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Week 4 Lecture 1 October 2nd 2012 Archiac Age -
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480 BC Political and social reorganization Polis (city state) o Rulers are no longer kings, people representing citizens o Has been created, run by representatives o Social reorganization Land owners are getting larger, surrounds the city (Attica) Redistributed Sent out to various parts of the Mediterranean o Once you leave mother city (metropolis), you never come back o The people who leave are chosen by elective officials Name was drawn at random Non - land owners “Greekizing begins at this time” South of France, city of Marcais o Founded by ancient Greek colonies A lot of people wanted to run their cities the same way Hunger for new kind of thinking Hesiod: The Works and Days o Writing about Archiac period o Ordinary life, first record of what life was like o Work, farming is important Things we don’t really think about o Gave great deal of moral value to work Work = morality o Drastic change, no longer the world we are used to with Homer o Only mentions the real life not the gods etc. o Philosophy Individuality doesn’t matter Gods are archetypes Collectivity is no longer important Major shift in mind set o Now able to talk about various ideas Beginning of grand themes (artistic, humanistic, philosophical, scientific) o World has become narrow, small Also vast, shift on individual, now important o The gods are absent totally, yes they exist although human work can change nature
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Human action depends on individual effort Work = human activity and the importance In Homer, gods interfered with human activity Notion of individuality, also the idea of personal independence, life should not depend authority, you run your life Begins with Hesiod o Individuality + independence = freedom } responsibility } beauty Summary of all Greek philosophy o Without freedom there is now individuality and independence Point of this, human being has worth, if not recognized, we are not expressing the three things at all o Is this how we want to live in a world where we want to do whatever we want? Question still valid today o If you do not control individual freedom = chaos o Philosophy is the groundwork for responsibility o Notion of the beautiful, part of the formula Plastic arts o Beginning of culture, art is important aspect o Art no longer expresses ideas o Notion that art must contain nudity, the body is rather beautiful More refined and defined as Greek world continues o Naked statues represent individuality, independence and freedom Flute player, fought as if they were dancing, also half naked Lack of realism represents that they have less experience than the creator of the statue Lyric poetry, un-Homeric o Concept of “how I feel” related to individualism o Only lyric poetry Art is the most perfect vehicle for the expression of cultural ideas o Art is central The notion of the Fable (Aesop) o Stories with animals acting as humans, form of satire o Forces us to go beneath, find the reason that is hidden (ie, work to find the meaning = morality) o Placed important moral stories, morality shows o Human endeavor o Fables force us to think beyond the obvious Greek Science (philosophy -> mathematics etc. phsyc, soc, anthro) o Begins with philosophical mind set o The pre-Socratics thinkers Pre-socratic thinkers = scientists = natural laws Rational explanation, depends on human mind not the divine
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It isn’t the gods, supernatural forces, anything that our minds can reach out to can be explained, it just needs to be examined, once we know what it is we can better understand “what is the cause of things?” led to the concept of natural laws This notion happened all around the world not just in Greece The entire planet can be retained into the human mind, it discovers the relationship between cause and effect (creation of knowledge) Cause + effect = knowledge Job of a scientist Knowledge is within human grasp Reality is not an expression of divine force Reality is explainable by us Socrates redefines the relationship Plato, Aristotle, forever change human thinking
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480 BC Political and social reorganization Polis (city state) o Rulers are no longer kings, people representing citizens o Has been created, run by representatives o Social reorganization Land owners are getting larger, surrounds the city (Attica) Redistributed Sent out to various parts of the Mediterranean o Once you leave mother city (metropolis), you never come back o The people who leave are chosen by elective officials Name was drawn at random Non - land owners “Greekizing begins at this time” South of France, city of Marcais o Founded by ancient Greek colonies A lot of people wanted to run their cities the same way Hunger for new kind of thinking Hesiod: The Works and Days o Writing about Archiac period o Ordinary life, first record of what life was like o Work, farming is important Things we don’t really think about o Gave great deal of moral value to work Work = morality o Drastic change, no longer the world we are used to with Homer o Only mentions the real life not the gods etc. o Philosophy Individuality doesn’t matter Gods are archetypes Collectivity is no longer important Major shift in mind set o Now able to talk about various ideas Beginning of grand themes (artistic, humanistic, philosophical, scientific) o World has become narrow, small Also vast, shift on individual, now important o The gods are absent totally, yes they exist although human work can change nature
o o o o
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-
Human action depends on individual effort Work = human activity and the importance In Homer, gods interfered with human activity Notion of individuality, also the idea of personal independence, life should not depend authority, you run your life Begins with Hesiod o Individuality + independence = freedom } responsibility } beauty Summary of all Greek philosophy o Without freedom there is now individuality and independence Point of this, human being has worth, if not recognized, we are not expressing the three things at all o Is this how we want to live in a world where we want to do whatever we want? Question still valid today o If you do not control individual freedom = chaos o Philosophy is the groundwork for responsibility o Notion of the beautiful, part of the formula Plastic arts o Beginning of culture, art is important aspect o Art no longer expresses ideas o Notion that art must contain nudity, the body is rather beautiful More refined and defined as Greek world continues o Naked statues represent individuality, independence and freedom Flute player, fought as if they were dancing, also half naked Lack of realism represents that they have less experience than the creator of the statue Lyric poetry, un-Homeric o Concept of “how I feel” related to individualism o Only lyric poetry Art is the most perfect vehicle for the expression of cultural ideas o Art is central The notion of the Fable (Aesop) o Stories with animals acting as humans, form of satire o Forces us to go beneath, find the reason that is hidden (ie, work to find the meaning = morality) o Placed important moral stories, morality shows o Human endeavor o Fables force us to think beyond the obvious Greek Science (philosophy -> mathematics etc. phsyc, soc, anthro) o Begins with philosophical mind set o The pre-Socratics thinkers Pre-socratic thinkers = scientists = natural laws Rational explanation, depends on human mind not the divine
o
o o o o o o o o
It isn’t the gods, supernatural forces, anything that our minds can reach out to can be explained, it just needs to be examined, once we know what it is we can better understand “what is the cause of things?” led to the concept of natural laws This notion happened all around the world not just in Greece The entire planet can be retained into the human mind, it discovers the relationship between cause and effect (creation of knowledge) Cause + effect = knowledge Job of a scientist Knowledge is within human grasp Reality is not an expression of divine force Reality is explainable by us Socrates redefines the relationship Plato, Aristotle, forever change human thinking
