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Chapter 9 (4th edition) Chapter 8 (5th edition) Databases: Creating Information from Data
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Nursing and Databases • Collection of data organized and structured in such a way that selections from it are retrievable, singly or as a group • Relational database: data from more than one table can be integrated as if it were in one table.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Creation of Database • Identify the question data needs to answer. • Identify pieces of data needed to answer question. • Determine column or field for each item. • Create table (name each field, designate type and description of data field will contain). • Enter data into the table to test design. • Adjust, creating another table “related” to master table.
• Design table: – Data type column – Key field
– Foreign key Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Overview of Databases
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Overview of Databases • Forms – Data stored in table
– Form view showing all fields related to the record for which data must be entered (see Figure 9-7) – Useful for data entry and for viewing data for one record
• Reports – Another view of data – Information from more than one table and from queries (see Figure 9-8) – Possible inclusion of graphs and calculations on data Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • The first step in creating a database is to identify the pieces of data needed.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: When creating a database, the first step is to identify the question the data needs to answer.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Overview of Databases (Cont.) • Data saving – Data entry saved as soon as insertion point moved from the record where it was entered – Possible to undo one change, but only the last change made – Deletion of record is permanent. – Save objects such as table or form after creation or change in design.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Searching • Query: one characteristic giving databases power; one of most powerful tools
• Boolean logic querying – Based on algebra; data in field either are or are not a match – “And”: all specified terms returned – “OR”: at least one of the words – “Not”: one term but not the other
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Searching (Cont.) • Record requirements – Structured format (organized by categories identified by labels) – A field for the data: database must contain the field. – Use of standardized terminology for data entry
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Which of the following terms would be least appropriate to use when using Boolean logic for querying?
– A. And – B. Or – C. But
– D. Not
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • C. But • Rationale: Boolean logic uses and, or, or not as key terms. But is not used.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Data Manipulation • Sorting – Rearrangement of records in a table based on the data in a field or fields – Primary sort: simplest sort; other types: secondary, tertiary, and further levels based on groupings provided by the sort one level above it • Queries – Most powerful tool in a database; many ways (in addition to Boolean query) – Limiting factors: data available, user’s imagination, ability to use criteria selectors of Boolean algebra and symbols of mathematical operators (see Table 9-2) Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Models • Flat database: all data in one table, that is, spreadsheet worksheet • Hierarchical database: tables organized in the shape of an inverted tree (see Figure 9-16) • Network model: similar to hierarchical model but tree can share branches • Relational database model: two or more tables connected by identical information in fields in each table (key fields)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Models (Cont.) • Relational database model – Habit of “scope creep”: when those who want information see what they can learn from the data, they ask for more information; designer will anticipate this reaction and provide for expansion of original design. – Atomic-level data for each field (cannot be reduced any more) • Object/relational model (refinement of relational model) • Object-oriented model Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Models (Cont.) • Database Management System (DBMS) – Application program with tools for creating database, entering data, retrieving, manipulating, and reporting information contained within data
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • A hierarchical database is the simplest type of database model.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: A flat database is the simplest type of database model because all data are in one table.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Knowledge Discovery in Large Databases • Data mining
– Extracting from data potentially useful information previously unknown – Most effective when done on a “data warehouse” (collection of diverse data from sources that one would not think of relating that is specifically structured for query and analysis) • Online analytical processing (OLAP): real-time analysis of data stored in databases • Structured query language (SQL): name of coding used for querying in many databases; American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard language Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Nursing and Databases • Collection of data organized and structured in such a way that selections from it are retrievable, singly or as a group • Relational database: data from more than one table can be integrated as if it were in one table.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Creation of Database • Identify the question data needs to answer. • Identify pieces of data needed to answer question. • Determine column or field for each item. • Create table (name each field, designate type and description of data field will contain). • Enter data into the table to test design. • Adjust, creating another table “related” to master table.
• Design table: – Data type column – Key field
– Foreign key Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Overview of Databases
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Overview of Databases • Forms – Data stored in table
– Form view showing all fields related to the record for which data must be entered (see Figure 9-7) – Useful for data entry and for viewing data for one record
• Reports – Another view of data – Information from more than one table and from queries (see Figure 9-8) – Possible inclusion of graphs and calculations on data Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • The first step in creating a database is to identify the pieces of data needed.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: When creating a database, the first step is to identify the question the data needs to answer.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Overview of Databases (Cont.) • Data saving – Data entry saved as soon as insertion point moved from the record where it was entered – Possible to undo one change, but only the last change made – Deletion of record is permanent. – Save objects such as table or form after creation or change in design.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Searching • Query: one characteristic giving databases power; one of most powerful tools
• Boolean logic querying – Based on algebra; data in field either are or are not a match – “And”: all specified terms returned – “OR”: at least one of the words – “Not”: one term but not the other
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Searching (Cont.) • Record requirements – Structured format (organized by categories identified by labels) – A field for the data: database must contain the field. – Use of standardized terminology for data entry
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Which of the following terms would be least appropriate to use when using Boolean logic for querying?
– A. And – B. Or – C. But
– D. Not
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • C. But • Rationale: Boolean logic uses and, or, or not as key terms. But is not used.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Data Manipulation • Sorting – Rearrangement of records in a table based on the data in a field or fields – Primary sort: simplest sort; other types: secondary, tertiary, and further levels based on groupings provided by the sort one level above it • Queries – Most powerful tool in a database; many ways (in addition to Boolean query) – Limiting factors: data available, user’s imagination, ability to use criteria selectors of Boolean algebra and symbols of mathematical operators (see Table 9-2) Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Models • Flat database: all data in one table, that is, spreadsheet worksheet • Hierarchical database: tables organized in the shape of an inverted tree (see Figure 9-16) • Network model: similar to hierarchical model but tree can share branches • Relational database model: two or more tables connected by identical information in fields in each table (key fields)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Models (Cont.) • Relational database model – Habit of “scope creep”: when those who want information see what they can learn from the data, they ask for more information; designer will anticipate this reaction and provide for expansion of original design. – Atomic-level data for each field (cannot be reduced any more) • Object/relational model (refinement of relational model) • Object-oriented model Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Database Models (Cont.) • Database Management System (DBMS) – Application program with tools for creating database, entering data, retrieving, manipulating, and reporting information contained within data
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question • Is the following statement True or False? • A hierarchical database is the simplest type of database model.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer • False • Rationale: A flat database is the simplest type of database model because all data are in one table.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Knowledge Discovery in Large Databases • Data mining
– Extracting from data potentially useful information previously unknown – Most effective when done on a “data warehouse” (collection of diverse data from sources that one would not think of relating that is specifically structured for query and analysis) • Online analytical processing (OLAP): real-time analysis of data stored in databases • Structured query language (SQL): name of coding used for querying in many databases; American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard language Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
