Lecture 11 Last Lecture!
Lecture 11 Last Lecture! LEAVE YOURSELF AN HOUR FOR THE LAST QUESTION!!!! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A roman ideal of a woman only married one Greek term for household Basket bearer Athenian term for guardian A resident alien in Athens who didn’t have any property rights
2) Manus means married and goes over to household to her husband, and has the legal position of a daughter. Without manus, she stays under the authority of her father which gives her some freedom 3) Perikles citizenship laws, didn’t make it illegal, but the content said you could only be an Athenian citizen if both your parents were Athenian in the 5th century. This became more impossible in the 6th century, they became an endogamic society 4) Equivalent of money given at point of marriage to daughter from father, to provide financial aid. The woman couldn’t use it, what she could keep were clothes and jewels. If you got to a divorce, dowry would have to be returned, if could turn, 18% dowry interest. 5) Wandering room is the idea the uterus of a woman dries up and moves around the body to moister areas to get more fluid and liquids and presses against organs that causes diseases and suicidal. There were various measures to bring it back – fragrances, exorcism, magical rights. The best measure to take was to marry off woman and regularly have sex with her because she needs to keep the womb moist. This makes her independent on a man, and without him she becomes sick. 6) Inherit it, allotment, election, purchase. Distinguish between democratic and genetillian priesthood, where genetillian was where only members of a particular family could act as priests. Geneticialin priesthood: happens in cults, you have to be a member of a specific family Democratic priesthood: can be filled by other families 7) Vestil virgins had to guard the vesta fire that couldn’t be extinguished because if the fire goes on, Romes fortress would go down. They were chosen while they were still girls and had to be virgins for 30 years, and if they broke their chasitity they would be married alive and man would be whipped to death. They were free of a male guardian and after 30 years they could be married. There wasn’ t anything comparable, in priestesses virginity didn’t really play a big role. 8) Texts where woman are portrayed as priests in a positive way, but most of all men seem to be suspicious. There are various women only festivals, and because men can’t be a apart of that they come up with fantasies and things that happen. Euripedes played the bacchi would be an example of a negative portrayal. Juvenal Bona Dea scandal. Livy’s account of Bonnachea. FINAL EXAM: MATERIAL OF FINAL SEM Questions like the 2 midterms, identification questions, quotations, images to identity, essay questions that are very brought so you can bring in lots of sources. Or you can pick a creative course where you can choose a dialogue.
LECTURE:
There are famous notorious woman in ancient Rome, both negative and positive. The portrayals that we encountered are usually biased, where their portrayed as horrible, vindictive, always having sex. Probably not the case at all, and this idea is very hard for us to reconstruct. Historians portray historical woman as dangerous, scandalous, all portrayals by male authors, but we have no way of knowing. Cornelia: MOTHER OF THE GRACCHI Next to Lucretia, she’s the one roman female who appears as the absolute embodiment of a good woman. She’s identified most of all through her mother hood, the mother of Tiberoius and Gaius. She’s the daughter of a very famous Roman, Scipio Africanus the conqueror of Rome’s arch enemy, Hannibal. She was married to Tiberius Sempronius (name of the clan) Gracchus (cognomen, a nickname that later in his life got attach to him).
Cornelia was 18 during her marriage, which was quite common, and she bore Graccus 12 children which only 3 survived, Sempronia (a daughter), Tiberius and Caius. She was famous for her virtue in the fact that she was an UNIVIRA, even though she lived quite a long time longer then her husband. She refused to marry Ptolmy VIII after her husbands death, not even wanting to become a queen. Sources portray her as very eloquent and very well educated, and gave a good education to her sons. In later times, she was very worshiped and this is seen through the fact that a statue was made for her, which was rare because she was a mortal female and not a god. It is possible that a statues that wasn’t originally meant to be for her, came to be her, Porticus (a hall with a lot of columns) spaces in Rome that people often hung out. Porticus Octavia, put up by Augustus in honor of his sister, the first structure brought up that was named after a female. The statue was lost, but we found the statue based *CORNELIA AFRICANI (F:MEANING DAUGHTER), and Cracchorum (mother). So here, she is defined as being the daughter of the man who conqured Hannibal and as being the mother of the Gracchai.
Octavia is the mother of MARCELLUS (successor of Augustus), and in addition she had more children, Second husband was Mark Antony, and she later took in Cleopatra’s family. She was also a mother figure. So its not a coincidence that the statue was put in the Portica. Grachai was a TRIBUNE (an important political office that you could be for 1 yr) Meaning he was a rep of the Roman people, the PLEBS. In Rome you have 2 pops, nolble PATRICIANS, and the non-nobles, PLEVELINS. Gracchai made laws and talked on behalf of the lower ranked people. CORNELIA LOSES BOTH GROWN UP SONS IN POLITICAL STRUGGLES. Tiberius proposed a law about redistribution of public land, which was popular with the Patrician wealthy people. In 133 BC, Tiberious is killed. 10 years later, his younger brother Gaius also becomes a Tribute. The grcchai some how try to initiate social reforms in rome that cause a lot of conflict, and both end up death. CORNELIA LOSES BOTH GROWN UP SONS IN
Most people in the same family are named the same because there’s a limited amount of names. Women are named based on the female form
POLITICAL STRUGGLES. Cornelia is always presented as the mother of the Gracchi, she is defined by her mother hood but her son’s actions don’t taint her image. TEXT: snake portent (life of Tiberius) Gaius and Tiberius. Happy marriage portrayed, and he loves her wife so much he does something that ends in his death, letting Cornelia live on “these are my Jewels” (valerius maximus, memorable doings and sayings) Famous sayings, I don’t need gold, she doesn’t need necklaces, she has her children to adore me Mother of the Gracchi (life of Gaius) Cornelia’s daughter was married to SCIPIO AEMILANEUS, fought in the 3rd peunic war. She approached her sons because the romans still called her the mother in law of Scipio, not yet the mother of Gracchi – telling her sons that they haven’t brought her any fame yet, disappointed how her daughter brought her more fame. She is portrayed as a female just waiting for her son to be famous. o o
She is the first woman we know who knows about literature, and took an active role in the education of her son because of the death of her husband. Texts refer to these infamous letters that she wrote, but Cicero and Quintilian believed they were written by Cornelia. Tactius defines her as the mother of the Gracchi and exaplains her good education for her sons
TEXT: Seneca, To Helvia on Consolation Context is that Seneca was exiled because MENALINA, the wife of the emperor Clodios, accused her of adultery. She was recalled in 41AD because Mother of Nero wanted For almost a decade she was exiled and then brought back in order to tutor. Seneca writes how she is a strong female who was proud of the Gracchi. CLODIA METELLI Born around 85 BC, notorious because she was the sister of a shady figure Clodius Pulcher (the guy connected to the Bona Dea Scandal). He had himself adopted by a Plebian because he wanted to have the same position of the Gracchi, he wanted to be a Tribute. He had a grudge against Cicero, an enemy of Mark Antony, and Antony but off his hands. During the year of his conquer ship, Cicero uncovered something bad that is assc with CATILINA and kills him. But there is no trial, so Clodius came up with the law that everyone who kills a Roman without a trial must be sent into exile. ATTACK AGAINST A ROAN WOMAN WHICH IS AN ATTACK AGAINST THE ROMAN NATION (Antony and Cleopatra)
Clodia is married to Metellus, suspected of having poisoned her husband and after led a very free life where she would hand out with a lot of men. Including Marcus Caelius Rufus who she is widow having an affair with. Clodia accuses him of trying to poison her after he breaks it off. Cicero holds a speech to get Caelius off the hook, and portrays Clodia in a negative light in his defense speech “Pro Caelio”. He says she is not moral and full of intrigue, he tries to discredit her testament by trying to show her as untrustworthy. Our image of Clodia as a notorious woman comes from this speech. Caelius also accused of murdering Dio, who came there to plead to reinstate Ptolmy the 12th, sent to the Egyptians saying the don’t want Ptolmy back! And Caelius is accused of murdering him.
TEXT: Cicero argues that the only reason that Caelius was accused was because of Clodia. - if you remove that woman from the case, there is no case. - He evokes the image of her ancestor of the underworld to reprimand Clodia for her bad ancestor, Appius Clodia Caecus, a famous figure used to berate Clodia. - He implies that Clodia keeps sleeping with her brother, Clodius. - Portrays her as a woman who sleeps with everyone, even with her brother - Frequently identified with Catullus’ beloved Lesbia (evoking Sappho). Idea that Lesbia was a construct modeled after Clodia. POEM OF THE SPARROW (portrayed of Catullus’ Lesbia) – sparrow represents a penis. Shows that he can’t resist Lesbia, but he is often hurt and often resents her. LIVIA DRUSILLA The first, and most important Roman Empress. She was first married to Tiberius Claudius Nero. We are told that Octavian immediately fell in love with Livia and divorced his wife, and Livia divorced Nero while she was pregnant with her second child. Tiberian was okay with this because it was a way to align himself with Octavian (Augustus). By letting Octavian have his wife, it was a political statement. The son that she gives birth to, they give to Tiberian, but when he dies Octavian becomes the guardian of the 2 boys (Tiberius and Drusus). She never had any children with Octvian, which was a problem because he never had a male successor, the only child he had was Julia from his first marriage. Eventually, the person who becomes emperor is Tiberius. The women who are the spouses of the emperors of the time are give SACROSANCITITAS and freed of male guardianship (Octavia and Livia). Livia receives ius trium liberoriu, an advantage of having 3 children, and is presented as the mater patriae and femina princeps (FIRST LADY). - When Augustus dies, she gets the name Augusta, and is later on deified by Clodius - She is honored by ARA PACIS a building consecrated on her birthday - Livia was portrayed as the perfect first Lady, but at the same time there are historical resources that said she poisoned any potential heirs that weren’t her children - She gets 1/3 of property of Augustus dies, and she becomes the priestess of Divus Augustus after her dead husband is deified - Unique because priestesses are usually for females deity - Tiberius diminishes his mothers influence. When Livia dies he doesn’t go to the funeral and refuses for her to become a goddess - Main idea = Livia is behind everything MESSALINA (NOTORIOUS) She was the great grand daughter of Octavia. She is the 3rd wife of Claudius who becomes emperor, and bears him 2 children: Octavia, Britannicus. She was very promiscuous, sex organizer of upper class – things an empress should not be doing. She marries Gaius Silius while Claudius is away in Ostia while still being married to him. The outcome of the fair is that Gaius is and her are both killed. One of the friends, Narcicuss, close to Messalina, tells Clodius of the affair and soon seems prone to forgiveness, but narcissist continues with the kill. Image: She is a female without any morality, always having sex TEXT Juvenal, Satire on Messalina She would go out to the brothels dressed as a prostitute because she enjoyed it
TEXT Messalina’s Death She thinks of suicide but doesn’t actually carry it out. Clodius didn’t order her to die, but was told later that she died
A roman ideal of a woman only married one Greek term for household Basket bearer Athenian term for guardian A resident alien in Athens who didn’t have any property rights
2) Manus means married and goes over to household to her husband, and has the legal position of a daughter. Without manus, she stays under the authority of her father which gives her some freedom 3) Perikles citizenship laws, didn’t make it illegal, but the content said you could only be an Athenian citizen if both your parents were Athenian in the 5th century. This became more impossible in the 6th century, they became an endogamic society 4) Equivalent of money given at point of marriage to daughter from father, to provide financial aid. The woman couldn’t use it, what she could keep were clothes and jewels. If you got to a divorce, dowry would have to be returned, if could turn, 18% dowry interest. 5) Wandering room is the idea the uterus of a woman dries up and moves around the body to moister areas to get more fluid and liquids and presses against organs that causes diseases and suicidal. There were various measures to bring it back – fragrances, exorcism, magical rights. The best measure to take was to marry off woman and regularly have sex with her because she needs to keep the womb moist. This makes her independent on a man, and without him she becomes sick. 6) Inherit it, allotment, election, purchase. Distinguish between democratic and genetillian priesthood, where genetillian was where only members of a particular family could act as priests. Geneticialin priesthood: happens in cults, you have to be a member of a specific family Democratic priesthood: can be filled by other families 7) Vestil virgins had to guard the vesta fire that couldn’t be extinguished because if the fire goes on, Romes fortress would go down. They were chosen while they were still girls and had to be virgins for 30 years, and if they broke their chasitity they would be married alive and man would be whipped to death. They were free of a male guardian and after 30 years they could be married. There wasn’ t anything comparable, in priestesses virginity didn’t really play a big role. 8) Texts where woman are portrayed as priests in a positive way, but most of all men seem to be suspicious. There are various women only festivals, and because men can’t be a apart of that they come up with fantasies and things that happen. Euripedes played the bacchi would be an example of a negative portrayal. Juvenal Bona Dea scandal. Livy’s account of Bonnachea. FINAL EXAM: MATERIAL OF FINAL SEM Questions like the 2 midterms, identification questions, quotations, images to identity, essay questions that are very brought so you can bring in lots of sources. Or you can pick a creative course where you can choose a dialogue.
LECTURE:
There are famous notorious woman in ancient Rome, both negative and positive. The portrayals that we encountered are usually biased, where their portrayed as horrible, vindictive, always having sex. Probably not the case at all, and this idea is very hard for us to reconstruct. Historians portray historical woman as dangerous, scandalous, all portrayals by male authors, but we have no way of knowing. Cornelia: MOTHER OF THE GRACCHI Next to Lucretia, she’s the one roman female who appears as the absolute embodiment of a good woman. She’s identified most of all through her mother hood, the mother of Tiberoius and Gaius. She’s the daughter of a very famous Roman, Scipio Africanus the conqueror of Rome’s arch enemy, Hannibal. She was married to Tiberius Sempronius (name of the clan) Gracchus (cognomen, a nickname that later in his life got attach to him).
Cornelia was 18 during her marriage, which was quite common, and she bore Graccus 12 children which only 3 survived, Sempronia (a daughter), Tiberius and Caius. She was famous for her virtue in the fact that she was an UNIVIRA, even though she lived quite a long time longer then her husband. She refused to marry Ptolmy VIII after her husbands death, not even wanting to become a queen. Sources portray her as very eloquent and very well educated, and gave a good education to her sons. In later times, she was very worshiped and this is seen through the fact that a statue was made for her, which was rare because she was a mortal female and not a god. It is possible that a statues that wasn’t originally meant to be for her, came to be her, Porticus (a hall with a lot of columns) spaces in Rome that people often hung out. Porticus Octavia, put up by Augustus in honor of his sister, the first structure brought up that was named after a female. The statue was lost, but we found the statue based *CORNELIA AFRICANI (F:MEANING DAUGHTER), and Cracchorum (mother). So here, she is defined as being the daughter of the man who conqured Hannibal and as being the mother of the Gracchai.
Octavia is the mother of MARCELLUS (successor of Augustus), and in addition she had more children, Second husband was Mark Antony, and she later took in Cleopatra’s family. She was also a mother figure. So its not a coincidence that the statue was put in the Portica. Grachai was a TRIBUNE (an important political office that you could be for 1 yr) Meaning he was a rep of the Roman people, the PLEBS. In Rome you have 2 pops, nolble PATRICIANS, and the non-nobles, PLEVELINS. Gracchai made laws and talked on behalf of the lower ranked people. CORNELIA LOSES BOTH GROWN UP SONS IN POLITICAL STRUGGLES. Tiberius proposed a law about redistribution of public land, which was popular with the Patrician wealthy people. In 133 BC, Tiberious is killed. 10 years later, his younger brother Gaius also becomes a Tribute. The grcchai some how try to initiate social reforms in rome that cause a lot of conflict, and both end up death. CORNELIA LOSES BOTH GROWN UP SONS IN
Most people in the same family are named the same because there’s a limited amount of names. Women are named based on the female form
POLITICAL STRUGGLES. Cornelia is always presented as the mother of the Gracchi, she is defined by her mother hood but her son’s actions don’t taint her image. TEXT: snake portent (life of Tiberius) Gaius and Tiberius. Happy marriage portrayed, and he loves her wife so much he does something that ends in his death, letting Cornelia live on “these are my Jewels” (valerius maximus, memorable doings and sayings) Famous sayings, I don’t need gold, she doesn’t need necklaces, she has her children to adore me Mother of the Gracchi (life of Gaius) Cornelia’s daughter was married to SCIPIO AEMILANEUS, fought in the 3rd peunic war. She approached her sons because the romans still called her the mother in law of Scipio, not yet the mother of Gracchi – telling her sons that they haven’t brought her any fame yet, disappointed how her daughter brought her more fame. She is portrayed as a female just waiting for her son to be famous. o o
She is the first woman we know who knows about literature, and took an active role in the education of her son because of the death of her husband. Texts refer to these infamous letters that she wrote, but Cicero and Quintilian believed they were written by Cornelia. Tactius defines her as the mother of the Gracchi and exaplains her good education for her sons
TEXT: Seneca, To Helvia on Consolation Context is that Seneca was exiled because MENALINA, the wife of the emperor Clodios, accused her of adultery. She was recalled in 41AD because Mother of Nero wanted For almost a decade she was exiled and then brought back in order to tutor. Seneca writes how she is a strong female who was proud of the Gracchi. CLODIA METELLI Born around 85 BC, notorious because she was the sister of a shady figure Clodius Pulcher (the guy connected to the Bona Dea Scandal). He had himself adopted by a Plebian because he wanted to have the same position of the Gracchi, he wanted to be a Tribute. He had a grudge against Cicero, an enemy of Mark Antony, and Antony but off his hands. During the year of his conquer ship, Cicero uncovered something bad that is assc with CATILINA and kills him. But there is no trial, so Clodius came up with the law that everyone who kills a Roman without a trial must be sent into exile. ATTACK AGAINST A ROAN WOMAN WHICH IS AN ATTACK AGAINST THE ROMAN NATION (Antony and Cleopatra)
Clodia is married to Metellus, suspected of having poisoned her husband and after led a very free life where she would hand out with a lot of men. Including Marcus Caelius Rufus who she is widow having an affair with. Clodia accuses him of trying to poison her after he breaks it off. Cicero holds a speech to get Caelius off the hook, and portrays Clodia in a negative light in his defense speech “Pro Caelio”. He says she is not moral and full of intrigue, he tries to discredit her testament by trying to show her as untrustworthy. Our image of Clodia as a notorious woman comes from this speech. Caelius also accused of murdering Dio, who came there to plead to reinstate Ptolmy the 12th, sent to the Egyptians saying the don’t want Ptolmy back! And Caelius is accused of murdering him.
TEXT: Cicero argues that the only reason that Caelius was accused was because of Clodia. - if you remove that woman from the case, there is no case. - He evokes the image of her ancestor of the underworld to reprimand Clodia for her bad ancestor, Appius Clodia Caecus, a famous figure used to berate Clodia. - He implies that Clodia keeps sleeping with her brother, Clodius. - Portrays her as a woman who sleeps with everyone, even with her brother - Frequently identified with Catullus’ beloved Lesbia (evoking Sappho). Idea that Lesbia was a construct modeled after Clodia. POEM OF THE SPARROW (portrayed of Catullus’ Lesbia) – sparrow represents a penis. Shows that he can’t resist Lesbia, but he is often hurt and often resents her. LIVIA DRUSILLA The first, and most important Roman Empress. She was first married to Tiberius Claudius Nero. We are told that Octavian immediately fell in love with Livia and divorced his wife, and Livia divorced Nero while she was pregnant with her second child. Tiberian was okay with this because it was a way to align himself with Octavian (Augustus). By letting Octavian have his wife, it was a political statement. The son that she gives birth to, they give to Tiberian, but when he dies Octavian becomes the guardian of the 2 boys (Tiberius and Drusus). She never had any children with Octvian, which was a problem because he never had a male successor, the only child he had was Julia from his first marriage. Eventually, the person who becomes emperor is Tiberius. The women who are the spouses of the emperors of the time are give SACROSANCITITAS and freed of male guardianship (Octavia and Livia). Livia receives ius trium liberoriu, an advantage of having 3 children, and is presented as the mater patriae and femina princeps (FIRST LADY). - When Augustus dies, she gets the name Augusta, and is later on deified by Clodius - She is honored by ARA PACIS a building consecrated on her birthday - Livia was portrayed as the perfect first Lady, but at the same time there are historical resources that said she poisoned any potential heirs that weren’t her children - She gets 1/3 of property of Augustus dies, and she becomes the priestess of Divus Augustus after her dead husband is deified - Unique because priestesses are usually for females deity - Tiberius diminishes his mothers influence. When Livia dies he doesn’t go to the funeral and refuses for her to become a goddess - Main idea = Livia is behind everything MESSALINA (NOTORIOUS) She was the great grand daughter of Octavia. She is the 3rd wife of Claudius who becomes emperor, and bears him 2 children: Octavia, Britannicus. She was very promiscuous, sex organizer of upper class – things an empress should not be doing. She marries Gaius Silius while Claudius is away in Ostia while still being married to him. The outcome of the fair is that Gaius is and her are both killed. One of the friends, Narcicuss, close to Messalina, tells Clodius of the affair and soon seems prone to forgiveness, but narcissist continues with the kill. Image: She is a female without any morality, always having sex TEXT Juvenal, Satire on Messalina She would go out to the brothels dressed as a prostitute because she enjoyed it
TEXT Messalina’s Death She thinks of suicide but doesn’t actually carry it out. Clodius didn’t order her to die, but was told later that she died
