from SIAM / ARAI, China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
Fuel economy standard
Fuel Economy value in Taiwan is calculated based on 60% simulated test cycle + 40% constant speed test values
Such simulated test values never tallies with values recorded by customers under different operating conditions
Poor traffic management , indifferent road conditions, driver behaviour, behaviour, etc greatly contribute to high variability in fuel consumption under actual user condition on road
We understand that countries where FE standards are enforced - do face lot of customer complaints and grievances, leading to legal hassles
7
FE / CO2 CoCo-relation (2 W’s)
Note : FE and CO2 have good and credible correlation .
Fuel economy and CO2 emissions
Fuel economy and CO2 emissions have good and positive correlation
In line with this - globally most fuel efficient Indian two wheelers emit lowest CO2 emissions also, comparatively
From Global warming perspective CO2 emission abatment is our challenge
Industry prefers voluntary declaration ,and control CO2 emissions from their vehicles
8
Summarizing
India’s per capita income ranks amongst the bottom rung in the world
Fuel price / Per capita income ratio is approx 3000% higher than the rest of the world
Indian vehicles globally are highly fuel efficient and emit lowest CO2 emissions comparatively
Market forces and customer preferences enforce self regulation on industry to achieve high fuel economy, thereby lower CO2
Hence, Industry opines that there is no need for introducing specific regulation concerning FE for two wheelers.
THANK YOU
9
Presentation By M.N.MURALIKRISHNA Technical Adviser TVS MOTOR COMPANY INDIA
PCRA International seminar on fuel efficiency
Chennai
6/7th Dec ‘07
INDIAN TWO WHEELERS
India 2nd largest producer of two wheelers globally
World’s largest motorcycle manufacturer is in India
Meeting very stringent emission regulations
Provides convenient and affordable personal transport
Usage pattern mostly utilityutility- for families, office goers,small traders,farmers etc
FillsFills-in the void created by lack of efficient public transport system in the country
1
Emission Values (g/km)
Emission Regulations of Two-Wheelers 14 12 10 8
CO
12.00
HC+NOx
90% Reduction
8.00
6 4 2 0
4.50
1991
3.60
1996
2.00 2.00
1.50 1.50
1.00 1.00
2000
2005
2010
Emission Regulations
Additional requirements being met: Deterioration factor (D.F) 1.2 Durability 30,000 km Emission warranty 3yrs/30,000 km
Fuel economy
Indian two wheelers are the most fuel efficient, globally
Incorporate most updated technologies for meeting high levels of fuel economy and also stringent emission regulation – Not because of any regulation – Dictated by customer’s preference for high fuel economy (high fuel costs in India)
2
Gasoline prices & per capita incomes - Comparative Figures: ( Price in local currency converted to Rs ) Fue l Rrice (Rs) 191.16
Gasoline Prices Vs Per Capita Income
2.70
20
10.31
16.89
40
33.47
46.8 30.4
60
45
85.84
81.2
62.06
80
74.24
100
95.09
112.50
129.69
130.50
120
67.28
Rupees
140
140.99
180 160
Pe r Ca pita Income ( x 1000 Rs)
164.03
200
6.53
International Scenario
0 France
Germany
Italy
Spain
UK
USA
Japan
China
Thailand
India
SOURCE : Fuel Price - Internal HHML Data Per capita Income - World Bank Data for the Year 2005
FUEL PRICE / CAPITA INCOME (POCKET PINCHING)
Average Ratio – 0.3 times
In India Fuel price as a Pocket Pinching factor is highest. Hence , it is already a strong competitive development parameter
SOURCE : Fuel Price - Internal HHML Data Per capita Income - World Bank Data for the Year 2005
3
Important technologies currently on Indian two wheelers
Major shift to Four stroke engines incorporating improved combustion and leanlean-burn technologies
Secondary air injection system
Digital electronic ignition with multiple curves
Carburettors incorporating precision controlled fuel delivery
Sophisticated multiple catalytic convertor arrangements
Electronic Fuel injection
….etc
Progression of shift to four stroke engines 4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke
4
Status of regulation on Fuel economy – two wheelers globally EU
None
USA
None
Japan
None
Indonesia
None
Malaysia
None
Philippines
None
Thailand
None
China Taiwan
Draft notification Yes
Fuel Economy Standard China (draft ) & Taiwan 60 50
50 42
40
km/l
40
39 35.7 31.25
30
29.2 29.2
26.3
19.7
17.2
20
14.28
17
15.8
12.5
10 0
0 China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
Below 50
Over 50-100
Over 100-150
Over 150-250
Over 250-400
Over 400-650
Over 650-1000
Over 1000
SOURCE : China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
5
Comparative fuel economy - India vs Others International Scenario ( 2W’s ): Over 50-100 CC
~30%
km/l
~ 55%
EU, Japan & others China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
India (Avg)
India (Min)
Different countries follow different driving cycles , reflecting the actual driving pattern for that particular country Even in present scenario , the fuel efficiency levels as obtained obtained on Indian vehicles are significantly higher than that in other countries
SOURCE : IDC Data ( n=42 )from SIAM / ARAI, China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
Comparative fuel economy - India vs Others International Scenario ( 2W’s ): Over 100-150 cc
~ 33%
Km/l
~ 55%
EU, Japan & others
China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
India (Avg)
India (Min)
The fuel efficiency levels as obtained on Indian vehicles are significantly significantly higher than that in other countries
SOURCE : IDC Data ( n=42 ) from SIAM / ARAI, China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
6
Comparative fuel economy - India vs Others International Scenario ( 2W’s ): Over 150-250 cc
~ 55% km/l
~ 40%
EU, Japan & others
China (Draft Reg)
Taiwan
India (Avg)
India (Min)
Across all classes of vehicles , Indian FE values are much superior superior to FE values as regulated in other countries
SOURCE : IDC Data ( n=42 ) from SIAM / ARAI, China & Taiwan Regulations from FAMI
Fuel economy standard
Fuel Economy value in Taiwan is calculated based on 60% simulated test cycle + 40% constant speed test values
Such simulated test values never tallies with values recorded by customers under different operating conditions
Poor traffic management , indifferent road conditions, driver behaviour, behaviour, etc greatly contribute to high variability in fuel consumption under actual user condition on road
We understand that countries where FE standards are enforced - do face lot of customer complaints and grievances, leading to legal hassles
7
FE / CO2 CoCo-relation (2 W’s)
Note : FE and CO2 have good and credible correlation .
Fuel economy and CO2 emissions
Fuel economy and CO2 emissions have good and positive correlation
In line with this - globally most fuel efficient Indian two wheelers emit lowest CO2 emissions also, comparatively
From Global warming perspective CO2 emission abatment is our challenge
Industry prefers voluntary declaration ,and control CO2 emissions from their vehicles
8
Summarizing
India’s per capita income ranks amongst the bottom rung in the world
Fuel price / Per capita income ratio is approx 3000% higher than the rest of the world
Indian vehicles globally are highly fuel efficient and emit lowest CO2 emissions comparatively
Market forces and customer preferences enforce self regulation on industry to achieve high fuel economy, thereby lower CO2
Hence, Industry opines that there is no need for introducing specific regulation concerning FE for two wheelers.
THANK YOU
9
