Nutrition Economics
Nutrition Economics Wayne Cast Value-Added Science & Technologies
Source: Agristats 2012
Mar-12
Feb-12
Jan-12
Dec-11
Nov-11
Oct-11
Sep-11
Aug-11
Jul-11
Jun-11
May-11
Apr-11
Mar-11
Feb-11
Jan-11
Dec-10
Nov-10
Oct-10
Sep-10
Aug-10
Jul-10
Jun-10
May-10
Apr-10
Mar-10
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Apr-09
Mar-09
Feed as % of Total Cost
75
70
65
60
55
50
Sow 92
Finishing 616
Nursery 60
With
recent volatility in commodity markets, risk management has become an important task for profitable swine producers
Monocal
• $335-1,060 per ton Fat
• $240-1,200 per ton
Key
areas regardless of prices
Importance
prices
amplified in periods of high
Ingredient
Prices in dollars per ton
Corn (800 microns, 14.5% Mois.)
215
Soybean Meal
400
DDGS
200
Choice White Grease
1000
Limestone
40
Monocalcium Phosphate, 21%
650
Salt
60
Phytase
2400
Lysine HCl
2200
Threonine
2300
Methionine
3950
VTM
2875
Ingredient
Inclusion
Corn (800 microns, 14.5% Mois.)
1392.4
Soybean Meal
474
DDGS
0
Choice White Grease
87
Limestone
17.5
Monocalcium Phosphate, 21%
17.5
Salt
6.7
Phytase
0
Lysine HCl
2.9
Threonine
0
Methionine
0
VTM
2
Cost
$300.30
600-1000
Microns
100
micron reduction = 1.25-1.5% improvement in utilization
800
• 2.80
600 microns 2.75 = 11 lbs of feed per pig (50 – 270 lbs)
60
Angle of Repose
58 56 6% 3% 0% 6% 3% 0%
54 52 50 48 46
Fat Fat Fat Fat Fat Fat
44 42 300
500
700
900
1100
1300
Particle Size, microns Groesbeck, et al., 2002
HM HM HM RM RM RM
1200
head barn = 980 ton of feed $270/ton 200 micron 1.25% x 2 x 70% of diet is 1.75% $4630/barn we can spend to get feed to flow Jitter balls • Hog Slat
Ingredient
800 Microns
600 Microns
Corn
1392.4
1413.4
Soybean Meal
474
472
DDGS
0
0
Choice White Grease
87
68
Limestone
17.5
17.5
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
17.5
17.5
Salt
6.7
6.7
Phytase
0
0
Lysine HCl
2.9
2.9
Threonine
0
0
Methionine
0
0
VTM
2
2
Cost
$300.30
$292.66
Plant
phosphorus First know pig’s requirement 5 grams Good products Confusing nomenclature Comparison tool
Optiphos Phyzyme Natuphos Ronozyme Avail P FTU FTU FTU FYT Release 120 375 375 1110 0.075 160 500 500 1480 0.090 200 625 625 1850 0.100 230 750 750 2220 0.110 250 900 900 2550 0.120 300 1000 1000 2900 0.125 350 1125 1125 3300 0.130 450 4292 0.140 750 0.170 1000 0.195
Ingredient
600, No Phy
600, Phy
Corn
1413.4
1438.15
Soybean Meal
472
470
DDGS
0
0
Choice White Grease
68
58
Limestone
17.5
16
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
17.5
6
Salt
6.7
6.7
Phytase
0
0.25
Lysine HCl
2.9
2.9
Threonine
0
0
Methionine
0
0
VTM
2
2
Cost
$292.66
$286.45
Lysine
Methionine Threonine
Ratio to Lysine, TID • Threonine • Methionine + Cystine • Tryptophan • Valine • Isoleucine Hybrid KSU/PIC/Ajinomoto
Ingredient
600, Phy
600, Phy, AA
Corn
1438.15
1549
Soybean Meal
470
357
DDGS
0
0
Choice White Grease
58
53
Limestone
16
17
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
6
6.5
Salt
6.7
6.7
Phytase
0.25
0.25
Lysine HCl
2.9
6.5
Threonine
0
1.5
Methionine
0
0.55
VTM
2
2
Cost
$286.45
$280.22
DDGS is an economical • Energy • Amino acids • Phosphorus
source of nutrients
DDGS is not 1 ingredient • Plant to plant variation • Within plant variation Most
producers do not effectively capture the value of DDGS
Prices
similar from plant to plant Values quite different Some better buys than others Process can change – Spinning Oil Need to monitor ILLUMINATE®
Different Book Values, as is basis
NRC
U of M
KSU
ILLUMINATE Avg
ILLUMINATE Low
ILLUMINATE High
93
89
Not Listed
89.2
86.7
93.2
Crude Protein, %
27.7
23.1
27.2
26.8
24.9
32.1
Crude Fat, %
8.4
8.7
10.7
9.4
5.5
11.9
Swine ME Kcal/kg
2820
3500
3419
3233
2657
3601
Total Lys, %
0.62
0.85
0.78
0.87
0.62
1.02
Total Met, %
0.50
0.45
0.55
0.53
0.43
0.75
Total Phos, %
0.77
0.82
0.60
0.77
0.54
0.93
AvPhos, %
0.59
Not listed
0.46
0.58
0.41
0.70
Item DM, %
Ongoing lab analysis of DDGS samples
Weekly relative value analysis
Identification of best value, best cost DDGS source for each client
Weekly updates of nutrient loadings for selected sources
Formulation work or provide loadings to outside nutritionist
Merchandising assistance
Ingredient
600, Phy, AA
600,Phy,AA,DDGA
600,Phy,AA,DDGB
Corn
1549
1137.74
1169.98
Soybean Meal
357
264
259
DDGS
0
500
500
Choice White Grease
53
60
34
Limestone
17
22
21.5
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
6.5
0
0
Salt
6.7
6
6
Phytase
0.25
0.11
0.12
Lysine HCl
6.5
7.7
7.1
Threonine
1.5
0.45
0.3
Methionine
0.55
0
0
VTM
2
2
2
Cost
$280.22
$267.73
$256.37
Increase
energy Maintain lysine:calorie ratio Improves ADG Improves F/G Not a good buy today • High priced hogs • Expensive fat 4.65x
Start Wt. ADG (Prog. 1) F/G (Prog. 1) ME per 1% fat: Fat ($/ton) Lbs Pork Produced Ending Live Weight Pig Value Total Feed Cost F/G Net per Pig
Lbs Pork Produced Ending Live Weight ADG (Prog. 2) Pig Value Total Feed Cost F/G Net per Pig Prog. 1 vs Prog. 2
50 1.80 2.85 0.022 $
$ $ $
$ $ $ $
Exp. ADG % Exp. F/G % GMD ($/ton) $ Live Hogs ($/cwt) $ Fixed Cost ($/pig/day) $ 388.0 221.6 271.6 Lbs needed/pig 176.51 F/G 80.15 Lbs of Gain 2.86 Diet ME (kcal/lb) 96.36 Diet cost ($/ton) Feed Costs
0.50% 1.80% 12.00 65.00 $ 0.11 Prog. 1 Phase 1 40 1.97 20.5 3.32
$ $
222.9 272.9 Lbs needed/pig 1.81 F/G 177.41 Lbs of Gain 82.32 Diet ME (kcal/lb) 2.79 Diet cost ($/ton) $ 95.10 Feed Costs $ (1.26) Return ($/hd) by ration $
0.50% 1.80%
Prog. 2 Phase 1 39.7 1.92 20.6 3.37
0.50% 1.80%
0.50% 1.80%
0.50% 1.80%
0.50% 1.80%
86.67
Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 115 136 191 60 90 2.34 2.70 3.24 3.40 3.65 49.4 50.4 59.0 17.6 24.7 3.32 3.32 3.32 3.33 3.33 256.10 $ 250.23 $ 244.10 $ 237.54 $ 236.39 $ 230.38 5.40 $ 15.12 $ 17.44 $ 23.83 $ 7.45 $ 10.91 $
Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 113.6 134.1 188.0 58.9 2.28 2.64 3.17 3.31 49.7 50.7 59.3 17.8 3.37 3.37 3.37 3.40 267.44 $ 260.86 $ 254.85 $ 247.83 $ 249.11 $ 5.54 $ 15.49 $ 17.89 $ 24.42 $ 7.69 $ (0.06) $ (0.18) $ (0.26) $ (0.36) $ (0.16) $
Phase6 88.4 3.55 24.8 3.40 243.17 11.27 $ (0.25) $
SUM 633 221.6 3.00 80.15
SUM 623 222.94 3.06 82.32 2.17
Grind Phytase Crystalline
amino acids
DDGS Energy
levels
Ingredient
Base Diet
Enhanced Diet
Corn
1392.4
1169.98
Soybean Meal
474
259
DDGS
0
500
Choice White Grease
87
34
Limestone
17.5
21.5
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
17.5
0
Salt
6.7
6
Phytase
0
0.12
Lysine HCl
2.9
7.1
Threonine
0
0.3
Methionine
0
0
VTM
2
2
Cost
$300.30
$256.37
ADG
F/G
ISU
3.0%
6.5%
KSU
5.0%
7.0%
Average
4.0%
6.75%
Commercial
1.5%
3.0%
2.6
2.56 2.55
2.5
2.5
2.51
2.44
F/G 2.45
2.4
2.4
2.35
2.3 Meal
90% Pellets
70% Pellets
50% Pellets
30% Pellets
Pollmann, 2011
Meal
100
Pellets
Survival Rate
98 96 94 92 90
PIC 380
PIC 280
PIC 337
Mortality
• Genotype • Feed interruptions • Health and bio-security Bottom
line
• Does the economic improvement due to F/G and
ADG from pelleting more than offset the cost of pelleting and the increased mortality?
Raised
mostly for human food
Usually
only 10% of U.S. crop fed to livestock
This
year could be different with small corn carryover
35
Increases Slightly
with higher soybean meal price
less energy per lb BUT:
• More available phosphorus • Higher protein and amino acids
• 4 more lbs in a bushel
36
Can
replace all the corn in swine diets Bad reputation undeserved: • Often wheat fed has been rejected • Light test weight – even lower energy • Sprouted • Scab – vomitoxin, zearalenone • Garlic 160 bublets If
we only had rejected corn to feed we wouldn’t like corn either 37
Bad
news
• Wheat tends to flour, especially when ground with a
hammer mill (rpm) Feeders can bridge Flour can absorb moisture and plug feeder Overcome by using a mixture
38
Good
News
• Reducing particle size is not as important as with
corn or milo Only half the response Roller mills can do a very nice job Improves pellet quality
39
Wheat
Corn
Wheat:Corn
Dry matter, % Energy, kcal/lb
88.00
85.50
103%
Metabolizable
1,456
1,520
96%
NE NRC
2,225
2,395
93%
Crude protein, %
13.50
8.30
163%
Available P, %
0.185
0.039
474%
Crude fat, %
2.00
3.40
59%
Crude fiber, %
2.4
2.2
109%
Dig. Lysine, %
0.28
0.20
140%
Dig. Met & Cys, %
0.44
0.32
138%
Dig. Threonine, %
0.31
0.24
129%
Dig. Tryptophan, %
0.135
0.050
270% 40
Another dusty and broken feeder crank!!!
Pigs per feeder space - “New” feeder designs • Dry feeders – 10 pigs • Wet/Dry feeders – 10 to 15 pigs (depends on “quality” of space)
Feeder space Quality • Correct dimensions for intended BW range of growth Depth and Width are most important • Some degree of protection – at least nose/snout divider bars Reduces wastage associated with pig-to-pig interactions Reduces aggression Limits ability of pigs to waste feed by rooting
classification/filename/author/date (Trebuchet MS 11 pt)
Feeder opening/adjustment • Dry Feeder 50 to 60% trough coverage for pigs < 150 lb BW 30 to 50% trough coverage for pigs > 150 lb BW • Wet/Dry Feeder 65 to 85% trough coverage for pigs < 200 lb BW 50 to 65% trough coverage for pigs > 200 lb BW
classification/filename/author/date (Trebuchet MS 11 pt)
Wet-Dry Feeder
Conventional Dry Feeder
35%
9%
1.27 cm opening (setting 6)
1.5 to 2.0 cm opening (setting 6)
d 19 57%
21%
1.91 cm opening (setting 10)
2.0 to 2.7 cm opening (setting 8)
65% 2.54 cm opening (setting 14)
79% 2.7 to 3.4 cm opening (setting 10)
classification/filename/author/date (Trebuchet MS 11 pt), New Horizon Farms, Kansas State University
P < 0.01 Linear
2.10
2.08 2.05
ADG, lb
2.05 2.00 1.95
1.94
1.90 1.85 1
3 Feeder Settings
5
P < 0.67 Linear
2.45 2.40
FG
2.37 2.34
2.35
2.25
1
3 Feeder Settings
5
lbs of feed 8
Bump Feeding
7 6
Reduce embryonic mortality
5
Feed to condition
Mate
Wean
2
4
6
8
10
Weeks post-mating
12
14
16
Farrow
Drop intake
4
18
Rapid
growth of fetuses last 3 weeks of gestation
Historically
have done it “blindly”
As
feed prices increase is bump feeding still cost effective? • Each 1 lb bump for 30 days costs > $3/litter
Gilts
Sows
Normal
3# Bump
Normal
3# Bump
Litters
151
148
382
399
Born Alive
9.35
9.66
10.14
10.12
Birth Wt.
2.99
3.08
3.12
3.10
Weaned
7.93
8.5
8.38
8.34
Weaning Wt.,
11.13
11.37
11.51
11.83
PWM, %
15.0
12.1
16.0
17.4 Cromwell et.al., 1989
49
Gilts
Sows
Normal
2# Bump
Normal
2# Bump
22
21
33
32
Born Alive
13.8
12.9
11.2
12.3
Birth Wt.
3.13
3.32
3.39
3.15
Weaned
11.5
11.5
10.6
10.5
13.40
13.35
13.45
13.28
7.35
7.05
5.65
8.28
Litters
Weaning Wt., PWM, %
Shelton, et.al., 2009
50
Gilts
Litters Born Alive
Sows
Normal
2# Bump
4# Bump
Normal
2# Bump
4# Bump
24
24
24
50
51
51
11.05a
12.13a
11.67a
11.29a
12.03a
11.24a
Birth Wt.
2.89a
3.06ab
3.17b
3.50a
3.34a
3.35a
Litter Birth Wt.
35,46a
37.76ab
41.11b
41.99a
41.64a
42,13a
P
Source: Agristats 2012
Mar-12
Feb-12
Jan-12
Dec-11
Nov-11
Oct-11
Sep-11
Aug-11
Jul-11
Jun-11
May-11
Apr-11
Mar-11
Feb-11
Jan-11
Dec-10
Nov-10
Oct-10
Sep-10
Aug-10
Jul-10
Jun-10
May-10
Apr-10
Mar-10
Feb-10
Jan-10
Dec-09
Nov-09
Oct-09
Sep-09
Aug-09
Jul-09
Jun-09
May-09
Apr-09
Mar-09
Feed as % of Total Cost
75
70
65
60
55
50
Sow 92
Finishing 616
Nursery 60
With
recent volatility in commodity markets, risk management has become an important task for profitable swine producers
Monocal
• $335-1,060 per ton Fat
• $240-1,200 per ton
Key
areas regardless of prices
Importance
prices
amplified in periods of high
Ingredient
Prices in dollars per ton
Corn (800 microns, 14.5% Mois.)
215
Soybean Meal
400
DDGS
200
Choice White Grease
1000
Limestone
40
Monocalcium Phosphate, 21%
650
Salt
60
Phytase
2400
Lysine HCl
2200
Threonine
2300
Methionine
3950
VTM
2875
Ingredient
Inclusion
Corn (800 microns, 14.5% Mois.)
1392.4
Soybean Meal
474
DDGS
0
Choice White Grease
87
Limestone
17.5
Monocalcium Phosphate, 21%
17.5
Salt
6.7
Phytase
0
Lysine HCl
2.9
Threonine
0
Methionine
0
VTM
2
Cost
$300.30
600-1000
Microns
100
micron reduction = 1.25-1.5% improvement in utilization
800
• 2.80
600 microns 2.75 = 11 lbs of feed per pig (50 – 270 lbs)
60
Angle of Repose
58 56 6% 3% 0% 6% 3% 0%
54 52 50 48 46
Fat Fat Fat Fat Fat Fat
44 42 300
500
700
900
1100
1300
Particle Size, microns Groesbeck, et al., 2002
HM HM HM RM RM RM
1200
head barn = 980 ton of feed $270/ton 200 micron 1.25% x 2 x 70% of diet is 1.75% $4630/barn we can spend to get feed to flow Jitter balls • Hog Slat
Ingredient
800 Microns
600 Microns
Corn
1392.4
1413.4
Soybean Meal
474
472
DDGS
0
0
Choice White Grease
87
68
Limestone
17.5
17.5
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
17.5
17.5
Salt
6.7
6.7
Phytase
0
0
Lysine HCl
2.9
2.9
Threonine
0
0
Methionine
0
0
VTM
2
2
Cost
$300.30
$292.66
Plant
phosphorus First know pig’s requirement 5 grams Good products Confusing nomenclature Comparison tool
Optiphos Phyzyme Natuphos Ronozyme Avail P FTU FTU FTU FYT Release 120 375 375 1110 0.075 160 500 500 1480 0.090 200 625 625 1850 0.100 230 750 750 2220 0.110 250 900 900 2550 0.120 300 1000 1000 2900 0.125 350 1125 1125 3300 0.130 450 4292 0.140 750 0.170 1000 0.195
Ingredient
600, No Phy
600, Phy
Corn
1413.4
1438.15
Soybean Meal
472
470
DDGS
0
0
Choice White Grease
68
58
Limestone
17.5
16
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
17.5
6
Salt
6.7
6.7
Phytase
0
0.25
Lysine HCl
2.9
2.9
Threonine
0
0
Methionine
0
0
VTM
2
2
Cost
$292.66
$286.45
Lysine
Methionine Threonine
Ratio to Lysine, TID • Threonine • Methionine + Cystine • Tryptophan • Valine • Isoleucine Hybrid KSU/PIC/Ajinomoto
Ingredient
600, Phy
600, Phy, AA
Corn
1438.15
1549
Soybean Meal
470
357
DDGS
0
0
Choice White Grease
58
53
Limestone
16
17
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
6
6.5
Salt
6.7
6.7
Phytase
0.25
0.25
Lysine HCl
2.9
6.5
Threonine
0
1.5
Methionine
0
0.55
VTM
2
2
Cost
$286.45
$280.22
DDGS is an economical • Energy • Amino acids • Phosphorus
source of nutrients
DDGS is not 1 ingredient • Plant to plant variation • Within plant variation Most
producers do not effectively capture the value of DDGS
Prices
similar from plant to plant Values quite different Some better buys than others Process can change – Spinning Oil Need to monitor ILLUMINATE®
Different Book Values, as is basis
NRC
U of M
KSU
ILLUMINATE Avg
ILLUMINATE Low
ILLUMINATE High
93
89
Not Listed
89.2
86.7
93.2
Crude Protein, %
27.7
23.1
27.2
26.8
24.9
32.1
Crude Fat, %
8.4
8.7
10.7
9.4
5.5
11.9
Swine ME Kcal/kg
2820
3500
3419
3233
2657
3601
Total Lys, %
0.62
0.85
0.78
0.87
0.62
1.02
Total Met, %
0.50
0.45
0.55
0.53
0.43
0.75
Total Phos, %
0.77
0.82
0.60
0.77
0.54
0.93
AvPhos, %
0.59
Not listed
0.46
0.58
0.41
0.70
Item DM, %
Ongoing lab analysis of DDGS samples
Weekly relative value analysis
Identification of best value, best cost DDGS source for each client
Weekly updates of nutrient loadings for selected sources
Formulation work or provide loadings to outside nutritionist
Merchandising assistance
Ingredient
600, Phy, AA
600,Phy,AA,DDGA
600,Phy,AA,DDGB
Corn
1549
1137.74
1169.98
Soybean Meal
357
264
259
DDGS
0
500
500
Choice White Grease
53
60
34
Limestone
17
22
21.5
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
6.5
0
0
Salt
6.7
6
6
Phytase
0.25
0.11
0.12
Lysine HCl
6.5
7.7
7.1
Threonine
1.5
0.45
0.3
Methionine
0.55
0
0
VTM
2
2
2
Cost
$280.22
$267.73
$256.37
Increase
energy Maintain lysine:calorie ratio Improves ADG Improves F/G Not a good buy today • High priced hogs • Expensive fat 4.65x
Start Wt. ADG (Prog. 1) F/G (Prog. 1) ME per 1% fat: Fat ($/ton) Lbs Pork Produced Ending Live Weight Pig Value Total Feed Cost F/G Net per Pig
Lbs Pork Produced Ending Live Weight ADG (Prog. 2) Pig Value Total Feed Cost F/G Net per Pig Prog. 1 vs Prog. 2
50 1.80 2.85 0.022 $
$ $ $
$ $ $ $
Exp. ADG % Exp. F/G % GMD ($/ton) $ Live Hogs ($/cwt) $ Fixed Cost ($/pig/day) $ 388.0 221.6 271.6 Lbs needed/pig 176.51 F/G 80.15 Lbs of Gain 2.86 Diet ME (kcal/lb) 96.36 Diet cost ($/ton) Feed Costs
0.50% 1.80% 12.00 65.00 $ 0.11 Prog. 1 Phase 1 40 1.97 20.5 3.32
$ $
222.9 272.9 Lbs needed/pig 1.81 F/G 177.41 Lbs of Gain 82.32 Diet ME (kcal/lb) 2.79 Diet cost ($/ton) $ 95.10 Feed Costs $ (1.26) Return ($/hd) by ration $
0.50% 1.80%
Prog. 2 Phase 1 39.7 1.92 20.6 3.37
0.50% 1.80%
0.50% 1.80%
0.50% 1.80%
0.50% 1.80%
86.67
Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 115 136 191 60 90 2.34 2.70 3.24 3.40 3.65 49.4 50.4 59.0 17.6 24.7 3.32 3.32 3.32 3.33 3.33 256.10 $ 250.23 $ 244.10 $ 237.54 $ 236.39 $ 230.38 5.40 $ 15.12 $ 17.44 $ 23.83 $ 7.45 $ 10.91 $
Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 113.6 134.1 188.0 58.9 2.28 2.64 3.17 3.31 49.7 50.7 59.3 17.8 3.37 3.37 3.37 3.40 267.44 $ 260.86 $ 254.85 $ 247.83 $ 249.11 $ 5.54 $ 15.49 $ 17.89 $ 24.42 $ 7.69 $ (0.06) $ (0.18) $ (0.26) $ (0.36) $ (0.16) $
Phase6 88.4 3.55 24.8 3.40 243.17 11.27 $ (0.25) $
SUM 633 221.6 3.00 80.15
SUM 623 222.94 3.06 82.32 2.17
Grind Phytase Crystalline
amino acids
DDGS Energy
levels
Ingredient
Base Diet
Enhanced Diet
Corn
1392.4
1169.98
Soybean Meal
474
259
DDGS
0
500
Choice White Grease
87
34
Limestone
17.5
21.5
Monocal. Phosphate, 21%
17.5
0
Salt
6.7
6
Phytase
0
0.12
Lysine HCl
2.9
7.1
Threonine
0
0.3
Methionine
0
0
VTM
2
2
Cost
$300.30
$256.37
ADG
F/G
ISU
3.0%
6.5%
KSU
5.0%
7.0%
Average
4.0%
6.75%
Commercial
1.5%
3.0%
2.6
2.56 2.55
2.5
2.5
2.51
2.44
F/G 2.45
2.4
2.4
2.35
2.3 Meal
90% Pellets
70% Pellets
50% Pellets
30% Pellets
Pollmann, 2011
Meal
100
Pellets
Survival Rate
98 96 94 92 90
PIC 380
PIC 280
PIC 337
Mortality
• Genotype • Feed interruptions • Health and bio-security Bottom
line
• Does the economic improvement due to F/G and
ADG from pelleting more than offset the cost of pelleting and the increased mortality?
Raised
mostly for human food
Usually
only 10% of U.S. crop fed to livestock
This
year could be different with small corn carryover
35
Increases Slightly
with higher soybean meal price
less energy per lb BUT:
• More available phosphorus • Higher protein and amino acids
• 4 more lbs in a bushel
36
Can
replace all the corn in swine diets Bad reputation undeserved: • Often wheat fed has been rejected • Light test weight – even lower energy • Sprouted • Scab – vomitoxin, zearalenone • Garlic 160 bublets If
we only had rejected corn to feed we wouldn’t like corn either 37
Bad
news
• Wheat tends to flour, especially when ground with a
hammer mill (rpm) Feeders can bridge Flour can absorb moisture and plug feeder Overcome by using a mixture
38
Good
News
• Reducing particle size is not as important as with
corn or milo Only half the response Roller mills can do a very nice job Improves pellet quality
39
Wheat
Corn
Wheat:Corn
Dry matter, % Energy, kcal/lb
88.00
85.50
103%
Metabolizable
1,456
1,520
96%
NE NRC
2,225
2,395
93%
Crude protein, %
13.50
8.30
163%
Available P, %
0.185
0.039
474%
Crude fat, %
2.00
3.40
59%
Crude fiber, %
2.4
2.2
109%
Dig. Lysine, %
0.28
0.20
140%
Dig. Met & Cys, %
0.44
0.32
138%
Dig. Threonine, %
0.31
0.24
129%
Dig. Tryptophan, %
0.135
0.050
270% 40
Another dusty and broken feeder crank!!!
Pigs per feeder space - “New” feeder designs • Dry feeders – 10 pigs • Wet/Dry feeders – 10 to 15 pigs (depends on “quality” of space)
Feeder space Quality • Correct dimensions for intended BW range of growth Depth and Width are most important • Some degree of protection – at least nose/snout divider bars Reduces wastage associated with pig-to-pig interactions Reduces aggression Limits ability of pigs to waste feed by rooting
classification/filename/author/date (Trebuchet MS 11 pt)
Feeder opening/adjustment • Dry Feeder 50 to 60% trough coverage for pigs < 150 lb BW 30 to 50% trough coverage for pigs > 150 lb BW • Wet/Dry Feeder 65 to 85% trough coverage for pigs < 200 lb BW 50 to 65% trough coverage for pigs > 200 lb BW
classification/filename/author/date (Trebuchet MS 11 pt)
Wet-Dry Feeder
Conventional Dry Feeder
35%
9%
1.27 cm opening (setting 6)
1.5 to 2.0 cm opening (setting 6)
d 19 57%
21%
1.91 cm opening (setting 10)
2.0 to 2.7 cm opening (setting 8)
65% 2.54 cm opening (setting 14)
79% 2.7 to 3.4 cm opening (setting 10)
classification/filename/author/date (Trebuchet MS 11 pt), New Horizon Farms, Kansas State University
P < 0.01 Linear
2.10
2.08 2.05
ADG, lb
2.05 2.00 1.95
1.94
1.90 1.85 1
3 Feeder Settings
5
P < 0.67 Linear
2.45 2.40
FG
2.37 2.34
2.35
2.25
1
3 Feeder Settings
5
lbs of feed 8
Bump Feeding
7 6
Reduce embryonic mortality
5
Feed to condition
Mate
Wean
2
4
6
8
10
Weeks post-mating
12
14
16
Farrow
Drop intake
4
18
Rapid
growth of fetuses last 3 weeks of gestation
Historically
have done it “blindly”
As
feed prices increase is bump feeding still cost effective? • Each 1 lb bump for 30 days costs > $3/litter
Gilts
Sows
Normal
3# Bump
Normal
3# Bump
Litters
151
148
382
399
Born Alive
9.35
9.66
10.14
10.12
Birth Wt.
2.99
3.08
3.12
3.10
Weaned
7.93
8.5
8.38
8.34
Weaning Wt.,
11.13
11.37
11.51
11.83
PWM, %
15.0
12.1
16.0
17.4 Cromwell et.al., 1989
49
Gilts
Sows
Normal
2# Bump
Normal
2# Bump
22
21
33
32
Born Alive
13.8
12.9
11.2
12.3
Birth Wt.
3.13
3.32
3.39
3.15
Weaned
11.5
11.5
10.6
10.5
13.40
13.35
13.45
13.28
7.35
7.05
5.65
8.28
Litters
Weaning Wt., PWM, %
Shelton, et.al., 2009
50
Gilts
Litters Born Alive
Sows
Normal
2# Bump
4# Bump
Normal
2# Bump
4# Bump
24
24
24
50
51
51
11.05a
12.13a
11.67a
11.29a
12.03a
11.24a
Birth Wt.
2.89a
3.06ab
3.17b
3.50a
3.34a
3.35a
Litter Birth Wt.
35,46a
37.76ab
41.11b
41.99a
41.64a
42,13a
P
