Lecture 13 Pt1
BIOL 111 Announcements
CORRECTION: Vertebrate hearts: amphibians + • Flip-flop atria and ventricle(s)
• Final lab exam, Monday November 23, 6:307:30pm
lungs pulmonary artery
• Clicker participation: 25 lectures + 2 (maybe 3) extra opportunities: 80% = 20 lectures (4 pts) 70% = 17 lectures (3 pts) 60% = 15 lectures (2 pts) 50% = 12 lectures (1 pt)
body
Need 80% class participation in course evaluation to receive 3rd clicker opportunity.
SA node
aorta
RV
vena cava body
LV
RA
pulmonary vein
LA
lungs
1
2
Mammals II
BIOL 111 – Organismal Biology
lecture outline
1. Primates • • •
Lecture 23 Mammal II:
Characteristics Diversity Hominid evolution
2. Mammalian Nervous System
Primates, Hominid evolution, Mammalian nervous system
• •
Peripheral NS Central NS
19 November 2009 3
Which statement is not TRUE regarding mammal evolution?
22% 19% 15% 15%
• Arboreal, insectivorous eutherian ancestor • Grasping limbs with opposable thumb* • Forward-facing eyes
lemur
e. ar .. su pi al s & e. Th .. e fir st eu M on th ... ot re m es (p r. . .
M
w
am m al s
er e. ..
– Wider field of view – Depth perception
ds
4. 5.
Primates
29%
m
3.
Sy na ps i
2.
Synapsids were the dominant tetrapod group in the Permian. True mammals evolved from therapsids about 220 mya (Triassic). Marsupials & eutherians co-existed with dinosaurs. The first eutherians were oviparous. Monotremes (prototherians) are the extant mammal group that diverged from reptiles first.
Tr ue
1.
4
5
• Big cerebrum • Highly social – Reduced brood size and extended parental care
tarsier
chimpanzee 6
1
Prosimians
Primates • 235 species • Two groups
• Mostly arboreal & nocturnal • Once found on all continents, but now just Africa & SE Asia. • Lemurs on Madagascar have greatly radiated.
– Prosimians • lemurs • lorises – Anthropoids • tarsiers • monkeys • apes
crowned lemur
– humans Cenozoic
7
Anthropoids
ring-tailed lemur
8 slender loris
Anthropoids • Tarsiers
• Tarsiers
– Among smallest of primates – Very good jumpers – Can rotate head 180o
– Small, arboreal, nocturnal, insectivores – SE Asia – Many endangered
9
Anthropoids
10
New World Monkeys
• Monkeys split when SA & Africa still close
• South & Central America • all arboreal • most have long prehensile tails • relatively flat faces • live in groups
pygmy marmoset
spider monkey
Cenozoic
11
howler monkeys
12
2
Old World Monkeys
Apes mandrill
(non-apes) • Arboreal and grounddwelling • No prehensile tail • Mandrils, baboons, rhesus monkeys, macaques
Japanese macaque
Cenozoic
proboscis monkey
13
Asia
14
Who is our closest living relative?
lesser apes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
= great apes = family Hominidae
orangutan
67%
15%
Africa
12% 4%
ee
th er O
C
hi m pa nz
or il l a
O
M
on ke y
2%
G
gibbon
Monkey Gorilla Orangutan Chimpanzee Other
ra ng ut an
Apes
• split from Old World Monkeys ~35 mya. • Africa & Asia (non-human apes) • no tail • bigger brain
human
gorilla
chimpanzee
15
Primate research at McGill
Chimpanzees • lineage split ~ 6 mya • 99% similarities in coding DNA • highly intelligent: – tool use (Goodall) – learn symbols & numbers – plan for future – laughter
16
Prof Colin Chapman – Depts: Anthropology, MSE, Biology – Primate ecology & conservation – Works in Kibale National Park, Uganda Courses: – ANTH 311 (Primate behavior & ecology) – ANTH 411 (Primate studies & conservation, in Africa)
bonobos
Website: http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/anthro/chapman_files/CWeb/index. html 17
18
3
Advantages of bipedalism?
Hominids (Hominins) • ~20 extinct species discovered • Not a ladder to modern humans, rather a branched tree of extinctions • Different groups co-existed
Sahelanthropus tchadensis ~6.5 mya, Chad • Common ancestor to chimps & humans or oldest hominid?
• Reduced canines • More bipedal locomotion • Increased brain size (later)
• Less energetically costly • Frees up forelimbs for other tasks • Elevates head for better view of predators, prey
19
20
Hominid Phylogeny
Australopithecus • “Lucy” – discovered in 1974 by Johanson & Leakey
Laetoli footprints, 3.5 mya, Tanzania
Lucy 21
– Australopithecus afarensis – 3.2 mya from Ethiopia – Most complete hominid fossil at the time – 1m height, small brain (chimp-sized), bipedal
• Evidence that bipedalism evolved before large brain size
22
Early Homo species still had relatively small brains but began using tools & capable of walking longer distances.
Hominid Phylogeny
• Homo habilis “handy man” – 2.5-1.5 mya – first tool use 2 mya – shorter jaw, bigger brain
• Homo ergaster “working man”
23
– ancestor to modern humans – 2-1.5 mya – longer legs, shorter fingers suggesting walking not climbing, smaller teeth – brain 2/3rd size of modern humans
• reduced sexual dimorphism 24
4
Hominid Phylogeny
Hominids left Africa approximately 1.6 mya.
• Homo erectus “upright man” – 1.6 mya – 200,000 yrs ago – first hominid to leave Africa (Eurasia, Indonesia) – fire & tool use – small brains, thick skulls, same body size as modern humans
25
26
Brains reached modern size about 160,000 years ago.
Hominid Phylogeny
• Homo neanderthalensis “Neanderthals” -- discovered in Neander Valley, Germany, 1856 -- 200,000-30,000 ya -- Europe & Asia only -- short, stalky but powerful build -- larger brain than H. sapiens? -- co-existed with H. sapiens (Cro-Magnons) -- gene flow between groups? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33721697/ns/technology_and_science-science/
27
Modern humans evolved from H. ergaster ~200,000 yrs ago.
28
Have Homo sapiens been alone for 30,000 years? 77%
• Homo sapiens “wise man”
23% Altamira paintings, Spain
Y es
• cave paintings, carvings, antler spears, tools for woven clothing
29
N o
evolved in Africa (Ethiopia) ~200,000 yrs ago arrived in North America ~20,000 more slender, lack heavy browridges of other hominids – Cro-Magnon = “European early modern humans” ~30,000 ya
1. Yes 2. No
– – – –
30
5
Hominid Phylogeny
Another hominid species was discovered in Indonesia in 2004. • Homo floresiensis – Flores island, Indonesia – existed to ~12,000 ya – Much smaller than H. sapiens
Wiped out by a volcanic eruption 31
32
33
6
ERROR: stackunderflow OFFENDING COMMAND: ~ STACK:
CORRECTION: Vertebrate hearts: amphibians + • Flip-flop atria and ventricle(s)
• Final lab exam, Monday November 23, 6:307:30pm
lungs pulmonary artery
• Clicker participation: 25 lectures + 2 (maybe 3) extra opportunities: 80% = 20 lectures (4 pts) 70% = 17 lectures (3 pts) 60% = 15 lectures (2 pts) 50% = 12 lectures (1 pt)
body
Need 80% class participation in course evaluation to receive 3rd clicker opportunity.
SA node
aorta
RV
vena cava body
LV
RA
pulmonary vein
LA
lungs
1
2
Mammals II
BIOL 111 – Organismal Biology
lecture outline
1. Primates • • •
Lecture 23 Mammal II:
Characteristics Diversity Hominid evolution
2. Mammalian Nervous System
Primates, Hominid evolution, Mammalian nervous system
• •
Peripheral NS Central NS
19 November 2009 3
Which statement is not TRUE regarding mammal evolution?
22% 19% 15% 15%
• Arboreal, insectivorous eutherian ancestor • Grasping limbs with opposable thumb* • Forward-facing eyes
lemur
e. ar .. su pi al s & e. Th .. e fir st eu M on th ... ot re m es (p r. . .
M
w
am m al s
er e. ..
– Wider field of view – Depth perception
ds
4. 5.
Primates
29%
m
3.
Sy na ps i
2.
Synapsids were the dominant tetrapod group in the Permian. True mammals evolved from therapsids about 220 mya (Triassic). Marsupials & eutherians co-existed with dinosaurs. The first eutherians were oviparous. Monotremes (prototherians) are the extant mammal group that diverged from reptiles first.
Tr ue
1.
4
5
• Big cerebrum • Highly social – Reduced brood size and extended parental care
tarsier
chimpanzee 6
1
Prosimians
Primates • 235 species • Two groups
• Mostly arboreal & nocturnal • Once found on all continents, but now just Africa & SE Asia. • Lemurs on Madagascar have greatly radiated.
– Prosimians • lemurs • lorises – Anthropoids • tarsiers • monkeys • apes
crowned lemur
– humans Cenozoic
7
Anthropoids
ring-tailed lemur
8 slender loris
Anthropoids • Tarsiers
• Tarsiers
– Among smallest of primates – Very good jumpers – Can rotate head 180o
– Small, arboreal, nocturnal, insectivores – SE Asia – Many endangered
9
Anthropoids
10
New World Monkeys
• Monkeys split when SA & Africa still close
• South & Central America • all arboreal • most have long prehensile tails • relatively flat faces • live in groups
pygmy marmoset
spider monkey
Cenozoic
11
howler monkeys
12
2
Old World Monkeys
Apes mandrill
(non-apes) • Arboreal and grounddwelling • No prehensile tail • Mandrils, baboons, rhesus monkeys, macaques
Japanese macaque
Cenozoic
proboscis monkey
13
Asia
14
Who is our closest living relative?
lesser apes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
= great apes = family Hominidae
orangutan
67%
15%
Africa
12% 4%
ee
th er O
C
hi m pa nz
or il l a
O
M
on ke y
2%
G
gibbon
Monkey Gorilla Orangutan Chimpanzee Other
ra ng ut an
Apes
• split from Old World Monkeys ~35 mya. • Africa & Asia (non-human apes) • no tail • bigger brain
human
gorilla
chimpanzee
15
Primate research at McGill
Chimpanzees • lineage split ~ 6 mya • 99% similarities in coding DNA • highly intelligent: – tool use (Goodall) – learn symbols & numbers – plan for future – laughter
16
Prof Colin Chapman – Depts: Anthropology, MSE, Biology – Primate ecology & conservation – Works in Kibale National Park, Uganda Courses: – ANTH 311 (Primate behavior & ecology) – ANTH 411 (Primate studies & conservation, in Africa)
bonobos
Website: http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/anthro/chapman_files/CWeb/index. html 17
18
3
Advantages of bipedalism?
Hominids (Hominins) • ~20 extinct species discovered • Not a ladder to modern humans, rather a branched tree of extinctions • Different groups co-existed
Sahelanthropus tchadensis ~6.5 mya, Chad • Common ancestor to chimps & humans or oldest hominid?
• Reduced canines • More bipedal locomotion • Increased brain size (later)
• Less energetically costly • Frees up forelimbs for other tasks • Elevates head for better view of predators, prey
19
20
Hominid Phylogeny
Australopithecus • “Lucy” – discovered in 1974 by Johanson & Leakey
Laetoli footprints, 3.5 mya, Tanzania
Lucy 21
– Australopithecus afarensis – 3.2 mya from Ethiopia – Most complete hominid fossil at the time – 1m height, small brain (chimp-sized), bipedal
• Evidence that bipedalism evolved before large brain size
22
Early Homo species still had relatively small brains but began using tools & capable of walking longer distances.
Hominid Phylogeny
• Homo habilis “handy man” – 2.5-1.5 mya – first tool use 2 mya – shorter jaw, bigger brain
• Homo ergaster “working man”
23
– ancestor to modern humans – 2-1.5 mya – longer legs, shorter fingers suggesting walking not climbing, smaller teeth – brain 2/3rd size of modern humans
• reduced sexual dimorphism 24
4
Hominid Phylogeny
Hominids left Africa approximately 1.6 mya.
• Homo erectus “upright man” – 1.6 mya – 200,000 yrs ago – first hominid to leave Africa (Eurasia, Indonesia) – fire & tool use – small brains, thick skulls, same body size as modern humans
25
26
Brains reached modern size about 160,000 years ago.
Hominid Phylogeny
• Homo neanderthalensis “Neanderthals” -- discovered in Neander Valley, Germany, 1856 -- 200,000-30,000 ya -- Europe & Asia only -- short, stalky but powerful build -- larger brain than H. sapiens? -- co-existed with H. sapiens (Cro-Magnons) -- gene flow between groups? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33721697/ns/technology_and_science-science/
27
Modern humans evolved from H. ergaster ~200,000 yrs ago.
28
Have Homo sapiens been alone for 30,000 years? 77%
• Homo sapiens “wise man”
23% Altamira paintings, Spain
Y es
• cave paintings, carvings, antler spears, tools for woven clothing
29
N o
evolved in Africa (Ethiopia) ~200,000 yrs ago arrived in North America ~20,000 more slender, lack heavy browridges of other hominids – Cro-Magnon = “European early modern humans” ~30,000 ya
1. Yes 2. No
– – – –
30
5
Hominid Phylogeny
Another hominid species was discovered in Indonesia in 2004. • Homo floresiensis – Flores island, Indonesia – existed to ~12,000 ya – Much smaller than H. sapiens
Wiped out by a volcanic eruption 31
32
33
6
ERROR: stackunderflow OFFENDING COMMAND: ~ STACK:
