Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions
Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Grant Brummels Spatial Analyst Sustainable Energy Solutions Northern Arizona University (928) 600-4546 [email protected]
www.ses.nau.edu www.wind.nau.edu/maps http://www.emaprogram.com/website/windy/viewer.htm (AZ Interactive Wind Map)
Acknowledgements Dr. Tom Acker Dr. Susan Williams Dr. Earl Duque Donna Heimiller Mark Schwartz Dennis Elliott
Jim Jenness: www.jennessent.com Andrew Mills - University of California Berkeley
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions • Wind Maps and Arizona Geography • Development Exclusions • Results From Navajo Windy Land • Discussion of Key Findings
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions Where can we develop wind energy? What areas are unsuitable for wind energy development?
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Definitions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
• windy land = land with wind resource ≥ class 3
• development exclusions = areas of land unsuitable for wind energy development
• developable windy land = windy land left over after removing all development exclusions
• excluded windy land = windy land (≥ class 3) that falls within a development exclusion
High-Resolution Wind Mapping Approach • Produces 200 m resolution wind power maps • TrueWind Solutions (TWS) uses a numerical weather model with climatic data and wind flow model to produce the preliminary map • Does not depend on high-quality surface wind data • Maps designed for regional wind mapping and not micrositing • Preliminary maps are validated – NREL and meteorological consultants validate TWS produced maps • TWS adjusts preliminary maps based on validation results and final maps are released
Logic of Numerical Mapping Method • Model Design and Outputs – MesoMap - created by TrueWind Solutions (TWS) – A numerical weather model (MASS) coupled to a wind flow model (WindMap) and global weather, topographical, and land cover data – NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (200-km grid) - most important global weather input for MASS – MASS simulates weather conditions (incl. winds) over 365 days selected from a 15-year period – Hawaii, MASS at 1.2 - 2 km and WindMap to 0.2 km – Model output grids provided to NREL for review and validation
Major Global Data Sets used by NREL for Wind Resource Assessment Data Set Surface Station Data Upper Air Station Data Satellite-derived Ocean Wind Data Marine Climatic Atlas of the World Reanalysis Upper Air Data Global Upper Air Climatic Atlas Digital Geographic Data Digital Terrain Data Digital Land Cover Data
Type of Information Surface observations at 20000 stations Rawinsonde and pibal observations at 1800 stations 10-m ocean wind speeds gridded to 0.25 deg Gridded (1.0 deg) statistics of historical ship wind observations Model-derived gridded (~200km) upper air data Model-derived gridded (2.5 deg) upper air statistics Political, hydrography, etc.
Source NOAA/NCDC
Period of Record 1973-2002
NCAR
1973-2002
NASA/JPL
1988-2002
NOAA/NCDC
1854-1969
NCAR
1958-2001
NOAA/NCDC
1980-1991
ESRI
Elevation – 90m - 1 km resolution USGS/EROS Land use/cover and tree cover NASA/USGS density – 500 m - 1 km resolution
2003 Arizona Wind Power Map
• Preliminary map produced by TrueWind Solutions • Preliminary map validated by NREL and wind energy consultants • Final map produced by TrueWind with approval by NREL
“Old” vs. “New” Arizona Wind Maps
Springerville U*WRAP Station 600
8
7 500 6 400
300
4
3 200 2 100 1
0
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
m/s
W/m2
5
Power Density Wind Speed
Northern Arizona Wind Power 300
250
W/m2
200
St. Johns Winslow Camp Navajo
150
100
50
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wind Energy Development Exclusions •National Park Service •Fish and Wildlife Service •Specially Designated Areas •Inventoried Roadless Areas
3km buffer
•Sensitive Environmental lands •Airports •Urban/Developed Land (30m ReGAP) •Wetlands (30m ReGAP)
100m buffer
•Open Water (30m ReGAP) •Slopes > 20% (90m Digital Elevation Model)
NO buffer
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Non-ridge Crest Forest Exclusion (50%) Non-ridge Crest forest exclusion was generated from 30m satellite data (USGS ReGAP, 2003).
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Non-ridge Crest Forest Exclusion (50%)
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Non-ridge Crest forest exclusion was generated from 30m satellite data (USGS ReGAP, 2003).
It was determined that of the areas considered ‘Woodland’ by the satellite data, over 90% of those areas were Pinyon-Juniper Woodland. Pinyon-Juniper woodland is not the same as Ponderosa Woodland or other woodlands with tall canopies. It may have different development potential that allows these areas to be included in developable windy land, not excluded by 50%. We chose to include Pinyon-Juniper Woodland as Developable Windy Land.
Sustainable Energy Solutions
National Park Service
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Fish and Wildlife
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Specially Designated Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Specially Designated Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Inventoried Roadless Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Inventoried Roadless Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sensitive Environmental Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sensitive Environmental Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Airports
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Urban / Developed Land
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Open Water
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Slopes >20%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Ridge crests
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Windy Land Exclusions •National Park Service •Fish and Wildlife Service •Specially Designated Areas •Inventoried Roadless Areas
3km buffer
•Sensitive Environmental lands •Airports •Urban/Developed Land (30m ReGAP) •Wetlands (30m ReGAP)
100m buffer
•Open Water (30m ReGAP) •Slopes > 20% (90m Digital Elevation Model)
NO buffer
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Total Windy Land (MW)
4562 MW
Total Wind Resource (MW) (no exclusions)
5770 MW
79%
Total Windy Land (MW)
11,806 MW
Total Wind Resource (MW) (no exclusions)
14,046 MW
84%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Developable Windy Land by Wind Class
70m
1.6% 0.3% 0.0%
9.4%
4.0%
89.7%
50m
0%
8.4%
1.6% 0.2%
84.8%
20%
40% Class 3
Class 4
60% Class 5
Class 6
80% Class 7
100%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Reservation County Wind Class Area Analysis 50m
Total Area (km2)
Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Developable Windy Land (km2)#
Developable Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Wind Class
Power (w/m2)
3
300-400
950
2.34%
774
1.906%
3,870
4
400-500
127
0.31%
86
0.211%
428
5
500-600
51
0.13%
37
0.090%
183
6
600-800
22
0.05%
14
0.035%
71
7
>800
3
0.01%
2
0.005%
10
50m Total
40,616
2.84%
Installed Capacity (MW)*
4,562
2.246%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Reservation County Wind Class Area Analysis 70m
Total Area (km2)
Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Developable Windy Land (km2)#
Developable Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Wind Class
Power (w/m2)
3
300-400
2,481
6.11%
2,118
5.215%
10,591
4
400-500
256
0.63%
198
0.487%
990
5
500-600
55
0.14%
37
0.090%
184
6
600-800
15
0.04%
8
0.019%
38
7
>800
2
0.00%
1
0.002%
4
70m Total
40,616
6.92%
Installed Capacity (MW)*
11,806
5.814%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands and Sensitive Environmental Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands and Sensitive Environmental Lands and Navajo Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Little Colorado River
New Power Maps?
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Capacity Factor Maps? Energy Potential Maps?
X
Y
LONGITUDE
LATITUDE
ELEV
ROUGH
SPEED050
POWER050
WEIBC050
WEIBK050
491900.00
3464700.00
-111.09
31.32
1478.00
0.10
5.70
165.00
6.49
2.21
492100.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1481.00
0.10
5.68
163.00
6.47
2.21
492300.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1494.00
0.10
5.66
160.00
6.44
2.21
492500.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1500.00
0.10
5.61
154.00
6.38
2.21
492700.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1522.00
0.10
5.78
167.00
6.58
2.21
492900.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1574.00
0.10
6.34
218.00
7.22
2.20
493100.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1618.00
0.10
7.14
308.00
8.14
2.20
493300.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1676.00
0.10
7.94
418.00
9.05
2.20
493500.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1669.00
0.10
7.88
406.00
8.98
2.20
493700.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1614.00
0.10
7.08
294.00
8.08
2.19
Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions Grant Brummels Spatial Analyst Sustainable Energy Solutions Northern Arizona University (928) 600-4546 [email protected]
www.ses.nau.edu www.wind.nau.edu/maps
http://www.emaprogram.com/website/windy/viewer.htm(AZ Interactive Wind Map)
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Arizona Wind Resources Marc Schwartz National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO Arizona Wind Working Group Flagstaff, Arizona August 6, 2003
Hawaii Wind Mapping and Validation Project Dennis Elliott National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO Hawaii Wind Working Group Meeting Honolulu, Hawaii January 6, 2004
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Grant Brummels Spatial Analyst Sustainable Energy Solutions Northern Arizona University (928) 600-4546 [email protected]
www.ses.nau.edu www.wind.nau.edu/maps http://www.emaprogram.com/website/windy/viewer.htm (AZ Interactive Wind Map)
Acknowledgements Dr. Tom Acker Dr. Susan Williams Dr. Earl Duque Donna Heimiller Mark Schwartz Dennis Elliott
Jim Jenness: www.jennessent.com Andrew Mills - University of California Berkeley
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions • Wind Maps and Arizona Geography • Development Exclusions • Results From Navajo Windy Land • Discussion of Key Findings
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions Where can we develop wind energy? What areas are unsuitable for wind energy development?
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Definitions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
• windy land = land with wind resource ≥ class 3
• development exclusions = areas of land unsuitable for wind energy development
• developable windy land = windy land left over after removing all development exclusions
• excluded windy land = windy land (≥ class 3) that falls within a development exclusion
High-Resolution Wind Mapping Approach • Produces 200 m resolution wind power maps • TrueWind Solutions (TWS) uses a numerical weather model with climatic data and wind flow model to produce the preliminary map • Does not depend on high-quality surface wind data • Maps designed for regional wind mapping and not micrositing • Preliminary maps are validated – NREL and meteorological consultants validate TWS produced maps • TWS adjusts preliminary maps based on validation results and final maps are released
Logic of Numerical Mapping Method • Model Design and Outputs – MesoMap - created by TrueWind Solutions (TWS) – A numerical weather model (MASS) coupled to a wind flow model (WindMap) and global weather, topographical, and land cover data – NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (200-km grid) - most important global weather input for MASS – MASS simulates weather conditions (incl. winds) over 365 days selected from a 15-year period – Hawaii, MASS at 1.2 - 2 km and WindMap to 0.2 km – Model output grids provided to NREL for review and validation
Major Global Data Sets used by NREL for Wind Resource Assessment Data Set Surface Station Data Upper Air Station Data Satellite-derived Ocean Wind Data Marine Climatic Atlas of the World Reanalysis Upper Air Data Global Upper Air Climatic Atlas Digital Geographic Data Digital Terrain Data Digital Land Cover Data
Type of Information Surface observations at 20000 stations Rawinsonde and pibal observations at 1800 stations 10-m ocean wind speeds gridded to 0.25 deg Gridded (1.0 deg) statistics of historical ship wind observations Model-derived gridded (~200km) upper air data Model-derived gridded (2.5 deg) upper air statistics Political, hydrography, etc.
Source NOAA/NCDC
Period of Record 1973-2002
NCAR
1973-2002
NASA/JPL
1988-2002
NOAA/NCDC
1854-1969
NCAR
1958-2001
NOAA/NCDC
1980-1991
ESRI
Elevation – 90m - 1 km resolution USGS/EROS Land use/cover and tree cover NASA/USGS density – 500 m - 1 km resolution
2003 Arizona Wind Power Map
• Preliminary map produced by TrueWind Solutions • Preliminary map validated by NREL and wind energy consultants • Final map produced by TrueWind with approval by NREL
“Old” vs. “New” Arizona Wind Maps
Springerville U*WRAP Station 600
8
7 500 6 400
300
4
3 200 2 100 1
0
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
m/s
W/m2
5
Power Density Wind Speed
Northern Arizona Wind Power 300
250
W/m2
200
St. Johns Winslow Camp Navajo
150
100
50
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wind Energy Development Exclusions •National Park Service •Fish and Wildlife Service •Specially Designated Areas •Inventoried Roadless Areas
3km buffer
•Sensitive Environmental lands •Airports •Urban/Developed Land (30m ReGAP) •Wetlands (30m ReGAP)
100m buffer
•Open Water (30m ReGAP) •Slopes > 20% (90m Digital Elevation Model)
NO buffer
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Non-ridge Crest Forest Exclusion (50%) Non-ridge Crest forest exclusion was generated from 30m satellite data (USGS ReGAP, 2003).
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Non-ridge Crest Forest Exclusion (50%)
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Non-ridge Crest forest exclusion was generated from 30m satellite data (USGS ReGAP, 2003).
It was determined that of the areas considered ‘Woodland’ by the satellite data, over 90% of those areas were Pinyon-Juniper Woodland. Pinyon-Juniper woodland is not the same as Ponderosa Woodland or other woodlands with tall canopies. It may have different development potential that allows these areas to be included in developable windy land, not excluded by 50%. We chose to include Pinyon-Juniper Woodland as Developable Windy Land.
Sustainable Energy Solutions
National Park Service
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Fish and Wildlife
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Specially Designated Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Specially Designated Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Inventoried Roadless Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Inventoried Roadless Areas
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sensitive Environmental Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sensitive Environmental Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Airports
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Urban / Developed Land
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Open Water
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Slopes >20%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Ridge crests
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
TPI Topographic Position Index
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Windy Land Exclusions •National Park Service •Fish and Wildlife Service •Specially Designated Areas •Inventoried Roadless Areas
3km buffer
•Sensitive Environmental lands •Airports •Urban/Developed Land (30m ReGAP) •Wetlands (30m ReGAP)
100m buffer
•Open Water (30m ReGAP) •Slopes > 20% (90m Digital Elevation Model)
NO buffer
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Total Windy Land (MW)
4562 MW
Total Wind Resource (MW) (no exclusions)
5770 MW
79%
Total Windy Land (MW)
11,806 MW
Total Wind Resource (MW) (no exclusions)
14,046 MW
84%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Developable Windy Land by Wind Class
70m
1.6% 0.3% 0.0%
9.4%
4.0%
89.7%
50m
0%
8.4%
1.6% 0.2%
84.8%
20%
40% Class 3
Class 4
60% Class 5
Class 6
80% Class 7
100%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Reservation County Wind Class Area Analysis 50m
Total Area (km2)
Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Developable Windy Land (km2)#
Developable Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Wind Class
Power (w/m2)
3
300-400
950
2.34%
774
1.906%
3,870
4
400-500
127
0.31%
86
0.211%
428
5
500-600
51
0.13%
37
0.090%
183
6
600-800
22
0.05%
14
0.035%
71
7
>800
3
0.01%
2
0.005%
10
50m Total
40,616
2.84%
Installed Capacity (MW)*
4,562
2.246%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Navajo Reservation County Wind Class Area Analysis 70m
Total Area (km2)
Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Developable Windy Land (km2)#
Developable Windy Land as Percent of Total Land Area
Wind Class
Power (w/m2)
3
300-400
2,481
6.11%
2,118
5.215%
10,591
4
400-500
256
0.63%
198
0.487%
990
5
500-600
55
0.14%
37
0.090%
184
6
600-800
15
0.04%
8
0.019%
38
7
>800
2
0.00%
1
0.002%
4
70m Total
40,616
6.92%
Installed Capacity (MW)*
11,806
5.814%
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands and Sensitive Environmental Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Wetlands and Sensitive Environmental Lands and Navajo Lands
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Little Colorado River
New Power Maps?
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Capacity Factor Maps? Energy Potential Maps?
X
Y
LONGITUDE
LATITUDE
ELEV
ROUGH
SPEED050
POWER050
WEIBC050
WEIBK050
491900.00
3464700.00
-111.09
31.32
1478.00
0.10
5.70
165.00
6.49
2.21
492100.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1481.00
0.10
5.68
163.00
6.47
2.21
492300.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1494.00
0.10
5.66
160.00
6.44
2.21
492500.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1500.00
0.10
5.61
154.00
6.38
2.21
492700.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1522.00
0.10
5.78
167.00
6.58
2.21
492900.00
3464700.00
-111.08
31.32
1574.00
0.10
6.34
218.00
7.22
2.20
493100.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1618.00
0.10
7.14
308.00
8.14
2.20
493300.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1676.00
0.10
7.94
418.00
9.05
2.20
493500.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1669.00
0.10
7.88
406.00
8.98
2.20
493700.00
3464700.00
-111.07
31.32
1614.00
0.10
7.08
294.00
8.08
2.19
Navajo Wind Energy Development Exclusions Grant Brummels Spatial Analyst Sustainable Energy Solutions Northern Arizona University (928) 600-4546 [email protected]
www.ses.nau.edu www.wind.nau.edu/maps
http://www.emaprogram.com/website/windy/viewer.htm(AZ Interactive Wind Map)
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Arizona Wind Resources Marc Schwartz National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO Arizona Wind Working Group Flagstaff, Arizona August 6, 2003
Hawaii Wind Mapping and Validation Project Dennis Elliott National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO Hawaii Wind Working Group Meeting Honolulu, Hawaii January 6, 2004
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Sustainable Energy Solutions
