Key Terms Key Sections Ch. 2-1
10/15/2012
Environmental Science Ch. 4.14.3 AND 5.1-5.3: Living Things In Ecosystems
Ch. 4-1: Ecosystems: Everything Is Connected
Key Terms • • • • • • •
Ch. 2 Section 1: Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. Because we are all part of an ecosystem. 2. Because humans are having profound effects upon many ecosystems, leading to massive extinction. 3. Because the actions we do to one part of an ecosystem often has profound effects on other parts of the ecosystem.
Species Organism Population Community Ecosystem Habitat Niche
Key Sections Ch. 2-1 • • • • • •
Ecosystems: Everything is Connected What Is An Ecosystem Organisms and Species Populations Communities Niche and Habitat
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Ecosystems: Everything Is Connected • Everything in an ecosystem is connected. • What affects one part of an ecosystem often affects many other parts of the ecosystem as well.
What Is An Ecosystem •
•
Biosphere The Biosphere is ALL parts of the earth that host life. This includes the environments AND the organisms
An ecosystem includes all the different organisms in a certain area, along with their physical environment. – Ecosystems are divided into 2 distinct factors: 1. Biotic Factors • These are the living parts of the ecosystem and include plants, animals and microorganisms. • Living things in an ecosystem are organized from smallest to largest units: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. 2. Abiotic Factors • These are the non-living parts of the ecosystem that affect life and include temperature, sunlight, humidity, water supply, soil type, and mineral nutrients. Although scientists often refer to ecosystems as individual units, ecosystems usually do not have clear boundaries and often flow into one another.
Organisms and Species • An organism is a single living thing. • A species is a group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring with the same characteristics.
http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/earth_moon/earth/ earth_science/biosphere/biosphere.htm
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Keystone Species • Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching effects on a community • Removal of a keystone species can significantly alter the structure of a community.
Populations • A population is a group of organisms from the same species living in the same place. • There may be thousands of populations for any particular species. • Population size = # of individuals
Ecology • Ernst Haeckel defined ecology in 1866 as “the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature—the total relations of the animal to both its inorganic and organic environment.” • In other words: the total interaction of organisms to the world around it (both living and non-living)
Population Density • This is a measure of how crowded it is in a given area
http://www.ehow.com/how_8349133_calculate-animalpopulation-density.html
blog.bn.ee
3
10/15/2012
Population Distribution • How organisms are arranged within an area: • Random distribution: Organisms arranged in no particular pattern • Uniform distribution: Organisms evenly spaced
Age Structure • Relative number of organisms of each age group within population • Can be used to predict future population growth of a population Sex Ratio = the number of Males to Females
• Clumped distribution: Organisms grouped near resources; most common distribution in nature
zoology.muohio.edu
Birth and Death Rates • A population’s relative birth and death rates (mortality and natality) affect how it grows. • Survivorship curves show how the likelihood of death varies with age.
Immigration and Emigration • In addition to births and deaths, population growth is affected by immigration and emigration— individuals moving into and out of a population. • Migration, seasonal movement into and out of an area, can temporarily affect population size.
http://www.bioinquiry.vt.edu/bioinquir y/cheetah/cheetahpaid/cheetahhtmls/ popsurvivor.html
4
10/15/2012
Communities
Organism To Biosphere
• A community is a group of populations from different species that interact with each other living in the same area.
Niche and Habitat • The place an organism lives is called its habitat. • All of an organism’s combined relationships with the living and nonliving parts of its ecosystem is called its niche.
Resource
blog.epicenter.net
• ANYTHING an organism needs; – Nutrition – Shelter – Breeding sites – Mates
5
Environmental Science Ch. 4.14.3 AND 5.1-5.3: Living Things In Ecosystems
Ch. 4-1: Ecosystems: Everything Is Connected
Key Terms • • • • • • •
Ch. 2 Section 1: Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. Because we are all part of an ecosystem. 2. Because humans are having profound effects upon many ecosystems, leading to massive extinction. 3. Because the actions we do to one part of an ecosystem often has profound effects on other parts of the ecosystem.
Species Organism Population Community Ecosystem Habitat Niche
Key Sections Ch. 2-1 • • • • • •
Ecosystems: Everything is Connected What Is An Ecosystem Organisms and Species Populations Communities Niche and Habitat
1
10/15/2012
Ecosystems: Everything Is Connected • Everything in an ecosystem is connected. • What affects one part of an ecosystem often affects many other parts of the ecosystem as well.
What Is An Ecosystem •
•
Biosphere The Biosphere is ALL parts of the earth that host life. This includes the environments AND the organisms
An ecosystem includes all the different organisms in a certain area, along with their physical environment. – Ecosystems are divided into 2 distinct factors: 1. Biotic Factors • These are the living parts of the ecosystem and include plants, animals and microorganisms. • Living things in an ecosystem are organized from smallest to largest units: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. 2. Abiotic Factors • These are the non-living parts of the ecosystem that affect life and include temperature, sunlight, humidity, water supply, soil type, and mineral nutrients. Although scientists often refer to ecosystems as individual units, ecosystems usually do not have clear boundaries and often flow into one another.
Organisms and Species • An organism is a single living thing. • A species is a group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring with the same characteristics.
http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/earth_moon/earth/ earth_science/biosphere/biosphere.htm
2
10/15/2012
Keystone Species • Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching effects on a community • Removal of a keystone species can significantly alter the structure of a community.
Populations • A population is a group of organisms from the same species living in the same place. • There may be thousands of populations for any particular species. • Population size = # of individuals
Ecology • Ernst Haeckel defined ecology in 1866 as “the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature—the total relations of the animal to both its inorganic and organic environment.” • In other words: the total interaction of organisms to the world around it (both living and non-living)
Population Density • This is a measure of how crowded it is in a given area
http://www.ehow.com/how_8349133_calculate-animalpopulation-density.html
blog.bn.ee
3
10/15/2012
Population Distribution • How organisms are arranged within an area: • Random distribution: Organisms arranged in no particular pattern • Uniform distribution: Organisms evenly spaced
Age Structure • Relative number of organisms of each age group within population • Can be used to predict future population growth of a population Sex Ratio = the number of Males to Females
• Clumped distribution: Organisms grouped near resources; most common distribution in nature
zoology.muohio.edu
Birth and Death Rates • A population’s relative birth and death rates (mortality and natality) affect how it grows. • Survivorship curves show how the likelihood of death varies with age.
Immigration and Emigration • In addition to births and deaths, population growth is affected by immigration and emigration— individuals moving into and out of a population. • Migration, seasonal movement into and out of an area, can temporarily affect population size.
http://www.bioinquiry.vt.edu/bioinquir y/cheetah/cheetahpaid/cheetahhtmls/ popsurvivor.html
4
10/15/2012
Communities
Organism To Biosphere
• A community is a group of populations from different species that interact with each other living in the same area.
Niche and Habitat • The place an organism lives is called its habitat. • All of an organism’s combined relationships with the living and nonliving parts of its ecosystem is called its niche.
Resource
blog.epicenter.net
• ANYTHING an organism needs; – Nutrition – Shelter – Breeding sites – Mates
5
