Obtaining clean water
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
BOOK 2
OBTAINING RESOURCES
SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
1
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ELEMENTS Everything that exists is made from elements. Elements are the building blocks of everything. All of the known elements are found in the Periodic Table.
Periodic table
PHOTOTAKE Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo
2
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
All of the elements are given symbols. This is so that they are the same in every language. Here are some common elements: 1.
Hydrogen - H
13.
Aluminium - Al
2.
Helium - He
14.
Silicon - Si
3.
Lithium - Li
15.
Phosphorus - P
4.
Beryllium - Be
16.
Sulfur - S
5.
Boron - B
17.
Chlorine - Cl
6.
Carbon - B
18.
Argon - Ar
7.
Nitrogen - N
19.
Potassium - K
8.
Oxygen - O
20.
Calcium - Ca
9.
Fluorine - F
21.
Iron - Fe
10.
Neon - Ne
22.
Lead - Pb
11.
Sodium - Na
23.
Copper – Cu
12.
Magnesium - Mg
It is important to remember that if an element has a symbol with only one letter, that letter must be uppercase. If the element has two letters in its symbol then the first letter is uppercase and the second must be a lowercase.
COMPOUNDS Most things which exist are made up of different combinations of elements that are chemically joined together. These are called compounds. During any chemical reaction where atoms either join or separate from each other, the atoms are only ever rearranged. They are never gained or lost.
3
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER WATER Water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. This gives us the formula H2O. A simple molecular diagram of water would look like this:
H
O
H
CARBON DIOXIDE Carbon dioxide is made up of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. This gives the formula CO2. A simple molecular diagram of carbon dioxide would look like this:
O
C
4
O
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
ACTIVITY
Write the formula of each of the following molecules:
1.
2.
3.
H
CI
O
O
H
N
H
H 4.
O
5
N
O
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ACTIVITY
Draw a molecular formula for each of the following:
1.
CH4
2.
3.
4.
H2
NO
CI2
5.
H2SO4
6
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER SUSTAINABILITY About 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. As the Earth’s population grows, the demand for water is growing. We have an ever growing industrial requirement. This means that fresh water (not salty) has become a high demand resource. Additionally with high pollution levels leading to global warming and climate change, there could be water shortages in all countries including the UK.
Earth tap
Ikon Images / Alamy Stock Photo
7
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ECONOMICS If the demand for water is greater than its supply then the cost of water will rise. SUPPLY
PRICE
PRICE
DEMAND
DEMAND
AMOUNT
AMOUNT
Current supply and demand
Increased demand because of population growth, reduced supply because of climate change
DESALINATION With roughly 70% of the Earth covered with sea water there could be more than enough fresh water for everyone if we could remove the salt. This process is called desalination. Desalination is when sea water is boiled and the water evaporated leaving behind the salt. The evaporated water (as steam) is then cooled and condensed back into fresh water. The problem with this is that boiling sea water requires a lot of energy which is very expensive. Also, not all countries are close to the sea and transporting water is very expensive.
8
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ACTIVITY
Look at the two maps of the world. One shows the wealth of countries, the other shows how close they are to the sea. Decide if desalination is a good option for the areas identified and give a reason why.
5
3
1
2
Wealth map
James Davies, Rodrigo Lluberas and Anthony Shorrocks, Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2012
9
4
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
5
3
1
2
World map
Wikimedia Commons http://bit.ly/1BnZUs3
10
4
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
ACTIVITY
Desalination of water by distillation METHOD 1.
Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram overpage.
2.
Measure 200 cm3 of salty water.
3.
Weigh the mass of 200 cm3 of salty water and record this mass.
4.
Pour 200 cm3 of salty water into the distilling flask and add anti-bumping
granules. 5.
Weigh the empty beaker and record this mass.
6.
Calculate the mass of the salty water.
7.
Boil the salty water in the distilling flask until all of the water has evaporated.
8.
Collect the water out of the condenser and transfer into the original beaker.
9.
Reweigh the now distilled water and record the mass.
10. Take the mass of the distilled water from the mass of the salty water to
calculate the mass of salt that was originally in the water.
11
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
Distillation
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Mass of salty water and beaker (g)
Mass of empty beaker (g)
Mass of salty water only (g)
Mass of distilled water and beaker (g)
12
Mass of distilled water only (g)
Mass of salt in salty water (g)
BOOK 2
OBTAINING RESOURCES
SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
1
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ELEMENTS Everything that exists is made from elements. Elements are the building blocks of everything. All of the known elements are found in the Periodic Table.
Periodic table
PHOTOTAKE Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo
2
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
All of the elements are given symbols. This is so that they are the same in every language. Here are some common elements: 1.
Hydrogen - H
13.
Aluminium - Al
2.
Helium - He
14.
Silicon - Si
3.
Lithium - Li
15.
Phosphorus - P
4.
Beryllium - Be
16.
Sulfur - S
5.
Boron - B
17.
Chlorine - Cl
6.
Carbon - B
18.
Argon - Ar
7.
Nitrogen - N
19.
Potassium - K
8.
Oxygen - O
20.
Calcium - Ca
9.
Fluorine - F
21.
Iron - Fe
10.
Neon - Ne
22.
Lead - Pb
11.
Sodium - Na
23.
Copper – Cu
12.
Magnesium - Mg
It is important to remember that if an element has a symbol with only one letter, that letter must be uppercase. If the element has two letters in its symbol then the first letter is uppercase and the second must be a lowercase.
COMPOUNDS Most things which exist are made up of different combinations of elements that are chemically joined together. These are called compounds. During any chemical reaction where atoms either join or separate from each other, the atoms are only ever rearranged. They are never gained or lost.
3
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER WATER Water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. This gives us the formula H2O. A simple molecular diagram of water would look like this:
H
O
H
CARBON DIOXIDE Carbon dioxide is made up of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. This gives the formula CO2. A simple molecular diagram of carbon dioxide would look like this:
O
C
4
O
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
ACTIVITY
Write the formula of each of the following molecules:
1.
2.
3.
H
CI
O
O
H
N
H
H 4.
O
5
N
O
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ACTIVITY
Draw a molecular formula for each of the following:
1.
CH4
2.
3.
4.
H2
NO
CI2
5.
H2SO4
6
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER SUSTAINABILITY About 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. As the Earth’s population grows, the demand for water is growing. We have an ever growing industrial requirement. This means that fresh water (not salty) has become a high demand resource. Additionally with high pollution levels leading to global warming and climate change, there could be water shortages in all countries including the UK.
Earth tap
Ikon Images / Alamy Stock Photo
7
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ECONOMICS If the demand for water is greater than its supply then the cost of water will rise. SUPPLY
PRICE
PRICE
DEMAND
DEMAND
AMOUNT
AMOUNT
Current supply and demand
Increased demand because of population growth, reduced supply because of climate change
DESALINATION With roughly 70% of the Earth covered with sea water there could be more than enough fresh water for everyone if we could remove the salt. This process is called desalination. Desalination is when sea water is boiled and the water evaporated leaving behind the salt. The evaporated water (as steam) is then cooled and condensed back into fresh water. The problem with this is that boiling sea water requires a lot of energy which is very expensive. Also, not all countries are close to the sea and transporting water is very expensive.
8
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER ACTIVITY
Look at the two maps of the world. One shows the wealth of countries, the other shows how close they are to the sea. Decide if desalination is a good option for the areas identified and give a reason why.
5
3
1
2
Wealth map
James Davies, Rodrigo Lluberas and Anthony Shorrocks, Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2012
9
4
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
5
3
1
2
World map
Wikimedia Commons http://bit.ly/1BnZUs3
10
4
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
ACTIVITY
Desalination of water by distillation METHOD 1.
Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram overpage.
2.
Measure 200 cm3 of salty water.
3.
Weigh the mass of 200 cm3 of salty water and record this mass.
4.
Pour 200 cm3 of salty water into the distilling flask and add anti-bumping
granules. 5.
Weigh the empty beaker and record this mass.
6.
Calculate the mass of the salty water.
7.
Boil the salty water in the distilling flask until all of the water has evaporated.
8.
Collect the water out of the condenser and transfer into the original beaker.
9.
Reweigh the now distilled water and record the mass.
10. Take the mass of the distilled water from the mass of the salty water to
calculate the mass of salt that was originally in the water.
11
OBTAINING RESOURCES - SECTION 1 OBTAINING CLEAN WATER
Distillation
Unable to trace copyright, please contact us if you are the copyright holder.
Mass of salty water and beaker (g)
Mass of empty beaker (g)
Mass of salty water only (g)
Mass of distilled water and beaker (g)
12
Mass of distilled water only (g)
Mass of salt in salty water (g)
