Morphological characteristics
8. C lose-set, external nostrils, modern human (0)
8. W ide-set, external, porthole-like nostrils, tufted capuchin monkey (1)
9. F orward-facing eyes, modern human TC 815 (1)
9. Side-facing eyes, Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
10. C omplete eye socket with posterior wall, modern human TC 815 (1)
10. Open eye socket (no back wall), mongoose lemur USNM A35260 (0)
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 1)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
Morphological Characteristics
11. S agittal crest in males absent, modern human TC 712 (0)
11. S agittal crest (a crest or ridge of bone found on the top of the skull in some animals, running lengthwise along the midline of the skull) present, gorilla USNM 297857 (1)
12. D ownward-facing foramen magnum, modern human TC 712 (1)
12. Posteriorly (back-facing) foramen magnum, Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
13. Frontal bone flat, Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0) 13. F rontal bone strongly convex (curved outward), modern human TC 815 (1) What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 2)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
15. D ental formula is 2/1/2/3, modern human TC 712. (1)
Note: You can distinguish premolars from molars by the number of cusps (or elevated points) on the cheek side of the molar. Premolars have one cheek-side cusp, and molars have two. See the example from the howler monkey below.
16. P resence of canine, modern human TC 712 (0)
14. Dental formula (number of incisors/canines/ premolars/molars) is 2/1/3/3, mantled howler monkey USNM 240407. (1) 14. D ental formula is not 2/1/3/3, Amami rabbit USNM 269083. (0) 15. D ental formula is not 2/1/2/3, Amami rabbit USNM 269083. (0)
15. Dental formula is not 2/1/2/3, mantled howler monkey USNM 240407. (0) 16. Presence of canine, mantled howler monkey USNM 240407 (0)
16. A bsence of canine, Amami rabbit USNM 26908 (1)
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 3)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
14. D ental formula (number of incisors/canines/premolars/molars) is not 2/1/3/3, modern human TC 712. (0)
17. C entral incisors peg-like, pin-like, or nonspatulate, Bengal slow loris USNM 355064 (0)
Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 4)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
17. C entral incisors (those toward the midline) thin and flat (spatulate), like a spatula, modern human TC 712 (1)
18. B ilophodont molars, baboon USNM 258502 (1)
Very clear bilophodont molars on colobus monkey USNM 481795. Note: Colobus monkeys are not a specimen students study. This image is shown to clarify the characteristic. Non-bilophodont molars, modern human NWS 116 (0). Note: A different human specimen was used so that the molar could be viewed. Look for the angled ridge (red line) between the anterior lingual (tongue) side and posterior buccal (cheek) side.
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 5)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
18. T he drawing above is useful for identifying bilophodont teeth. A red “X” represents a cusp, or elevated point. The two sets of two cusps have a deep trough (black line) running between them. The red lines represent crests or ridges.
8. W ide-set, external, porthole-like nostrils, tufted capuchin monkey (1)
9. F orward-facing eyes, modern human TC 815 (1)
9. Side-facing eyes, Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
10. C omplete eye socket with posterior wall, modern human TC 815 (1)
10. Open eye socket (no back wall), mongoose lemur USNM A35260 (0)
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 1)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
Morphological Characteristics
11. S agittal crest in males absent, modern human TC 712 (0)
11. S agittal crest (a crest or ridge of bone found on the top of the skull in some animals, running lengthwise along the midline of the skull) present, gorilla USNM 297857 (1)
12. D ownward-facing foramen magnum, modern human TC 712 (1)
12. Posteriorly (back-facing) foramen magnum, Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
13. Frontal bone flat, Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0) 13. F rontal bone strongly convex (curved outward), modern human TC 815 (1) What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 2)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
15. D ental formula is 2/1/2/3, modern human TC 712. (1)
Note: You can distinguish premolars from molars by the number of cusps (or elevated points) on the cheek side of the molar. Premolars have one cheek-side cusp, and molars have two. See the example from the howler monkey below.
16. P resence of canine, modern human TC 712 (0)
14. Dental formula (number of incisors/canines/ premolars/molars) is 2/1/3/3, mantled howler monkey USNM 240407. (1) 14. D ental formula is not 2/1/3/3, Amami rabbit USNM 269083. (0) 15. D ental formula is not 2/1/2/3, Amami rabbit USNM 269083. (0)
15. Dental formula is not 2/1/2/3, mantled howler monkey USNM 240407. (0) 16. Presence of canine, mantled howler monkey USNM 240407 (0)
16. A bsence of canine, Amami rabbit USNM 26908 (1)
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 3)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
14. D ental formula (number of incisors/canines/premolars/molars) is not 2/1/3/3, modern human TC 712. (0)
17. C entral incisors peg-like, pin-like, or nonspatulate, Bengal slow loris USNM 355064 (0)
Amami rabbit USNM 269083 (0)
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 4)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
17. C entral incisors (those toward the midline) thin and flat (spatulate), like a spatula, modern human TC 712 (1)
18. B ilophodont molars, baboon USNM 258502 (1)
Very clear bilophodont molars on colobus monkey USNM 481795. Note: Colobus monkeys are not a specimen students study. This image is shown to clarify the characteristic. Non-bilophodont molars, modern human NWS 116 (0). Note: A different human specimen was used so that the molar could be viewed. Look for the angled ridge (red line) between the anterior lingual (tongue) side and posterior buccal (cheek) side.
What Does It Mean to Be Human? MASTER 3.3 (page 5)
© 2015 Smithsonian Institution. Permission to copy and distribute is freely granted for educational, noncommercial use only.
18. T he drawing above is useful for identifying bilophodont teeth. A red “X” represents a cusp, or elevated point. The two sets of two cusps have a deep trough (black line) running between them. The red lines represent crests or ridges.
