Nicrofer® 45 TM
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM Material Data Sheet No. 4039 January 2004 Edition
High-temperature alloy
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
Nicrofer ® 45 TM
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
®
er 45 TM – alloy 45 T
A company of ThyssenKrupp Steel
TK VDM
Nicro
TK
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
2
Nicrofer 45 TM is a high-chromium, austenitic nickel-chromium-iron alloy with additions of about 3% silicon and 0.10% rare earth elements.
Nicrofer 45 TM is characterized by: ● excellent oxidation behaviour up to 1000 °C (1830 °F) ● good heat resistance and creep properties
The formation of a protective chromium oxide layer, together with a subjacent silicon oxide layer, makes the alloy especially suitable for applications such as in waste incineration and petrochemical facilities.
● excellent resistance in oxidizing and reducing environments containing sulfur, carbon and nitrogen, even under alternating conditions ● excellent properties in waste incineration environments at temperatures up to 850 °C (1560 °F) ● approved for pressure vessels with operating temperatures of –196 to 950 °C (–320 to 1740 °F).
Designations and standards Country
Material designation
Specification Tube and pipe
Chemical composition
National standards
seamless
D
Sheet and plate
welded
Rod and bar
Strip
Wire
Forgings
Flanges and Fittings
W.-Nr. 2.4889 NiCr28FeSiCe
DIN EN DIN VdTÜV
10095 17742 519
10095 17750 519
10095
10095 17750
10095
B 516/517 B 546
B 168
B 166
B 168
B 166
B 564
B 366 B462 (proposed)
SB-163/167 SB-516/517
SB-168
SB-166
SB-168 SB-166
SB-564
SB-366
17751
F AFNOR UK BS USA ASTM
UNS N06045 B 163/167
ASME ISO Table 1 – Designations and standards
Chemical composition
min. max.
Ni
Cr
Fe
C
45.0
26.0
21.0
0.05
29.0
25.0
0.12
Mn
Si
Cu
Al
2.5 1.0
3.0
Some compositional limits of other specifications may vary slightly.
Table 2 – Chemical composition (wt.-%) according to VdTÜV material data sheet 519.
R.E.
P
S
0.015
0.010
0.05 0.3
0.2
0.15
3
Physical properties Density
8.0 g/cm3
0.289 lb/in.3
Melting temperature
1390 °C
2534 °F max. 1.003
Permeability at 20 °C/68 °F (RT)
Temperature (T)
°C
°F
Specific heat
J kg K
Btu Ib °F
W mK
Btu in. ft2 h °F
10.8
75
µ Ω cm
Ω circ mil ft
10 –6 K
100
212
12.1
84
120
187
13.0
200
392
13.8
96
123
183
14.5
204
400
300
572
316
600
400
752
427
800
500
932
538
1000
700
1292
760
1400
800
1472
871
1600
900
1652
982
1800
1000 1)
1832
193
103 ksi
200
1200
710
kN mm2
Coefficient of thermal expansion between room temperature and T
93
649
118
Modulus of elasticity
68
1112
0.12
Electrical resistivity
20
600
500
Thermal conductivity
28.0
722
27.1
740 15.4
107
126
118
171
128
129
24.8 163 23.2
141
130
151
152
162
172
122
0.13
26.4
183
137
17.0
1081)
136
9.6 17.3
14.21) 96
1)
When making design calculations for process equipment, the creep strength values shown in Table 6 should be taken into account.
Table 3 – Typical physical properties at room and elevated temperatures.
9.4
16.11)
824 540
16.6
1)
134
9.1
20.01)
815 24.8
16.2
1501)
132
8.8
21.91)
803 23.3
15.7
1)
788 21.8
8.6
22.31)
778 20.3
8.3 15.4
1541)
128
8.1 14.9
773 18.6
7.1
26.5
761 17.0
10 –6 °F
9.8 17.8
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
4
Mechanical properties The following properties are applicable to Nicrofer 45 TM in the hot or cold formed and solution-annealed condition. Product
Sheet & plate Strip Rod & bar
0.2 % Yield strength Rp 0.2
1.0 % Yield strength Rp 1.0
Tensile strength Rm
Elongation A5
N/mm2
ksi
N/mm2
ksi
N/mm2
ksi
%
240
35
280
40
620
90
35
Table 4 – Minimum mechanical properties at room temperature.
Temperature °C
°F
0.2 % Yield strength Rp 0.2 N/mm2 ksi
1.0 % Yield strength Rp 1.0 N/mm2 ksi
Tensile strength Rm N/mm2
ksi
100
212
≥ 220
≥ 31.9
≥ 260
≥ 37.7
≥ 595
≥ 86.3
200
392
≥ 200
≥ 29.0
≥ 240
≥ 34.8
≥ 570
≥ 82.7
300
572
≥ 185
≥ 26.8
≥ 225
≥ 32.6
≥ 545
≥ 79.0
316
600
≥ 179
≥ 26.0
≥ 221
≥ 32.0
≥ 538
≥ 78.0
400
752
≥ 170
≥ 24.7
≥ 210
≥ 30.5
≥ 520
≥ 75.4
427
800
≥ 159
≥ 23.0
≥ 207
≥ 30.0
≥ 517
≥ 75.0
450
842
≥ 155
≥ 22.5
≥ 195
≥ 28.3
≥ 510
≥ 74.0
5001)
9321)
150
21.8
190
27.6
500
72.5
5381)
10001)
138
20.0
179
26.0
490
71.0
6001)
11121)
135
19.6
170
24.7
460
66.7
1)
1)
124
18.0
159
23.0
393
57.0
700
1292
1)
120
17.4
145
21.0
298
43.0
7601)
14001)
117
17.0
138
20.0
214
31.0
1)
800
1472
1)
110
16.0
125
18.1
190
27.6
8711)
16001)
82
11.9
97
14.0
138
20.0
1)
900
1652
1)
72
10.4
86
12.5
118
17.0
9821)
18001)
52
7.5
69
10.0
76
11.0
1)
1)
50
7.2
65
9.4
70
10.1
649
1)
1000
1200
1832
Note: The values up to and including 450 °C (842 °F) represent minimum guaranteed values according to VdTÜV data sheet 519. Values at 500 °C (932 °F) and above are typically established, but not guaranteed values. 1)
When making design calculations for process equipment, the creep strength values shown in Table 6 should be taken into account.
Table 5 – Mechanical short-time properties of solution annealed Nicrofer 45 TM at elevated temperatures.
5
Temperature °C
°F
Stress to produce 1% creep Rp1.0/104h Rp1.0/105h N/mm2 ksi N/mm2
ksi
Creep-rupture strength Rm/104h N/mm2 ksi
Rm/105h N/mm2
ksi
470
878
195
28.3
133
19.3
310
45.0
235
34.1
500
932
150
21.8
105
15.2
285
41.3
180
26.1
538
1000
104
15.1
74
10.7
240
34.8
130
18.9
550
1022
95
13.8
68
9.9
160
23.2
120
17.4
600
1112
65
9.4
45
6.5
110
16.0
80
11.6
650
1200
42
6.1
30
4.4
75
10.9
54
7.8
700
1292
28
4.1
19
2.8
50
7.3
35
5.1
750
1382
18
2.6
11
1.6
32
4.6
24
3.5
760
1400
17.3
2.5
10.5
1.5
29
4.2
22
3.2
800
1472
13.0
1.9
8.0
1.2
22
3.2
16
2.3
850
1562
8.4
1.2
5.5
0.80
15
2.2
10
1.5
871
1600
7.1
1.0
4.5
0.65
13
1.9
8.4
1.2
900
1652
5.9
0.86
3.5
0.51
11
1.6
6.8
1.0
950
1742
4.2
0.61
2.8
0.41
7.3
1.1
4.8
0.70
982
1800
3.4
0.49
2.2
0.32
6.3
0.91
3.6
0.52
1000
1832
3.1
0.45
1.9
0.28
5.7
0.83
3.0
0.44
Table 6 – Long-term mechanical properties of solution annealed Nicrofer 45 TM at elevated temperatures.
ISO V-notch impact toughness Minimum values at RT (average of 3 specimens) longitudinal ≥ 75 J/cm2 transverse ≥ 63 J/cm2 Metallurgical structure Nicrofer 45 TM has a face-centered cubic structure. Relaxation cracking susceptibility Unlike some other high temperature alloys Nicrofer 45 TM in the solution-annealed condition has been found not to be susceptible to relaxation cracking in service at operating temperatures between 500 and 750 °C (932 and 1382 °F). Corrosion resistance According to DIN EN 10095 Nicrofer 45 TM is termed a heatresisting alloy, on account of its excellent resistance above 550 °C (1022 °F) against hot gases and combustion products, as well as against molten salt corrosion, while at the same time exhibiting reasonable mechanical short-time and longterm properties.
The high chromium content of Nicrofer 45 TM ensures the formation of a stable chromium oxide layer as a diffusion barrier, and protects the sub-surface matrix. At lower oxygen partial pressures, when chromium oxide is unstable, a stable silicon oxide layer provides sufficient protection to the metal. Pre-oxidation in contact with air or the use of material which has been pre-oxidized before being placed in service can result in markedly increased corrosion resistance in service. The following graphs show the results of comparative testing of Nicrofer 45 TM in various media.
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
6
+ 300
+ 30
+ 20
0 Specific weight change, g/m2
Specific weight change, g/m2
+ 10
– 10
– 20
– 30
+ 200
+ 100
– 40
– 50 200
400
600
800
Time, h
1000 + 20
200
400
600
800
Time, h
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 1 – Oxidation behaviour in air, simulating fire-side conditions: Comparison of specific weight change in air at 1000 °C (1832 °F)/24 hr cycles
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 2 – Behaviour in a CH4/H2 atmosphere, simulating conditions in fluidized bed combustion: Comparison of specific weight change under cyclic carburization in CH4/H2 with ac = 0.8 at 1000 °C (1832 °F)
1000
7
+ 800
1022
1202
550
650
Temperature, °F 1382
1562
750
850
+ 200
0
– 200
Specific weight change, g/m2
Specific weight change, g/m2
+ 600
+ 400
+ 200
– 400
– 600
– 800
– 1000
– 1200
0
– 1400 Temperature, °C 200
400
600
800
1000
Time, h
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 3 – Behaviour in N2 + SO2, simulating cyclic conditions in a strongly sulfidizing flue gas of low oxygen partial pressure: Comparison of specific weight change under cyclic sulfidation in N2 + 10% SO2 at 750 °C (1382 °F)
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3228 NbCe – alloy AC 66 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 4 – Influence of temperature on behaviour in waste incineration gases under cyclic conditions: Comparison of specific weight change in a simulated waste incineration environment consisting of nitrogen with 9% O2 , 2.5 g/m3 HCl and 1.3 g/m3 SO2 after 1000 hrs cyclic exposure at temperatures of 550 to 850 °C (1022 to 1562 °F)
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
8
1022
Temperature, °F 1202 1382
1562 + 200
1000
0 – 200 Specific weight change, g/m2
Corrosion depth, µm
800
600
400
– 400 – 600 – 800 – 1000 – 1200
200
– 1400 200 0 550
650
750
850
400
600
Time, h
Temperature, °C
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 5 – Influence of temperature on behaviour in waste incineration gases under cyclic conditions: Comparison of corrosion depth in a simulated waste incineration environment consisting of nitrogen with 9% O2 , 2.5 g/m3 HCl and 1.3 g/m3 SO2 after 1000 hrs cyclic exposure at temperatures of 550 to 850 °C (1022 to 1562 °F)
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 6 – Behaviour in a sulfate melt to simulate corrosion under deposits in waste incineration plants: Comparison of specific weight change in molten sulfate (53% Na2SO4, 40% CaSO4 and 7% MgSO4) at 700 °C (1292 °F)
9
Applications On account of its high strength values – also at elevated temperatures and over prolonged periods – and its excellent resistance to sulfurous atmospheres, Nicrofer 45 TM finds application in a wide range of fields: ● Environmental technology: thermal disposal of household and specialized wastes, incineration and fluidized bed combustion (superheater and evaporator tubes), pyrolysis (rotary kilns), hydrogenating treatment of plastic wastes. ● Energy technology: coal gasification (heat exchanger tubes and pipework, burner components). ● Chemical process technology: process furnaces for strongly sulfidizing and/or carburizing operating conditions, burner components for fuels which contain sulfur, heat exchangers in sulfidizing and/or carburizing media. ● Manufacture of heat treatment and industrial furnaces: salt bath furnaces (tanks, internal components, baskets, supports), gas carburizing furnaces (furnace shell and lining), heat treatment furnaces with gaseous reaction products (conveyor belts, burner components, furnace shell and lining, internal furnace equipment). Fabrication and heat treatment Nicrofer 45 TM can readily be hot- and cold worked and machined.
Heat treatment after hot working is recommended to achieve optimum properties particularly high creep strength. For heating up, workpieces should be charged into the furnace at maximum working temperature (solution annealing temperature). Cold working For cold working the material should be in the solution-annealed condition. Nicrofer 45 TM has a higher work-hardening rate than austenitic stainless steels. This should be taken into account when selecting forming equipment. Interstage annealing may be necessary with high degrees of cold forming. After cold working with more than 8% deformation solution annealing is required before use. Heat treatment Solution heat treatment should be carried out in the temperature range 1160 to 1200 °C (2120 to 2190 °F). Water quenching is essential for optimum creep properties. For thicknesses below about 3 mm (0.12 in.) rapid air cooling is possible. For any thermal treatment the material should be charged into the furnace at maximum annealing temperature observing the precautions concerning cleanliness mentioned earlier under ’Heating’.
Heating Workpieces must be clean and free from all kinds of contaminants before and during any heat treatment.
Descaling and pickling High-temperature alloys form a protective oxide layer during service. The necessity of descaling should therefore be checked before ordering Nicrofer 45 TM.
Nicrofer 45 TM may become impaired if heated in the presence of contaminants such as sulfur, phosphorus, lead and other low-melting-point metals. Sources of such contaminants include marking and temperature-indicating paints and crayons, lubricating grease and fluids and fuels.
Oxides of Nicrofer 45 TM and discoloration adjacent to welds are more adherent than on stainless steels. Grinding with very fine abrasive belts or discs is recommended. Care should be taken to prevent tarnishing.
FueIs must be as low in sulfur as possible. Natural gas shouId contain less than 0.1 wt.-% sulfur. Fuel oils with a sulfur content not exceeding 0.5 wt.-% are suitable. Due to their close control of temperature and freedom from contamination, thermal treatments in electric furnaces under vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere are to be preferred. Treatments in an air atmosphere and alternatively in gas-fired furnaces are acceptable though, if contaminants are at low levels so that a neutral or slightly oxidizing furnace atmosphere is attained. A furnace atmosphere fluctuating between oxidizing and reducing must be avoided as well as direct flame impingement on the metal. Hot working Nicrofer 45 TM may be hot worked in the temperature range 1200 to 950 °C (2190 to 1740 °F). Cooling after hot working should be by water quenching or rapid air cooling.
Before pickling which may be performed in a nitric/hydroflouric acid mixture with proper control of pickling time and temperature, the surface oxide layer must be broken up by abrasive blasting or by carefully performed grinding or by pretreatment in a fused salt bath. Machining Nicrofer 45 TM should be machined in the solution-treated condition. As the alloy exhibits a high work-hardening rate only low cutting speeds should be used compared with lowalloyed standard austenitic stainless steels. Tools should be engaged at all times. An adequate depth of cut is important in order to cut below the previously formed work-hardened zone.
10
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
Welding When welding nickel alloys and high-alloyed special stainless steels, the following instructions should be adhered to:
Filler metal For the gas-shielded welding processes, the following filler metals are recommended:
Workplace The workplace should be in a separate location, well away from areas where carbon steel fabrication takes place. Maximum cleanliness and avoidance of draughts are paramount.
Bare electrodes:
Nicrofer S 6020 – FM 625 (preferred choice) UNS N06625 AWS A5.14: ERNiCrMo-3 DIN1736: SG-NiCr21Mo9Nb (W.-Nr. 2.4831)
Auxiliaries, clothing Clean fine leather gloves and clean working clothes should be used.
or
Nicrofer S 3028 - FM 28 UNS N08028 X1NiCrMoCuN31-27-4 (W.-Nr. 1.4563)
Tools and machinery Tools used for nickel alloys and stainless steels must not be used for other materials. Brushes should be made of stainless material. Fabricating and working machinery such as shears, presses or rollers should be fitted with means (felt, cardboard, plastic sheet) of avoiding contamination of the metal with ferrous particles, which can be pressed into the surface and thus lead to corrosion.
Covered electrodes:
UNS W86112 (preferred choice) AWS A5.11: ENiCrMo-3 DIN1736: EL-NiCr20Mo9Nb (W.-Nr. 2.4621) DIN EN ISO 14172: ENi 6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb)
or
UNS W88028 AWS A5.4: E 383-16 (≈W.-Nr. 1.4563)
Cleaning Cleaning of the base metal in the weld area (both sides) and of the filler metal (e. g. welding rod) should be carried out with acetone. Trichlorethylene (TRI), perchlorethylene (PER), and carbon tetrachloride (TETRA) must not be used. Edge preparation This should preferably be done by mechanical means, i. e., turning, milling or planing; abrasive water jet or plasma cutting is also possible. However, in the latter case the cut edge (the face to be welded) must be finished off cleanly. Careful grinding without overheating is permissible. Included angle The different physical characteristics of nickel alloys and special stainless steels compared with carbon steel generally manifest themselves in a lower thermal conductivity and a higher rate of thermal expansion. This should be allowed for by means of, among other things, wider root gaps or openings (1 – 3 mm), while larger included angles (60 – 70°), as shown in Fig. 7, should be used for individual butt joints owing to the viscous nature of the molten weld metal and to counteract the pronounced shrinkage tendency. Striking the arc The arc should only be struck in the weld area, i. e., on the faces to be welded or on a run-out piece. Striking marks lead to corrosion. Welding process Nicrofer 45 TM can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc and SMAW (MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For welding, Nicrofer 45 TM should be in the annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and markings. When welding the root, care should be taken to achieve best-quality root backing (argon 99.99), so that the weld is free from oxides after welding the root. Any heat tint should be removed preferably by brushing with a stainless steel wire brush while the weld metal is still hot.
Straight butt weld
Sheet thickness up to 2.5 mm (< 0.10 in.) Single-V weld 60 - 70°
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
Sheet/plate thickness 2.5 - 15 mm (0.1- 5/8 in.)
0 - 2 mm (0 - .08 in.)
Single-U weld 15°
Plate thickness 12 - 25 mm (1/2 - 1 in.)
R=6
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
approx. 1.5 mm (.06 in.)
Double-V weld 60 - 70°
Plate thickness 16 - 25 mm (5/8 - 1 in.)
up to 2 mm (< .08 in.)
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
Double-U weld 15°
Plate thickness >25 mm (> 1 in.)
R=6
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
2 mm (.08 in.)
Fig. 7– Edge preparation for welding of nickel alloys and special stainless steels.
11
Welding parameters and influences (heat input) Care should be taken that the work is performed with a deliberately chosen, low heat input as indicated in Table 8 by way of example. Use of the stringer bead technique should be aimed at. Interpass temperature should be kept below 120 °C (250 °F). The welding parameters should be monitored as a matter of principle. The heat input Q may be calculated as follows: Q =
U x I x 60 (kJ/cm) v x 1000
U = arc voltage, volts I = welding current, amps v = welding speed, cm/min.
Postweld treatment (brushing, pickling and thermal treatments) Brushing with a stainless steel wire brush immediately after welding, i.e., while the metal is still hot generally results in removal of heat tint and produces the desired surface condition without additional pickling. Pickling, if required or prescribed, however, would generally be the last operation performed on the weldment. Also refer to the information on ‘Descaling and pickling’. Neither pre- nor postweld thermal treatments are normaly required.
Consultation with ThyssenKrupp VDM’s Welding Laboratory is recommended. Sheet/ plate thickness mm
Welding process
Filler metal Diameter Speed
Welding parameters Root pass
mm
A
V
A
V
cm/min.
3.0
Manual GTAW
2.0
90
10
110 – 120
11
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
6.0
Manual GTAW
2.0 – 2.4
100 –110
10
120 – 130
12
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
8.0
Manual GTAW
2.4
110 –120
11
130 – 140
12
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
10.0
Manual GTAW
2.4
110 –120
11
130 – 140
12
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
3.0
Autom. GTAW
1.2
0.5
manual
150
10
25
Argon 15 – 20
5.0
Autom. GTAW
1.2
0.5
manual
150
10
25
Argon 15 – 20
2.0
Hot wire GTAW
1.0
0.3
180
10
80
Argon 15 – 20
10.0
Hot wire GTAW
1.2
0.45
250
12
40
Argon 15 – 20
6.0
SMAW
2.5
40 – 70
approx. 21
40 –70
approx. 21
8.0
SMAW
2.5–3.25
40 – 70
approx. 21
70 –100
aprrox. 22
16.0
SMAW
4.0
90 – 130
approx. 22
m/min.
manual
In all gas-shielded welding operations, ensure adequate back shielding. These figures are only a guide and are intended to facilitate setting of the welding machines.
Table 7 – Welding parameters (guide values). Welding process
Heat input per unit length kJ/cm
GTAW, manual, fully mechanized
max. 8
Hot wire GTAW
max. 6
SMAW, manual metal arc (MMA)
max. 7
Table 8 – Heat input per unit length (guide values).
Intermediate and final passes
Welding speed
Flux/ shielding gas rate l/min.
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
12
Availability Nicrofer 45 TM is available in the following standard product forms: Sheet & plate (for cut-to-length availability, refer to strip) Conditions: hot or cold rolled (hr, cr), thermally treated and pickled Thickness mm
hr / cr
Width1) mm
Length1) mm
1.10 – < 21.50
cr
2000
8000
1.50 – < 23.00
cr
2500
8000
3.00 – < 27.50
cr / hr
2500
8000
7.50 – ≤ 25.00
hr
2500
80002)
> 25.001)
hr
25002)
80002)
inches
inches
inches
0.043 – < 0.060
cr
180
320
0.060 – < 0.120
cr
100
320
0.120 – < 0.300
cr / hr
100
320
0.300 – ≤ 1.000
hr
100
3202)
1)
> 1.000 1) 2)
2)
hr
3202)
100
other sizes subject to special enquiry depending on piece weight
Discs and rings Conditions: hot rolled or forged, thermally treated, oxidized, descaled or pickled or machined Weight kg
Thickness mm
O. D.1) mm
Disc
≤ 10000
≤ 300
≤ 3000
Ring
≤ 13000
≤ 200
≤ 2500
on request
Ibs
inches
inches
inches
≤ 22000
≤ 12
≤ 120
Ring
≤ 16600
≤ 28
≤ 100
1)
other sizes subject to special enquiry
Product
Forged1) mm
Rolled1) mm
Drawn1) mm
Rod (O. D.)
≤ 600
8 – 60
12 – 50
Bar, square (a)
40 – 600
15 – 280
Not standard
Bar, flat (a x b)
(40 – 80) x (200 – 600)
(5 – 20) x (120 – 600)
(10 – 20) x (30 – 80)
Bar, hexagonal (s)
40 – 80
13 – 41
≤ 50
inches
inches
inches
Rod (O. D.)
≤ 24
5
Bar, square (a)
1 /8 – 24
10
Not standard
Bar, flat (a x b)
(15/8 – 31/8) x
(3/16 – 3/4) x
(3/8 – 3/4) x
(8 – 24)
(43/4 – 24)
(11/4 – 31/8)
1 /8 – 3 /8
1
Bar, hexagonal (s) 1)
/16 – 2 3/8
5
5
1
/16 – 11
/2 – 1 /8 5
/2 – 2
1
≤2
other sizes and conditions subject to special enquiry
Forgings Shapes other than discs, rings, rod and bar are subject to special enquiry. Flanges and hollow shafts may be available up to a piece weight of 10 t. Welding filler metals Suitable welding rods, wire and electrode core wire are available in all standard sizes.
Product
Disc
Rod & bar Conditions: forged, rolled, drawn, thermally treated, oxidized, descaled or pickled, machined, peeled or ground
I. D.1) mm
on request
Seamless tube and pipe Using ThyssenKrupp VDM cast materials seamless tubes and pipes are produced and available from DMV STAINLESS SAS, Tour Neptune, F-92086 Paris, La Défense Cedex (Fax: +33-1-4796 8141; Tel.: +33-1-4796 8140; E-mail: [email protected]) Welded tube and pipe Welded tubes and pipes are obtainable from qualified manufacturers using ThyssenKrupp VDM semi-fabricated products.
13
Technical publications The following publications concerning Nicrofer 45 TM may be obtained from ThyssenKrupp VDM GmbH: M.B. Rockel, W.R. Herda, U. Brill, G.K. Grossmann: Der Einsatz hochlegierter Nickelwerkstoffe in Hochtemperatur- und Nasskorrosionsbereichen von Abfallverbrennungsanlagen; VDI-Berichte Nr. 917, 1992, pp. 373 - 378 U. Brill, J. Klöwer: Cronifer III TM und Nicrofer 45 TM: Zwei neue Werkstoffe für den Einsatz in Müllverbrennungsanlagen; Z. Metall, September 1992, pp. 921 - 926 U. Brill, J. Klöwer: Corrosion Behaviour of High Silicon Alloys in Carbon-Bearing and High Sulphur Atmospheres; Materials of High Temperatures, Vol. 11, Nos. 1 - 4, 1993, pp. 151 - 158 U. Brill, M.B. Rockel: Nickellegierungen in Müllverbrennungsanlagen; Ingenieur-Werkstoffe 4 (1992), pp. 2 - 4 U. Brill, J. Klöwer, E. Maassen, H. Richter, W. Schwenk, J. Venkatesvarlu: Effects of chromium and silicon on the behaviour of heat-resistant alloys in simulated waste incineration environments. D. Coutsouradis et al (Editors), Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1994, Part II, pp. 1585 - 1596, Kluwer Academic Publishers D.C. Agarwal, U. Brill, J. Klöwer: Evaluation of alloy 45 TM for coal gasification; CORROSION 1995, Paper No. 471, NACE International, Houston Texas, 1995. D.C. Agarwal, J. Klöwer, G. K. Grossmann: Alloy 45 TM in waste incineration applications; CORROSION 1997, Paper No. 155, NACE International, Houston Texas, 1997. P. L. F. Rademakers, G. Grossmann, A. Karlsson, M. Montgomery, T. Eriksson, L. Nylof: Materials for Waste Incinerators and Biomass Plants; Jaqueline Lecomte-Beckers et al (Editors), Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1998, Proceedings of the 6th Liège Conference, Part II, ISSN 1433-5522, pp. 679 - 694. The information contained in this data sheet is based on results of research and development work available at the time of printing and does not provide any guarantee of particular characteristics or fit. ThyssenKrupp VDM reserves the right to make changes without notice. The data sheet has been compiled to the best knowledge of ThyssenKrupp VDM and is given without any liability on the part of ThyssenKrupp VDM. ThyssenKrupp VDM is only liable according to the terms of the sales contract and in particular to the General Conditions of Sales in case of any delivery from ThyssenKrupp VDM. As updates of data sheets are not automatically send out, when issued, ThyssenKrupp VDM recommends to request the latest edition of required data sheets either by phone +49 (0)2392 55-2544 by fax +49 (0)2392 55-2526 or by E-mail under [email protected].
Current issues of brochures and data sheets are also available in the internet under www.thyssenkruppvdm.de January 2004 Edition. This edition supersedes material data sheet no. 4039, dated April 1999
rofe
ThyssenKrupp VDM GmbH Plettenberger Strasse 2 58791 Werdohl P.O. Box 18 20 58778 Werdohl Germany Phone: +49 (23 92) 55 - 0 Fax: +49 (23 92) 55 - 22 17 E-Mail: [email protected] www.thyssenkruppvdm.com
High-temperature alloy
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
Nicrofer ® 45 TM
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
®
er 45 TM – alloy 45 T
A company of ThyssenKrupp Steel
TK VDM
Nicro
TK
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
2
Nicrofer 45 TM is a high-chromium, austenitic nickel-chromium-iron alloy with additions of about 3% silicon and 0.10% rare earth elements.
Nicrofer 45 TM is characterized by: ● excellent oxidation behaviour up to 1000 °C (1830 °F) ● good heat resistance and creep properties
The formation of a protective chromium oxide layer, together with a subjacent silicon oxide layer, makes the alloy especially suitable for applications such as in waste incineration and petrochemical facilities.
● excellent resistance in oxidizing and reducing environments containing sulfur, carbon and nitrogen, even under alternating conditions ● excellent properties in waste incineration environments at temperatures up to 850 °C (1560 °F) ● approved for pressure vessels with operating temperatures of –196 to 950 °C (–320 to 1740 °F).
Designations and standards Country
Material designation
Specification Tube and pipe
Chemical composition
National standards
seamless
D
Sheet and plate
welded
Rod and bar
Strip
Wire
Forgings
Flanges and Fittings
W.-Nr. 2.4889 NiCr28FeSiCe
DIN EN DIN VdTÜV
10095 17742 519
10095 17750 519
10095
10095 17750
10095
B 516/517 B 546
B 168
B 166
B 168
B 166
B 564
B 366 B462 (proposed)
SB-163/167 SB-516/517
SB-168
SB-166
SB-168 SB-166
SB-564
SB-366
17751
F AFNOR UK BS USA ASTM
UNS N06045 B 163/167
ASME ISO Table 1 – Designations and standards
Chemical composition
min. max.
Ni
Cr
Fe
C
45.0
26.0
21.0
0.05
29.0
25.0
0.12
Mn
Si
Cu
Al
2.5 1.0
3.0
Some compositional limits of other specifications may vary slightly.
Table 2 – Chemical composition (wt.-%) according to VdTÜV material data sheet 519.
R.E.
P
S
0.015
0.010
0.05 0.3
0.2
0.15
3
Physical properties Density
8.0 g/cm3
0.289 lb/in.3
Melting temperature
1390 °C
2534 °F max. 1.003
Permeability at 20 °C/68 °F (RT)
Temperature (T)
°C
°F
Specific heat
J kg K
Btu Ib °F
W mK
Btu in. ft2 h °F
10.8
75
µ Ω cm
Ω circ mil ft
10 –6 K
100
212
12.1
84
120
187
13.0
200
392
13.8
96
123
183
14.5
204
400
300
572
316
600
400
752
427
800
500
932
538
1000
700
1292
760
1400
800
1472
871
1600
900
1652
982
1800
1000 1)
1832
193
103 ksi
200
1200
710
kN mm2
Coefficient of thermal expansion between room temperature and T
93
649
118
Modulus of elasticity
68
1112
0.12
Electrical resistivity
20
600
500
Thermal conductivity
28.0
722
27.1
740 15.4
107
126
118
171
128
129
24.8 163 23.2
141
130
151
152
162
172
122
0.13
26.4
183
137
17.0
1081)
136
9.6 17.3
14.21) 96
1)
When making design calculations for process equipment, the creep strength values shown in Table 6 should be taken into account.
Table 3 – Typical physical properties at room and elevated temperatures.
9.4
16.11)
824 540
16.6
1)
134
9.1
20.01)
815 24.8
16.2
1501)
132
8.8
21.91)
803 23.3
15.7
1)
788 21.8
8.6
22.31)
778 20.3
8.3 15.4
1541)
128
8.1 14.9
773 18.6
7.1
26.5
761 17.0
10 –6 °F
9.8 17.8
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
4
Mechanical properties The following properties are applicable to Nicrofer 45 TM in the hot or cold formed and solution-annealed condition. Product
Sheet & plate Strip Rod & bar
0.2 % Yield strength Rp 0.2
1.0 % Yield strength Rp 1.0
Tensile strength Rm
Elongation A5
N/mm2
ksi
N/mm2
ksi
N/mm2
ksi
%
240
35
280
40
620
90
35
Table 4 – Minimum mechanical properties at room temperature.
Temperature °C
°F
0.2 % Yield strength Rp 0.2 N/mm2 ksi
1.0 % Yield strength Rp 1.0 N/mm2 ksi
Tensile strength Rm N/mm2
ksi
100
212
≥ 220
≥ 31.9
≥ 260
≥ 37.7
≥ 595
≥ 86.3
200
392
≥ 200
≥ 29.0
≥ 240
≥ 34.8
≥ 570
≥ 82.7
300
572
≥ 185
≥ 26.8
≥ 225
≥ 32.6
≥ 545
≥ 79.0
316
600
≥ 179
≥ 26.0
≥ 221
≥ 32.0
≥ 538
≥ 78.0
400
752
≥ 170
≥ 24.7
≥ 210
≥ 30.5
≥ 520
≥ 75.4
427
800
≥ 159
≥ 23.0
≥ 207
≥ 30.0
≥ 517
≥ 75.0
450
842
≥ 155
≥ 22.5
≥ 195
≥ 28.3
≥ 510
≥ 74.0
5001)
9321)
150
21.8
190
27.6
500
72.5
5381)
10001)
138
20.0
179
26.0
490
71.0
6001)
11121)
135
19.6
170
24.7
460
66.7
1)
1)
124
18.0
159
23.0
393
57.0
700
1292
1)
120
17.4
145
21.0
298
43.0
7601)
14001)
117
17.0
138
20.0
214
31.0
1)
800
1472
1)
110
16.0
125
18.1
190
27.6
8711)
16001)
82
11.9
97
14.0
138
20.0
1)
900
1652
1)
72
10.4
86
12.5
118
17.0
9821)
18001)
52
7.5
69
10.0
76
11.0
1)
1)
50
7.2
65
9.4
70
10.1
649
1)
1000
1200
1832
Note: The values up to and including 450 °C (842 °F) represent minimum guaranteed values according to VdTÜV data sheet 519. Values at 500 °C (932 °F) and above are typically established, but not guaranteed values. 1)
When making design calculations for process equipment, the creep strength values shown in Table 6 should be taken into account.
Table 5 – Mechanical short-time properties of solution annealed Nicrofer 45 TM at elevated temperatures.
5
Temperature °C
°F
Stress to produce 1% creep Rp1.0/104h Rp1.0/105h N/mm2 ksi N/mm2
ksi
Creep-rupture strength Rm/104h N/mm2 ksi
Rm/105h N/mm2
ksi
470
878
195
28.3
133
19.3
310
45.0
235
34.1
500
932
150
21.8
105
15.2
285
41.3
180
26.1
538
1000
104
15.1
74
10.7
240
34.8
130
18.9
550
1022
95
13.8
68
9.9
160
23.2
120
17.4
600
1112
65
9.4
45
6.5
110
16.0
80
11.6
650
1200
42
6.1
30
4.4
75
10.9
54
7.8
700
1292
28
4.1
19
2.8
50
7.3
35
5.1
750
1382
18
2.6
11
1.6
32
4.6
24
3.5
760
1400
17.3
2.5
10.5
1.5
29
4.2
22
3.2
800
1472
13.0
1.9
8.0
1.2
22
3.2
16
2.3
850
1562
8.4
1.2
5.5
0.80
15
2.2
10
1.5
871
1600
7.1
1.0
4.5
0.65
13
1.9
8.4
1.2
900
1652
5.9
0.86
3.5
0.51
11
1.6
6.8
1.0
950
1742
4.2
0.61
2.8
0.41
7.3
1.1
4.8
0.70
982
1800
3.4
0.49
2.2
0.32
6.3
0.91
3.6
0.52
1000
1832
3.1
0.45
1.9
0.28
5.7
0.83
3.0
0.44
Table 6 – Long-term mechanical properties of solution annealed Nicrofer 45 TM at elevated temperatures.
ISO V-notch impact toughness Minimum values at RT (average of 3 specimens) longitudinal ≥ 75 J/cm2 transverse ≥ 63 J/cm2 Metallurgical structure Nicrofer 45 TM has a face-centered cubic structure. Relaxation cracking susceptibility Unlike some other high temperature alloys Nicrofer 45 TM in the solution-annealed condition has been found not to be susceptible to relaxation cracking in service at operating temperatures between 500 and 750 °C (932 and 1382 °F). Corrosion resistance According to DIN EN 10095 Nicrofer 45 TM is termed a heatresisting alloy, on account of its excellent resistance above 550 °C (1022 °F) against hot gases and combustion products, as well as against molten salt corrosion, while at the same time exhibiting reasonable mechanical short-time and longterm properties.
The high chromium content of Nicrofer 45 TM ensures the formation of a stable chromium oxide layer as a diffusion barrier, and protects the sub-surface matrix. At lower oxygen partial pressures, when chromium oxide is unstable, a stable silicon oxide layer provides sufficient protection to the metal. Pre-oxidation in contact with air or the use of material which has been pre-oxidized before being placed in service can result in markedly increased corrosion resistance in service. The following graphs show the results of comparative testing of Nicrofer 45 TM in various media.
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
6
+ 300
+ 30
+ 20
0 Specific weight change, g/m2
Specific weight change, g/m2
+ 10
– 10
– 20
– 30
+ 200
+ 100
– 40
– 50 200
400
600
800
Time, h
1000 + 20
200
400
600
800
Time, h
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 1 – Oxidation behaviour in air, simulating fire-side conditions: Comparison of specific weight change in air at 1000 °C (1832 °F)/24 hr cycles
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 2 – Behaviour in a CH4/H2 atmosphere, simulating conditions in fluidized bed combustion: Comparison of specific weight change under cyclic carburization in CH4/H2 with ac = 0.8 at 1000 °C (1832 °F)
1000
7
+ 800
1022
1202
550
650
Temperature, °F 1382
1562
750
850
+ 200
0
– 200
Specific weight change, g/m2
Specific weight change, g/m2
+ 600
+ 400
+ 200
– 400
– 600
– 800
– 1000
– 1200
0
– 1400 Temperature, °C 200
400
600
800
1000
Time, h
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 3 – Behaviour in N2 + SO2, simulating cyclic conditions in a strongly sulfidizing flue gas of low oxygen partial pressure: Comparison of specific weight change under cyclic sulfidation in N2 + 10% SO2 at 750 °C (1382 °F)
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3228 NbCe – alloy AC 66 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 4 – Influence of temperature on behaviour in waste incineration gases under cyclic conditions: Comparison of specific weight change in a simulated waste incineration environment consisting of nitrogen with 9% O2 , 2.5 g/m3 HCl and 1.3 g/m3 SO2 after 1000 hrs cyclic exposure at temperatures of 550 to 850 °C (1022 to 1562 °F)
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
8
1022
Temperature, °F 1202 1382
1562 + 200
1000
0 – 200 Specific weight change, g/m2
Corrosion depth, µm
800
600
400
– 400 – 600 – 800 – 1000 – 1200
200
– 1400 200 0 550
650
750
850
400
600
Time, h
Temperature, °C
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 5 – Influence of temperature on behaviour in waste incineration gases under cyclic conditions: Comparison of corrosion depth in a simulated waste incineration environment consisting of nitrogen with 9% O2 , 2.5 g/m3 HCl and 1.3 g/m3 SO2 after 1000 hrs cyclic exposure at temperatures of 550 to 850 °C (1022 to 1562 °F)
Nicrofer 45 TM Nicrofer 6020 hMo – alloy 625 Nicrofer 3220 H – alloy 800 H
Fig. 6 – Behaviour in a sulfate melt to simulate corrosion under deposits in waste incineration plants: Comparison of specific weight change in molten sulfate (53% Na2SO4, 40% CaSO4 and 7% MgSO4) at 700 °C (1292 °F)
9
Applications On account of its high strength values – also at elevated temperatures and over prolonged periods – and its excellent resistance to sulfurous atmospheres, Nicrofer 45 TM finds application in a wide range of fields: ● Environmental technology: thermal disposal of household and specialized wastes, incineration and fluidized bed combustion (superheater and evaporator tubes), pyrolysis (rotary kilns), hydrogenating treatment of plastic wastes. ● Energy technology: coal gasification (heat exchanger tubes and pipework, burner components). ● Chemical process technology: process furnaces for strongly sulfidizing and/or carburizing operating conditions, burner components for fuels which contain sulfur, heat exchangers in sulfidizing and/or carburizing media. ● Manufacture of heat treatment and industrial furnaces: salt bath furnaces (tanks, internal components, baskets, supports), gas carburizing furnaces (furnace shell and lining), heat treatment furnaces with gaseous reaction products (conveyor belts, burner components, furnace shell and lining, internal furnace equipment). Fabrication and heat treatment Nicrofer 45 TM can readily be hot- and cold worked and machined.
Heat treatment after hot working is recommended to achieve optimum properties particularly high creep strength. For heating up, workpieces should be charged into the furnace at maximum working temperature (solution annealing temperature). Cold working For cold working the material should be in the solution-annealed condition. Nicrofer 45 TM has a higher work-hardening rate than austenitic stainless steels. This should be taken into account when selecting forming equipment. Interstage annealing may be necessary with high degrees of cold forming. After cold working with more than 8% deformation solution annealing is required before use. Heat treatment Solution heat treatment should be carried out in the temperature range 1160 to 1200 °C (2120 to 2190 °F). Water quenching is essential for optimum creep properties. For thicknesses below about 3 mm (0.12 in.) rapid air cooling is possible. For any thermal treatment the material should be charged into the furnace at maximum annealing temperature observing the precautions concerning cleanliness mentioned earlier under ’Heating’.
Heating Workpieces must be clean and free from all kinds of contaminants before and during any heat treatment.
Descaling and pickling High-temperature alloys form a protective oxide layer during service. The necessity of descaling should therefore be checked before ordering Nicrofer 45 TM.
Nicrofer 45 TM may become impaired if heated in the presence of contaminants such as sulfur, phosphorus, lead and other low-melting-point metals. Sources of such contaminants include marking and temperature-indicating paints and crayons, lubricating grease and fluids and fuels.
Oxides of Nicrofer 45 TM and discoloration adjacent to welds are more adherent than on stainless steels. Grinding with very fine abrasive belts or discs is recommended. Care should be taken to prevent tarnishing.
FueIs must be as low in sulfur as possible. Natural gas shouId contain less than 0.1 wt.-% sulfur. Fuel oils with a sulfur content not exceeding 0.5 wt.-% are suitable. Due to their close control of temperature and freedom from contamination, thermal treatments in electric furnaces under vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere are to be preferred. Treatments in an air atmosphere and alternatively in gas-fired furnaces are acceptable though, if contaminants are at low levels so that a neutral or slightly oxidizing furnace atmosphere is attained. A furnace atmosphere fluctuating between oxidizing and reducing must be avoided as well as direct flame impingement on the metal. Hot working Nicrofer 45 TM may be hot worked in the temperature range 1200 to 950 °C (2190 to 1740 °F). Cooling after hot working should be by water quenching or rapid air cooling.
Before pickling which may be performed in a nitric/hydroflouric acid mixture with proper control of pickling time and temperature, the surface oxide layer must be broken up by abrasive blasting or by carefully performed grinding or by pretreatment in a fused salt bath. Machining Nicrofer 45 TM should be machined in the solution-treated condition. As the alloy exhibits a high work-hardening rate only low cutting speeds should be used compared with lowalloyed standard austenitic stainless steels. Tools should be engaged at all times. An adequate depth of cut is important in order to cut below the previously formed work-hardened zone.
10
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
Welding When welding nickel alloys and high-alloyed special stainless steels, the following instructions should be adhered to:
Filler metal For the gas-shielded welding processes, the following filler metals are recommended:
Workplace The workplace should be in a separate location, well away from areas where carbon steel fabrication takes place. Maximum cleanliness and avoidance of draughts are paramount.
Bare electrodes:
Nicrofer S 6020 – FM 625 (preferred choice) UNS N06625 AWS A5.14: ERNiCrMo-3 DIN1736: SG-NiCr21Mo9Nb (W.-Nr. 2.4831)
Auxiliaries, clothing Clean fine leather gloves and clean working clothes should be used.
or
Nicrofer S 3028 - FM 28 UNS N08028 X1NiCrMoCuN31-27-4 (W.-Nr. 1.4563)
Tools and machinery Tools used for nickel alloys and stainless steels must not be used for other materials. Brushes should be made of stainless material. Fabricating and working machinery such as shears, presses or rollers should be fitted with means (felt, cardboard, plastic sheet) of avoiding contamination of the metal with ferrous particles, which can be pressed into the surface and thus lead to corrosion.
Covered electrodes:
UNS W86112 (preferred choice) AWS A5.11: ENiCrMo-3 DIN1736: EL-NiCr20Mo9Nb (W.-Nr. 2.4621) DIN EN ISO 14172: ENi 6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb)
or
UNS W88028 AWS A5.4: E 383-16 (≈W.-Nr. 1.4563)
Cleaning Cleaning of the base metal in the weld area (both sides) and of the filler metal (e. g. welding rod) should be carried out with acetone. Trichlorethylene (TRI), perchlorethylene (PER), and carbon tetrachloride (TETRA) must not be used. Edge preparation This should preferably be done by mechanical means, i. e., turning, milling or planing; abrasive water jet or plasma cutting is also possible. However, in the latter case the cut edge (the face to be welded) must be finished off cleanly. Careful grinding without overheating is permissible. Included angle The different physical characteristics of nickel alloys and special stainless steels compared with carbon steel generally manifest themselves in a lower thermal conductivity and a higher rate of thermal expansion. This should be allowed for by means of, among other things, wider root gaps or openings (1 – 3 mm), while larger included angles (60 – 70°), as shown in Fig. 7, should be used for individual butt joints owing to the viscous nature of the molten weld metal and to counteract the pronounced shrinkage tendency. Striking the arc The arc should only be struck in the weld area, i. e., on the faces to be welded or on a run-out piece. Striking marks lead to corrosion. Welding process Nicrofer 45 TM can be joined to itself and to many other metals by conventional welding processes. These include GTAW (TIG), plasma arc and SMAW (MMA). Pulsed arc welding is the preferred technique. For welding, Nicrofer 45 TM should be in the annealed condition and be free from scale, grease and markings. When welding the root, care should be taken to achieve best-quality root backing (argon 99.99), so that the weld is free from oxides after welding the root. Any heat tint should be removed preferably by brushing with a stainless steel wire brush while the weld metal is still hot.
Straight butt weld
Sheet thickness up to 2.5 mm (< 0.10 in.) Single-V weld 60 - 70°
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
Sheet/plate thickness 2.5 - 15 mm (0.1- 5/8 in.)
0 - 2 mm (0 - .08 in.)
Single-U weld 15°
Plate thickness 12 - 25 mm (1/2 - 1 in.)
R=6
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
approx. 1.5 mm (.06 in.)
Double-V weld 60 - 70°
Plate thickness 16 - 25 mm (5/8 - 1 in.)
up to 2 mm (< .08 in.)
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
Double-U weld 15°
Plate thickness >25 mm (> 1 in.)
R=6
approx. 2 mm (.08 in.)
2 mm (.08 in.)
Fig. 7– Edge preparation for welding of nickel alloys and special stainless steels.
11
Welding parameters and influences (heat input) Care should be taken that the work is performed with a deliberately chosen, low heat input as indicated in Table 8 by way of example. Use of the stringer bead technique should be aimed at. Interpass temperature should be kept below 120 °C (250 °F). The welding parameters should be monitored as a matter of principle. The heat input Q may be calculated as follows: Q =
U x I x 60 (kJ/cm) v x 1000
U = arc voltage, volts I = welding current, amps v = welding speed, cm/min.
Postweld treatment (brushing, pickling and thermal treatments) Brushing with a stainless steel wire brush immediately after welding, i.e., while the metal is still hot generally results in removal of heat tint and produces the desired surface condition without additional pickling. Pickling, if required or prescribed, however, would generally be the last operation performed on the weldment. Also refer to the information on ‘Descaling and pickling’. Neither pre- nor postweld thermal treatments are normaly required.
Consultation with ThyssenKrupp VDM’s Welding Laboratory is recommended. Sheet/ plate thickness mm
Welding process
Filler metal Diameter Speed
Welding parameters Root pass
mm
A
V
A
V
cm/min.
3.0
Manual GTAW
2.0
90
10
110 – 120
11
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
6.0
Manual GTAW
2.0 – 2.4
100 –110
10
120 – 130
12
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
8.0
Manual GTAW
2.4
110 –120
11
130 – 140
12
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
10.0
Manual GTAW
2.4
110 –120
11
130 – 140
12
10 – 15
Argon 8 – 10
3.0
Autom. GTAW
1.2
0.5
manual
150
10
25
Argon 15 – 20
5.0
Autom. GTAW
1.2
0.5
manual
150
10
25
Argon 15 – 20
2.0
Hot wire GTAW
1.0
0.3
180
10
80
Argon 15 – 20
10.0
Hot wire GTAW
1.2
0.45
250
12
40
Argon 15 – 20
6.0
SMAW
2.5
40 – 70
approx. 21
40 –70
approx. 21
8.0
SMAW
2.5–3.25
40 – 70
approx. 21
70 –100
aprrox. 22
16.0
SMAW
4.0
90 – 130
approx. 22
m/min.
manual
In all gas-shielded welding operations, ensure adequate back shielding. These figures are only a guide and are intended to facilitate setting of the welding machines.
Table 7 – Welding parameters (guide values). Welding process
Heat input per unit length kJ/cm
GTAW, manual, fully mechanized
max. 8
Hot wire GTAW
max. 6
SMAW, manual metal arc (MMA)
max. 7
Table 8 – Heat input per unit length (guide values).
Intermediate and final passes
Welding speed
Flux/ shielding gas rate l/min.
Nicrofer ® 45 TM – alloy 45 TM
12
Availability Nicrofer 45 TM is available in the following standard product forms: Sheet & plate (for cut-to-length availability, refer to strip) Conditions: hot or cold rolled (hr, cr), thermally treated and pickled Thickness mm
hr / cr
Width1) mm
Length1) mm
1.10 – < 21.50
cr
2000
8000
1.50 – < 23.00
cr
2500
8000
3.00 – < 27.50
cr / hr
2500
8000
7.50 – ≤ 25.00
hr
2500
80002)
> 25.001)
hr
25002)
80002)
inches
inches
inches
0.043 – < 0.060
cr
180
320
0.060 – < 0.120
cr
100
320
0.120 – < 0.300
cr / hr
100
320
0.300 – ≤ 1.000
hr
100
3202)
1)
> 1.000 1) 2)
2)
hr
3202)
100
other sizes subject to special enquiry depending on piece weight
Discs and rings Conditions: hot rolled or forged, thermally treated, oxidized, descaled or pickled or machined Weight kg
Thickness mm
O. D.1) mm
Disc
≤ 10000
≤ 300
≤ 3000
Ring
≤ 13000
≤ 200
≤ 2500
on request
Ibs
inches
inches
inches
≤ 22000
≤ 12
≤ 120
Ring
≤ 16600
≤ 28
≤ 100
1)
other sizes subject to special enquiry
Product
Forged1) mm
Rolled1) mm
Drawn1) mm
Rod (O. D.)
≤ 600
8 – 60
12 – 50
Bar, square (a)
40 – 600
15 – 280
Not standard
Bar, flat (a x b)
(40 – 80) x (200 – 600)
(5 – 20) x (120 – 600)
(10 – 20) x (30 – 80)
Bar, hexagonal (s)
40 – 80
13 – 41
≤ 50
inches
inches
inches
Rod (O. D.)
≤ 24
5
Bar, square (a)
1 /8 – 24
10
Not standard
Bar, flat (a x b)
(15/8 – 31/8) x
(3/16 – 3/4) x
(3/8 – 3/4) x
(8 – 24)
(43/4 – 24)
(11/4 – 31/8)
1 /8 – 3 /8
1
Bar, hexagonal (s) 1)
/16 – 2 3/8
5
5
1
/16 – 11
/2 – 1 /8 5
/2 – 2
1
≤2
other sizes and conditions subject to special enquiry
Forgings Shapes other than discs, rings, rod and bar are subject to special enquiry. Flanges and hollow shafts may be available up to a piece weight of 10 t. Welding filler metals Suitable welding rods, wire and electrode core wire are available in all standard sizes.
Product
Disc
Rod & bar Conditions: forged, rolled, drawn, thermally treated, oxidized, descaled or pickled, machined, peeled or ground
I. D.1) mm
on request
Seamless tube and pipe Using ThyssenKrupp VDM cast materials seamless tubes and pipes are produced and available from DMV STAINLESS SAS, Tour Neptune, F-92086 Paris, La Défense Cedex (Fax: +33-1-4796 8141; Tel.: +33-1-4796 8140; E-mail: [email protected]) Welded tube and pipe Welded tubes and pipes are obtainable from qualified manufacturers using ThyssenKrupp VDM semi-fabricated products.
13
Technical publications The following publications concerning Nicrofer 45 TM may be obtained from ThyssenKrupp VDM GmbH: M.B. Rockel, W.R. Herda, U. Brill, G.K. Grossmann: Der Einsatz hochlegierter Nickelwerkstoffe in Hochtemperatur- und Nasskorrosionsbereichen von Abfallverbrennungsanlagen; VDI-Berichte Nr. 917, 1992, pp. 373 - 378 U. Brill, J. Klöwer: Cronifer III TM und Nicrofer 45 TM: Zwei neue Werkstoffe für den Einsatz in Müllverbrennungsanlagen; Z. Metall, September 1992, pp. 921 - 926 U. Brill, J. Klöwer: Corrosion Behaviour of High Silicon Alloys in Carbon-Bearing and High Sulphur Atmospheres; Materials of High Temperatures, Vol. 11, Nos. 1 - 4, 1993, pp. 151 - 158 U. Brill, M.B. Rockel: Nickellegierungen in Müllverbrennungsanlagen; Ingenieur-Werkstoffe 4 (1992), pp. 2 - 4 U. Brill, J. Klöwer, E. Maassen, H. Richter, W. Schwenk, J. Venkatesvarlu: Effects of chromium and silicon on the behaviour of heat-resistant alloys in simulated waste incineration environments. D. Coutsouradis et al (Editors), Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1994, Part II, pp. 1585 - 1596, Kluwer Academic Publishers D.C. Agarwal, U. Brill, J. Klöwer: Evaluation of alloy 45 TM for coal gasification; CORROSION 1995, Paper No. 471, NACE International, Houston Texas, 1995. D.C. Agarwal, J. Klöwer, G. K. Grossmann: Alloy 45 TM in waste incineration applications; CORROSION 1997, Paper No. 155, NACE International, Houston Texas, 1997. P. L. F. Rademakers, G. Grossmann, A. Karlsson, M. Montgomery, T. Eriksson, L. Nylof: Materials for Waste Incinerators and Biomass Plants; Jaqueline Lecomte-Beckers et al (Editors), Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1998, Proceedings of the 6th Liège Conference, Part II, ISSN 1433-5522, pp. 679 - 694. The information contained in this data sheet is based on results of research and development work available at the time of printing and does not provide any guarantee of particular characteristics or fit. ThyssenKrupp VDM reserves the right to make changes without notice. The data sheet has been compiled to the best knowledge of ThyssenKrupp VDM and is given without any liability on the part of ThyssenKrupp VDM. ThyssenKrupp VDM is only liable according to the terms of the sales contract and in particular to the General Conditions of Sales in case of any delivery from ThyssenKrupp VDM. As updates of data sheets are not automatically send out, when issued, ThyssenKrupp VDM recommends to request the latest edition of required data sheets either by phone +49 (0)2392 55-2544 by fax +49 (0)2392 55-2526 or by E-mail under [email protected].
Current issues of brochures and data sheets are also available in the internet under www.thyssenkruppvdm.de January 2004 Edition. This edition supersedes material data sheet no. 4039, dated April 1999
rofe
ThyssenKrupp VDM GmbH Plettenberger Strasse 2 58791 Werdohl P.O. Box 18 20 58778 Werdohl Germany Phone: +49 (23 92) 55 - 0 Fax: +49 (23 92) 55 - 22 17 E-Mail: [email protected] www.thyssenkruppvdm.com
