NHTSA's Research Activities On Automated Vehicle Functions
NHTSA’s Research Activities On Automated Vehicle Functions Nat Beuse Associate Administrator Vehicle Safety Research National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Fatalities and Fatality Rate, by Year Fatalities 60,000
30,246
33,561
Fatality Rate 8.00
50,000 6.00 40,000 30,000
4.00
20,000 2.00 10,000
1.14
0
0.00 Fatalities
Motor vehicle crashes costs nearly $871 billion 2
Current State
Dramatic improvements in safety but more work to do!
Opportunities for technology to help
Metrics going down but too many crashes and deaths still occurring The data imply that driver behavior accounts for a significant portion of all vehicle related crashes in the United States. Other countries suggest similar observations
NHTSA will determine how to ensure safety benefits are widely enjoyed and safety risks addressed for crash avoidance technologies, including 3
The Need For a Policy Statement Need to Inform/Guide Key Stakeholders Outline NHTSA Research Activities
US States with Active Legislatures
Significant activity (manufacturers, suppliers, and others)
Media
Licensing and Interest in Vehicle Regulations
Industry
Connected and Automated
Press confuses VtoV with Self Driving
US Congress 4
Automated Vehicle Levels •
A Research Framework!
Level 0 No Automation No steering or braking/ throttle control e.g. crash warning systems
Level 1 FunctionSpecific Automation Braking/Throttle or Steering control, but not in combination e.g. automatic braking systems
Level 2 Combined Function Automation • Integration of braking, throttle, and steering control • Driver available at all times to retake control
Level 3 Limited SelfDriving •
Integration of braking, throttle, and steering control • Driver expected for occasional control • Driver can cede full monitoring 5 and control
Level 4 Full SelfDriving Automation •
Integration of braking, throttle and steering control • Driver NOT expected for control • Responsibili ty for safe operation is solely rests with the vehicle
NHTSA’s Research Activities Levels 0 and 1
Significant activity on Level 0 and Level 1
Level 0 – radar, camera, and/or V2V enabled crash warnings Level 1 – radar, camera, potentially enhanced by V2V to provide level 0 capability plus single function automation (e.g. automatic braking)
6
NHTSA Decision on VtoV
On February 3, 2014 DOT Secretary Anthony Foxx and NHTSA Acting Administrator Friedman announcement. − Issue a regulatory proposal within this Administration − Intend to require an onboard DSRC-based V2V communications technology
July 12 ANPRM sent to OMB for review RFI on Security system to follow
7
Automatic Emergency Braking
1.
Intensive Research Focus to support agency actions Dynamic Brake Support
2.
Crash Imminent Braking
3.
Supplements the vehicle’s brake output when the system believes that the driver has not applied enough brake pedal force (66% of rear end crashes) Applies the vehicle’s brakes when the driver makes no avoidance attempt (33% of rear end crashes)
Pedestrian Avoidance
Applies vehicles brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian. Could address 46% of all pedestrian crashes
8
Key Areas of NHTSA’s Levels 2 to 4 Automation Research Human Factors Research • Human factors evaluation of Level 2 and Level 3 automated driving concepts • Initial human factors design principles for L2/L3
Electronic Control Systems Safety (including Cybersecurity) • Functional safety of safety-critical automotive systems and extensions to L2-L4 • Cybersecurity threats, vulnerabilities, countermeasures assessment
System Performance Requirements • System performance requirements framework • Objective test procedures
Benefits Assessment
• •
Target Target crash crash population population estimation estimation for for automated automated vehicles vehicles L2-L4 L2-L4 Multi-modal Multi-modal benefits benefits framework framework development development
Testing and Evaluation
• •
Controlled Controlled test test track track studies studies Field Field operational operational tests tests
9
Human Factors Research
Developing an understanding of human factors considerations for control function handoff between drivers and L2/L3 automation
10
Electronic Control Systems Safety Research (including Cybersecurity)
Functional Safety Research
Researching design process standards and their applicability
Hazard Analysis for safety critical systems controls such as Propulsion, Steering, Braking and Power
Extensions to L2-L4 systems •
•
Research on Functional Safety of Automatic Lane Centering Systems being initiated Research advanced system diagnostics, and prognostics, methods fail safe requirements
11
Electronic Control Systems Safety Research (including Cybersecurity)
Cybersecurity Research
Agency envisions a need for significant research to develop technical requirements and security countermeasures Cybersecurity research reports upcoming •
Engaged with industry • •
Best practices, NIST cybersecurity framework, Threat modeling, ISAC model. Cybersecurity specific interviews with OEMs Monitoring Industry’s cybersecurity related information sharing plans and activities (such as an ISAC)
Applied “in-house” Research Research on intrusion-detection technologies 12
Benefits Assessment Research
Developing an understanding of the potential benefits
Target-Crash populations being researched • •
Focuses on safety potential of systems/functions Residual benefits concept building upon prior levels
A multi-modal benefits framework being developed •
Inclusive of other benefits
13
System Performance Requirements Research
Develop system performance requirements and standards for automated vehicle systems.
Developing understanding for range of possible applications (eg. Full self-driving, automated parking, traffic jam assist, LSVs, city, etc.) Developing concept roadmaps for future automation applications Develop high level safety requirements Develop preliminary objective test methods Acquire and/or develop test and evaluation equipment for performance evaluations 14
Thanks for your Attention!
15
Fatalities and Fatality Rate, by Year Fatalities 60,000
30,246
33,561
Fatality Rate 8.00
50,000 6.00 40,000 30,000
4.00
20,000 2.00 10,000
1.14
0
0.00 Fatalities
Motor vehicle crashes costs nearly $871 billion 2
Current State
Dramatic improvements in safety but more work to do!
Opportunities for technology to help
Metrics going down but too many crashes and deaths still occurring The data imply that driver behavior accounts for a significant portion of all vehicle related crashes in the United States. Other countries suggest similar observations
NHTSA will determine how to ensure safety benefits are widely enjoyed and safety risks addressed for crash avoidance technologies, including 3
The Need For a Policy Statement Need to Inform/Guide Key Stakeholders Outline NHTSA Research Activities
US States with Active Legislatures
Significant activity (manufacturers, suppliers, and others)
Media
Licensing and Interest in Vehicle Regulations
Industry
Connected and Automated
Press confuses VtoV with Self Driving
US Congress 4
Automated Vehicle Levels •
A Research Framework!
Level 0 No Automation No steering or braking/ throttle control e.g. crash warning systems
Level 1 FunctionSpecific Automation Braking/Throttle or Steering control, but not in combination e.g. automatic braking systems
Level 2 Combined Function Automation • Integration of braking, throttle, and steering control • Driver available at all times to retake control
Level 3 Limited SelfDriving •
Integration of braking, throttle, and steering control • Driver expected for occasional control • Driver can cede full monitoring 5 and control
Level 4 Full SelfDriving Automation •
Integration of braking, throttle and steering control • Driver NOT expected for control • Responsibili ty for safe operation is solely rests with the vehicle
NHTSA’s Research Activities Levels 0 and 1
Significant activity on Level 0 and Level 1
Level 0 – radar, camera, and/or V2V enabled crash warnings Level 1 – radar, camera, potentially enhanced by V2V to provide level 0 capability plus single function automation (e.g. automatic braking)
6
NHTSA Decision on VtoV
On February 3, 2014 DOT Secretary Anthony Foxx and NHTSA Acting Administrator Friedman announcement. − Issue a regulatory proposal within this Administration − Intend to require an onboard DSRC-based V2V communications technology
July 12 ANPRM sent to OMB for review RFI on Security system to follow
7
Automatic Emergency Braking
1.
Intensive Research Focus to support agency actions Dynamic Brake Support
2.
Crash Imminent Braking
3.
Supplements the vehicle’s brake output when the system believes that the driver has not applied enough brake pedal force (66% of rear end crashes) Applies the vehicle’s brakes when the driver makes no avoidance attempt (33% of rear end crashes)
Pedestrian Avoidance
Applies vehicles brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian. Could address 46% of all pedestrian crashes
8
Key Areas of NHTSA’s Levels 2 to 4 Automation Research Human Factors Research • Human factors evaluation of Level 2 and Level 3 automated driving concepts • Initial human factors design principles for L2/L3
Electronic Control Systems Safety (including Cybersecurity) • Functional safety of safety-critical automotive systems and extensions to L2-L4 • Cybersecurity threats, vulnerabilities, countermeasures assessment
System Performance Requirements • System performance requirements framework • Objective test procedures
Benefits Assessment
• •
Target Target crash crash population population estimation estimation for for automated automated vehicles vehicles L2-L4 L2-L4 Multi-modal Multi-modal benefits benefits framework framework development development
Testing and Evaluation
• •
Controlled Controlled test test track track studies studies Field Field operational operational tests tests
9
Human Factors Research
Developing an understanding of human factors considerations for control function handoff between drivers and L2/L3 automation
10
Electronic Control Systems Safety Research (including Cybersecurity)
Functional Safety Research
Researching design process standards and their applicability
Hazard Analysis for safety critical systems controls such as Propulsion, Steering, Braking and Power
Extensions to L2-L4 systems •
•
Research on Functional Safety of Automatic Lane Centering Systems being initiated Research advanced system diagnostics, and prognostics, methods fail safe requirements
11
Electronic Control Systems Safety Research (including Cybersecurity)
Cybersecurity Research
Agency envisions a need for significant research to develop technical requirements and security countermeasures Cybersecurity research reports upcoming •
Engaged with industry • •
Best practices, NIST cybersecurity framework, Threat modeling, ISAC model. Cybersecurity specific interviews with OEMs Monitoring Industry’s cybersecurity related information sharing plans and activities (such as an ISAC)
Applied “in-house” Research Research on intrusion-detection technologies 12
Benefits Assessment Research
Developing an understanding of the potential benefits
Target-Crash populations being researched • •
Focuses on safety potential of systems/functions Residual benefits concept building upon prior levels
A multi-modal benefits framework being developed •
Inclusive of other benefits
13
System Performance Requirements Research
Develop system performance requirements and standards for automated vehicle systems.
Developing understanding for range of possible applications (eg. Full self-driving, automated parking, traffic jam assist, LSVs, city, etc.) Developing concept roadmaps for future automation applications Develop high level safety requirements Develop preliminary objective test methods Acquire and/or develop test and evaluation equipment for performance evaluations 14
Thanks for your Attention!
15
