Learning(and(Motivation( ( (

Learning(and(Motivation( (

Lecture'1:'Introduction'to'Learning(

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Learning( An(enduring(change(within(an(organism(brought(about(by(experience(that(makes(a(change( in(behaviour(possible.( ( ( Learning(≠(Performance(( Although(performance(is(affected(by(learning(it(also(depends(on:(( •! Opportunity(( •! Motivation(( •! Sensory(and(motor(capabilities(( ( ( Learning(is(not…(( •! Reflexes:(these(changes(in(behaviour(are(not(brought(about(by(experience,(they(are( innate(( •! Instincts:(these(changes(in(behaviour(are(also(genetic,(but(are(more(complicated( than(reflexes(( •! Maturation:(these(changes(in(behaviour(are(brought(about(by(aging(( •! Fatigue:(this(change(in(behaviour(is(not(stable( ( ( Reflex'' •! Reflexes(are(automatic(and(usually(very(fast…(learning(is(not(required( Example:( Airpuff(!(eye(blink( Food(!(salivation(( Pain!(withdrawal(( (

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Instinct'' •! Instincts(are(a(behavioural(sequence(made(up(of(units(which(are(largely(genetically( determined(and,(as(such,(are(typical(of(all(members(of(a(species…learning(is(not( required(( ( Note(J(difference(between(reflexes(and(instinct(is(in(complexity,(not(type.(( Example:(mating(rituals( ( ( Maturation' Maturation(refers(to(changes(that(take(place(in(your(body(and(in(your(behaviour(because( you(are(getting(older…learning(is(not(required(( ( ( Fatigue' Fatigue(is(a(usually(transient(state(of(discomfort(and(loss(of(efficiency(as(a(normal(reaction( to(emotional(strain,(physical(exertion,(boredom,(or(lack(of(rest( May(lead(to(physical(inability(to(perform(a(learned(response…not(evidence(for(lack(of( learning(( ( Why'use'animals?'' •! Simpler(conditions(( •! Easily(controlled(( •! Less(expensive(( •! Wider(scope((deprivation,(stress,(aversive(events)( ( ( ( Types'of'learning'' 1.! Habituation(and(sensitization(( 2.! Classical((Pavlovian)(conditioning(( 3.! Instrumental((Operant)(conditioning(( 4.! Complex((rule)(learning(( 5.! Social(learning(( 6.! Language(mediated(learning(( ( ( 1.! Habituation' Decreased(responding(produced(by(repeated(stimulation((

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Habituation(is(not…(( •! Fatigue(–(fatigue(occurs(when(muscles(become(incapacitated(so(the(organism(can(no( longer(perform(the(response(( •! Sensory(adaptation(–(sense(organs(become(temporarily(insensitive(to(stimulation((by( bright(light(or(loud(noise)(( ! ! Sensitization'' Increased(responding(produced(by(repeated(stimulation(( ( Background(noise(results(in(more(vigorous(startle(reactions(to(a(tone(( ( ( Disorders'in'Habituation'' In(people(with(no(mental(illness,(the(neural(response(in(the(hippocampus(decreases(with( repeated(presentations(of(pictures(of(emotional(or(neutral(faces(( ' Clinical(applications(( •(Diagnosing(mental(illnesses(is(often(very(difficult(( •(Early(detection(facilitates(treatment(and(often(leads(to(better(outcomes(( ' ( ( ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !