Kullback Proximal Algorithms for Maximum Likelihood

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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Kullback Proximal Algorithms for Maximum Likelihood Estimation St´ephane Chr´etien, Alfred O. Hero

N ˚ 3756 Aoˆut 1999 ` THEME 4

ISSN 0249-6399

apport de recherche

 

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