Open File Report 81-3, The 1979-1980 geothermal resource ...

THE 1979-1980 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IN WASHINGTON by Michael A. Korosec and J. Eric Schuster,

with contributions from David D. Blackwell, Z. Frank Danes, and Geoffrey A. Clayton

Washington State Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Olympia, Washington 98504

Open File Report 81-3

1980

Prepared Under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC03-79ET27014

CONTENTS Page I.

Introduction Temperature-gradient and heat-flow investigations Geochemistry of thermal and mineral springs Geologic mapping Resistivity Gravity Geothermal resource maps

II.

Geothermal Project Publications References Cited

III.

Heat flow and geothermal gradient measurements in Washington through 1979 by David D. Blackwell Introduction Data format Discussion References

c

Additions and comments: IV.

i

t

e

d

8

by Michael A. Korosec

Thermal and mineral spring investigations, 1978-1979 (surveys and analyses) by Michael A. Korosec Methods Results Individual spring system investigations Baker Hot Springs Geothermal features Geology Comments Bonneville Hot Springs-Moffett's Hot Springs Geothermal features

60

Page

Individual spring system Bonneville Hot

investigations-Continued Springs-Continued

Geology Comments Collins Hot Springs Geothermal

f

e

Geology Comments Goose Egg Soda Spring Geothermal features Geology Comments Lester Hot Springs Geothermal features Geology Comments Longmire Mineral Springs Geothermal features Geology Comments Reference Medicine Creek Mineral Spring Geothermal features Geology Comments Reference

a

t

u

r

e

s

4

Page Individual spring system

investigations-Continued

Ohanapecosh Hot Springs Geothermal features Geology Comments Orr Creek Warm Springs Geothermal features Geology Comments Sol Duc Hot Springs Geothermal features Geology Comments Sulphur Creek Hot Springs Geothermal features Geology Comments Reference Summit Creek Soda Spring Geothermal features Geology Comments V.

Regional gravity survey of the southern Cascades, Washington by Z. F. Danes Introduction Research Additions and Comments:

by Michael A. Korosec

Page VI.

Geology of the White Pass-Tumac Mountain area, Washington by Geoffrey A. Clayton Abstract Introduction: the structure and stratigraphy of the Tertiary rocks in the Carlton Pass-White Pass-Rimrock Lake-Goat Rocks region Previous work Objectives and problems Quaternary volcanic rocks in the Tumac Mountain-White PassGoat Rocks area Results References cited Additions and comments:

VII.

by Michael A. Korosec

Geothermal investigations in the Camas area, Washington, 1979 by Michael A. Korosec and J. Eric Schuster Introduction The 1979 project Results Discussion Conclusions

VIII.

Geothermal assessment of Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1979 by Michael A. Korosec and J. Eric Schuster Introduction Results Discussion Conclusions

IX.

Bibliography of Geothermal Resource Information for the State of Washington by Michael A. Korosec

Page Appendix A —

Well temperature information and locations in the

State of Washington by Michael A. Korosec Appendix b —

Geology of White P a s s - T u m a c Mountain Area, Washington by Geoffrey Clayton

Appendix C —

Resistivity study of Camas, Washington: Final Report by F. A. Rigby and R. B. McEuen

Appendix D — Temperature versus depth logs for all available wells in Washington by D. D. Blackwell Note: Appendix D is part of special edition reports only. This section is available from the Division of Geology and Earth Resources as Open File Report 80-9.

List of Tables Page 3.1

Pre-1979 Geothermal Gradients and Heat Flow in Washington State

3.2

Washington - Heat Flow

3.3

1979 Geothermal Gradients and Heat Flow in Washington State

3.4

Results of Heat Flow Drilling, 1979, Southwest Cascades, Washington

4.1

Thermal and Mineral Springs of Washington State

4.2

Thermal and Mineral Spring Chemistry (DGER)

4.3

Thermal and Mineral Spring Chemistry (Battelle)

4.4

Water Identifier Codes

4.5

Thermal and Mineral Spring Data

(Pre-1979)

List of Figures

3.1

Heat Flow and Temperature Gradient Map of Washington (Pre-1979 Data)

3.2

Preliminary Heat Flow Region Map of Washington

3.3

Anomalous Temperature Gradient areas of Washington

3.4

Preliminary Heat Flow Map of Southwestern Washington

8.1

Temperature vs Depth Profile for Mount St. Helens Drill Holes

8.2

Earthquake hypocenters near Mount St. Helens from 1971 through 1978

I.

INTRODUCTION

Geothermal resource assessment activities during 1979 have included

temperature-

gradient and heat-flow investigations, geochemical investigation of mineral and thermal springs, geologic mapping, a resistivity survey, regional gravity measurements, and preparation of geothermal resource maps for Washington. The State of Washington thus far has received very little attention from prospective geothermal developers.

Consequently, the geologic, geochemical, and geophysical

data base with respect to geothermal has been either scattered or nonexistent.

Our

assessment efforts have, therefore, been primarily directed toward synthesizing and interpreting existing data, and providing regional geophysical and geochemical data bases where none have previously existed.

Attention was focused on the southwestern

Cascades of Washington during 1979. The work was carried out by both subcontractors and in-house geologists.

The

findings of each of the project investigators working on the geothermal assessment program are presented as separate chapters in this report.

Some of the individual

projects are more complete than others and therefore appear as more detailed presentations. At the end of each chapter report, the principle investigators, J. Eric Schuster and Michael A. Korosec, have added further information, including comments on project status, how it relates to other projects, usefulness, work yet to be completed, future directions, and interpretations of the data.

The interpretations

are occasionally made with little data or background information and may not represent the beliefs of the project Investigator, but are presented anyway so as to help shape future investigations in the areas affected.

Temperature-Gradient and Heat-Flow Investigations Shallow drilling and measurements of temperature gradients in existing wells were

accomplished in the following areas:

(1) the Cowlitz River valley between Interstate 5

on the west and White Pass on the east, (2) the Mount St. Helens area, and (3) the Camas area, located in Clark County east of Vancouver, Washington. In the Cowlitz River valley, usable temperature gradients were measured in about 22 water wells located in the western portion of the valley, generally between Interstate 5 on the west and the City of Morton on the east.

Temperature gradients

in these wells are generally 30°C/km or less. Two gradients measured in existing wells located to the east of the City of Morton and gradients measured in five of the six 500-foot-deep gradient wells drilled during 1979 between the town of Randle and White Pass (both to the east from Morton) are 46°C/km and higher.

This suggests that the transition between "Puget Lowland

type" temperature gradients of about 30-40°C/km or less (with associated heat flow values of less than 40 mWatts/m2) and "High Cascade type" gradients of about 45°C/km or more (with associated heat flow values of 60 to 80 mWatts/m2 or higher) occurs between the City of Morton and the town of Randle.

The transition appears to be

fairly sharp (perhaps 8 kilometers or less in width) and seems to occur closer to Morton than to Randle. In the Mount St. Helens area, there are no existing wells except for three holes drilled during 1979 by the Division.

The temperature gradient from St. Helens No. 1

drill hole, to the north-northwest of Mount St. Helens, is very low at 19°C/km, and appears to be affected by local hydrologic conditions.

In St. Helens No. 2 drill

hole, to the west of Mount St. Helens, the gradient is 38°C/km.

The third drill

hole, to the east-southeast of Mount St. Helens, is isothermal. In the Camas area, several gradients measured in existing water wells located to the west of 122°20'W. (about the longitude of the City of Camas) yielded

temperature

gradients of less than 40°C/km, but two water wells located to the east of 122°10'W. produced gradients of about 53° and 69°C/km.

Two gradient wells drilled by the

Division near Camas produced gradients of 31.5°C/km and 37°C/km.

The former well

was drilled in Tertiary volcanics and sediments and the latter entirely in late(?) Tertiary sediments.

All heat flow values calculated for the Camas area fall in the

range of 40 to 60 mWatts/m2.

Geochemistry of Thermal and Mineral Springs During the 1979 field season, 46 springs, representing 15 different spring systems located in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains, were surveyed for temperature, flow, conductivity, and pH.

Of these springs, 38 were sampled and analyzed by the

Division of Geology and Earth Resources.

Chemical species measured include specific

conductivity, pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Li, SiO2, alkalinity, Cl, CO2, Br, and I. Tables 4.1 through 4.5 present a listing of the springs, their temperatures, specific conductivities, and reservoir temperatures as predicted by the SiO 2 -Quartz and Na-K-Ca geothermometers.

Detailed descriptions, analyses, and discussions of

observed chemistry for these springs are presented in Chapter IV.

Geologic Mapping Geoff Clayton, from the University of Washington, mapped the volcanic geology of the Tumac Mountain-White Pass area, located to the south and east of Mount Rainier National Park.

Field studies have been completed and a geologic map has been

prepared.

Resistivity A resistivity study was conducted in the Camas area by F. A. Rigby of Science Applications, Inc., and R. B. McEuen of Exploration Geothermics.

Two regions of

relatively low resistivity were found, and drill sites were recommended to test these two areas.

The two Camas drill holes were located at or within a short distance of

the drill sites recommended by Rigby and McEuen.

Gravity During 1979, Z. F. Danes of the University of Puget Sound measured gravity at

743 stations in the south Cascades.

The area covered extends from 121°W. on the

east to 122°30'W. on the west, and from the Columbia River on the south to the Cowlitz River valley on the north.

Computations have continued well into 1980.

It is expected that a south Cascades gravity map and report will be ready for distribution by early 1981.

Dr. Danes has also produced relatively detailed gravity

maps for the Camas and North Bonneville areas, located near the Columbia River in southwestern Washington.

Geothermal Resource Maps Data acquisition, reduction, and plotting for public and scientific geothermal resource maps of Washington were a large part of the 1979-1980 program.

This work

was carried out with the assistance and cooperation of personnel from Oregon Institute of Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and University of Utah Research Institute.

Information compiled for the two maps inclu-

des well water temperatures, temperature gradients, heat flow, thermal and mineral springs, water geochemistry, faults, Quaternary volcanic rocks and volcanic centers, National Parks, wilderness areas, federal reservations, Indian reservations, lease status, and current and potential geothermal uses.

II.

GEOTHERMAL PROGRAM PUBLICATIONS

The 1979 Geothermal Assessment Program led to the release of the following publications by the Division of Geology and Earth Resources.

Portions of this report

are taken directly from these publications.

References Cited

Danes, Z. F., 1979, Bouguer gravity map of the Camas area, Washington and Oregon: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 79-6, scale 1:62,500.

Blackwell, D. D., 1980, Heat flow and geothermal gradient measurements in Washington to 1979 and temperature-depth data collected during 1979:

Washington Division of

Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 80-9, 524 p.

Bloomquist, R. G., 1980, Geothermal leasing status, January 1980, Washington: Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 80-10, scale 1:126,730, (in preparation).

Clayton, G. A., 1980, Geology of White Pass-Tumac Mountain area, Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 80-8, 1 map, scale 1:24,000.

Korosec, M. A., 1980, Bibliography of geothermal resource information for the State of Washington:

Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File

Report 80-4, 16 p.

Korosec, M. A.; Kaler, Keith, 1980, Well temperature information for the State of Washington:

Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File

Report 80-7, 87 p.

Korosec, M. A.; Kaler, Keith; Schuster, J. E.; Bloomquist, R. G.; Simpson, S., 1980, Geothermal resource map of Washington State, Nontechnical edition:

Washington

Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Geologic Map 25, 1 sheet, scale 1:500,000.

Korosec, M. A.; McLucas, G. B., 1980, Quaternary volcanics in the State of Washington:

Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File

Report 80-6, scale 1:500,000.

McLucas, G. B., 1980, Fault map of Washington, with references:

Washington Division

of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 80-2, scale 1:100,000.

Schuster, J. E.; Korosec, M. A., 1980, Geothermal resource assessment in Washington. In Resource Assessment/Commercialization Planning Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, January 21-24, 1980:

U.S. Department of Energy, p. 146-152.

III.

HEAT FLOW AND GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS IN WASHINGTON THROUGH 1979

by David D. Blackwell

Department of Geological Sciences Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas 75275

III.

HEAT FLOW AND GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS IN WASHINGTON THROUGH 1979

Introduction This chapter presents a summary of all published and unpublished heat flow and geothermal gradient measurements made in the State of Washington prior to 1979, and held in the files of the Geothermal Laboratory at Southern Methodist University, and a preliminary list of temperature gradient information collected in 1979.

The data

in the files include published heat flow values and temperature-depth data with accompanying pertinent information from the publications of Roy (1963), Roy and others (1968), Blackwell (1969, 1974), Sass and others (1971), Steele (1975) and Schuster and others (1978).

Also included are temperature data from Spicer (1964)

and Sass and Monroe (1974).

A few unpublished temperature logs made by the U.S.

Geological Survey Water Resources Division in Tacoma, Washington, and by the U.S. Geological Survey Geothermal Group in Menlo Park, California, are also included. This chapter is divided into two sections:

in the first section, a summary of

the geothermal gradient data and well locations Is presented in tabular form and plotted on a map.

In the second section of the report (Appendix D), listings for

individual drill holes of temperature versus depth for all wells available in Washington are included. available.

In some cases, more than one temperature logging is

Each temperature-depth log has been plotted on a graph accompanying the

temperature listings. The history of geothermal measurements in Washington began in the 1930's when U.S. Geological Survey personnel directed by VanOstrand made temperature measurements in several oil wells in the State of Washington. on open file in 1964 (Spicer, 1964).

These data became available

Temperature data from two of these wells

(20N/12W-8 and 11N/26E-20CC) are included in the data set in this report and estimated heat flow values have been calculated for these two holes based upon thermal conductivity values estimated from the lithologic units encountered in the holes. Following these studies there was a long hiatus until the early 1960's, when R. F. Roy

made heat flow measurements in the Metaline mining district in northeastern Washington and measured temperatures in a deep oil well drilled in the Columbia Plateau (Development Associates Basalt Explorer No. 1, 21N/31E-10CB).

The heat flow

values in the Metaline district were published in 1963 (Roy, 1963; Roy and others, 1968).

In the mid-1960's investigations were started by the author of this chapter.

The first results of these studies were published in 1969 (Blackwell, 1969). Continued investigations were supported by NSF Grant No. GA11351. results were published in 1974 (Blackwell, 1974).

The preliminary

The most up-to-date summary of

heat flow and geothermal gradient from a state-wide point of view Is the 1974 report. In that paper several preliminary heat flow values were discussed. flow values for those sites are included in this report.

The final heat

In the 1960's, measurements

were made at several localities in the state by the U.S. Geological Survey Geothermal Group in Menlo Park, California.

These results were published by Sass and others

(1971). All pertinent facts dealing with the measurements made in .the 1960's (Roy and others, 1968; Blackwell, 1969; and Sass and others, 1971) are listed in Sass and Monroe (1974).

Temperature-depth data, individual thermal conductivity measurements,

and terrain correction information for each hole are included here.

The temperature

data have been abstracted from Sass and Monroe for inclusion in this report. Subsequent to these studies, detailed studies of more localized areas were made in the Turtle Lake quadrangle of northeastern Washington (Steele, 1975) and in the Indian Heaven area in the southern Washington Cascade Range (Schuster and others, 1978).

In 1978 a reconnaissance study of the southern Columbia Plateau was carried

out to investigate the regional heat flow.

Preliminary water chemistry studies indi-

cated the possibility of anomalous heat flow values in the area, (C. A. Swanberg, personal communication, 1977).

The studies were part of a regional geothermal analysis

of the Pacific Northwest supported by NSF Grant No. AER-76-00108 (see Blackwell, 1978). In the 1970's, a few temperature logs were made by the U.S. Geological Survey Geothermal

Group at Menlo Park (holes 3N/5E-4CAB and 3N/5E-4BDC1, John Sass, personal communication, 1977).

These data are included in this report.

In addition

miscellaneous data, mostly temperature data from holes for which no heat flow determinations were made, either because of lack of thermal conductivity information or poor quality gradients are included for completeness. In addition to the data included in this report, there are two extensive sets of temperature logs available for the Columbia Plateau region.

One set was obtained by

investigators from the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division in Tacoma, Washington and one set by the Washington State University Hydrologic Program at Pullman, Washington.

These data are now on file at the Washington Department of Natural

Resources and are in the process of being prepared for release.

Data Format Geothermal gradient information from the State of Washington is summarized in tables 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3.

Included in table 3.1 are location, hole name, elevation,

geothermal gradient, depth interval, thermal conductivity (where available), heat flow (where available), a summary of the rocks encountered in the drill hole, and a quality indicator for all holes.

These data have been taken from the publications

discussed above, and from the files of the Geothermal Laboratory at Southern Methodist University.

More recent studies (1979) by Southern Methodist University

and the State of Washington supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, are reported in preliminary form in table 3.3.

The individual holes are located by latitude and

longitude to the nearest 0.1' if possible. and range.

The holes are also located by township

Location within the section is by a letter code where A = NE, B = NW,

C = SW, D = SE.

The first letter represents the quarter-section, the second the

quarter-quarter-section, and the third (if listed) represents the quarter-quarterquarter-section.

The designation 16 N 22 E 13 ABD, for example, represents a well

In the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of

Table 3.1

Pre-1979 Geothermal G r a d i e n t s and Heat Flow in Washington

State.

Geothermal data for the State of Washington available up to 1979. T C is thermal conductivity in watts per meter per °K (Wm-1K-1). Uncorrected and (terrain) corrected gradient and terrain corrected heat flow are shown. Significance of heat flow quality number is explained in text. Locations of data taken from the literature are listed at the end of the table.

section

13,

values are lithology decimal

t o w n s h i p 16 N. and from measurements

(values

places.

The q u a l i t y heat

r a n g e 22 E . ,

on c o r e o r c u t t i n g s

in p a r e n t h e s e s ) . Note, however,

indicators

are

as

respectively.

flow or g e o t h e r m a l

gradient

in the measurements.

The h e a t

that

of

a quality

error

A quality

samples

the values are discussed number of 1 , 6 ,

value

of 30 i n d i c a t e s

can be c a l c u l a t e d

from the data

quality

a hole

shown h a s an e s t i m a t e d respectively. because there

Heat

they are

is

f l o w v a l u e s have not

conductivity

summarized

holes

in very c l o s e

a map.

proximity

two

a

no r e l i a b l e

b e c a u s e of

some

heat problem

water

and u n g r o u t e d .

±25

and

flow

A gradient

percent,

for these holes,

either

or b e c a u s e

available. Shown on t h i s

as l i s t e d

in table

map a r e

3.1.

flow values

for holes

A g a i n m u l t i p l e h o l e s may h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d

locations

I n some c a s e s ,

t o one a n o t h e r h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d

A l s o shown on t h e map a r e h e a t

quality.

that

flow data are already a v a i l a b l e ,

in figure 3 . 1 .

f o r which d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e ,

or

been c a l c u l a t e d

information

holes

to

below.

f o r which the g e o t h e r m a l

of ±5 p e r c e n t , ±10 p e r c e n t ,

i n an a r e a w h e r e h e a t

no t h e r m a l

The d a t a a r e

o r 20 i n d i c a t e s

error

on

o r 16 i m p l i e s

i s due t o i n t r a d r i l l - h o l e

thus a r e uncased

10,

based

of a p p r o x i m a t e l y ±5 p e r c e n t , ±10 p e r c e n t

U s u a l l y t h e poor q u a l i t y

of 5 ,

conductivity

are g e n e r a l l y given

i n h o l e s w h i c h w e r e u s e d a s w a t e r w e l l s and Indicator

Thermal

or e s t i m a t e d

flow values

the e r r o r s

follows:

f l o w v a l u e w i t h an e s t i m a t e d

±25 p e r c e n t ,

Willamette Meridian.

as a s i n g l e

of 1 , 6 ,

on t h i s map a s a

of several symbol on

o r 16 single

locality. The e q u i p m e n t w h i c h h a s been u s e d described is

by Roy and o t h e r s

the measurements

maximum r e a d i n g

for almost

all

of

these measurements

( 1 9 6 8 ) and by S a s s and o t h e r s

obtained

thermometers.

by V a n O s t r a n d . In g e n e r a l ,

a p p r o x i m a t e l y ± 0 . 0 2 ° C and t h e a c c u r a c y

26

(1971).

The o n l y

is exception

T h e s e were m e a s u r e m e n t s made w i t h the

precision

is approximately

of

the

±0.2°C.

instruments

is

FIGURE 3 . 1 . - H e a t - f l o w arid t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t map of W a s h i n g t o n ( p r e 1979 d a t a )

Discussion The r e s u l t s of t h e s e s t u d i e s have been d i s c u s s e d ( 1 9 7 4 ) f r o m a s t a t e - w i d e p o i n t of v i e w .

i n p r e l i m i n a r y form by B l a c k w e l l

These e a r l y d a t a have been supplemented

b e g i n n i n g i n 1978 and 1979 by e x t e n s i v e new i n f o r m a t i o n , w i t h t h e 1979 d a t a shown on t h e i n c l u d e d map ( f i g u r e 3 . 1 ) ,

i n t a b l e 3 . 3 , and l i s t e d i n Appendix D.

Brief

d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e d a t a and r e s u l t s w i l l be found i n B l a c k w e l l (1978) and S a s s and others (1980).

The 1979 d a t a t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e e a r l i e r d a t a , w i l l be d i s c u s s e d by

B l a c k w e l l and o t h e r s i n t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t s to be i s s u e d i n t h e n e a r

future.

References Cited B l a c k w e l l , D. D . , 1969, Heat f l o w d e t e r m i n a t i o n s J o u r n a l of G e o p h y s i c a l R e s e a r c h , v . 7 4 , p .

in the northwestern United

992-1007.

B l a c k w e l l , D. D . , 1974, T e r r e s t r i a l h e a t f l o w and i t s geothermal r e s e r v o i r s

in Washington:

Resources I n f o r m a t i o n C i r c u l a r 50, p.

States:

i m p l i c a t i o n s on t h e l o c a t i o n of

Washington D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h 21-33.

B l a c k w e l l , D. D . , 1978, Heat f l o w and e n e r g y l o s s i n t h e w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s .

In

S m i t h , R. B . ; E a t o n , G. P . , e d i t o r s , C e n o z o i c T e c t o n i c s and R e g i o n a l G e o p h y s i c s of t h e Western C o r d i l l e r a :

Roy, R. F . , Ph.D.

G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of America Memoir 152, p.

1963, Heat f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : thesis,

175-208.

Harvard U n i v e r s i t y

76 p .

Roy, R. F . , D e c k e r , E. R . ; B l a c k w e l l , D. D . ; B i r c h , F . , 1968, Heat f l o w determinations No. 16, p .

in the United S t a t e s :

5207-5221.

J o u r n a l of G e o p h y s i c a l R e s e a r c h , v .

73,

S a s s , J . H . ; L a c h e n b r u c h , A. H.; Munroe, R. J . ; Heat f l o w i n t h e w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s : 76, p.

G r e e n e , G. W.; Moses, T. H.,

1971,

J o u r n a l of G e o p h y s i c a l R e s e a r c h ,

v.

6379-6413.

S a s s , J . H.; Munroe, R. J . ,

1974, B a s i c h e a t - f l o w d a t a from the United S t a t e s ;

U.S.

G e o l o g i c a lSurveyO p e n - F i l e Report 7 4 - 9 , 456 p .

S a s s , J . H . ; B l a c k w e l l , D. D.; Chapman, D. S . ; C o s t a i n , J . K.; D e c k e r , E. R . ; Lawver L . A . ; Swanberg, C. A . , 1980, Heat f l o w from t h e c r u s t of the U n i t e d I n T o u l o u k i n a , Y. W.; J u d d , W. R . ; Roy R. F . , e d i t o r s , P h y s i c a l of Rocks and M i n e r a l s ( C h a p t e r 1 3 ) :

McGraw-Hill ( i n

States.

Properties

press).

S c h u s t e r , J . E . ; B l a c k w e l l , D. D.; Hammond, P . E . ; H u n t t i n g , M. T. , 1978, Heat Flow s t u d i e s i n t h e Steamboat Mountain-Lemei Rock a r e a , Skamania County,

Washington:

Washington D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s I n f o r m a t i o n C i r c u l a r 62, 56 p .

S p i c e r , H. C . , 1964, A c o m p i l a t i o n of deep e a r t h t e m p e r a t u r e d a t a , U . S . A . ,

1910-1945

U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey O p e n - F i l e R e p o r t 147, 74 p .

S t e e l e , J . L . , 1975, A h e a t f l o w s t u d y i n t h e T u r t l e Lake q u a d r a n g l e , Southern Methodist University M . S .

t h e s i s , 60 p .

Washington:

A d d i t i o n s and Comments By Michael A. Korosec

S t a t e w i d e R e g i o n a l Heat Flow

t o g e t h e r w i t h p r e - 1 9 7 9 d a t a ( t a b l e 3 . 1 ) , have begun t o d e l i n e a t e wide r e g i o n s

within

t h e s t a t e which d e m o n s t r a t e s i m i l a r t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t and h e a t f l o w c h a r a c teristics.

Since these a r e a s roughly correspond to the physiographic p r o v i n c e s ,

a

v a r i a t i o n of t h e s e s t a n d a r d p r o v i n c e s w i l l be used h e r e to d i s c u s s t h e d e n s i t y of c o v e r a g e and our p r e s e n t s t a t e of knowledge f o r r e g i o n a l h e a t f l o w . p r e l i m i n a r y s t a t e w i d e h e a t f l o w map, based on o n l y s c a t t e r e d s t a t e h a s been d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e " h e a t f l o w r e g i o n s " ; r e g i o n , which i n c l u d e s Hills,

Figure 3.2 i s a

data.

On t h i s m a p , t h e

1) t h e Western Washington

t h e p h y s i o g r a p h i c p r o v i n c e s of t h e P u g e t Lowland,

Willapa

and Olympic P e n i n s u l a , 2 ) t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l r e g i o n which i n c l u d e s

and c e n t r a l C a s c a d e s , 3 ) t h e N o r t h e a s t

r e g i o n , which i n c l u d e s Okanogan,

S t e v e n s , and Pend O r e i l l e C o u n t i e s in t h e Okanogan H i g h l a n d s , 4 ) t h e r e g i o n , which e x t e n d s f r o m t h e s o u t h e r n C a s c a d e s ,

the north Ferry,

Southeast

t h r o u g h t h e Columbia B a s i n , t o

I d a h o b o r d e r , and 5) t h e South C e n t r a l r e g i o n , which i n c l u d e s t h e s o u t h

the

Cascades

( f r o m r o u g h l y Snoqualmie P a s s s o u t h t o t h e Columbia R i v e r ) and t h e Simcoe M o u n t a i n s . For t h e most p a r t , poorly defined.

t h e b o u n d a r i e s between t h e s e h e a t f l o w r e g i o n s a r e

For l a c k of b e t t e r e v i d e n c e , many of t h e s e b o u n d a r i e s have been

sketched in to correspond to the p h y s i o g r a p h i c province boundary. imply t h a t h e a t f l o w t r a n s i t i o n s flow t r a n s i t i o n

only

occur a t these boundaries.

T h i s i s not

In f a c t , a few h e a t

zones have been shown t o o c c u r many 1 0 ' s of m i l e s o f f s e t from

physiographic province boundaries, as discussed 1) W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n :

later.

The h i g h e s t number of t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s and h e a t

v a l u e s have been o b t a i n e d from w i t h i n t h i s h e a t f l o w r e g i o n , but v a s t a r e a s still

to

flow are

p o o r l y d e f i n e d , e s p e c i a l l y t h e W i l l a p a H i l l s and c e n t r a l Olympic P e n i n s u l a ,

where v i r t u a l l y no d a t a e x i s t .

Because t h e r e a r e o n l y a few p r e - e x i s t i n g w e l l s

in

FIGURE 3 . 2 . — P r e l i m i n a r y h e a t - f l o w r e g i o n map of W a s h i n g t o n .

these areas,

it

is

that

suspected

thus

i s not

the s t a t e

these

likely

temperature

geothermal

provinces.

that

gradients

I n a d d i t i o n , m o s t of

heat

flow values

are usually

the

(It

f l o w s a r e low i n t h e s e a r e a s ,

no p l a n s

to d r i l l

t h e Olympic P e n i n s u l a

to e x p l o r a t i o n . )

heat

flow holes

is part

of

Within the Western

r a n g e f r o m 20 t o 45 m W a t t s / m 2 ,

and t e m p e r a t u r e

T h e r e a r e o n l y two d a t a p o i n t s w i t h i n

i n King County,

increased

heat

at

and in

t h e Olympic Washington gradients

this

region,

the r e g i o n .

It

and b o t h

and n o r t h e r n C a s c a d e s .

are

is suspected

t h e C a s c a d e m o u n t a i n s of Oregon and

within the c e n t r a l

the Quaternary volcanic province

t h e f a r s o u t h e r n end of

flow a s s o c i a t e d with

Washington a l s o e x i s t s

this

in the near f u t u r e .

15 t o 35° C/km.

2) North C e n t r a l : located

be a v a i l a b l e

and h e a t

program i n c l u d e s

N a t i o n a l P a r k and t h e r e f o r e c l o s e d region,

data will

that

southern

The e x i s t e n c e

of

c e n t e r s Mount B a k e r and G l a c i e r P e a k f u r t h e r s u g g e s t s

should have a t

least

moderate heat

flow, with values higher

that

than

those

2 of w e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n .

Values are suspected

p o s s i b l y h i g h e r anomalous v a l u e s 3) N o r t h e a s t

Washington:

good s c a t t e r i n g gradients

associated

t o r a n g e f r o m 50 t o 80 mWatts/m , w i t h with

t h e two

This region corresponds

of w e l l l o c a t i o n s w h i c h p r o v i d e

a r e low o r n o r m a l ,

t o t h e Okanogan H i g h l a n d and h a s a

consistent

f r o m 20 t o 3 0 ° C/km,

the heat

t o be a m o d e r a t e l y h i g h 70 t o 105 mWatts/m 2 b e c a u s e of rocks

in the

region.

4) Southeast

region:

c o n t a i n many s m a l l e r values.

This r e l a t i v e l y "sub-regions",

b u t o n l y a f e w of

poorly cased,

partially

holes produces

cased,

own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

stair-step

these gradients

determined

heat

f o r t h e Columbia

these have c a l c u l a t e d h e a t or completely uncased,

temperature

flow has been

t h e l a r g e number of m o d e r a t e l y d e e p i r r i g a t i o n w e l l s d r i l l e d

early 1900's,

s e g m e n t s of

While

of

the

t h e s t a t e may a c t u a l l y

A t r e m e n d o u s number of w e l l l o g s a r e a v a i l a b l e

b e c a u s e of

drill

its

data.

the high c o n d u c t i v i t y

l a r g e s e c t i o n of

each with

volcanoes.

flows.

and w a t e r

temperature vs. depth p l o t s .

a r e most l i k e l y m e a n i n g l e s s .

flow Basin,

since

the

Many w e l l s

are

f l o w up and down t h e

The

straight-line

For t h e s e h o l e s ,

only

the

bottom h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e can be r e l i a b l y r e p o r t e d .

The h e a t f l o w v a l u e s t h a t have

been r e p o r t e d f o r " w e l l behaved" h o l e s f a l l m o s t l y i n t h e range of 55 t o 70 mWatts/m 2 , b u t some v a l u e s r a n g e a s h i g h a s 93 and 112 m W a t t s / m 2 , e s p e c i a l l y around t h e Walla Walla a r e a .

G r a d i e n t s from t h e s e w e l l s range from 35 t o 45° C/km, w i t h

v a l u e s of 70, 8 2 , and 107° C/km f o r t h e anomalous h o l e s n e a r Walla W a l l a . I f t h e d a t a s e t s r e p o r t e d i n Appendix A a r e u s e d , e s p e c i a l l y t h e w e l l log i n f o r m a t i o n from Washington S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , r e l a t i v e l y h i g h bottom h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e s .

a number of w e l l s a r e found to have

Roughly 300 w e l l s have bottom h o l e

t e m p e r a t u r e s g r e a t e r t h a n 20° C, b u t w a t e r f l o w w i t h i n t h e s e w e l l s p r e v e n t s d i r e c t measurement of t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s .

the

However, assuming a v a l u e f o r the mean

a n n u a l s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e , a t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t can be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e two t e m p e r a t u r e end p o i n t s and t h e known d e p t h of t h e w e l l .

Throughout the Columbia

B a s i n , t h e mean a n n u a l s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i s known t o r a n g e p r i m a r i l y between 10° and 14° C; c o n t r o l l e d by e l e v a t i o n , cover.

For s i m p l i c i t y ,

gradient calculations.

s l o p e a n g l e , s l o p e o r i e n t a t i o n , and

t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e of 12° C was chosen as a s t a n d a r d

for

( T h i s might have i n t r o d u c e d a l a r g e e r r o r f o r many w e l l s ,

e s p e c i a l l y t h e s h a l l o w or low b o t t o m - h o l e - t e m p e r a t u r e w e l l s . when examining s p e c i f i c w e l l s . )

T h i s was k e p t i n mind

Most c a l c u l a t e d g r a d i e n t s f e l l i n t h e range of 3 5 °

t o 45° C/km, w i t h many a s h i g h a s 65° C/km or h i g h e r .

Some of t h e "anomalous

a r e s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e Columbia B a s i n , b u t most a r e c l u s t e r e d areas.

vegetative

Using t h e c a l c u l a t e d g r a d i e n t s from a l l w e l l s ,

wells"

in specific

i n c l u d i n g c o l d deep w e l l s ,

two t y p e s of anomalous a r e a s ( m o d e r a t e p o t e n t i a l and h i g h p o t e n t i a l ) have been I d e n t i f i e d on the map of f i g u r e 3 . 3 .

These a r e a s c o r r e s p o n d to the

anomalies

i d e n t i f i e d on the Washington S t a t e G e o t h e r m a l R e s o u r c e Map (Korosec and 1981).

(The l i g h t g r a y a r e a s of t h e r e s o u r c e map a r e t h e m o d e r a t e

others,

potential

a n o m a l i e s of f i g u r e 3 . 3 , and t h e d a r k g r a y r e s o u r c e map a r e a s c o r r e s p o n d to t h e h i g h p o t e n t i a l a r e a s of f i g u r e 3 . 3 . )

Moderate p o t e n t i a l a r e a s a r e d e f i n e d a s

where s e v e r a l w e l l s have c a l c u l a t e d

regions

t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s h i g h e r t h a n 4 5 ° C/km,

FIGURE 3 . 3 . — Anomalous t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t areas of Dark G r a y A r e a s .

In t h e Cascade Range, t h e d a r k g r a y shaded areas at t h e

Hachured Areas.

Washington.

In t h e Cascade Range p r o v i n c e , the areas d e p i c t r e g i o n s of

f i v e major Q u a t e r n a r y stratovolcanoes indicate h i g h p o t e n t i a l f o r low- to h i g h -

volcanic a c t i v i t y d u r i n g t h e past 1 million y e a r s .

t e m p e r a t u r e geothermal r e s o u r c e s .

even h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e r e s o u r c e s may u n d e r l i e these a r e a s .

F a v o r a b l e i n d i c a t o r s a r e y o u n g igneous r o c k s ,

hot s p r i n g s , a n d fumaroles.

g r a d i e n t s are in t h e r a n g e o f 15° to

I n s o u t h e a s t e r n Washington, d a r k g r a y shaded areas d e p i c t r e g i o n s w h i c h

Low- to moderate- a n d p e r h a p s Typical

temperature

55°C/km.

In s o u t h e a s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n , h a c h u r e d areas indicate regions where several

h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t number of wells w i t h c a l c u l a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s g r e a t e r

wells have c a l c u l a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s h i g h e r t h a n 4 5 ° C / k m , a l t h o u g h t h e r e

than 50°C/km.

are also c o l d e r wells w i t h i n these a r e a s .

Warm water is l i k e l y t o be e n c o u n t e r e d at r e l a t i v e l y

d e p t h s , a l t h o u g h t h e r e are c o l d wells w i t h i n t h e d a r k g r a y

areas.

shallow

Low- to m o d e r a t e - t e m p e r a t u r e

may u n d e r l i e l a r g e p o r t i o n s of these r e g i o n s .

resources

F u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n is needed to

delineate t h e r e s o u r c e s .

Potential G e o t h e r m a l Resource Areas in W a s h i n g t o n

a l t h o u g h c o l d e r w e l l s a r e o f t e n found w i t h i n t h e s e r e g i o n s .

The h i g h

potential

a r e a s a r e d e f i n e d a s r e g i o n s which have a s i g n i f i c a n t number of w e l l s w i t h calculated temperature gradients greater c o l d e r w e l l s i n the s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a .

t h a n 50° C/km, w i t h r e l a t i v e l y fewer or no

The b o u n d a r i e s of t h e s e d i f f e r e n t anomalous

a r e a s a r e i n d e f i n i t e , e s p e c i a l l y where t h e d e n s i t y of w e l l s i s

low.

I t i s suspected t h a t the heat flow within these areas i s a l s o r e l a t i v e l y

higher

t h a n t h e r e g i o n a l h e a t f l o w f o r t h e Columbia Basin ( g r e a t e r t h a n 50 t o 70

m W a t t s / m 2 ) , but not enough i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e q u a l i t a t i v e

heat

flow values. 5) South C e n t r a l W a s h i n g t o n :

The G e o t h e r m a l D r i l l i n g P r o j e c t s of 1975

Heaven a r e a , S c h u s t e r and o t h e r s ,

(Indian

1978) and 1979, by t h e D i v i s i o n of Geology

and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s ( s e e t a b l e 3 . 4 ) , have begun to c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e r e g i o n a l f l o w regime of t h e South Cascades ( s e e f i g u r e 3 . 4 ) .

Heat f l o w v a l u e s

t o 90 mWatts/m 2 , w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s of 45° t o 55° C/km.

range from 60

Large r e g i o n s

t h i s p r o v i n c e have no w e l l s or d r i l l h o l e s , such a s the C e n t r a l C a s c a d e s

i n c l u d i n g t h e Mount R a i n i e r r e g i o n .

within

extending

f r o m t h e C o w l i t z R i v e r n o r t h t o t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l r e g i o n (Snoqualmie P a s s , Batholith area),

heat

Snoqualmie

The Tumac P l a t e a u t o Bumping

Lake a r e a , t h e Mount Adams a r e a , and t h e Cascade Mountains s o u t h of t h e b a s a l t of I n d i a n Heaven a r e a l s o w i t h o u t h e a t f l o w or t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t

fields

determinations.

The w e s t e r n boundary of t h e South C e n t r a l r e g i o n i s d e f i n e d by a r e l a t i v e l y sharp heat flow t r a n s i t i o n

( c l o s e l y spaced c o n t o u r s on t h e map In f i g u r e 3 . 4 ) .

Heat

f l o w i n c r e a s e s from l e s s t h a n 40 mWatts/m 2 t o g r e a t e r t h a n 60 mWatts/m 2 from west e a s t o v e r a d i s t a n c e of l e s s

t h a n 12 km, r o u g h l y a l o n g a n o r t h - s o u t h l i n e

Washougal and Skamania on t h e s o u t h , t h r o u g h Mount S t . H e l e n s , c o n t i n u i n g between t h e towns of Morton and R a n d l e , and e x t e n d i n g f u r t h e r n o r t h between t h e E a t o n v i l l e and Mount R a i n i e r - L o n g m i r e

to

between north

somewhere

area.

The e a s t e r n boundary of t h e South C e n t r a l h e a t f l o w r e g i o n i s v e r y p o o r l y known, b u t may c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e t o p o g r a p h i c change moving from t h e Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c s of t h e s o u t h Cascades t o t h e Miocene Yakima B a s a l t p l a i n s f u r t h e r e a s t (Columbia

River

Table 3.4

RESULTS OF HEAT-FLOW DRILLING, 1 9 7 9 , SOUTHWEST CASCADES, WASHINGTON

Basalts).

To t h e s o u t h , t h e p r e l i m i n a r y h e a t flow c o n t o u r s i n d i c a t e d

in figure 3.4

l i n e up w i t h c o n t o u r s drawn f o r t h e Oregon Cascades by D.D. B l a c k w e l l and o t h e r s earlier

in

reports.

Because of the e x i s t e n c e of a l a r g e number of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s

i n the

s o u t h C a s c a d e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e t h r e e l a r g e s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s Mt. R a i n i e r , Mount Adams, and Mount S t . H e l e n s , i t

i s not u n r e a s o n a b l e t o s u s p e c t t h a t h e a t f l o w a n o m a l i e s may

be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a few of t h e s e v o l c a n i c s y s t e m s .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , no a n o m a l i e s have

t h u s f a r been d e t e c t e d , b u t nor have t h e s e s p e c i f i c a r e a s been a d e q u a t e l y

examined.

A s s e s s m e n t of Heat Flow P r o j e c t s The h e a t f l o w d r i l l i n g which w i l l be c a r r i e d out under t h e 1980-1981 g e o t h e r m a l assessment

p r o j e c t w i l l p r o v i d e two new h e a t f l o w v a l u e s f o r the North

Central

r e g i o n ( S c e n i c , n e a r S t e v e n s P a s s , and Snoqualmie Summit on Snoqualmie P a s s ) .

The

p r o j e c t w i l l a l s o add one d r i l l h o l e n o r t h of Mount R a i n i e r , two to f o u r d r i l l

holes

a l o n g t h e Wind R i v e r n e a r t h e Columbia G o r g e , and t h r e e h o l e s between White P a s s and t h e Naches a r e a , a l l of which a r e p a r t of t h e South C e n t r a l h e a t f l o w r e g i o n .

The

t h r e e h o l e s e a s t of White P a s s w i l l b e t t e r d e f i n e the t r a n s i t i o n zone between the South C e n t r a l and t h e S o u t h e a s t

regions.

The d r i l l h o l e s a l o n g t h e Wind R i v e r ,

t o g e t h e r w i t h h o l e s p l a n n e d n e a r N o r t h B o n n e v i l l e , by t h e U . S . Department of Energy Region X C o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n P r o g r a m , may i d e n t i f y h e a t f l o w a n o m a l i e s ,

(a

suspicion

based on t h e e x i s t e n c e of a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e number of warm and hot s p r i n g s in the area).

At t h e v e r y l e a s t

the p r o j e c t w i l l provide r e g i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n for a

p r e v i o u s l y unexamined p o r t i o n of t h e s o u t h C a s c a d e s . measurements i n w e l l s t h r o u g h o u t

In a d d i t i o n ,

temperature

t h e Columbia Basin d u r i n g t h e 1980-81 a s s e s s m e n t

project will help further delineate

t h e anomalous a r e a s i n t h e s o u t h e a s t

t h e s t a t e , and may l e a d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t

of new anomalous

areas.

Beyond t h e 1980-81 g e o t h e r m a l a s s e s s m e n t e f f o r t , a l o t of work w i l l t h e North C e n t r a l ,

S o u t h e a s t e r n , and S o u t h C e n t r a l r e g i o n s .

s e c t i o n of

be needed

F u t u r e work w i l l

d e f i n e t h e t r a n s i t i o n b o u n d a r i e s and t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a n o m a l i e s w i t h i n t h e

in

better

regions.

Figure 3.4 Preliminary

Heat-Flow Map of S o u t h w e s t e r n Washington

For t h e North C e n t r a l

r e g i o n , where no d e e p w e l l s e x i s t ,

mineral exploration holes,

any h e a t

flow d r i l l

except

h o l e s w i l l g r e a t l y add t o t h e

p o o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g we now h a v e f o r t h i s a r e a .

Large p o r t i o n s

studied

in

closures

l a c k of

road access.

t h e n e a r f u t u r e , due t o e x p l o r a t i o n These a r e a s

include

f o r a few

of

this

present

a r e a cannot

b e c a u s e of l a n d s t a t u s

the North Cascades N a t i o n a l P a r k ,

or

the

P a s a y t e n W i l d e r n e s s A r e a , Mount S h u k s a n a r e a , G l a c i e r Peak W i l d e r n e s s A r e a , and Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area. accessible west

Areas needing heat

and a r e of g e o t h e r m a l

interest

include

f l o w e x p l o r a t i o n which t h e Mount Baker a r e a ,

of G l a c i e r P e a k W i l d e r n e s s A r e a , and t h e Skykomish and S n o q u a l m i e

valleys, River,

be

the

are the

region

River

e s p e c i a l l y n e a r t h e G a r l a n d Warm S p r i n g s on t h e N o r t h Fork of

the

Skykomish

and t h e Skykomish R i v e r v a l l e y b e t w e e n I n d e x and S c e n i c where a f e w m i n e r a l

s p r i n g s h a v e been

reported.

In the Southeast temperature

gradients

region,

there

s h o u l d be a c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t

in a l l a v a i l a b l e w e l l s ,

but e s p e c i a l l y w i t h i n

t h e a n o m a l o u s a r e a s which h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n p r e l i m i n a r i l y flow c a l c u l a t i o n s

logged, and/or m a t e r i a l s

thermal conductivity measurements. t o r e l y on c a l c u l a t e d

temperature

A more c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t temperature

f o r e a c h of

calculations,

Until

and w i l l g i v e more c r e d e n c e

In the South C e n t r a l unexamined a f t e r

region

lead

Areas w i l l

prevent heat

r e g i o n i s p a r t of

The l a n d s t a t u s flow d r i l l i n g

of

from depth

for

we w i l l

be f o r c e d

wells. surface

temperature

large areas will t h e Goat Rocks

A r e a , and c o n t i n u i n g

heat are

temperature gradient

One s u c h a r e a i s

A r e a s o u t h t h r o u g h t h e Mount Adams W i l d e r n e s s

Actual

t h e a c t u a l mean a n n u a l

t o more a c c u r a t e

to the

around

the wells

f r o m t h e deep i r r i g a t i o n

(the south Cascades),

the 1980-81 p r o j e c t .

t h e Simcoe M o u n t a i n s .

h a v e been c o l l e c t e d

to a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e

these holes w i l l

unless

such a hole i s d r i l l e d ,

gradients

or

identified.

f o r t h e s e a n o m a l i e s w i l l n o t be p o s s i b l e ,

cased, geophysically

to measure

gradient

anomalies. remain Wilderness

southeast

through

t h e Goat Rocks and Mount Adams W i l d e r n e s s

in the

future.

t h e Yakima I n d i a n R e s e r v a t i o n .

The f a r e a s t e r n

Any d r i l l i n g

in this

p o r t i o n of region

this

would

have t o be done i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e Yakima I n d i a n N a t i o n , and i t

is doubtful that

t h e D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s w i l l c o n d u c t such a v e n t u r e i n t h e n e a r future. The r e g i o n between Goat Rocks and Mount Adams i s p a r t of t h e G i f f o r d P i n c h o t N a t i o n a l F o r e s t and i s e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e

by l o g g i n g r o a d s .

A l a r g e number of

young Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s o c c u r i n t h i s a r e a , and b e c a u s e of t h e

very

relatively

c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o t h e Q u a t e r n a r y s t r a t o v o l c a n o Mount Adams and t h e Goat Rocks Miocene t o Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c complex, t h i s r e g i o n s h o u l d be a prime t a r g e t flow d r i l l i n g in the near

for heat

future.

A n o t h e r l a r g e unexamined a r e a e x t e n d s t o t h e s o u t h from t h e C o w l i t z R i v e r V a l l e y between t h e l o n g i t u d e s of Mount S t . Helens and Mount Adams to t h e e x i s t i n g h e a t

flow

d r i l l h o l e s i n t h e Steamboat Mountain-Lemei Rock a r e a .

is

p a r t of t h e G i f f o r d P i n c h o t N a t i o n a l F o r e s t .

N e a r l y a l l of t h i s land

Heat f l o w a n o m a l i e s nay H e w i t h i n

a r e a , b u t e x c e p t f o r a few s c a t t e r e d Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s , little

evidence a v a i l a b l e

there is

this

presently

t o s u g g e s t t h a t h e a t f l o w e x c e e d s 80 t o 90 mWatt/m 2 .

O t h e r b l a n k s w i t h i n t h e South C e n t r a l h e a t f l o w r e g i o n i n c l u d e t h e a r e a Bumping Lake and White P a s s ,

between

t h e w e s t e r n s i d e of t h e Cascades between t h e Snoqualmie

R i v e r and G r e e n w a t e r R i v e r s (which i n c l u d e s t h e L e s t e r Hot S p r i n g s a r e a i n t h e Green River V a l l e y ) ,

t h e Big Lava Bed a r e a between Wind R i v e r and White Salmon R i v e r , and

t h e Simcoe Mountains s o u t h of t h e Yakima I n d i a n R e s e r v a t i o n and n o r t h of Klickitat

and L i t t l e K l i c k i t a t

Rivers.

In t h e f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e , t h e D i v i s i o n

most l i k e l y c o n s i d e r d r i l l i n g h e a t f l o w h o l e s i n a number of t h e s e a r e a s the K l i c k i t a t ,

the

(including

T r o u t L a k e , Walupt L a k e , t h e Bumping Lake-Tumac P l a t e a u a r e a s ) ,

d e f i n i t e p l a n s have been made t o

will

but no

date.

A d d i t i o n a l s p e c i f i c h e a t f l o w d r i l l i n g t a r g e t s of i n t e r e s t which s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d by o t h e r s e n g a g i n g i n h e a t f l o w s t u d i e s f o r g e o t h e r m a l e x p l o r a t i o n

include

Government M i n e r a l S p r i n g s on the Wind R i v e r (where t h e D i v i s i o n of Geology hopes to d r i l l a hole in Spring, Soda S p r i n g s a r e a ) ,

1 9 8 1 ) , Ahtanum C r e e k w e s t of Tampico ( i n c l u d i n g t h e Ahtanum

the K l i c k i t a t

Yakima I n d i a n R e s e r v a t i o n ) ,

R i v e r v a l l e y e a s t of Mount Adams ( p a r t of

the

and t h e Lookout Mountain a r e a s o u t h of t h e E a s t Fork of

t h e Lewis R i v e r and n o r t h of t h e B o n n e v i l l e - S t e v e n s o n

area.

IV.

THERMAL AND MINERAL SPRING INVESTIGATIONS ( S u r v e y s and A n a l y s e s ,

1978-1979)

by M i c h a e l A. K o r o s e c D i v i s i o n of G e o l o g y and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s O l y m p i a , Washington

IV.

THERMAL AND MINERAL SPRING INVESTIGATIONS ( S u r v e y s and A n a l y s e s

1978-1979)

by M i c h a e l A. K o r o s e c D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h

The l o c a t i o n s ,

Resources

t e m p e r a t u r e s , and c o n d u c t i v i t i e s

of a l l known t h e r m a l and m i n e r a l

s p r i n g s in t h e S t a t e of Washington a r e found i n t a b l e 4 . 1 . a v a r i e t y of s o u r c e s ,

The i n f o r m a t i o n comes from

i n c l u d i n g Washington D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h

Resources

f i l e s , Washington D i v i s i o n of Water R e s o u r c e s Water Supply B u l l e t i n s , U . S .

Geological

Survey O p e n - F i l e R e p o r t s , and U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey T o p o g r a p h i c Maps. D u r i n g t h e 1978 and 1979 f i e l d s e a s o n s , 20 s p r i n g s y s t e m s were v i s i t e d sampled f o r c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s .

and

Many of t h e s e s p r i n g s have n e v e r been a n a l y z e d

b e f o r e , and t h e e x i s t e n c e of a few a r e r e p o r t e d h e r e f o r t h e f i r s t

time.

Of t h e s e s p r i n g s y s t e m s , 13 h a v e been s u r v e y e d I n g r e a t e r d e t a i l , e x a m i n a t i o n s of s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l s p r i n g s w i t h i n each s y s t e m .

including

S e p a r a t e r e p o r t s on

e a c h of t h e s e s y s t e m s a r e found i n t h e s e c t i o n f o l l o w i n g R e s u l t s .

Methods At most s p r i n g s , a s e t of t h r e e w a t e r samples were c o l l e c t e d : f i l t e r e d , and f i l t e r e d a c i d i f i e d .

Filtered

samples were c o l l e c t e d by t a k i n g up

s p r i n g w a t e r i n a 50 ml p l a s t i c s y r i n g e and p a s s i n g i t

through a 0 . 4 micron Nuclepore

f i l t e r , h e l d i n a 47 mm Swin-Lok membrane h o l d e r , i n t o a 1 l i t e r container

(Cubi-tainer).

unfiltered,

collapsible

plastic

The a c i d i f i e d s a m p l e s were t r e a t e d by a d d i n g a b o u t 3 ml of

c o n c e n t r a t e d n i t r i c a c i d to about 1 l i t e r Temperature, conductivity,

of f i l t e r e d

water.

c h l o r i d e , and pH were measured i n t h e

field.

T e m p e r a t u r e s were measured w i t h a p o r t a b l e d i g i t a l Markson 7 0 1 , which was found to be

a c c u r a t e t o 0.05°C o v e r the r a n g e of 5° t o 90°C.

C o n d u c t i v i t y was measured w i t h a

Hach Mini C o n d u c t i v i t y Meter model 17250, w i t h b u i l t - i n t e m p e r a t u r e

compensator.

C h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were e s t i m a t e d u s i n g t h e Hach C h l o r i d e T e s t K i t 7 - P which employs a d r o p - t i t r a t i o n m e t h o d . Sticks.

I n many c a s e s ,

The pH was d e t e c t e d w i t h C o l o r p H a s t

t h e c h l o r i d e and pH were not measured i n t h e

Indicator field.

B a t t e l l e N o r t h w e s t L a b o r a t o r i e s a n a l y z e d a l l samples c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g t h e 1978 f i e l d season.

The f o l l o w i n g methods were u s e d : Cl-

AgNO3

HCO 3 - ,

Titration

CO3-2

Alkalinity

Titration

F-

Ion Chromatography

SiO 2

Molybdosilicate

SO4-2

Turbidimetric

All other

cations

Colorimetric

I n d u c t i v e l y Coupled Argon Plasma Emission Spectroscopy

Samples c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g t h e 1979 f i e l d s e a s o n were a n a l y z e d a t t h e D i v i s i o n ' s water chemistry l a b o r a t o r y .

The f o l l o w i n g methods were u s e d :

C I - , B r - , I-

S p e c i f i c Ion E l e c t r o d e s and Orion S p e c i f i c I o n Meter 901

Alk

Hach Model AL-DT D i g i t a l

SO4-2

Hach Model SF-1 T u b i m e t r i c T e s t K i t Molybdosilicate C o l o r i m e t r i c with S u l f i t e R e d u c t i o n ; Bausch and Lomb S p e c t r o n i c 710

SiO 2 All other

Titration

cations

V a r i a n AA575 ABQ Atomic A b s o r p t i o n photometer

Spectro-

Results S p r i n g c h e m i s t r y d a t a have been d i v i d e d i n t o two t a b l e s , d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s which a n a l y z e d t h e w a t e r s .

r e f l e c t i n g t h e two

Table 4 . 2 c o n t a i n s analyses

for

s p r i n g s c o l l e c t e d by the a u t h o r d u r i n g t h e 1979 f i e l d s e a s o n , and a n a l y z e d by the

author at contains

t h e D i v i s i o n of G e o l o g y and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s analyses

for springs

collected

during

lab f a c i l i t i e s .

t h e 1978 f i e l d

Table

4.3

s e a s o n by D i v i s i o n

s o n n e l and a n a l y z e d by B a t t e l l e N o r t h w e s t L a b o r a t o r i e s .

Table 4 . 5 summarizes

location,

i n f o r m a t i o n on many of

springs.

temperature,

conductivity,

and g e o t h e r m o m e t r i c

per-

the the

T a b l e 4 . 1 - T h e r m a l a n d M i n e r a l S p r i n g s of W a s h i n g t o n

Chelan L i t t l e Wenatchee Soda Medicine

Spring

Spring

Clallam Olympic Hot

Springs

Piedmont S u l f u r S o l Duc Hot

Spring

Springs

Cowlitz Green R i v e r Soda Pigeon

Grays

Springs

Springs

Harbor Newskah M i n e r a l

Springs

Diamond M i n e r a l

Spring

Flaming Geyser

Springs

King

State

Goldmeyer Hot L e s t e r Hot

Springs

Springs

Money C r e e k Soda

Springs

Ravenna P a r k S u l f u r S c e n i c Hot

Spring

Springs

Skykomish Soda

Springs

Kitsap Bremerton Sulphur

Spring

Kittitas Medicine Creek Mineral

Spring

Klickitat Blockhouse Mineral

Springs

F i s h H a t c h Warm S p r i n g Klickitat

Mineral

Klickitat

Soda

Springs

Springs

Lewis Alpha M i n e r a l

Spring

O h a n a p e c o s h Hot Packwood Hot

Springs

Spring

Packwood M i n e r a l Well ( S p r i n g ) Summit C r e e k Soda Vance M i n e r a l

Springs

Spring

Okanogan Hot L a k e P o i s o n Lake

Pierce Longmire M i n e r a l Mt. R a i n i e r

Springs

Fumaroles

S t . Andrews Soda

Spring

Skamania B o n n e v i l l e Hot C o l l i n s Hot

Springs

Springs

Skamania Government M i n e r a l L i t t l e Soda

Springs

Spring

L i t t l e Wind R i v e r M i n e r a l Mount

S t . Helens

Seep

Fumaroles

O r r C r e e k Warm S p r i n g s Rock C r e e k Hot S h i p e r d s Hot

Springs

Springs

S t . M a r t i n Hot

Springs

Snohomish Gamma Hot

Springs

Garland Mineral Kennedy Hot

Springs

Springs

S u i a t t l e River Mineral S u l p h u r C r e e k Hot

Seep

Springs

Walla Walla Warm S p r i n g s Canyon Warm S p r i n g

Whatcom B a k e r Hot

Springs

Dorr Fumarole

Field

Sherman C r a t e r

Fumaroles

Yakima Ahtanum Soda

Springs

Bumping R i v e r Soda

Springs

Goose Egg Soda

Spring

Indian Mineral

Springs

Klickitat

Meadow Soda

Springs

L i t t l e R a t t l e s n a k e Soda McCormick Meadow Soda

Springs

Springs

M t . Adams F u m a r o l e s Simcoe Soda

Springs

Soda S p r i n g C r e e k Soda

Spring

T a b l e 4 . 2 - THERMAL AND MINERAL SPRING CHEMISTRY ( A n a l y s e s by D i v i s i o n of G e o l o g y and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s l a b )

T a b l e 4 . 2 - THERMAL AND MINERAL SPRING CHEMISTRY ( A n a l y s e s by D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h Resources l a b ) ( C o n t . )

T a b l e 4 . 3 - THERMAL AND MINERAL SPRING CHEMISTRY ( b y B a t t e l l e

Northwest

Lab)

T a b l e 4 . 4 - Water I d e n t i f i e r Codes

OH

Ohanapecosh Hot S p r i n g s

GE

Goose Egg Soda S p r i n g s

OC

Orr Creek Warm S p r i n g s

SC

Summit Creek Soda S p r i n g s

LS

L e s t e r Hot S p r i n g s

CS

C o r b e t t S t a t i o n Warm S p r i n g s

YM

YMCA Warm Well

NS

Newskah Warm S p r i n g s

MC

M e d i c i n e Creek M i n e r a l

LM

Longmire M i n e r a l

BV

B o n n e v i l l e Hot

SB

Studebaker Mineral

SD

Sol Duc Hot

SM

S t . M a r t i n Hot

BK

Baker Hot

KN

Kennedy Hot S p r i n g s

OL

Olympic Hot

SF

S u l f u r Hot

SR

S u i a t t l e R i v e r M i n e r a l Seeps

Springs

Springs

Springs Springs

Springs Springs

Springs

Springs Springs

53

TABLE 4 . 5 - THERMAL AND MINERAL SPRING DATA

Baker Hot

Springs

B o n n e v i l l e Hot Springs

Goose Egg Soda Spring Kennedy Hot Springs

L e s t e r Hot Springs

Longmire M i n e r a l Springs

MedicineCreekMineralSpring Newskah Warm S p r s .

Ohanapecosh Hot Springs

Olympic Hot Springs

OrrCreekWarm Springs Sol

Duc Hot Springs

S t . M a r t i n Hot S p r s . S u i a t t l eRiverMineralSeep S u l p h u rCreekHot Springs SummitCreekSoda Spring

I n d i v i d u a l S p r i n g System

Investigations

T h i s s e c t i o n c o n t a i n s 12 r e p o r t s on i n d i v i d u a l s p r i n g s y s t e m s . been d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r s e c t i o n s : reach the a r e a ;

bedrock u n i t s ,

an I n t r o d u c t i o n , which d e s c r i b e s d i r e c t i o n s

G e o t h e r m a l F e a t u r e s , where s p r i n g s t a t i s t i c s ,

mometers a r e d i s c u s s e d ;

Each r e p o r t

c h e m i s t r y and

has

to geother-

Geology, where a v a i l a b l e g e o l o g i c i n f o r m a t i o n such as mapped

p r o x i m i t y of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c and T e r t i a r y i n t r u s i v e r o c k s ,

and

h e a t - f l o w i n f o r m a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d ; and Comments, i n which t h e a u t h o r examines available

i n f o r m a t i o n and p r e s e n t s c o n j e c t u r e s and

interpretations.

A t h r e e l e t t e r and one number i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m h a s been c o n t r i v e d and used i n t h e t a b l e s . The t h i r d l e t t e r etc.), Table

The f i r s t

the

is

two l e t t e r s a r e an a b b r e v i a t i o n of t h e s p r i n g name.

r e f e r s t o a s p e c i f i c s p r i n g w i t h i n a f a m i l y of s p r i n g s (A, B, C,

and t h e number k e y s t o t h e time d u r i n g which t h e sample was c o l l e c t e d

...

(see

4.4).

Several springs are described in g r e a t e r d e t a i l than o t h e r s .

This i s a r e s u l t

t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of p u b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n and t h e r e l a t i v e t i m e s p e n t i n t h e of t h e s p r i n g

of

vicinity

systems.

A few s p r i n g s were v i s i t e d

j u s t long enough t o c o l l e c t w a t e r s a m p l e s .

Individual

r e p o r t s have n o t been w r i t t e n f o r t h e s e s p r i n g s , b u t t h e r e s u l t s of c h e m i c a l a r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e t a b l e s .

They i n c l u d e Kennedy Hot S p r i n g s (KN), S u i a t t l e

analyses River

M i n e r a l Seep ( S R ) , S a i n t M a r t i n Hot S p r i n g s (SM), Newskah Warm S p r i n g s (NS) and Olympic Hot S p r i n g s

(OL).

Baker Hot S p r i n g s Whatcom County T. 38 N., R. 9 E . , SW1/4 S e c . 20 Mt. Shuksan 1953, 1 5 ' USGS Quad. Baker Hot S p r i n g s , a l s o known a s Morovitz Hot S p r i n g s , a r e l o c a t e d on a h i l l s i d e i n t h e S w i f t Creek V a l l e y , n e a r Morovitz C r e e k , w i t h i n t h e Mount Baker R e c r e a t i o n They a r e found by f o l l o w i n g a t r a i l

1/2 m i l e from a p a r k i n g a r e a on F o r e s t Road 3816,

which i s r e a c h e d by f o l l o w i n g S t a t e Route 20 e a s t 385 (Baker Lake R o a d ) .

area

from S e d r o Woolley to F o r e s t Road

Use of a Mount B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t Map i s

recommended.

Geothermal

Features

One main s p r i n g and s e v e r a l s m a l l e r s e e p s i s s u e from a h e a v i l y v e g e t a t e d

hillside

w i t h a t o t a l f l o w of 8 t o 10 gpm.

The immediate a r e a h a s been c l e a r e d and

picnic

f a c i l i t i e s have been c o n s t r u c t e d .

A wooden t u b which once c o l l e c t e d w a t e r s from t h e

main s p r i n g was removed by t h e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t S e r v i c e i n September 1978. Waters c o l l e c t e d from t h e main pool (BAK-1) and from a s m a l l e r s p r i n g (BKB-1) i n August 1978 were a n a l y z e d by B a t t e l l e N o r t h w e s t L a b o r a t o r y . are presented in table

R e s u l t s of t h e

analyses

4.3.

Both w a t e r s had h i g h S i O 2 , L i , F, and B c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , and a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h K/Na r a t i o . dominant a n i o n s , but a s i g n i f i c a n t amount of SO4

low Ca and Mg

C h l o r i d e and b i c a r b o n a t e a r e is present.

The main s p r i n g

a b o u t 10 p e r c e n t t o 20 p e r c e n t h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r most s p e c i e s e x c e p t f o r Ca and Mg, which a r e s l i g h t l y h i g h e r f o r t h e s m a l l e r

When g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a r e a p p l i e d ,

the has

measured,

spring.

p r e d i c t e d r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e a b o u t 150°C

f o r t h e S i - Q u a r t z g e o t h e r m o m e t e r and 171°C w i t h t h e Na-K-Ca g e o t h e r m o m e t e r .

The

d i f f e r e n c e may be due t o m i x i n g w i t h ground w a t e r n e a r t h e s u r f a c e , or l o s s of SIO2 due t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n and r e - e q u i l i b r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e s y s t e m , a s s u g g e s t e d f l o w of w a t e r o b s e r v e d a t t h e

surface.

by t h e slow

Geology Baker Hot S p r i n g s i s l o c a t e d t h e summit.

j u s t e a s t of t h e f l a n k s of Mount B a k e r , 7 m i l e s from

Mount Baker i s a Q u a t e r n a r y a n d e s i t i c

show s i g n s of a c t i v i t y

s t r a t o v o l c a n o which c o n t i n u e s

to

i n t h e form of e x t e n s i v e s t e a m i n g f u m a r o l e s i n Sherman

C r a t e r and w i t h i n t h e D o r r Fumarole F i e l d on t h e n o r t h e a s t

slope.

G e o l o g i c r e p o r t s on Mount Baker i n c l u d e Coombs ( 1 9 3 9 ) , and S t a v e r t summary i s p r o v i d e d by B l o o m q u i s t ( 1 9 7 9 ) . o t h e r s ( 1 9 7 3 ) , Hyde and C r a n d e l l

( 1 9 7 1 ) , and a

H a z a r d s have been s t u d i e d by C r a n d e l l and

(1975, 1 9 7 8 ) , and e r u p t i v e s e q u e n c e s a r e r e p o r t e d by

E a s t e r b r o o k ( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 6 ) , and Swan ( 1 9 7 8 ) .

Thermal a c t i v i t y h a s been examined by

McLane and o t h e r s ( 1 9 7 6 ) , S a t o and o t h e r s ( 1 9 7 6 ) , Frank and o t h e r s ( 1 9 7 5 , Malone ( 1 9 7 6 ) , and K i v e r There i s v e r y l i t t l e

1977),

(1978). p u b l i s h e d g e o l o g i c mapping t h a t c o v e r s t h e f a r e a s t

flanks

of Mount Baker and t h e S w i f t Creek v a l l e y between Mount Shuksan and Mount B a k e r . From u n p u b l i s h e d s k e t c h maps, i t a p p e a r s t h e h o t s p r i n g s f l o w from g l a c i a l

drift.

Somewhere below t h e u n c o n s o l i d a t e d m a t e r i a l , a Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c f l o w from t h e west t e r m i n a t e s a g a i n s t C a r b o n i f e r o u s - P e r m i a n v o l c a n i c s and s e d i m e n t s .

The o l d e r

unit,

which i s e x t e n s i v e l y exposed e a s t of S w i f t C r e e k , i s t h o u g h t to u n d e r l i e a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n of t h e

stratovolcano.

No h e a t - f l o w d a t a or t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n is a v a i l a b l e d i a t e a r e a or f o r t h i s r e g i o n of t h e North

f o r t h e imme-

Cascades.

Comments

Because of t h e p r o x i m i t y of Baker Hot S p r i n g s t o t h e s t r a t o v o l c a n o and c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of i t s w a t e r s , t h e r e i s l i t t l e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to the v o l c a n i c system.

doubt t h a t t h i s s p r i n g

the is

The p r e d i c t e d r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e

is

h i g h , a t l e a s t 150° t o 170°C, and may be h i g h e r if mixing i s o c c u r r i n g .

A mixing

model h a s been c o n s t r u c t e d which assumes t h e c h e m i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and

temperature

of t h e ground w a t e r (10 t o 20 ppm S i O 2 , 2 t o 20 ppm Na, 0 t o 3 ppm K, and 5 t o 8 ppm

Ca, a t water. cools

10° t o 1 2 ° C ) . The r e s e r v o i r

T h i s model p r e d i c t s m i x i n g of a b o u t 2 / 3 t h e r m a l and 1 / 3 g r o u n d temperature

is predicted

through conductive or convective heat

t h e ground

loss

t o a b o u t 60°C b e f o r e i t

but

mixes w i t h

water.

Another hot spring i s

reported

m i l e s n o r t h of B a k e r Hot S p r i n g s ,

t o f l o w f r o m t h e c r e e k bed of S w i f t C r e e k , 3 t o 4 between the e l e v a t i o n s

s p r i n g may be p a r t i a l l y w i t h i n t h e c r e e k , water.

t o h a v e b e e n a b o u t 1 7 0 ° t o 175°C,

of 1 , 8 0 0 t o 2 , 2 0 0 f e e t .

completely covered during

t i m e s of

high

The

B o n n e v i l l e Hot S p r i n g s - M o f f e t t ' s Hot S p r i n g s Skamania County T . 2 N . , R. 7 E . , S e c . 16, SWl/4 B o n n e v i l l e Dam 1957, 1 5 ' USGS Quad. T h i s p r i v a t e l y owned r e s o r t ,

f o r m e r l y known a s M o f f e t t ' s Hot S p r i n g s ,

n o r t h e a s t of t h e town of North B o n n e v i l l e , a l o n g G r e e n l e a f C r e e k .

is

located

Two d r i l l e d

wells

s u p p l y w a t e r f o r a swimming p o o l and t u b s w i t h i n t h e main r e c r e a t i o n b u i l d i n g . facilities

i n c l u d e an o f f i c e , r e n t a l c a b i n s , and c a m p e r - t r a i l e r p a r k i n g

Geothermal

Features

I n 1971, b o t h w e l l s were i n u s e .

The w e l l was pumped f o r

y i e l d , b u t t h e owners r e p o r t e d i t would f l o w a r t e s i a n . s u p p l y m i n e r a l b a t h s and d r i n k i n g w a t e r f o r t h e c a b i n s . 82°F (28°C) and was d e f i n i t e l y n o t

BVA-).

I t s reported

r e l a t i v e to a l k a l i n i t y ,

temperature

(sample

The w a t e r s a r e v e r y The v a r i o u s

estimates:

NA-K-Ca

B = 1/3

T = 6 2 . 6 °C

Na-K-Ca

B = 4/3

T = 27.9

SiO 2

Quartz

T = 102.1

SiO 2

Alpha C r i s t o b a l i t e

T = 51.7

t e m p e r a t u r e s may not be t o o much h i g h e r t h a n t h e

o b s e r v e d w e l l head t e m p e r a t u r e , u n l e s s c h e m i c a l r e - e q u i l i b r a t i o n The s p r i n g w a t e r s a r e f l o w i n g t h r o u g h u n c o n s o l i d a t e d t i v e l y slow r a t e .

t e m p e r a t u r e was

w e l l head

low K/Na, and low L i / N a .

g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s produce t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s e r v o i r

R e s u l t s suggest the r e s e r v o i r

to

A r t e s i a n f l o w was p r o d u c i n g a b o u t 20

Waters were sampled from a s p i g o t n e a r t h e

Cl-

greater

The second w e l l was used

R e s u l t s of t h e a n a l y s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 4 . 2 .

b a s i c , have h i g h

flowing

artesian.

I n 1979, o n l y t h e main w e l l was b e i n g u s e d . gpm of 36°C w a t e r .

areas.

The main w e l l , r e p o r t e d l y 25 f e e t d e e p ,

90°F ( 3 2 ° C ) , was used t o s u p p l y t h e swimming p o o l .

Other

is taking

landslide debris at a rela-

S e v e r a l f r e s h - w a t e r c o l d s p r i n g s a r e found t h r o u g h o u t

and n e a r s u r f a c e mixing may c o n s e q u e n t l y be

place.

occurring.

the a r e a ,

About 50 m e t e r s n o r t h of t h e w e l l h e a d s a t B o n n e v i l l e Hot S p r i n g s , a gas l i n e u n d e r g r o u n d , r o u g h l y NE-SW t h r o u g h a c l e a r e d c o r r i d o r . the h i l l

By f o l l o w i n g t h i s l i n e up

(SW), a warm s p r i n g i s f o u n d , f o r m i n g a warm w a t e r d r a i n a g e f l o w i n g a c r o s s

the clearing.

The s p r i n g comes o u t a l o n g t h e h i l l s i d e on t h e n o r t h s i d e of

clearing,

10 t o 15 m e t e r s from t h e o l d r e s o r t

just

c i s t e r n (11.5°C).

The warm s p r i n g ,

v a r i e s f l o w f r o m 0 t o 10 gpm.

the

road which l e a d s t o a c o l d

over a 5-minute time i n t e r v a l .

spring

r e f e r r e d t o a s P i p e l i n e Warm S p r i n g o r BVB,

I t a p p e a r s t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c o l d w a t e r

where i t b r e a k s t h r o u g h a l l u v i u m .

spring,

The s p r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s from 17°C to 31.6°C

By d i g g i n g a r o u n d and d i v e r t i n g t h e c o l d w a t e r

f l o w from t h e warm w a t e r f l o w , t h e c o l d s p r i n g was found t o be 12.0°C a t c o l d e s t , b u t I t f l u c t u a t e d by a b o u t 4°C, s u g g e s t i n g s e p a r a t i o n was not

its

complete.

Warm w a t e r f l o w was accompanied by p e r i o d i c b u b b l i n g , p o s s i b l y CO2 g a s .

The t o t a l

c o n d u c t i v i t y and c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of t h i s w a t e r i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t of main h o t w e l l and p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t s a s i m i l a r s o u r c e which h a s been s l i g h t l y more t h a n t h e h o t w e l l

H a m i l t o n Creek Warm S p r i n g and Bass Lake Hot S p r i n g s .

w a t e r a t 10 t o 20 gpm on t h e e a s t bank of t h e c r e e k . At t h a t

diluted

including

The b u i l d i n g of t h e new S t a t e

Hwy. 14 b r i d g e o v e r H a m i l t o n Creek c o v e r e d up a s p r i n g r e p o r t e d

f o u n d i n August 1979.

t o f l o w 2 5 ° t o 30°C

No t r a c e of t h i s s p r i n g was

t i m e , t h e c r e e k w a t e r s and a i r t e m p e r a t u r e were warm

a t 20°C and would have masked any t h e r m a l w a t e r s coming up w i t h i n t h e c r e e k Bass Lake Hot S p r i n g s , t h e e n t i r e a r e a around i t s

(SE1/4SE1/4 s e c . 16, T. 2 N . , R. 7 E . ) may s t i l l

bed.

exist,

but

r e p o r t e d s i t e h a s been d i s t u r b e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of

t h e second powerhouse a t B o n n e v i l l e Dam, and t h e s u b s e q u e n t r e r o u t i n g of railroad.

the

water.

S e v e r a l o t h e r warm t o h o t s p r i n g s h a v e been r e p o r t e d i n t h e a r e a ,

resort,

runs

the

The s p r i n g s , which a r e r e p o r t e d l y a s warm a s t h e s p r i n g s a t t h e

Bonneville

form p o o l s on t h e n o r t h s i d e of Bass Lake on p r o p e r t y once owned by

Mr. Z i e g l e r of North B o n n e v i l l e .

The s p r i n g s may o c c u r on t h e n o r t h end of a s m a l l

c l e a r i n g , r e a c h e d by f o l l o w i n g t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k s e a s t t o t h e p o i n t where t h e c l e a r i n g and s l o u g h meet and t h e old- l a k e b a s i n

ends.

Warm s p r i n g s a r e a l s o r e p o r t e d t o o c c u r t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a w i t h i n a m i l e , and e a s t of B o n n e v i l l e

north

resort.

Geology The e n t i r e a r e a i s covered by a l a r g e r e c e n t l a n d s l i d e .

The m a t e r i a l

is

p r i m a r i l y Yakima B a s a l t and E a g l e Creek F o r m a t i o n (Miocene v o l c a n i c s ,

conglomerates,

and s e d i m e n t s ) which o v e r l i e h e a v i l y z e o l i t i z e d Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n

(Eocene

volcanics).

Waters ( 1 9 7 3 ) p r o v i d e s a g e o l o g i c map of t h e s l i d e and s u r r o u n d i n g

and p r e s e n t s a s i m p l e mechanism t o e x p l a i n t h e s l i d e , O h a n a p e c o s h - E a g l e Creek c o n t a c t due t o s a p r o l i t e

i n v o l v i n g f a i l u r e along

area,

the

clay.

W i t h i n a m i l e due n o r t h of t h e h o t w e l l s a t B o n n e v i l l e , Waters ( 1 9 7 3 ) h a s mapped two Q u a t e r n a r y i n t r u s i o n s of o l i v i n e b a s a l t i n t o t h e Yakima B a s a l t v e r y n e a r t h e head of t h e s l i d e (NEl/4 s e c . 17 and SEl/4 s e c . 8 , T. 2 N . , R. 7 E . ) .

Two o t h e r Q u a t e r n a r y

I n t r u s i o n s a r e mapped 3 m i l e s due n o r t h of t h e r e s o r t above t h e Red B l u f f s s c a r p (SE1/4 s e c . 3 2 , T. 3 N . , R. 7 E . ) .

These f e a t u r e s a r e not d i s c u s s e d w i t h i n t h e

H e a t - f l o w s t u d i e s i n t h e a r e a i n c l u d e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e l o g g i n g of t e s t d r i l l e d a s p a r t of t h e B o n n e v i l l e Dam powerhouse p r o j e c t .

Temperature

holes

gradients

r a n g e from 25° t o 70°C/km f o r h o l e s 50 t o 85 m e t e r s deep which have been d r i l l e d marily through sedimentary u n i t s (unconsolidated b u t bottom I n b e d r o c k .

text.

l a n d s l i d e d e b r i s and s l i d e

pri-

blocks),

Most g r a d i e n t s a r e 40° t o 50°C/km.

Comments: Thermal w a t e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a may r e p r e s e n t a s i n g l e t h e r m a l s o u r c e f l o w i n g below t h e s l i d e and mixing w i t h ground w a t e r w i t h i n t h e s l i d e .

The mixed w a t e r s

s u r f a c i n g a l o n g c o n t a c t s or w e a k n e s s e s w i t h i n t h e s l i d e b l o c k .

The u l t i m a t e

are

thermal

s o u r c e s may be r e l a t e d t o t h e s o u r c e f o r Rock Creek Hot S p r i n g to t h e n o r t h and

the

v a r i o u s h o t s p r i n g s a l o n g t h e Wind R i v e r w i t h a n y d e g r e e of c e r t a i n t y springs.

to the n o r t h e a s t ,

due t o t h e l a c k of c h e m i c a l

B a s s L a k e , Rock C r e e k ,

but

this

c a n n o t be

stated

i n f o r m a t i o n on many of

and S h i p e r d s Hot S p r i n g s w i l l

be e x a m i n e d i n

the

1980.

C o l l i n s Hot S p r i n g s Skamania County T . 3 N . , R. 9 E . , S e c . 31 Hood R i v e r 1957, 15' USGS Quad.

L o c a t e d n e a r t h e j u n c t i o n of C o l l i n s Creek w i t h t h e Columbia R i v e r along Hwy. 14, a b o u t 8 m i l e s e a s t of

State

Stevenson.

A n a t u r a l h o t s p r i n g was c a s e d o f f f o r a r e s o r t h o t e l i n 1860. b u i l d i n g and a s i n g l e s t o r y b a t h h o u s e were t o r n down i n 1916.

The t w o - s t o r y

The s i t e has

been f l o o d e d by w a t e r s of t h e Columbia R i v e r behind B o n n e v i l l e Dam.

since

The s p r i n g

is

r e p o r t e d l y capped and v a l v e d i n a s q u a r e s t e e l h o u s i n g which i s 3 f e e t by 3 f e e t t h e t o p and 5 f e e t by 5 f e e t a t t h e b a s e . w a t e r , a b o u t 30 f e e t from t h e

at

The s t r u c t u r e s t a n d s i n a b o u t 12 f e e t of

shore.

The a c r e a g e a l o n g t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e Columbia R i v e r and C o l l i n s Creek was p r i v a t e l y owned, a s of 1971 (Merle B u r g e s s F a m i l y , Tacoma, WA), b u t t h e G i f f o r d P i n c h o t N a t i o n a l F o r e s t Map of 1975 shows t h i s a r e a a s N a t i o n a l

Geothermal

Forest.

Features

No s p e c i f i c t e m p e r a t u r e or c h e m i c a l d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e

on t h e h o t

spring.

E a r l i e r r e p o r t s seem t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a r t e s i a n p r e s s u r e was s u f f i c i e n t to s p o u t i n g to 6 meters through a r e s t r i c t e d v a l v e .

create

The t e m p e r a t u r e i s t h o u g h t to have

been between 40°C and 50°C. Geology The a r e a i s l o c a t e d on the lower p o r t i o n of t h e Wind R i v e r L a n d s l i d e . i s p r o b a b l y Yakima B a s a l t ( M i o c e n e ) . immediate v i c i n i t y ,

There a r e s e v e r a l T e r t i a r y i n t r u s i v e s

The d e b r i s in the

and t h e T r o u t Creek H i l l Q u a t e r n a r y b a s a l t f l o w e x t e n d s down t h e

Wind R i v e r v a l l e y 2 m i l e s to t h e e a s t ( W i s e , 1 9 7 0 ) . C e n t e r s a r e mapped 5 t o 8 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t

of the a r e a (Hammond, P . E . ,

map). No h e a t - f l o w d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e

Several Quaternary

f o r the

area.

Volcanic unpublished

Comments: This thermal f e a t u r e i s very l i k e l y r e l a t e d p r o d u c e h o t s p r i n g s a l o n g t h e Wind R i v e r , Springs.

t o t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m s working

to

i n c l u d i n g S t . M a r t i n and S h i p e r d s Hot

S i n c e t h i s s p r i n g i s in or n e a r a s l i d e ,

t h e t h e r m a l w a t e r s may be

f r o m some s o u r c e b e n e a t h t h e s l i d e , a s was s u g g e s t e d f o r B o n n e v i l l e Hot

issuing

Springs.

Goose Egg Soda S p r i n g Yakima County T. 14 N . , R. 14 E . , SWl/4, SWl/4 S e c . 33 T i e t o n B a s i n , 1967, 7-1/2' USGS Quad. The s p r i n g i s l o c a t e d a l o n g F o r e s t Road 1430 i n t h e T i e t o n Ranger D i s t r i c t of Wenatchee N a t i o n a l F o r e s t .

I t i s r e a c h e d by t a k i n g t h e White P a s s Highway

Route 12) t o T i e t o n R i v e r Road, a b o u t 1-1/2 m i l e s e a s t of Rlmrock V i l l a g e .

the

(State The road

is

f o l l o w e d s o u t h , a l o n g Milk Creek f o r 1-1/2 m i l e s , where a g r a v e l road t a k e s off to t h e southeast.

The l e f t f o r k of t h e g r a v e l road t u r n s n o r t h e a s t and p a s s e s e a s t of

spring shelter,

1/4 m i l e up t h e r o a d .

the

The a r e a i s used a s a cow p a s t u r e , and i s

a p r i v a t e l n - h o l d i n g o r i s l e a s e d from t h e N a t i o n a l

either

Forest.

Geothermal F e a t u r e s Under t h e s h e l t e r , a s i n g l e s p r i n g f l o w s 15 t o 20 gpm c o l d CO2 c h a r g e d w a t e r from an i r o n - s t a i n e d c o n c r e t e c i s t e r n .

During a s u r v e y and s a m p l i n g t r i p i n J u n e 1979,

t h e w a t e r had a t e m p e r a t u r e of 9 . 5 ° C , 2 , 7 0 0 umhos/cm c o n d u c t i v i t y ,

and a pH of

6.0.

R e s u l t s of c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 4 . 2 ( s e e GEA-1). The s p r i n g w a t e r h a s a h i g h a l k a l i n i t y and and shows a s i g n i f i c a n t Br

concentration.

Cl

c o n t e n t , with very l i t t l e

SO4-,

C a t i o n s a r e dominated by Na and Ca, w i t h

a h i g h Ca/Na r a t i o and o n l y a m o d e r a t e K/Na r a t i o .

Both t h e SiO 2 and Mg con-

c e n t r a t i o n s a r e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h , b u t o n l y a t r a c e of Li was d e t e c t e d . The Q u a r t z - S i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r p r e d i c t s a r e s e r v o i r w h i l e t h e Na-K-Ca g e o t h e r m o m e t e r g i v e s 124°C.

t e m p e r a t u r e of

137°C,

The Mg c o r r e c t i o n to t h e Na-K-Ca t e m -

p e r a t u r e I s dT Mg = 75°C, p r o d u c i n g a p r e d i c t e d r e s e r v o i r

t e m p e r a t u r e of 49°C.

Geology The r e g i o n a l g e o l o g y around Goose Egg Soda S p r i n g h a s been mapped by B e c r a f t ( 1 9 5 0 ) and Swanson ( 1 9 6 4 , 1966, 1 9 7 8 ) .

The T i e t o n b a s i n i s covered by a l a r g e

landslide,

B l o c k s of upper Miocene Yakima B a s a l t

s t i l l a c t i v e i n some a r e a s .

recent are

g l i d i n g n o r t h w e s t from D i v i d e Ridge o v e r c l a y e y t i l l and b e n t o n i t e s of t h e S p e n c e r

C r e e k and W i l d c a t Creek F o r m a t i o n s ( O l i g o c e n e - M i o c e n e )

(Swanson, 1 9 6 4 ) .

It

is

b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e s l i d e h a s changed t h e c o u r s e of t h e T i e t o n R i v e r , which may have once f l o w e d between Goose Egg Mountain and Kloochman Rock, a l o n g what i s now Milk Creek. S e v e r a l a n d e s i t e i n t r u s i v e s p r o t r u d e above t h e l a n d s l i d e d e b r i s , Egg M o u n t a i n , Chimney P e a k s , and Kloochman Rock. of a u g i t e - h y p e r s t h e n e

composition

(Swanson,

i n c l u d i n g Goose

They a r e middle Miocene i n a g e , and

1978).

About 1/2 m i l e due n o r t h of t h e s p r i n g , a P l e i s t o c e n e o l i v i n e b a s a l t h a s been mapped by Swanson.

S e v e r a l o t h e r s a r e found t h r o u g h o u t

n o r t h of t h e T i e t o n R i v e r .

t h e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g two a r e a s

These r o c k s a r e most l i k e l y r e m n a n t s of f l o w s

on t h e Cascade Ridge t o t h e west (Swanson,

1964).

No h e a t f l o w o r t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e area.

originating

immediate

The W a s h i n g t o n D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s G e o t h e r m a l A s s e s s m e n t

Project will d r i l l

s e v e r a l h e a t - f l o w h o l e s a l o n g t h e White P a s s highway between

Cascade C r e s t and Yakima V a l l e y d u r i n g f a l l 1 9 8 0 .

the

This w i l l probably include a

s i t e w i t h i n a few m i l e s of Goose Egg Soda S p r i n g , n e a r Goose Egg M o u n t a i n .

Comments: A v e r y o l d r e p o r t by F . G. Plummer, 1900, (USGS 2 1 s t Annual R e p o r t , p t . 5 ) ment i o n s a hot spring In t h i s r e g i o n .

The s p r i n g , whose t e m p e r a t u r e was r e p o r t e d

to be

a b o u t 100°F, was l o c a t e d s o u t h of the T i e t o n R i v e r , i n s e c . 3 4 , T. 14 N . , R. 14 E. F o r e s t Rangers f a m i l i a r with the r e g i o n r e p o r t s p r i n g s in the

t h e y have n e v e r found any t h e r m a l

vicinity.

There a r e s e v e r a l c o l d - w a t e r soda s p r i n g s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s o u t h e a s t and C a s c a d e s , many i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o a r e a s of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c s . of t h e s e s p r i n g s y s t e m s w i l l be d i f f i c u l t u n t i l e a c h of them.

Interpretation

f u r t h e r information i s gathered

T h e i r o r i g i n may or may n o t be t i e d t o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s a t d e p t h ,

the s p r i n g s could have a g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l peratures

central

suggest.

than t h e i r discouraging s u r f a c e

tem-

on and

L e s t e r Hot S p r i n g s King County T. 20 N . , R. 10 E . , S e c . 21 G r e e n w a t e r 1956, 15' USGS Quad.

The s p r i n g s a r e l o c a t e d a l o n g Green R i v e r Road (Road Number 2 1 2 ) a b o u t 25 m i l e s e a s t of Palmer J u n c t i o n , 2 m i l e s west of L e s t e r , and a b o u t 13 m i l e s west of Stampede Pass.

The s p r i n g s f l o w from t h e h i l l s i d e above t h e r i v e r ( n o r t h s i d e ) ,

the road.

just

below

In 1900, t h e Green R i v e r Hot S p r i n g s H o t e l and s a n i t a r i u m were b u i l t

t h e f l a t f i e l d which l i e s between t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k s and t h e r i v e r bank, the hot s p r i n g s .

opposite

T h i s grew i n t o a p r o m i n e n t r e s o r t , b u t was abandoned and

sometime b e f o r e 1935.

on

destroyed

The l a n d i s p r e s e n t l y p a r t of t h e C i t y of Tacoma W a t e r s h e d .

Geothermal F e a t u r e s A s u r v e y and s a m p l i n g t r i p t o L e s t e r Hot S p r i n g s was c o n d u c t e d i n August 1979. R e s u l t s of a n a l y s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 4 . 2 .

The main s p r i n g

(LSA) f l o w s a t a b o u t

20 gpm, 4 8 . 4 ° C , from a cave which r u n s back 3 t o 4 m e t e r s i n t o t h e h i l l s i d e .

The

c a v e is a b o u t 1-1/2 m e t e r s h i g h and c o n t a i n s w a t e r a b o u t 3 / 4 m e t e r s d e e p , dammed by a p i l e of r o c k s and a s h e e t of p l a s t i c j u s t beyond t h e mouth of t h e c a v e .

The w a t e r

f l o w s from a h o l e r o u g h l y 8 cm i n d i a m e t e r n e a r t h e back c o r n e r of t h e c a v e ' s forming a small w a t e r f a l l .

The roof of t h e cave is c o v e r e d by w h i t e

s a l t s and s e v e r a l 2 t o 5 cm s t a l a c t i t e s .

roof,

crystalline

The w a t e r was v e r y c l e a r , w i t h a c o n d u c -

t i v i t y of 520 umhos/cm and pH of 7 . 6 ( s e e a n a l y s i s f o r sample LSA-1). About 6 m e t e r s a l o n g t h e t r a i l i m m e d i a t e l y west of t h e c a v e , a s m a l l e r (LSB) f l o w s a t a b o u t 4 t o 5 gpm.

spring

I t s t e m p e r a t u r e was measured a t 4 4 . 5 ° C i n August

1979. S p r i n g LSC i s l o c a t e d and s l i g h t l y d o w n s l o p e .

I m m e d i a t e l y e a s t of t h e c a v e , a b o u t 3 m e t e r s o f f

the

A moderate s i z e d o r i f i c e with s e v e r a l smaller seeps

a f l o w of a b o u t 5 t o 10 gpm of 4 8 . 4 ° C w a t e r . t h e r i v e r , a b o u t 10 v e r t i c a l m e t e r s

below.

trail

produce

The w a t e r f l o w s d i r e c t l y downslope

to

LSD e n c o m p a s s e s many s m a l l a r e a s of s e e p s w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e s r a n g i n g up t o 45°C w i t h a combined f l o w of a b o u t 5 gpm.

The a r e a i s l o c a t e d a t a b o u t t h e same l e v e l on

t h e h i l l s i d e a s t h e c a v e , and e x t e n d s f o r a b o u t 6 m e t e r s e a s t of t h e

cave.

LSE has s e v e r a l h o t s p r i n g s f l o w i n g d i r e c t l y o u t of t h e b e d r o c k f r a c t u r e s on a s t e e p s l o p e a b o u t 3 m e t e r s above t h e r i v e r .

These s p r i n g s l i e w e s t of t h e main

a r e a , on t h e f a r s i d e of a c r e e k d r a i n a g e , and a r e e a s i l y found by w a l k i n g a l o n g r i v e r a t low w a t e r . highest

The t o t a l f l o w was e s t i m a t e d

t o be a b o u t 10 gpm, w i t h

the

the

t e m p e r a t u r e r e a c h i n g 45°C ( s e e a n a l y s i s f o r L S E - 1 ) .

F o l l o w i n g t h e c r e e k d r a i n a g e u p s l o p e f r o m a r e a E, a n o t h e r s p r i n g i s found a b o u t 2 / 3 of t h e way t o t h e r o a d .

The p a t h from t h e road p a s s e s v e r y c l o s e t o

l o c a t i o n , and game t r a i l s l e a d d i r e c t l y to the s p r i n g .

this

Water f l o w s a t a b o u t 5 gpm

f r o m under a l a r g e b o u l d e r i n t h e d r a i n a g e a t 45°C ( s e e a n a l y s i s f o r L S F - 1 ) . R e s i d e n t s from t h e town of L e s t e r have i n d i c a t e d

t h a t s e v e r a l a r e a s i n t h e meadow

a c r o s s t h e r i v e r from t h e main s p r i n g s ( a t t h e s i t e of t h e o l d r e s o r t ) r e m a i n snow f r e e in t h e w i n t e r .

These a r e a s a r e rumored t o be b u r i e d h o t s p r i n g s .

The most

p r o m i n e n t a r e a i s l o c a t e d on t h e e x t r e m e e a s t end of t h e meadow. L e s t e r Hot S p r i n g s w a t e r s a r e r e l a t i v e l y low in t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s d e t e r m i n e d by c o n d u c t i v i t y ) , w i t h

l i n i t y and S O 4 ( - 2 ) . and Mg. Li/Na

Cl-

dominating the a n i o n s ,

(as

and r e l a t i v e l y low a l k a -

The K/Na r a t i o i s f a i r l y low, as a r e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of Ca

A s i g n i f i c a n t L i c o n c e n t r a t i o n was d e t e c t e d ,

r e s u l t i n g in a r e l a t i v e l y

ratio.

The S i - Q u a r t z and Na-K-Ca g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s p r e d i c t o n l y m o d e r a t e temperatures,

b u t do d e m o n s t r a t e f a i r l y good a g r e e m e n t .

reservoir

high

Geology P . E. Hammond (1963) p r o v i d e s a g e o l o g i c map f o r t h i s r e g i o n i n t h e Cascades.

west-central

The a l l u v i a l - f i l l e d v a l l e y c u t s t h e H u c k l e b e r r y Mountain F o r m a t i o n of

K e e c h e l u s V o l c a n i c Group (Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n ) ( O l i g o c e n e ) .

The h o t s p r i n g s

the

are

l o c a t e d on t h e c o n t a c t of a T e r t i a r y i n t r u s i v e which forms t h e m o u n t a i n t o the n o r t h . The m a t e r i a l i s h o r n b l e n d e d a c i t e p o r p h y r y of l a t e Miocene or P l i o c e n e a g e .

About 1/4

m i l e w e s t , on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e r i v e r , a s m a l l e r i n t r u s i v e h a s been mapped by Hammond, c o n s i s t i n g of p y r o x e n e - h o r n b l e n d e a n d e s i t e b e l i e v e d to be e a r l y Miocene. The c l o s e s t exposed Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c s a r e found a b o u t 10 m i l e s s o u t h of the on D a l l e R i d g e . a r e a or the

area,

No h e a t f l o w or measured t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r

the

region.

Comments: The good agreement between S i - Q u a r t z and Na-K-Ca g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s s u g g e s t s v a l u e s r e p r e s e n t t h e a c t u a l r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e , w i t h h e a t l o s s due t o and minimal mixing w i t h ground w a t e r .

these

conduction

However, i t h a s a l s o been s u g g e s t e d by o t h e r

g e o l o g i s t s working i n t h e a r e a t h a t t h e s p r i n g w a t e r s a r e r e - e q u i l i b r a t i n g w i t h b e d r o c k a n d / o r s u r f i c i a l d e b r i s and o b s e r v e d c h e m i s t r y may not r e p r e s e n t r e s e r v o i r e q u i l i b r i u m c h e m i s t r y (Dan V i c e , B u r l i n g t o n N o r t h e r n , communication,

1979).

personal

actual

the

Longmire M i n e r a l

Springs

P i e r c e County T. 15 N . , R. 8 E . , SEl/4 S e c . 29 Mt. R a i n i e r West, 1 9 7 1 , 7 . 5 ' USGS Quad.

Longmire M i n e r a l S p r i n g s a r e s c a t t e r e d Rainier within the National Park.

t h r o u g h o u t a meadow s o u t h w e s t of Mount

The a r e a i s r e a c h e d by f o l l o w i n g S t a t e Highway 706

f r o m E l b e , 6 m i l e s beyond t h e L o n g m i r e .

The meadow i s n o r t h of t h e r o a d , a c r o s s from

the National Park Headquarters,

s t o r e , and gas s t a t i o n .

a hotel,

Park s e r v i c e

per-

s o n n e l c o n d u c t g u i d e d walks t h r o u g h t h e meadow, w i t h an e m p h a s i s on b i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of the

area.

The s p r i n g s were d i s c o v e r e d i n 1883 by James L o n g m i r e . and s e v e r a l b a t h h o u s e s were a p o p u l a r a t t r a c t i o n , v a l u e of t h e m i n e r a l w a t e r s .

By t h e 1 8 9 0 ' s , a h o t e l

owing to t h e p r o c l a i m e d

The P a r k S e r v i c e h a s r e s t o r e d

the area to a n a t u r a l

s t a t e , and v e r y few s i g n s of t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t can be d e t e c t e d Geothermal

medicinal

today.

Features

On a s u r v e y i n g and s a m p l i n g t r i p i n J u l y 1979, t h e numerous t h e r m a l and m i n e r a l s p r i n g s a t Longmire were o b s e r v e d u s i n g H a r r y M. M a j o r s '

" S p r i n g s of L a s s e n and Mt.

R a i n i e r N a t i o n a l Parks" (1964, unpublished) as a g u i d e .

Using a numbering s y s t e m s e t

up i n 1919, an a t t e m p t was made t o l o c a t e each of t h e 50 l i s t e d

springs.

This goal

was soon abandoned b e c a u s e much of t h e marsh has been i n u n d a t e d o v e r t h e l a s t d e c a d e s by i n c r e a s e d b e a v e r a c t i v i t y . ponds.

two

The e n t i r e upper marsh is now c o v e r e d by

Gas b u b b l i n g and i r o n s t a i n i n g c o n t i n u e s in t h e s e a r e a s but w a t e r s a m p l i n g

extremely

is

difficult.

Many of t h e s p r i n g s i n t h e s o u t h e a s t b u b b l e , b u t do n o t seem t o be f l o w i n g .

c o r n e r of t h e meadow a r e s m a l l p o o l s which Some a r e c o m p l e t e l y d r i e d u p , b u t commence to

f l o w a g a i n i n t h e l a t e f a l l , a c c o r d i n g t o park

rangers.

Springs 1, l a , several air

and 2 a r e f i l l e d

in.

The a r e a a r o u n d s p r i n g s 3 t h r o u g h 11 h a s

small bubbling springs with temperatures

t e m p e r a t u r e was 2 7 ° C , on a p a r t l y c l o u d y

ranging from 21.5°C to 25°C.

(The

day).

S p r i n g s 1 3 , 1 4 , and 15 f o r m s m a l l p o o l s w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e s a r o u n d 2 5 . 1 ° C , 6.2,

and c o n d u c t i v i t y

of 6550 u m h o s / c m .

Marsh S p r i n g o r Rim S p r i n g

A s a m p l e was c o l l e c t e d

(see analysis

f o r LMC i n t a b l e

S p r i n g s 16 t h r o u g h 18 had t e m p e r a t u r e s 5070 umhos/cm t o 5400 u m h o s / c m . with a conductivity

S p r i n g 16,

of

t h e meadow.

springs,

Its

4.2).

f o r LMA i n t a b l e

1 1 . 2 ° C w i t h a pH of 5 . 8 and c o n d u c t i v i t y

t o be 5 . 2

(see

of 1 o r 2 gpm.

is

Several

but

fir

of 1 , 9 2 0 u m h o s / c m .

tree.

cabin).

per minute

(see analysis

S p r i n g 4 7 , known a s L i t t l e

t h e v a l u e s were v e r y s i m i l a r

for

at

sample

flowing

I r o n Mike,

information for this

t o t h o s e of I r o n Mike s p r i n g .

flows

spring A partial

f o u n d i n t a b l e 4 . 2 u n d e r LME. s m a l l warm s p r i n g s w i t h m o d e r a t e f l o w s a r e f o u n d a r o u n d

p o o l s which form h o l e s were 2 4 . 1 ° , 2 6 . 7 ° ,

tial

water a few g a l l o n s

T e m p e r a t u r e and c o n d u c t i v i t y

a t u f a p l a t f o r m in the northwest

terrace,

analysis

s p r i n g was f o u n d b e l o w t h e p a t h a c r o s s f r o m t h e c a b i n

f r o m n e a r t h e b a s e of a l a r g e

analysis

other

4.2).

A smaller iron-soda

were l o s t ,

t h e edge

4.3).

The s p r i n g , known a s I r o n M i k e , f l o w s i r o n - s t a i n e d

a rate

22.0°C

a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower than

S p r i n g 46 f l o w s f r o m a s t o n e c i s t e r n n e a r an o l d l o g c a b i n ( h o m e s t e a d

at

of

4.2).

b u b b l e s and f l o w s f r o m a s t o n e b a s i n a t

a t 1 3 . 3 ° C and 600 u m h o s / c m , and t h e pH was m e a s u r e d

LMD i n t a b l e

called

c a l l e d P o s t S p r i n g , was s a m p l e d a t

t e m p e r a t u r e and c o n d u c t i v i t y

f o r LUM i n t a b l e s 4 . 2 and

a t s p r i n g 15,

f r o m 22°C t o 2 6 ° C , w i t h a c o n d u c t i v i t y

of 5 , 4 0 0 umhos/cm ( s e e a n a l y s i s

S p r i n g 1 9 , c a l l e d Soda S p r i n g ,

pH of

in the

28.3°,

c o r n e r of

terrace.

and 2 9 . 2 ° C .

flowed a t 23.1° t o 26.2°C.

analysis

is presented

in table

t h e meadow.

Various

No. 2 6 ,

Sample LMG was c o l l e c t e d 4.2.

Terrace,

They f l o w f r o m a l g a e

temperatures

Ledge S p r i n g ,

the Iron

measured

in

these

filled pools

on t h e e a s t e r n edge of in the a r e a ,

and a

the

par-

Sand S p r i n g ,

t h e s p r i n g which p r e v i o u s l y had been measured to be t h e warmest

L o n g m i r e , r e p o r t e d l y 4° t o 5°C warmer t h a n s p r i n g s i n t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r of m a r s h , was l o c a t e d on t h e n o r t h e a s t latest

trip,

beaver

activity.

s i d e of t h e I r o n T e r r a c e i n t h e 1 9 6 0 ! s .

t h e s p r i n g c o u l d n o t be d i s c e r n e d ,

the On t h i s

p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e of f l o o d i n g due t o

At t r a i l marker No. 1 6 , s p r i n g s 29 and 30 were found a l o n g w i t h s e v e r a l s p r i n g s f l o w i n g 5 t o 8 gpm a t 1 9 . 1 ° C , and b u i l d i n g up a new i r o n - s t a i n e d terrace.

at

newer

tufa

Pronounced b u b b l i n g o c c u r s i n t h e main p o o l n e x t t o t h e b o a r d w a l k .

This

s p r i n g , c a l l e d M e d i c i n e S p r i n g , had a c o n d u c t i v i t y of 6 , 0 0 0 umhos/cm and a pH of

6.6.

An a n a l y s i s of t h e s e w a t e r s i s found i n t a b l e 4 . 2 a s LMF. A n a l y s e s of w a t e r s c o l l e c t e d a t Longmire show l a r g e v a r i a t i o n s between v a r i o u s s p r i n g s in the a r e a . m i x i n g w i t h c o l d e r ground

the

P a r t of t h e v a r i a t i o n can be e x p l a i n e d by t h e d e g r e e of

water.

The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e summarizes some of t h e g e o c h e m i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s p r i n g s sampled i n 1979. table

4.2.

A more c o m p l e t e a n a l y s i s of t h e s e w a t e r s

is presented

in

Geology

The s p r i n g s a t Longmire a r e l o c a t e d o n l y 8 m i l e s from t h e c r e s t of s t r a t o v o l c a n o Mount R a i n i e r , and a b o u t 2 m i l e s from t h e b a s e . t h e g e o l o g y of t h e p a r k a r e a i s p r o v i d e d by F i s k e and o t h e r s Longmire Meadow i s a l a r g e a l l u v i a l

flat situated

of t h e g l a c i a t e d v a l l e y of the N i s q u a l l y R i v e r . t h e Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n .

the

A detailed

s t u d y of

(1963).

in a s l i g h t l y elevated

The b e d r o c k i s Eocene v o l c a n i c s of

Rampart Ridge i m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h and west of t h e meadow

r e p r e s e n t s a Q u a t e r n a r y h y p e r s t h e n e - a u g i t e a n d e s i t e f l o w from Mount R a i n i e r and o t h e r s ,

portion

(Fiske

1963).

Several intrusives

i n v a d e t h e r o c k s of t h e Ohanapecosh and S t e v e n s

F o r m a t i o n s i n t h i s a r e a of the p a r k . d i a t e l y n o r t h of t h e meadow. s o u t h e a s t of t h e a r e a .

Ridge

Three s i l l s of d i a b a s e and b a s a l t o u t c r o p imme-

S e v e r a l l a r g e r s i l l s a r e found about 1 m i l e e a s t

These s i l l s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be p r e - T a t o o s h I n t r u s i v e

O l i g o c e n e t o Miocene i n a g e .

( F i s k e and o t h e r s ,

I n t h e same a r e a n o r t h of t h e s e s i l l s ,

rocks,

1963).

s e v e r a l d i o r i t e and q u a r t z d i o r i t e

s i v e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the. T a t o o s h P l u t o n a r e mapped by F i s k e and o t h e r s , r o c k s a r e of Miocene t o P l i o c e n e

to

intru-

1963.

These

age.

The c l o s e s t Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s a r e t h e c r a t e r s and p l u g s a t o p Mount Rainier. During t h e summer of 1979, a h e a t f l o w h o l e was d r i l l e d R i v e r , a b o u t 2-1/4 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of L o n g m i r e .

s o u t h of t h e N i s q u a l l y

The 1 0 0 - m e t e r - d e e p h o l e had a bottom

h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e of o n l y 8 . 5 ° C , but t h e t e m p e r a t u r e change measured over t h e bottom 20 m e t e r s i n d i c a t e d a t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t of 69°C/km, w e l l above t h e

regional

g r a d i e n t s which r a n g e from 45° t o 55°C/km, b u t t h i s might not be a t r u e gradient.

equilibrium

Comments: The s p r i n g s a t Longmire p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t h o t , h i g h s a l i n i t y w a t e r s l e a k i n g from a h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Mount R a i n i e r ' s v o l c a n i c s y s t e m , which m i x i n g w i t h c o l d ground w a t e r n e a r t h e s u r f a c e . quite high. this

The r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

are

The r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e s might be of c a l c i u m and magnesium c o m p l i c a t e

interpretation. Because Longmire i s ( w i t h i n ) a N a t i o n a l P a r k , any f u r t h e r

h a v e t o be c o n s i d e r e d a s a c a d e m i c s t u d i e s

r a t h e r than d i r e c t

investigations commercial

exploration.

Reference

T a b o r , R. W.; W a i t e , R. B . , J r . ;

F r i z z e l l , V. A . , J r . ;

Swanson, D. A . ;

B y e r l y , G. R . , 1977, P r e l i m i n a r y map of Wenatchee 1 : 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 q u a d r a n g l e , Washington:

U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey Open-File Report

77-531.

will

M e d i c i n e Creek M i n e r a l

Spring

K i t t i t a s County T. 21 N . , R. 17 E . , SE1/4SW1/4 S e c . 22 L i b e r t y 1961, 15' USGS Quad. T h i s c o l d m i n e r a l s p r i n g i s r e a c h e d by t a k i n g S t a t e Route 97 f r o m Cle Elum n o r t h t o M i n e r a l S p r i n g s R e s o r t , l o c a t e d a l o n g Swauk C r e e k , a few m i l e s s o u t h of and Swauk P a s s e s .

The s p r i n g i s found a l o n g a s h o r t d i r t p a t h which f o l l o w s Mineral

Creek west from t h e campground. of t h e Wenatchee N a t i o n a l

Geothermal

Blewett

The a r e a I s p a r t of t h e E l l e n s b u r g Ranger D i s t r i c t

Forest.

Features

T h i s s p r i n g h a s a v e r y c o l d , f e e b l e f l o w of m i n e r a l w a t e r , e m i t t i n g a b o u t 1 t o 2 gpm from a packed d i r t bank on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e c r e e k .

There i s a s l i g h t

H 2 S o d o r p r e s e n t , and w h i t e f i l a m e n t o u s b a c t e r i a grow a l o n g s i d e t h e s m a l l pool formed by t h e s p r i n g .

A s m a l l c o n c r e t e c i s t e r n was dug o u t from around t h e s p r i n g i n 1979.

D u r i n g a s a m p l i n g t r i p i n September 1979, t h e w a t e r was measured a t 8 . 7 ° C w i t h a c o n d u c t i v i t y of 300 umhos/cm and pH of 7 . 4 .

A p a r t i a l a n a l y s i s of t h e s e w a t e r s

is

f o u n d i n t a b l e 4 . 2 , u n d e r MCA.

Geology The s p r i n g i s l o c a t e d i n an a r e a u n d e r l a i n by t h e Swauk F o r m a t i o n , a lower Eocene c o n t i n e n t a l u n i t c o m p r i s i n g t h i n t o t h i c k l y bedded z e o l i t i c , m i c a c e o u s , l i t h o f e l d s p a t h i c s a n d s t o n e (Tabor and o t h e r , 1 9 7 7 ) . Eocene Teanaway B a s a l t ,

The c l o s e s t v o l c a n i c s a r e t h e lower to m i d d l e

found i n a broad band 3 m i l e s west of t h e s p r i n g .

b a s a l t s a r e c u t by r h y o l i t i c d i k e s of middle t o upper Eocene a g e .

The e n t i r e a r e a

u n d e r l a i n by t h e J u r a s s i c I n g a l l s complex, which i n c l u d e s u l t r a m a f i c s , massive s e r p e n t i n i t e s ,

and s e r p e n t i n i z e d

p e r i d o t i t e , and s i l i c a

sium c a r b o n a t e s d e r i v e d from a l t e r a t i o n of s e r p e n t i n i t e s

The is

foliated

c a r b o n a t e s and magne-

( T a b o r and o t h e r s ,

1977).

Comments:

,

Not enough i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e t o a p p l y g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s .

Further

chemical

a n a l y s i s i s needed t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h i s s y s t e m , b u t t h e v e r y low f l o w , temperatures,

low c o n d u c t i v i t y ( c o n s e q u e n t

cold

low t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s ) and t h e

and r e g i o n a l g e o l o g y v i r t u a l l y remove t h i s a r e a f r o m g e o t h e r m a l

local

consideration.

Reference

T a b o r , R. W.; W a i t e , R. B . , J r . ;

F r i z z e l l , V. A . , J r . ;

Swanson, D. A . ; B y e r l y , G. R . ,

1977, P r e l i m i n a r y map of Wenatchee 1 : 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 q u a d r a n g l e , W a s h i n g t o n : G e o l o g i c a l Survey Open-File Report

77-531.

U.S.

Ohanapecosh Hot S p r i n g s Lewis County T . 14 N., R. 10 E . , NWl/4 S e c . 4 Packwood 1962, 1 5 ' USGS Quad. Ohanapecosh Hot S p r i n g s a r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e s o u t h e a s t s e c t i o n of Mount R a i n i e r N a t i o n a l P a r k a l o n g t h e Ohanapecosh R i v e r .

The campground i s l o c a t e d a b o u t 12 m i l e s

n o r t h of Packwood, 4 m i l e s n o r t h of U . S . Route 12 on S t a t e Route 123, and about m i l e s beyond t h e p a r k b o u n d a r y . the 1 9 2 0 ' s .

A s m a l l h e a l t h r e s o r t was o p e r a t i n g i n t h i s a r e a

to a natural s t a t e ,

The N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e h a s r e s t o r e d

e x c e p t f o r a s e l f - g u i d e d n a t u r e t r a i l which c i r c l e s

the area

the hot

area.

Geothermal F e a t u r e s

,

Ohanapecosh i s a complex s y s t e m of warm t o h o t s p r i n g s , w i t h a t o t a l e s t i m a t e d t o be 100 t o 120 l i t e r s

per m i n u t e .

flow

The s p r i n g s a r e s c a t t e r e d over an

a r e a of a b o u t 40 a c r e s between t h e Ohanapecosh R i v e r on t h e west and a r i d g e to east.

in

By t h e 1 9 4 0 ' s i t had grown t o i n c l u d e a l o d g e , b a t h h o u s e , and 30 c a b i n s ,

b u t t h e r e s o r t c l o s e d down i n 1961.

springs

1.5

the

The v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n i s v e r y t h i c k and may c o n c e a l

additional

springs.

During two t r i p s i n J u l y and August 1979, t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n and w a t e r s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d .

By f o l l o w i n g t h e e s t a b l i s h e d n a t u r e t r a i l

w i s e ( o p p o s i t e of t h e recommended r o u t e i n t h e t r a i l

pamphlet),

loop

counterclock-

t h e f i r s t group of

s p r i n g s was found j u s t e a s t of t h e p a t h , p a r t way up a s l o p e , (Area A ) .

Several

s m a l l o r i f i c e s , p r o d u c i n g a t o t a l f l o w of 5 t o 10 gpm of 39.5°C w a t e r , have b u i l t a t e r r a c e of i r o n - s t a i n e d

tufa.

A m o d e r a t e H 2 S o d o r was d e t e c t e d , and t h e w a t e r was

measured to have a c o n d u c t i v i t y of 4 , 4 0 0 umhos/cm. point.

up

Sample OHA was c o l l e c t e d a t

this

I m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h a l o n g t h e p a t h , a second g r o u p of s p r i n g s was f l o w i n g w i t h a t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n of a b o u t 566 gpm w i t h an a v e r a g e c o n d u c t i v i t y of 4 , 5 0 0 umhos/cm, (area B). across,

W i t h i n t h e p o o l formed by t h e s p r i n g s , m e a s u r i n g r o u g h l y 2 t o 3 m e t e r s

t h r e e s e p a r a t e s p r i n g s were b u b b l i n g away, a b o u t 3 / 4 m e t e r s a p a r t ,

t e m p e r a t u r e s of 4 5 . 6 ° and 4 5 . 2 ° C ( f r o m w e s t to e a s t ) . f r o m above t h e warmest

with

Sample OHB was c o l l e c t e d

spring.

Next t o a r e a B, t o t h e n o r t h , a p o o l w i t h a d i a m e t e r of about 1 m e t e r was f i l l e d w i t h a l g a e and s u r r o u n d e d by t r e e r o o t s ( a r e a C ) . f l o w of 3 gpm was d r a i n i n g t h e p o o l .

No b u b b l i n g was o b s e r v e d but a

Sample OHC was c o l l e c t e d d i r e c t l y from t h e

p o o l , where a t e m p e r a t u r e of 4 3 . 6 ° C was m e a s u r e d . About 8 m e t e r s f a r t h e r n o r t h , a t o t a l f l o w of 15 t o 20 gpm.

t h e main s p r i n g s form a s e r i e s of p o o l s ,

producing

B u b b l i n g o c c u r r e d a t s e v e r a l p o i n t s a l o n g t h e sandy

b o t t o m of t h e p o o l , and a m o d e r a t e l y s t r o n g H 2 S o d o r was d e t e c t e d .

The maximum

t e m p e r a t u r e r e c o r d e d was 5 0 . 1 ° C , b u t a r e l i a b l e c o n d u c t i v i t y c o u l d n o t be measured b e c a u s e of t h e t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t a t i o n s

of t h e p o r t a b l e c o n d u c t i v i t y m e t e r . .

Area E was found s e v e r a l m e t e r s f a r t h e r up t h e t r a i l

j u s t e a s t of t h e p a t h .

Warm

i r o n - s t a i n e d w a t e r was s l o w l y s e e p i n g o u t from two s m a l l s e e p s i n a s h a l l o w e r o s i o n c h a n n e l , d r a i n i n g i n t o a s m a l l c r e e k formed by a n e a r b y c o l d s p r i n g . s e e p s had t e m p e r a t u r e s of 3 6 . 2 ° C and 3 7 . 1 ° C . b u t had been r e d u c e d to a t r i c k l e

The f l o w in J u l y 1979 was a b o u t 1/2 gpm,

by A u g u s t .

Area F i s west of t h e main s p r i n g a r e a , where t h e t r a i l t h e camping a r e a .

The two warm

l o o p s around back t o w a r d s

A l a r g e t u f a t e r r a c e h a s been b u i l t u p , o v e r which f l o w s h o t

f r o m t h e main s p r i n g s of a r e a s A, B, C and D. d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 4 t o 5 m e t e r s ,

water

The c a s c a d i n g w a t e r s f a l l a v e r t i c a l

t h e n s p r e a d o u t i n t o a marshy a r e a b e l o w .

addition,

s e v e r a l s m a l l s p r i n g s f l o w d i r e c t l y out of t h e t u f a t e r r a c e ,

measuring

44.3°C.

In

t h e warmest

Near t h e t o p of t h e l a r g e t u f a t e r r a c e , 4 7 . 8 ° C w a t e r was f l o w i n g o u t of a c r u s t e d o v e r p i p e a t a b o u t 5 t o 8 gpm.

Sample OHG was c o l l e c t e d

d i r e c t l y from t h e

pipe.

On t h e f a r n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r of t h e campground, a b o u t 1/4 km from t h e o t h e r a s m a l l warm s p r i n g was f o u n d , which measured a b o u t 1/2 m e t e r i n d i a m e t e r .

springs,

The pool

had a maximum t e m p e r a t u r e of 3 0 . 6 ° C n e a r i t s n o r t h e r n s i d e , where b u b b l e s were p e r i o d i c a l l y produced.

Sample OHH was c o l l e c t e d from t h e p o o l .

surround the a r e a , suggesting t h a t spring a c t i v i t y

S e v e r a l old t u f a s

i n t h e a r e a was a t one time much

greater. The t a b l e below summarizes some of t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d f o r t h e Ohanapecosh Hot S p r i n g s and t h e r e s u l t s of g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s

applied.

B e s i d e s t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h s i l i c a and p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t , in lithium,

producing a high lithium/sodium

t h e w a t e r s were

rich

ratio.

Geology A d e t a i l e d s t u d y of t h e g e o l o g y of Mount R a i n i e r N a t i o n a l P a r k i s p r o v i d e d by F i s k e and o t h e r s ( 1 9 6 3 ) . Ohanapecosh f o r m a t i o n .

The s p r i n g s f l o w from O l i g o c e n e - E o c e n e v o l c a n i c s of S e v e r a l d i o r i t e s i l l s and d i k e s of t h e

the

Miocene-Pliocene

T a t o o s h p l u t o n o u t c r o p w i t h i n a few m i l e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s p r i n g s .

The Q u a t e r n a r y

v e n t s a t t h e c r e s t of Mount R a i n i e r a r e a b o u t 12 m i l e s away, but a n d e s i t e f l o w s from

t h e s e v e n t s e x t e n d t o w i t h i n 5 m i l e s of t h e a r e a .

No s i g n i f i c a n t s t r u c t u r a l

features

have been mapped i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y of t h e s p r i n g s , b u t t h i s may be due t o heavy v e g e t a t i v e

the

cover.

A h e a t f l o w h o l e was d r i l l e d i n 1979 w i t h i n t h e Ohanapecosh R i v e r v a l l e y , s o u t h of t h e p a r k boundary and a b o u t 1 . 5 m i l e s s o u t h - s o u t h w e s t from t h e

just

springs.

The h o l e , completed t o a d e p t h of 115 m e t e r s , had a bottom h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e of and a g r a d i e n t of 4 6 . 5 ° C / k m .

T h i s i s t h o u g h t to r e p r e s e n t t h e r e g i o n a l

g r a d i e n t and t h e r e f o r e showed no anomalous

11.1°C

temperature

conditions.

Comments : Because of i t s p r o x i m i t y t o Mount R a i n i e r , h i g h l i t h i u m c o n t e n t , and h i g h geothermometer r e s u l t s ,

i t i s s u s p e c t e d t h a t Ohanapecosh Hot S p r i n g s a r e

r e l a t e d t o t h e t h e r m a l s y s t e m of t h e s t r a t o v o l c a n o .

The wide range i n

directly

temperatures

and s a l i n i t i e s o b s e r v e d from s p r i n g t o s p r i n g w i t h i n t h e s p r i n g s y s t e m s u g g e s t s mixing with cold water i s t a k i n g p l a c e , probably very close to the s u r f a c e .

that

The

v a l u e s do not f a l l a l o n g a s i m p l e mixing l i n e when t e m p e r a t u r e i s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t v a r i o u s chemical s p e c i e s ,

s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e r e may be s i g n i f i c a n t c o n d u c t i v e

l o s s a n d / o r t h e mixing i s v e r y complex.

heat

the

O r r Creek Warm S p r i n g s Skamania County T . 10 N . , R. 10 E . , NEl/4 S e c . 19 Green Mountain 1970, 71/2' USGS Quad. About 11 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of t h e summit of Mount Adams, s m a l l warm s p r i n g s f l o w down t o Orr Creek from a c r e e k d r a i n a g e i n a l o g g i n g c l e a r c u t . l o c a t e d a b o u t 20 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of R a n d l e , a b o u t 28 m i l e s by r o a d .

This area

is

I t i s found by

f o l l o w i n g F o r e s t Road 123 s o u t h from Randle to Road 101, which c r o s s e s t h e Cispus R i v e r and Orr C r e e k .

About 2 . 5 m i l e s e a s t and n o r t h on t h i s r o a d , Road 101 t u r n s

t o t h e s o u t h e a s t and c r o s s e s Orr Creek a g a i n . c r e e k , a t i m b e r s a l e a c c e s s road t a k e s o f f

S e v e r a l hundred y a r d s beyond

to t h e s o u t h w e s t .

T h i s road i s

f o r a b o u t 1 / 3 m i l e t h r o u g h a f i r s t c u t (which h a s been growing back f o r y e a r s ) and i n t o a second newer c l e a r c u t .

a c r o s s f i e l d cut to the

Geothermal

the followed

several

The s p r i n g i s found on t h e f a r west

of t h e c u t , a b o u t 1/2 of t h e way down t h e c l e a r e d s l o p e .

off

S e v e r a l game t r a i l s

side

lead

spring.

Features

The main s p r i n g f l o w s from u n d e r some l a r g e o v e r t u r n e d d e p r e s s i o n which forms a d r a i n a g e f o r t h e upper s l o p e . disturbed during logging o p e r a t i o n s .

stumps i n a s h a l l o w

The a r e a was o b v i o u s l y

During an August 1979 s a m p l i n g t r i p ,

the

spring

was p r o d u c i n g 21.8°C w a t e r a t 20 t o 30 gpm w i t h a c o n d u c t i v i t y of 175 umhos/cm ( s e e OCA-l i n t a b l e 4 . 2 f o r a c o m p l e t e a n a l y s i s of t h e w a t e r ) . was d e t e c t e d , and w h i t e f i l a m e n t o u s b a c t e r i a o b s e r v e d growing n e a r t h e

A s l i g h t H2S odor

(probably Sphaerotilus s p . ) ,

was

orifice.

T r e e s r e p l a n t e d i n t h e c l e a r c u t seem t o be growing much f a s t e r around t h e and i t s d r a i n a g e , i n a band r o u g h l y 7 m e t e r s w i d e . tial

spring

The f o r e s t e r who p r o v i d e d t h e

i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e r m a l w a t e r s i n t h e a r e a had c o n f i r m e d t h a t

warm y e a r r o u n d , p r o d u c i n g s n o w - f r e e ground d u r i n g t h e

winter.

the spring

ini-

remains

A q u i c k s u r v e y of t h e i m m e d i a t e a r e a showed a number of s m a l l warm s e e p s t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g a c o u p l e i n t h e woods i m m e d i a t e l y west of t h e C o n s i d e r i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l y warm t e m p e r a t u r e of t h i s s p r i n g ,

the t o t a l

area.

dissolved

s o l i d s , a s e s t i m a t e d by c o n d u c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s ,

i s q u i t e low.

low, w h i l e c a r b o n a t e and

The K/Na r a t i o i s h i g h , w h i l e Ca

Cl

dominate the a n i o n s .

and Mg c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e v e r y low.

Li c o u l d n o t be

The low c o n c e n t r a t i o n of SiO 2 r e s u l t s f o r the r e s e r v o i r , sharp contrast

i n a r e l a t i v e l y low t e m p e r a t u r e

mined by t h e Na-K-Ca

reservoir

extremely

detected.

a s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e S i - Q u a r t z g e o t h e r m o m e t e r

to the very high p r e d i c t e d

Sulfate is

(78° C ) .

predicted This i s

t e m p e r a t u r e of 231° C a s

in

deter-

geothermometer.

Geology The Orr Creek Warm S p r i n g s a r e a i s i n c l u d e d i n p r e l i m i n a r y g e o l o g i c maps of s o u t h Cascades by P . E. Hammond ( 1 9 7 3 , 1 9 7 5 ) .

The s p r i n g s f l o w from t h e lower

of Green M o u n t a i n , which i s mapped a s p a r t of t h e Eocene Ohanapecosh Green Mountain may be r e l a t e d by D. S. H a r l e ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

the slopes

Formation.

to t h e E a s t Canyon Ridge U n i t which h a s been d e s c r i b e d

The c l o s e s t Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c s a r e Mount Adams l a v a f l o w s

which c o v e r t h e v a l l e y f l o o r s of t h e C i s p u s R i v e r and O r r C r e e k .

About 5 t o 6 m i l e s

west of the s p r i n g s , Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s a r e mapped on Spud H i l l and a t

the

j u n c t i o n of E a s t Canyon Creek w i t h t h e C i s p u s R i v e r .

the

springs,

s e v e r a l v e r y young v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s a r e mapped, i n c l u d i n g Two Lakes Volcano

( 3 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s ) , Walupt Lake Volcano ( 1 5 , 0 0 0 y e a r s ) , miles east,

t h e P o t a t o H i l l Volcano ( 1 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s

No h e a t f l o w or t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t region.

From 4 t o 6 m i l e s e a s t of

and t h e c l o s e s t c e n t e r , a b o u t 4 old).

i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s a r e a or

Comments: The p r o x i m i t y of t h i s s p r i n g s y s t e m to t h e l a t e Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s

in

t h e r e g i o n s u g g e s t s t h e t h e r m a l w a t e r s may be d e r i v i n g t h e i r h e a t from magmatic sources.

The low t o t a l s a l t s and l a r g e d i s c r e p a n c y between t h e

geothermometers

s u g g e s t a h i g h d e g r e e of mixing w i t h ground w a t e r s i s o c c u r r i n g or t h e a q u i f e r b e i n g h e a t e d by c o n d u c t i v e h e a t t r a n s f e r . Li v a l u e s .

T h i s would e x p l a i n t h e low SiO 2 and

A more d e t a i l e d s u r v e y of t h e a r e a i s

recommended.

is

S o l Duc Hot S p r i n g s C l a l l a m County T . 29 N . , R 9 W., NWl/4 S e c . 32 B o g a c h i e l Peak 1950, 7-/2' USGS Quad. T h i s s p r i n g i s w i t h i n t h e Olympic N a t i o n a l P a r k , and i s l o c a t e d s o u t h w e s t of P o r t A n g e l e s on t h e n o r t h e r n m a r g i n of t h e Olympic M o u n t a i n s , a l o n g t h e Sol D u c R i v e r .

A l a r g e r e s o r t was b u i l t in 1912, c o n s i s t i n g of a 4 - s t o r y h o t e l , 3 - s t o r y 40 f e e t by 100 f e e t s a n a t o r i u m , 40 f e e t by 200 f e e t b a t h h o u s e , gymnasium, and smaller buildings.

A f i r e destroyed

1 9 2 0 ' s and 1 9 3 0 ' s , a l o d g e ,

the e n t i r e

resort

i n 1916.

several

During t h e

late

two p o o l s , and a b o u t 40 c a b i n s were c o n s t r u c t e d .

p r e s e n t - d a y f a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d e t h e newer m o t e l , h o t e l ,

p o o l s , s e v e r a l of t h e

and f a c i l i t i e s f o r camping and r e c r e a t i o n a l v e h i c l e p a r k i n g .

The cabins,

P l a n s to upgrade and

m o d e r n i z e t h e f a c i l i t i e s a r e now b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d by t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k

Service.

B l o o m q u i s t ( 1 9 7 9 ) p r o v i d e s a b a s e l i n e s t u d y of t h i s r e s o r t and i t s r e s o u r c e from t h e s t a n d p o i n t of g e o t h e r m a l d e v e l o p m e n t . geochemical, geological,

The s t u d y i n c l u d e s

land

classification;

and g e o p h y s i c a l d a t a s u m m a r i e s ; and d e t a i l s on development

status.

Geothermal

Features

The m a j o r s p r i n g s a t S o l Duc have been c a s e d o f f cisterns.

into concrete

Three c i s t e r n s a r e l o c a t e d a l o n g the west s i d e of t h e hot swimming pool

and a f o u r t h c o l l e c t s w a t e r s under t h e l o d g e b a s e m e n t . reports),

collecting

the southernmost

number 2 , t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t

By c o n v e n t i o n ( f r o m e a r l i e r

c i s t e r n i s i d e n t i f i e d a s number 1, t h e c e n t e r c i s t e r n i s number 3 , and t h e basement c i s t e r n i s number 4 .

C h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s d e t e r m i n e d f o r w a t e r s c o l l e c t e d from t h e s e c i s t e r n s are reported in table

in April,

1979,

4.2.

C i s t e r n 1 c o n s i s t s of a p i t e x c a v a t e d t o t h e e a s t w a r d s l o p i n g s u r f a c e of bedrock t h a t u n d e r l i e s

is

the a l l u v i a l g r a v e l

(K. L. W a l t e r s ,

1967, u n p u b l i s h e d

the report).

An e s t i m a t e d 20 gpm of 48°C w a t e r s e n t e r s from t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r , a b o u t 20 gpm of 41°C e n t e r s from t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r , and a b o u t 5 gpm of 31.5°C w a t e r f r o m a 4 - i n c h c o n c r e t e p i p e n e a r t h e c e n t e r base of t h e s o u t h w a l l .

discharges

An i r o n pipe

c o n n e c t s c i s t e r n 1 and 2 , p r o d u c i n g a f l o w of 2 gpm i n t o c i s t e r n 1 ( W a l t e r s , unpublished r e p o r t ) .

During an A p r i l s a m p l i n g t r i p ,

t h e c i s t e r n s were not

1969,

being

pumped, b u t were f l o w i n g a r t e s i a n and emptying i n t o a s t o r m d r a i n n o r t h of t h e

area.

The combined w a t e r s w i t h i n c i s t e r n 1 had a t e m p e r a t u r e of 40°C and c o n d u c t i v i t y of 345 umhos/cm ( s e e a n a l y s e s f o r sample SDC-1).

No o v e r f l o w d i s c h a r g e e x i s t s

for

t h i s c i s t e r n when n o t b e i n g pumped, s u g g e s t i n g h y d r o l o g i c e q u i l i b r i u m between s p r i n g i n f l o w and l e a k a g e t h r o u g h t h e w a l l s and a l o n g t h e bottom c o n t a c t of t h e C i s t e r n 2 i s s i m i l a r i n c o n s t r u c t i o n t o number 1 . e n t e r s t h e c i s t e r n from t h e n o r t h e a s t

cistern.

About 15 gpm of 48°C w a t e r

c o r n e r , and an a d d i t i o n a l 15 gpm of 48°C w a t e r

f l o w s from t h e r o c k n e a r t h e c e n t e r of t h e f l o o r ( W a l t e r s , 1969, u n p u b l i s h e d T h i s c i s t e r n i s f r e e of a pump, b u t h a s an o v e r f l o w p o r t a t t h e h i g h w a t e r which l e a d s t o c i s t e r n 3 .

report). line

I n A p r i l 1979 t h e s e w a t e r s were t h e c o l d e s t , a t 34°C,

but

had t h e h i g h e s t c o n d u c t i v i t y a t 355 umhos/cm ( s e e a n a l y s e s f o r sample SDA-1). C i s t e r n 3 , s i m i l a r t o number 2 , can be pumped a t a s u s t a i n e d pumping r a t e of 40 gpm a t 50°C w i t h o u t a drawdown.

The t e m p e r a t u r e i n A p r i l 1979 was a l s o 50°C,

with

a c o n d u c t i v i t y of 342 umhos/cm ( s e e a n a l y s e s f o r SDB-1). C i s t e r n 4 i s l o c a t e d below t h e basement f l o o r of t e m p e r a t u r e between 42°C and 44°C a r e r e p o r t e d pipe in the south w a l l .

the l o d g e .

Waters r a n g i n g

to f l o w i n t o t h i s c i s t e r n from a

T h i s may r e p r e s e n t a c o m b i n a t i o n of w a t e r s s e e p i n g from

u n d e r t h e p o o l and f r o m t h e o t h e r c i s t e r n s

(Walters,

1967, u n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t ) .

s u b m e r s i b l e pump p r o d u c e s 20 gpm f o r use i n the pool and s u p p l i e s h o t w a t e r f o r l o d g e and i t s

tubs.

in

A the

In A p r i l 1979, t h e t e m p e r a t u r e was 46°C, w i t h a c o n d u c t i v i t y of

305 umhos/cm ( s e e a n a l y s i s

f o r SDD-1).

A f l u o r e s c e n t dye e x p e r i m e n t by N. P . Dion ( u n p u b l i s h e d

r e p o r t , USGS, 1978)

s u g g e s t s c i s t e r n s 2 and 3 a r e h y d r a u l i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d and s e e p i n t o c i s t e r n cistern

1 s e e p s i n t o c i s t e r n 4 , and c i s t e r n s 2 and 4 f l o w i n t o t h e s t o r m

T o t a l d i s c h a r g e from t h e s y s t e m i s e s t i m a t e d

drain.

t o be 150 t o 170 gpm.

F u r t h e r h y d r o l o g i c i n f o r m a t i o n i s r e p o r t e d by W a l t e r s and D i o n , hydrostatic

1,

l e v e l c o m p a r i s o n s and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r i n c r e a s i n g

including

t e m p e r a t u r e and

flow. D u r i n g t h e A p r i l 1979 s a m p l i n g t r i p , R i v e r i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e r e s o r t

a s u r v e y of t h e banks a l o n g t h e S o l Duc

l o c a t e d s e v e r a l a r e a s where t h e r m a l w a t e r s were

s e e p i n g o u t of t h e a l l u v i u m and i n t o t h e r i v e r .

They r a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e from 11°C

t o 45°C, w i t h f l o w s up t o 3 o r 4 gpm b u t t y p i c a l l y l e s s t h a n 1 gpm. d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s e s e e p s i n c l u d i n g t h e i r

l o c a t i o n , t e m p e r a t u r e s , and

was made, and w i l l be p r e s e n t e d i n o t h e r r e p o r t s . d e t a i l e d chemical a n a l y s i s ,

conductivity

Waters were not c o l l e c t e d

for

t o w a t e r s c o l l e c t e d from t h e c i s t e r n s

are

however.

R e s u l t s of g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a p p l i e d h i g h e r than observed t e m p e r a t u r e s ,

b u t r e p r e s e n t a r e l a t i v e l y low t e m p e r a t u r e

v o i r with r e s p e c t to other geothermal

SDC-1 C i s t e r n 1

A detailed

Measured T 40° C

reser-

systems.

SiO2-Quartz T 114

Na-K-Ca T 98

SDA-1 C i s t e r n 2

34° C

114

93

SDB-1 C i s t e r n 4

50° C

114

99

SDD-1 C i s t e r n 4

46° C

109

97

The w a t e r s have r e l a t i v e l y h i g h a l k a l i n i t y , m o d e r a t e s u l f a t e , and low c h l o r i d e , w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y low t o t a l s a l i n i t y ,

considering i t s

temperature.

The K/Na r a t i o

low, a s i s t h e L i c o n c e n t r a t i o n .

Campbell and o t h e r s ( 1 9 7 0 ) c l a s s i f y t h e w a t e r s

t h e r m a l m e t e o r i c u n d e r g o i n g deep

circulation.

as

is

Geology R e g i o n a l g e o l o g y of t h e a r e a is b e s t p r e s e n t e d by Tabor and Cady ( 1 9 7 8 ) . Duc R i v e r v a l l e y i s f i l l e d w i t h Olympic a l p i n e g l a c i a l d e b r i s . v a l l e y f i l l at the r e s o r t

The Sol

The bedrock below t h e

i s p r o j e c t e d t o be a c o n t a c t between two d i f f e r e n t

sandstone

u n i t s of t h e Western Olympic L i t h i c a s s e m b l a g e , upper Eocene to O l i g o c e n e . s a n d s t o n e s a r e t h i c k bedded t o t h e s o u t h w e s t , but more b r e c c i a t e d and conglomeratic to the n o r t h e a s t .

The

granular

The c l o s e s t v o l c a n i c s a r e Eocene b a s a l t s of

C r e s c e n t F o r m a t i o n , found 4 t o 10 m i l e s t o t h e

the

north.

Comments: Thermal w a t e r s a r e e a s i l y s p o t t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y . the w a t e r , white filamentous b a c t e r i a

(probably

Because of t h e H 2 S c o n t e n t of

S p h a e r o t i l u s ) p r o l i f e r a t e s where t h e

t e m p e r a t u r e i s 13° t o 4 0 ° C . Because of t h e l a c k of P l e i s t o c e n e t o Recent v o l c a n i c s i n t h e a r e a ,

the

thermal

w a t e r s a r e most l i k e l y t h e r e s u l t of deep c i r c u l a t i o n of ground w a t e r s which a r e conv e c t i n g up a l o n g a m a j o r s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e , such a s a f a u l t p l a n e .

This i s

further

s u g g e s t e d by t h e low Cl and L i c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , low K/Na r a t i o , and r e l a t i v e l y low reservoir

t e m p e r a t u r e s s u g g e s t e d by g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s .

No i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on the t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t calculations dient

of d e p t h of c i r c u l a t i o n

purely speculative.

i n t h i s a r e a , making However, i f

an a v e r a g e

of 20° t o 30°/km I s u s e d , 2-1/2 t o 3 km deep c i r c u l a t i o n c o u l d p r o d u c e

p e r a t u r e s p r e d i c t e d by the The c h e m i s t r i e s ,

gra-

tem-

geothermometers.

surface temperatures,

and p r e d i c t e d r e s e r v o i r

v e r y s i m i l a r f o r Sol Duc and Olympic Hot S p r i n g s . o r i g i n , or g e n e t i c c o n d i t i o n s of

formation.

temperatures

are

These w a t e r s may s h a r e a common

S u l p h u r C r e e k Hot S p r i n g s Snohomish County T . 32 N . , R. 13 E . , NEl/4, S e c . 19 Downey Mtn. 1963, 7-1/2' USGS Quad. These s p r i n g s a r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e G l a c i e r Peak W i l d e r n e s s A r e a . R i v e r Road i s f o l l o w e d n o r t h from D a r r i n g t o n o r s o u t h f r o m R o c k p o r t t o

The Sauk Forest

Road 3 4 5 , which i s f o l l o w e d e a s t a l o n g t h e S u i a t t l e R i v e r f o r 20 t o 25 m i l e s S u l p h u r C r e e k Campground.

A dirt

trail

l e a v e s t h e a r e a from t h e n o r t h e a s t

of t h e r o a d , r u n n i n g a l o n g t h e n o r t h s i d e of S u l p h u r C r e e k . trail,

a s i g n marks t h e W i l d e r n e s s b o u n d a r y .

b r i d g e c r o s s e s t h e c r e e k and j o i n s a d i r t creek.

side

About 1 . 5 km up t h e

A s h o r t d i s t a n c e beyond t h i s ,

a log

p a t h which c o n t i n u e s n o r t h e a s t a l o n g

The h o t s p r i n g s a r e found a b o u t 100 m e t e r s up t h e

Geothermal

to

the

trail.

Features

S e v e r a l warm and h o t s p r i n g s a r e f o u n d a l o n g a d r a i n a g e which s t e e p l y s l o p e s down t o the creek from the s o u t h . springs.

The t e m p e r a t u r e was a b o u t 37°C d u r i n g a s a m p l i n g t r i p i n A u g u s t ,

The h o t w a t e r was f l o w i n g t h r o u g h a s i n t e r - l i n e d

the creek bank. channel.

the

The main s p r i n g f l o w s from a f r a c t u r e i n t h e b e d r o c k exposed j u s t above t h e

bank of t h e c r e e k . 1978.

The a r e a i s h e a v i l y v e g e t a t e d and c o n c e a l s most of

White f i l a m e n t o u s b a c t e r i a

c h a n n e l i n t o a p o o l dug i n t o

formed a l o n g s t r i n g y masses w i t h i n

The s p r i n g s f a r t h e r up the d r a i n a g e were a few d e g r e e s c o o l e r .

p o o l s were f i l l e d w i t h d a r k g r e e n a l g a e , b u t no i n o r g a n i c d e p o s i t s were

Their

presented

small

detected.

The d r a i n a g e s l e a d i n g from t h e s e s p r i n g s c o n t a i n w h i t e f i l a m e n t o u s b a c t e r i a . a n a l y s i s of w a t e r c o l l e c t e d in August 1978 i s

the

An

i n t a b l e 4 . 3 , a s sample SFA.

The s p e c i f i c c o n d u c t i v i t y i s q u i t e low, a t a b o u t 480 umhos/cm, and t h e

relative

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of M, K, L i , and B a r e a l s o v e r y low.

When g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s

applied,

t e m p e r a t u r e s of 137°C by t h e

t h e s p r i n g s a r e p r e d i c t e d t o have r e s e r v o i r

Q u a r t z method and 131°C by t h e Na-K-Ca m e t h o d .

are Si-

Geology Very l i t t l e Creek.

d e t a i l e d g e o l o g i c mapping i s a v a i l a b l e

I n a l a r g e a r e a l s t u d y by Grant ( 1 9 6 6 ) ,

p r e - J u r a s s i c Cascade m e t a m o r p h i c s .

f o r t h e a r e a around S u l p h u r

t h e b e d r o c k was m a p p e d a s

The s p r i n g i s l o c a t e d a l o n g an i n f e r r e d f a u l t

which r u n s t h r o u g h t h e c r e e k N. 55° E. and c u t s t h e Green Mountain U n i t , a b i o t i t e biote hornblende s c h i s t . northwest. gneissose,

The f a u l t i s t h o u g h t to be a h i g h a n g l e , d i p p i n g 25° t o

the

S u l p h u r M o u n t a i n , s o u t h and e a s t of t h e s p r i n g s , was mapped a s a pyroxene-bearing

trondhjemite.

No h e a t f l o w or t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e a r e a or the

region.

Comments: S u l p h u r Creek Hot S p r i n g s may be t h e r e s u l t of deep c i r c u l a t i o n t h r o u g h a f a u l t or f r a c t u r e s y s t e m .

D e s p i t e i t s c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o t h e Q u a t e r n a r y Cascade s t r a t o -

v o l c a n o G l a c i e r P e a k , t h e c h e m i s t r y of w a t e r s from t h e s p r i n g s do not s u g g e s t a v o l c a n i c o r i g i n ( r e l a t i v e l y low Li and B ) .

I t i s l i k e l y , however, t h a t the

w a t e r s have been d i l u t e d by s h a l l o w ground w a t e r .

spring

Some d e g r e e of mixing can be s e e n

t a k i n g p l a c e a t t h e s u r f a c e , c r e a t i n g d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s from s p r i n g t o s p r i n g . more c o m p l e t e s u r v e y i s recommended, w i t h c o m p l e t e a n a l y s e s f o r each of t h e in the

springs

system.

Reference G r a n t , A. R . , 1966, Bedrock g e o l o g y of t h e Dome Peak a r e a , C h e l a n , S k a g i t , Snohomish C o u n t i e s , n o r t h e r n C a s c a d e s , W a s h i n g t o n : Ph.D.

thesis.

U n i v e r s i t y of

A

and

Washington

Summit Creek Soda S p r i n g Lewis County T . 14 N . , R. 11 E . , NE1/4SW1/4, S e c . 18 White P a s s 1962, 1 5 ' USGS Quad. The a r e a i s r e a c h e d by t a k i n g t h e White P a s s Highway, S t a t e Route 1 2 , t o Road 1400, and f o l l o w i n g t h i s d i r t and g r a v e l road t o Creek Soda S p r i n g s

Geothermal

its

Forest

e a s t e r n t e r m i n u s , a t Summit

Campground.

Features

Along t h e n o r t h e a s t a large iron-stained

s i d e of Summit Creek a c o l d , CO2 c h a r g e d s p r i n g has b u i l t

t u f a t e r r a c e , a b o u t 7 m e t e r s above t h e r i v e r b e d .

up

The main soda

s p r i n g f l o w s f r o m a manmade r o c k and cement c i s t e r n which s t a n d s about 3 / 4 m e t e r s above ground

level.

On a J u l y 1979 s u r v e y and c o l l e c t i n g gpm a t 1 1 . 6 ° C .

trip,

t h e s p r i n g was f l o w i n g a b o u t 40 t o 50

Water s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e c i s t e r n

(SCA) and f r o m a

s m a l l e r s p r i n g which f l o w s from t h e lower n o r t h s i d e of t h e l a r g e t u f a mounts (SCB). T h i s second s p r i n g had a t e m p e r a t u r e of 9 . 7 ° C and a c o n d u c t i v i t y of 2000 umhos/cm. The c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 4 . 2 . reservoir

temperatures are c a l c u l a t e d as

When g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a r e

follows:

T

T

Si-Quartz

Na-K-Ca

SCA

140

155

SCB

80

155

The Li c o n c e n t r a t i o n

applied,

i s q u i t e h i g h , as i s the r e s u l t i n g Li/Na r a t i o .

The w a t e r

is

c h a r g e d w i t h d i s s o l v e d CO2 which v i g o r o u s l y b u b b l e s out a t t h e s u r f a c e , b u t a l s o h a s a very high

Cl-

content.

SCB w a t e r a p p e a r s t o be d i l u t e d SCA w a t e r .

Geology Summit Creek v a l l e y h a s been c u t i n t o t h e P l i o c e n e Ridge Top a n d e s i t e .

The

P l e i s t o c e n e V a l l e y f l o w b a s a l t , which o r i g i n a t e d from v e n t s n e a r t h e Cascade Divide t o t h e e a s t of C o w l i t z P a s s , c o v e r s t h e v a l l e y f l o o r from t h e c r e s t west of the s p r i n g s .

I n t h e a r e a around t h e s p r i n g s ,

by t h e c r e e k ( E l l i n g s o n ,

1959).

c o v e r e d by Recent a l l u v i u m . Miocene J u g Lake d i o r i t e

to a few m i l e s

t h e b a s a l t f l o w h a s been eroded

The immediate a r e a s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s p r i n g s has been

About 1 . 5 km n o r t h e a s t and 2 . 5 km s o u t h of t h e a r e a ,

i n t r u s i v e i s exposed.

(Ellingson,

the

1959.)

Comments: S e v e r a l o t h e r c o l d soda s p r i n g s w i t h t u f a mounds a r e r e p o r t e d

to e x i s t

Summit Creek f a r t h e r up t h e v a l l e y t o t h e e a s t , w i t h i n a m i l e of t h e main Despite t h e i r very cold t e m p e r a t u r e s ,

t h e s e Soda S p r i n g s may be r e l a t e d

v o l c a n i c s y s t e m s which e x i s t i n t h e r e g i o n .

along spring.

to the

The r a t i o s of v a r i o u s c h e m i c a l

species

f o r w a t e r s from Summit Creek Soda S p r i n g , e s p e c i a l l y N a / L i , l o o k v e r y s i m i l a r

to

v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d f o r Ohanapecosh Hot S p r i n g s which i s s o u t h e a s t of Mount R a i n i e r and o n l y a b o u t 7 km n o r t h w e s t of Summit Creek Soda S p r i n g .

V.

REGIONAL GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE SOUTHERN CASCADES, WASHINGTON

by

Z. Frank Danes U n i v e r s i t y of P u g e t Sound Tacoma, Washington

V.

REGIONAL GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE SOUTHERN CASCADES, WASHINGTON

by Z. F. Danes U n i v e r s i t y of Puget Sound Introduction I n numerous a r e a s of r e c e n t v o l c a n i s m t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d , g e o t h e r m a l

systems

h a v e been d i s c o v e r e d , d e v e l o p e d , and a r e now making s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s e n e r g y n e e d s of the r e s p e c t i v e a r e a s .

The S t a t e of W a s h i n g t o n , h a v i n g f i v e

to t h e strato-

v o l c a n o e s and numerous s m a l l e r v o l c a n i c c e n t e r s , a l l of Q u a t e r n a r y a g e , must a b u n d a n t , but as yet u n d i s c o v e r e d ,

commercially developable geothermal

contain

systems.

D i s c o v e r y and development of g e o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i n o t h e r a r e a s of t h e world have o c c u r r e d b e c a u s e t h o s e a r e a s e x h i b i t abundant s u r f i c i a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s g e y s e r s s u l f a t a r a s ) of t h e g e o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s . s u r f i c i a l manifestations are largely lacking.

(hot

In t h e S t a t e of W a s h i n g t o n ,

springs, these

Thermal s p r i n g s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of

t h o s e n e a r Mount R a i n i e r and Mount B a k e r , have c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n s

i n d i c a t i v e of

t e m p e r a t u r e g e o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s ( S c h u s t e r and o t h e r s , 1978 p . 2 0 - 2 1 ) .

The l a c k of

t h e r m a l s p r i n g s i n t h e Mount S t . Helens/Mount Adams a r e a may i n d i c a t e t h a t i f

low

high

temperature geothermal systems e x i s t

i n t h e a r e a , t h e y a r e b u r i e d by young v o l c a n i c s

( S c h u s t e r and o t h e r s ,

The few h e a t f l o w measurements made i n t h e

1978, p. 4 4 ) .

s o u t h e r n C a s c a d e s do not r e v e a l a r e a s h a v i n g r e q u i s i t e h i g h g e o t h e r m a l The a v a i l a b l e d a t a i n d i c a t e

gradients.

t h a t t h e s e a r c h f o r g e o t h e r m a l power i n the S t a t e of

Washington w i l l be d i f f i c u l t , and w i l l have t o r e l y upon e x p l o r a t i o n

techniques

c a p a b l e of d e t e c t i n g p o s s i b l e b u r l e d g e o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s which have no s u r f i c i a l manifestation. G r a v i t y s u r v e y s g i v e u s e f u l d a t a which can be i n t e r p r e t e d l o c a l s t r u c t u r e s and s u b s u r f a c e l i t h o l o g i e s .

to r e v e a l

regional

G r a v i t y s u r v e y s in t h e G e y s e r s

( 1 9 6 6 , C a l i f o r n i a D i v i s i o n of Mines and G e o l o g y ) ,

and

area

i n t h e B r o a d l a n d s a r e a of New Z e a l a n d

( 1 9 7 0 , H o c h s t e i n and H u n t ) ,

i n t h e R a f t R i v e r a r e a of I d a h o ( 1 9 7 8 , Maybe and

others),

and i n t h e R o o s e v e l t Hot S p r i n g s a r e a of Utah r e v e a l t h a t g r a v i t y a n o m a l i e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d with geothermal systems.

We make and e m p h a s i z e t h e p o i n t t h a t g r a v i t y

alone cannot r e v e a l geothermal s y s t e m s . i n f i n i t e c o m b i n a t i o n of v a r i a b l e s .

G r a v i t y a n o m a l i e s can be produced by an

However, g r a v i t y s u r v e y s c o u p l e d w i t h

bedrock

g e o l o g y and w a t e r g e o c h e m i s t r y can r e v e a l t a r g e t a r e a s which can be e x p l o r e d o t h e r more s i t e s p e c i f i c and e x p e n s i v e

data

with

techniques.

Research We have c o m p l e t e d a r e g i o n a l g r a v i t y s u r v e y of t h e s o u t h e r n C a s c a d e s of W a s h i n g t o n , w i t h t h e p u r p o s e of d e l i n e a t i n g r e g i o n a l g e o l o g i c a l a r e a s which can be e x p l o r e d w i t h more s i t e s p e c i f i c t e c h n i q u e s . a r e a comprised a p p r o x i m a t e l y twenty-two 15' q u a d r a n g l e s ,

s t r u c t u r e s and The i n i t i a l

target

study

bounded by t h e Columbia

R i v e r on t h e s o u t h , by 4 6 ° 3 0 ' on t h e n o r t h , by 1 2 2 ° 3 0 ' on t h e w e s t , and by 121° on the e a s t .

T h i s a r e a , h a v i n g t h e most i n t e n s i v e and e x t e n s i v e r e c e n t v o l c a n i s m of any

a r e a of c o m p a r a b l e s i z e i n t h e s t a t e must be c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e s t a t e ' s The p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s were a s

(Hammond, 1975; and C r a n d e l l and M u l l i n e a u x ) ,

prime t a r g e t a r e a f o r g e o t h e r m a l

power.

follows:

1.

Compile e x i s t i n g g r a v i t y d a t a f o r t h e map a r e a .

2.

O b t a i n s u f f i c i e n t new g r a v i t y d a t a t o c o m p l e t e u n i f o r m r e g i o n a l c o v e r a g e of a r e a w i t h a s t a t i o n d e n s i t y of 1 p e r 5 s q u a r e m i l e s .

3.

Reduce e x i s t i n g and new g r a v i t y d a t a u s i n g t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d g r a v i t y d a t a by t h e U . S . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y i n D e n v e r .

4.

Compile t h e r e d u c e d d a t a i n t o f r e e - a i r and Bouguer g r a v i t y maps a t a s c a l e of 1:100,000.

5.

E s t a b l i s h a c o m p u t e r i z e d f i l e of a l l raw and reduced g r a v i t y d a t a f o r t h e map a r e a t o f a c i l i t a t e d a t a e x c h a n g e and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

reductions applied

D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of J u l y 1979 t h r o u g h J u n e 1980, g r a v i t y o b s e r v a t i o n s

were

c a r r i e d o u t i n the a r e a from 4 5 ° 3 0 ' N t o 4 6 ° 3 0 ' N and from 1 2 1 ° 4 5 ' E t o 122°30'W. A l s o s u r v e y e d was a s m a l l a r e a from 4 6 ° 3 0 ' N and

121°30'E.

the

to

A l t o g e t h e r , 877 g r a v i t y r e a d i n g s have been t a k e n ; of t h o s e , a b o u t 250 a r e base readings,

r e p e a t s , c a l i b r a t i o n s and t i e s ;

t h e r e s t a r e new v a l u e s .

A l l s t a t i o n s were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o our e x i s t i n g network and both new and old v a l u e s have been s u b m i t t e d t o t h e Denver O f f i c e of t h e U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey f o r terrain corrections.

A.

15'

These

comprise:

Quadrangles

B o n n e v i l l e Dam Bridal Veil Camas Cougar E l k Rock Husum Lookout Mtn.

118 S t a t i o n s 43 117

Mount S t . Helens S p i r i t Lake White P a s s

71 53 82 58

Willard Wind R i v e r Yacolt

TOTAL

B.

169 S t a t i o n s 65 20 46 61 62

965 S t a t i o n s

7-1/2' Q u a d r a n g l e s Blue Lake B u r n t Peak E a s t Canyon B u t t e French Butte

12 S t a t i o n s 11 14 10

L o s t Horse P l a t e a u McCoy Peak P i s c o e Meadows Q u a r t z Creek B u t t e

Glenwood Greenhorn Buttes Jennies Butte Lone B u t t e

51 12 11 45

S l e e p i n g Beauty Spencer Butte Twin B u t t e s W a l l u p t Lake

TOTAL

While i t be w a r r a n t e d , 1.

1219 S t a t i o n s

prepared.

i s always d a n g e r o u s to i n t e r p r e t but s h o u l d s t i l l

49 5 2 16

254 S t a t i o n s

GRAND TOTAL

Base maps on a s c a l e 1 : 6 2 , 5 0 0 have been

2 Stations 7 2 5

be t a k e n w i t h

p r e l i m i n a r y d a t a , a few c o n c l u s i o n s may caution.

The d o m i n a t i n g f e a t u r e i n t h e a r e a i s t h e r e g i o n a l w e s t e r l y g r a v i t y of a b o u t one mgal/km.

gradient

2.

S u p e r p o s e d o v e r t h i s g r a d i e n t a r e n u m e r o u s l o c a l a n o m a l i e s t h a t seem t o c l u s t e r a l o n g " t r e n d s " , m a r k e d r e d ( p o s i t i v e ) and y e l l o w ( n e g a t i v e ) on t h e p r e l i m i n a r y map. S u r p r i s i n g l y , t h o s e " t r e n d s " seem t o s t r i k e a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e known t e c t o n i c t r e n d s i n t h e s o u t h C a s c a d e s .

3.

A r e a s of known r e c e n t v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y ( t h a t i s , Mount S t . H e l e n s , 4 6 ° 1 0 ' N , 1 2 2 ° 1 0 ' W ; and G o a t R o c k s , 4 6 ° 2 5 ' N , 1 2 1 ° 2 0 ' W ) a r e a c c o m p a n i e d by w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d g r a v i t y m i n i m a , p o s s i b l y due t o l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of low d e n s i t y i n t r u sive rocks at shallow c r u s t a l d e p t h s .

4.

A r e a s of s i m i l a r n e g a t i v e a n o m a l i e s , a n d , t h e r e f o r e , p r o s p e c t i v e g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , a r e f o u n d i n s o u t h e r n E l k Rock d i s t r i c t ; e a s t of S p i r i t L a k e ; I n s o u t h e r n C o u g a r d i s t r i c t ; and n o r t h e r n L o o k o u t M o u n t a i n d i s t r i c t .

Again, all

those conclusions

the c o r r e c t i o n s

delineate

a r e b a s e d on p r e l i m i n a r y d a t a ,

have been a p p l i e d .

geothermal prospects

in this

Nevertheless, area,

and may be m o d i f i e d when

gravity

and t h e p r e s e n t

anomalies probably survey should

can

continue.

A d d i t i o n s and Comments by M i c h a e l A. Korosec

The 1979 g r a v i t y d a t a p r o v i d e a tremendous number of s t a t i o n s w i t h

sufficient

s t a t i o n d e n s i t y t o e n a b l e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a r e l i a b l e r e g i o n a l g r a v i t y map f o r southern Cascades.

Work b e i n g c a r r i e d out i n 1980 w i l l a l l o w f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of

a s i m i l a r map f o r t h e c e n t r a l C a s c a d e s and p o r t i o n s of t h e n o r t h e r n e s p e c i a l l y around t h e Mount Baker a r e a . maps w i l l e x i s t north Cascades.

the

Cascades,

The o n l y " h o l e s " which w i l l remain on t h e

i n t h e c e n t r a l i n t e r i o r and t h e c e n t r a l and e a s t e r n p o r t i o n s of S i n c e t h e s e unmeasured r e g i o n s a r e a ) r e m o t e , w i t h d i f f i c u l t

the

access,

b ) w i t h i n N a t i o n a l P a r k s and W i l d e r n e s s A r e a s , and c ) not s u s p e c t e d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t g e o t h e r m a l p r o v i n c e s by t h e known g e o l o g y ( e x c e p t f o r t h e G l a c i e r Peak a r e a ) or open t o development even If

they a r e ,

t h e r e g i o n a l p o r t i o n of t h e g r a v i t y s u r v e y

can be c o n s i d e r e d n e a r l y c o m p l e t e . southeast

program

The o n l y e x c e p t i o n i s t h e a r e a s o u t h and

t o Mr. Baker (down t o t h e South Fork S t i l l a g u a m i s h and e a s t to t h e G l a c i e r

Peak W i l d e r n e s s A r e a ) .

T h i s r e g i o n w i l l l i k e l y be s u r v e y e d i n 1981.

F u t u r e work s h o u l d f o c u s on s p e c i f i c a r e a s of i n t e r e s t ,

either coinciding

with

g e o t h e r m a l p r o v i n c e s b e i n g examined by o t h e r p r o j e c t s of t h e D i v i s i o n ' s

geothermal

p r o g r a m , or on a r e a s which s u g g e s t

anomalies

f r o m t h e r e g i o n a l map.

t h e e x i s t e n c e of s i g n i f i c a n t g r a v i t y

For e x a m p l e , t h e r e g i o n a l g r a v i t y s u r v e y around t h e Mount

H e l e n s a r e a showed a pronounced g r a v i t y kilometers north-northwest

low i n the C o l d w a t e r Creek a r e a 10 t o 15

of t h e v o l c a n o .

The e x t e n t and s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h i s

can o n l y be g u e s s e d , b e c a u s e of t h e r e l a t i v e l y low s t a t i o n d e n s i t y i n t h e a r e a low i s d e f i n e d by o n l y a few g r a v i t y v a l u e s ) . north-northwest

it

low (the

S i n c e a f a u l t zone e x t e n d s

from t h e v o l c a n o t h r o u g h t h i s a r e a , and s i n c e t h e s h a l l o w ( o r

i n t e r m e d i a t e ) magma chamber i s s u s p e c t e d crater,

St.

Is p o s s i b l e

to be o f f s e t n o r t h w e s t of t h e

central

t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t g e o t h e r m a l r e s e r v o i r may u n d e r l i e t h e

T i g h t e r g r a v i t y s t a t i o n d e n s i t y may p r o v i d e u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n which w i l l b e g i n answer some of t h e q u e s t i o n s which t h i s anomaly

generates.

area. to

I n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , a t h o r o u g h e x a m i n a t i o n of carried

o u t i n an e f f o r t

to i d e n t i f y a l l

of

the s i g n i f i c a n t

s o u t h and c e n t r a l C a s c a d e s ,

and t h e a r e a s

cannot

by known g e o l o g y ,

be r e a d i l y e x p l a i n e d

p o o r l y d e f i n e d , a program should possibly leading f u t u r e heat

flow d r i l l i n g ,

of

geochemical

detailed soil

g r a v i t y maps s h o u l d be

anomalies within

a r o u n d Mount B a k e r .

be d e v e l o p e d

to the p r o d u c t i o n

the regional

Where t h e

anomalies

and w h e r e t h e y a r e q u e s t i o n a b l e to s y s t e m a t i c a l l y

the

survey these

or areas,

g r a v i t y maps w h i c h c a n be used t o

surveys,

or o t h e r g e o p h y s i c a l

site

surveys.

VI.

GEOLOGY OF THE WHITE PASS - TUMAC MOUNTAIN AREA, WASHINGTON

by

G e o f f r e y A. C l a y t o n G e o l o g i s t - U n i v e r s i t y of Washington S e a t t l e , Washington

VI.

GEOLOGY OF THE WHITE PASS-TUMAC MOUNTAIN AREA, WASHINGTON by G e o f f r e y A. C l a y t o n

Abstract

The Tumac P l a t e a u - W h i t e P a s s - R i m r o c k L a k e - n o r t h e r n Goat Rocks r e g i o n i n

the

s o u t h e r n Cascade Range Washington l i e s a t t h e c r e s t and on t h e e a s t e r n s l o p e of C a s c a d e s 35 t o 45 km s o u t h e a s t

of Mount R a i n i e r .

on the 1 : 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 Yakima r a i s e d

relief

When viewed on t o p o g r a p h i c maps, or

map, t h e Tumac P l a t e a u a p p e a r s a s an anomalous

b u l g i n g a r e a , r e l a t i v e l y u n d i s s e c t e d by r i v e r s ,

and d o t t e d w i t h l a k e s .

This

morphology is due t o t h e e r u p t i o n of l a v a f r o m a t l e a s t 10 l a t e Q u a t e r n a r y d i s t r i b u t e d on and a r o u n d t h e Tumac P l a t e a u .

r a n g e i n c o m p o s i t i o n from o l i v i n e b a s a l t and h i g h - a l u m i n a b a s a l t t o Structurally

t h e a r e a may be a dome.

amphibolite,

t h e o n l y e x p o s u r e of p r e - T e r t i a r y

bulging

vents

To t h e s o u t h , Hogback Mountain and

Goat Rocks a r e more e r o s i o n a l l y d i s s e c t e d c e n t e r s of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i s m .

the

Lavas

rhyolite.

The R u s s e l l Ranch f o r m a t i o n and I n d i a n Creek r o c k s i n t h e s o u t h e r n C a s c a d e s of

Washington, crop out a t a l t i t u d e s as high as 6,000 f t .

T e r t i a r y f o r m a t i o n s tend

d i p away from t h e Tumac P l a t e a u .

The Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n ,

t o t h e west of t h e Cascade c r e s t ,

i s a b s e n t a t t h e c r e s t and i s not y e t

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h T e r t i a r y r o c k s on t h e e a s t faults paralleling

the

several kilometers

s i d e of t h e c r e s t .

to thick

definitely

The age and throw of

t h e C a r l t o n C r e e k , C l e a r F o r k , C o w l i t z R i v e r , and I n d i a n Creek

v a l l e y s a r e unknown.

Detailed

f i e l d mapping, p e t r o l o g i c and g e o c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s ,

r a d i o m e t r i c d a t i n g of rock u n i t s Quaternary volcanism,

i n t h e a r e a , was d e s i g n e d

to c l a r i f y t h e r e c o r d of

d e f i n e t h e m a j o r s t r u c t u r e s which c o n t r o l

h i g h - l e v e l s i l i c i c magma chamber i n f e r r e d

to e x i s t

beneath

and

t h e l o c a t i o n of a

the n o r t h w e s t e r n p o r t i o n of

t h e a r e a , and p e r m i t a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of s m a l l e r s c a l e s t r u c t u r e s which might c o n t r o l h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s and l o c a l i z a t i o n of

heat.

,

Introduction:

The S t r u c t u r e and S t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e T e r t i a r y Rocks i n

the

C a r l t o n P a s s - W h i t e P a s s - R i m r o c k Lake-Goat Rocks Region

The 1979 g e o l o g i c mapping was p a r t of a l a r g e r s t u d y by J o s e p h Vance and Geoffrey Clayton.

T h i s s t u d y of t h e s t r u c t u r e and s t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e

Tertiary

r o c k s of t h e C a r l t o n P a s s - W h i t e P a s s - R i m r o c k Lake-Goat Rocks r e g i o n f o c u s e s on a d e t a i l e d s u b d i v i s i o n and c h r o n o l o g y of t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c

section, identifying

zones

of c r u s t a l w e a k n e s s , and e s t i m a t i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t a l o n g T e r t i a r y and Q u a t e r n a r y faults.

F i n d i n g s w i l l a l l o w c o r r e l a t i o n and c o m p a r i s o n of the v o l c a n i c h i s t o r y of

t h e s t u d y r e g i o n w i t h v o l c a n i c e p i s o d e s e l s e w h e r e i n t h e Cascade Range and w i l l clarify relationships

between d e f o r m a t i o n , v o l c a n i s m ,

and s u b d u c t i o n , and

help

regional

t e c t o n i c s in the Northwest. P r e v i o u s Work A b b o t t ( 1 9 5 3 ) s t u d i e d t h e r o c k s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of C a r l t o n P a s s .

He

mapped v o l c a n i c r o c k s now a s s i g n e d t o t h e Ohanapecosh Formation ( F i s k e , Hopson, and W a t e r s , 1964) a s o v e r l y i n g Puget Group s a n d s t o n e s a l o n g t h e n o r t h w e s t s i d e of Bumping R i v e r v a l l e y .

the

Abbott a l s o mapped a f a u l t zone i n t h e upper C a r l t o n Creek -

u p p e r Bumping R i v e r v a l l e y s e p a r a t i n g u p l i f t e d lower T e r t i a r y r o c k s to t h e

northwest

from down-dropped m i d d l e T e r t i a r y Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n to t h e s o u t h e a s t .

Thus he

i n f e r r e d f a u l t i n g was younger t h a n m i d d l e T e r t i a r y .

The T e r t i a r y r o c k s of t h e White

Pass - T i e t o n P a s s - Goat Rocks a r e a were s t u d i e d i n r e c o n n a i s s a n c e (1968).

Ellingson

by E l l i n g s o n

( 1 9 6 8 ) a l s o d e s c r i b e d f a u l t zones a t C l e a r L a k e , a l o n g the

s i d e of Rimrock L a k e , a c r o s s C a r t r i g h t age and d i s p l a c e m e n t

south

C r e e k , and p a r a l l e l i n g I n d i a n C r e e k , but

of t h e s e f a u l t s i s u n c e r t a i n .

the

Swanson (1964) mapped and

d e s c r i b e d T e r t i a r y r o c k s around t h e e a s t e r n end of Rimrock Lake, but was u n a b l e d e f i n i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e t h e s e r o c k s w i t h u n i t s west of the Cascade c r e s t .

to

Swanson's

1964 mapping and rock d e s c r i p t i o n s were f i e l d checked and found to be q u i t e

accurate,

s o i t was d e c i d e d n o t t o u n d e r t a k e f u r t h e r mapping i n t h i s a r e a .

Radiometric

dates

on t h e s e r o c k s of t h e e a s t e r n s l o p e of t h e C a s c a d e s a r e n e e d e d , h o w e v e r , to

test

l i t h o l o g i c c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h u n i t s on t h e w e s t e r n s l o p e of t h e C a s c a d e s .

O b j e c t i v e s and P r o b l e m s The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s s t u d y have been a s (1)

follows:

T e r t i a r y v o l c a n i c and p l u t o n i c r o c k s a r e b e i n g mapped and sampled i n f i e l d ; they s p e c i f i c a l l y included:

welded t u f f s a t Spencer C r e e k ,

the

crystal

t u f f s s o u t h of Kloochman Rock, W i l d c a t Creek F o r m a t i o n and o v e r l y i n g

ash

f l o w s and t u f f s , p y r o c l a s t i c f l o w s i n t h e F i f e s Peak of T i e t o n V o l c a n o , a n d e s i t e at Shellrock Peak, b r e c c i a a t Bootjack rock,

the m i c r o d i o r i t e of

Kloochman Rock, Goose Egg M o u n t a i n , W e s t f a l l Rocks and unnamed h i l l s

in

n o r t h w e s t - t r e n d i n g zone of i n t r u s i o n s

in

(Swanson, 1 9 6 4 ) , r h y o l i t i c a s h

I n d i a n C r e e k , i n t r u s i v e r o c k s a t J u g Lake and Twin P e a k s ,

this

silicified

b a s a l t s a t T i e t o n P a s s , o l i v i n e b a s a l t n e a r Conrad Meadows,

basal

Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n i n Summit Creek ( E l l i n g s o n , 1959, 1968, 1 9 7 2 ) , and C a r l t o n P a s s ( A b b o t t , 1 9 5 3 ) , Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n c r o p p i n g o u t on t h e s i d e of J o h n s o n P e a k , q u a r t z t u f f

i n t h e n o r t h e r n Tumac P l a t e a u ,

in

north

intrusive

r o c k s a t P e a r B u t t e and C a r l t o n R i d g e , h o r n b l e n d e p o r p h y r y a t McNiel P e a k , and p y r o c l a s t i c b r e c c i a a t t h e D e v i l s (2)

Horns.

D e t a i l e d mapping p r o j e c t s have been p l a n n e d f o r t h e C l e a r Lake f a u l t t h e I n d i a n Creek f a u l t zone and t h e f a u l t in C a r t w r i g h t Creek 1 9 7 2 ) , t h e C a r l t o n Creek f a u l t ( A b b o t t ,

zone,

(Ellingson,

1 9 5 3 ) , and f a u l t s i n l a t e

Pleistocene

l a k e s e d i m e n t s west of P e n o y e r Lake ( o b s e r v e d by C l a y t o n and P o r t e r of U n i v e r s i t y of (3)

Washington).

Rocks a r e b e i n g c o r r e l a t e d on t h e b a s i s of l i t h o l o g y , position,

petrographic similarity,

and K-Ar r a d i o m e t r i c d a t i n g

stratigraphic

and by a g e s o b t a i n e d by t h e

techniques.

fission-track

(4)

A map of t h e T e r t i a r y r o c k s h a s been d r a f t e d .

The p r o b l e m s t h i s s t u d y s e e k s to s o l v e i n c l u d e :

i d e n t i f y i n g and mapping T e r t i a r y

and younger f r a c t u r e zones and f a u l t s which may l o c a l i z e t h e c i r c u l a t i o n of mal f l u i d s ; d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e age and d i s p l a c e m e n t of f a u l t s which may have

geothercontrolled

t h e a s c e n t of magma; e v a l u a t i n g the T e r t i a r y s e c t i o n a s a cap rock which may f o c u s t h e g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e a t t h e c r e s t of a n t i c l i n a l and domal s t r u c t u r e s , and d e f i n i t i o n of t h e age of T e r t i a r y v o l c a n i c e p i s o d e s i n t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e

the

Cascades,

and t h e i r i n t e r r e l a t i o n s w i t h movement of t h e P a c i f i c and J u a n de Fuca P l a t e s and with regional

tectonics.

E l l i n g s o n ( 1 9 7 2 ) c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e White P a s s r e g i o n h a s been p o s i t i v e

relief

s i n c e t h e E o c e n e , and t h a t Q u a t e r n a r y f a u l t i n g h a s lowered t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n Tumac P l a t e a u 2 , 3 0 0 f e e t r e l a t i v e to R u s s e l l Ridge to t h e e a s t .

I f t h e doming and u p l i f t

of t h i s r e g i o n a r e i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n of t h e Cascade Orogeny, t h e n a h o t - s p o t model (Suppe and o t h e r s 1975) may be a p p l i c a b l e to t h e r e g i o n . the study,

As p a r t of

f i e l d work and r a d i o m e t r i c d a t i n g have been d e s i g n e d to p r o v i d e d a t a to

determine if

late Tertiary precursors

to t h e u n u s u a l l y time c o n t i n u o u s and com-

p o s i t i o n a l l y diverse Quaternary volcanic rocks e x i s t .

Although t h e p r e s e n t

sub-

c r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e and r a t e of p o s s i b l e s u b d u c t i o n b e n e a t h w e s t e r n Washington a r e uncertain,

t h e C e n o z o i c dynamics of o c e a n i c p l a t e s i n t h e P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t a r e w e l l

known ( A t w a t e r 1970; S i l v e r 1971; Riddihough 1 9 7 8 ) . motions, spreading at others,

By comparing t h e s e

plate

t h e J u a n de Fuca R i s e (Vine and Mathews, 1963; Kennet and

1 9 7 7 ) , and t h e r e c o r d of v o l c a n i s m i n t h e s t u d y r e g i o n , t h e r e h a s been an

a t t e m p t to determine the r e l a t i o n s h i p s and t e c t o n i c s .

between r a t e of s u b d u c t i o n , v o l c a n i c

activity,

The Cenozoic r e c o r d of v o l c a n i s m and t e c t o n i c s of t h i s r e g i o n have

been compared w i t h d a t a from s t u d i e s by Armstrong ( 1 9 7 8 ) , C h r i s t i a n s e n and Lipman ( 1 9 7 2 ) , Hamilton and Myers ( 1 9 6 6 ) , Vance and N a e s e r

( 1 9 7 7 ) , Vance (1977 and

1979),

Vogt and o t h e r s

(1976),

to see

if

patterns

t o t h o s e of

the study

area.

Another

important

and u n i q u e a s p e c t

that

six important Tertiary

Eocene v o l c a n i c

rock u n i t s

rocks s i m i l a r

of

Columbia R i v e r B a s a l t between t h e s e nic units Vance

record

(Ellingson

F i f e s Peak F o r m a t i o n ,

crop out elsewhere

i n sympathy w i t h 1977).

similar

in the study region

1968,

is

it.

Stratigraphic

Radiometric

allow evaluation

t h e r o t a t i o n of

Puget

S t e v e n s Ridge Formation

In the r e g i o n .

studies

p . 2 8 ) and t h e

d a t i n g of

of

t h e C a s c a d e Range u n d e r w e n t a m a j o r c l o c k w i s e

by ( S i m p s o n and C o x ,

are

t o t h o s e mapped i n w e s t e r n m o s t W a s h i n g t o n by S n a v e l y

along with paleomagnetic

early Tertiary

the T e r t i a r y

rocks are being c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d .

(1979) t h a t

by t h e a b o v e a u t h o r s

of w e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n c r o p o u t w i t h i n

and Wagner ( 1 9 6 3 ) c r o p o u t a t T i e t o n P a s s Group, Ohanapecosh F o r m a t i o n ,

inferred

and,

relationships these

the suggestion rotation

t h e Oregon c o a s t a l

block

volcaby

during

the

recognized

Q u a t e r n a r y V o l c a n i c Rocks i n t h e Tumac P l a t e a u - White P a s s - Goat Rocks Area

The Tumac P l a t e a u - W h i t e P a s s - G o a t Rocks a r e a c o n t a i n s a r e c o r d of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c r o c k s u n i q u e i n t h e S t a t e of W a s h i n g t o n .

Hundreds of e r u p t i o n s

o c c u r r e d i n the r e g i o n a t v a r y i n g i n t e r v a l s d u r i n g Q u a t e r n a r y t i m e .

have

F i f t e e n vents

have been l o c a t e d and t h e e x i s t e n c e of o t h e r s a r e i n f e r r e d b e c a u s e many l a v a s be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the known v e n t s .

The v o l c a n i c r o c k s r a n g e w i d e l y i n

and i n c l u d e h i g h - a l u m i n a b a s a l t , o l i v i n e b a s a l t , and

cannot

composition

basaltic andesite, andesite,

dacite,

rhyolite. Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i s m i n Washington S t a t e n o r t h of t h e Tumac P l a t e a u - W h i t e P a s s -

Goat Rocks s t u d y a r e a h a s been l a r g e l y r e s t r i c t e d

to a n d e s i t i c

stratovolcanoes.

The

dominant t y p e of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i s m i n Washington S t a t e s o u t h of t h e s t u d y a r e a h a s been t h e e r u p t i o n of b a s a l t i n f i s s u r e zones and t h e f o r m a t i o n of two l a r g e stratovolcanoes.

andesitic

The Tumac P l a t e a u may be t h e n o r t h e r n t e r m i n u s of a f i s s u r e

zone,

p o s s i b l y t h e I n d i a n Heaven f i s s u r e zone d e s c r i b e d by Hammond and o t h e r s ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

The

I n d i a n Heaven f i s s u r e zone i s o r i e n t e d n o r t h - s o u t h and p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e w e s t e r n f l a n k of Mount Adams.

The Tumac P l a t e a u , Hogback M o u n t a i n , t h e Goat Rocks, and Lake

View Mountain d e f i n e a l i n e a r n o r t h - s o u t h zone of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i s m t h a t

also

i n t e r s e c t s Mount Adams. Two m a j o r s e t s of l i n e a m e n t s v i s i b l e on L a n d s a t p h o t o g r a p h s converge a t n o r t h e r n boundary of southwest,

is traceable

Tumac P l a t e a u . parallel valley,

the Tumac P l a t e a u .

The S t . Helens l i n e a m e n t , o r i e n t e d

the northeast-

t h r o u g h C a r l t o n P a s s , d e f i n i n g t h e n o r t h w e s t boundary of

An e n - e c h e l o n s e t of l i n e a m e n t s o r i e n t e d n o r t h w e s t - s o u t h e a s t ,

the

sub-

t o the Olympic-Wallowa l i n e a m e n t , a r e t r a c e a b l e a l o n g the I n d i a n Creek t h r o u g h P e a r B u t t e , and t h r o u g h t h e R a t t l e s n a k e Peaks ( L e p l e y ,

munication 1978).

These l i n e a m e n t s may c o r r e s p o n d

e x t e n d to s u f f i c i e n t d e p t h to have c o n t r o l l e d

personal

to m a j o r c r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e s

the a s c e n t of magma.

comwhich

P r e v i o u s f i e l d mapping had i n d i c a t e d P l a t e a u a r e a was r e s t r i c t e d lineaments.

t h a t Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i s m i n t h e Tumac

t o an a r e a between t h e S t . Helens and I n d i a n Creek

K i n c a i d Mountain 1 km n o r t h w e s t of J u g L a k e , S u g a r l o a f Mountain 2 km

s o u t h of Bumping L a k e , and an e r o d e d v o l c a n i c cone and f l o w t h a t dams upper

Indian

C r e e k f o r m i n g P e a r Lake a r e Q u a t e r n a r y v e n t s a t t h e n o r t h e r n p e r i m e t e r of t h e area.

L i n e s drawn on a map to c o n n e c t K i n c a i d Mountain and S u g a r l o a f

M o u n t a i n , and

t h e P e a r Lake v e n t and S u g a r l o a f

Mountain, c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l

Creek l i n e a m e n t s ,

The Tumac P l a t e a u , w i t h a t l e a s t 5 a d d i t i o n a l

respectively.

study

t h e S t . Helens and I n d i a n vents,

t h e Summit Creek soda s p r i n g s , w i t h an i n f e r r e d h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s o u r c e , t h e C l e a r Fork C o w l i t z R i v e r d a c i t e v e n t , t h e Hogback Mountain v e n t , and t h e Round Mountain vent area (Ellingson 1968), a l l

H e between t h e t r a c e s of t h e two s e t s of

The n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n of t h e s t u d y a r e a c o n t a i n s t h e Tumac P l a t e a u , olivine basalt

shield volcano.

lava.

Abbott

and e a s t e r n Tumac P l a t e a u a r e a ,

or

E l l i n g s o n ( 1 9 5 9 ) mapped a

l a v a i n t h e C o w l i t z P a s s a r e a and named i t Ridge Top a n d e s i t e . ( 1 9 6 8 ) grouped a l l

are

the

l a v a s he i n f e r r e d to be P l i o c e n e

y o u n g e r i n t o a s i n g l e u n i t named Deep Creek a n d e s i t e .

f u r t h e r f i e l d work, E l l i n g s o n

1953),

Around t h e Tumac P l a t e a u

( 1 9 5 3 ) mapped t h e n o r t h w e s t p o r t i o n of

Tumac P l a t e a u and grouped a l l t h e l e u c o c r a t i c

leucocratic

a 40 km2

Tumac M o u n t a i n , a Holocene c i n d e r cone (Abott

i s t h e c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d v e n t of t h e s h i e l d v o l c a n o . o u t c r o p s of l e u c o c r a t i c

lineaments.

leucocratic

l a v a s of t h e

After southern

renamed them S p i r a l B u t t e a n d e s i t e , and i n f e r r e d

they

are Pliocene in age. F i e l d mapping, g e o c h e m i c a l , and p e t r o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s by t h e a u t h o r i n d i c a t e t h e "Ridge T o p - S p i r a l B u t t e " a n d e s i t e Pleistocene

in age.

i s a s e q u e n c e of b a s a l t

that

f l o w s , p r o b a b l y mid-

The b a s a l t s were e r u p t e d i n t o a p a l e o - v a l l e y s y s t e m o r i e n t e d

n o r t h - s o u t h across the present v a l l e y system. s l o n a l i n v e r s i o n of t o p o g r a p h y ,

a process

The r i d g e t o p p o s i t i o n i s due t o e r o -

t h a t has a l s o p e r c h e d t h e T i e t o n

Andesite

( t o be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r ) h i g h above p r e s e n t v a l l e y b o t t o m s .

Furthermore,

other

l e u c o c r a t i c l a v a s grouped i n t h e S p i r a l B u t t e a n d e s i t e a r e now known t o be s i l i c e o u s a n d e s i t e s e r u p t e d from a t l e a s t 8 v e n t s i n f e r r e d to m i d - l a t e P l e i s t o c e n e i n a g e .

The

v e n t s a r e i d e n t i f i a b l e by t h e i r h i g h t o p o g r a p h i c r e l i e f , t h e i r p r i m a r y v o l c a n i c morphology, a n d / o r t h e p r e s e n c e of w e l d e d , s c o r i a b r e c c i a , w i t h m o t t l e d primary o x i d a t i o n p a t t e r n s , and o t h e r v e n t a g g l o m e r a t e s . Mountain, Sugarloaf

Lava e r u p t e d from v e n t s a t Deer Lake

M o u n t a i n , and 500 m s o u t h of P e a r Lake f o r m s d i s t i n c t

f i l l i n g flows In the p r e s e n t l y e x i s t i n g drainage system.

valley-

The smooth U-shaped morpho-

l o g y u s u a l l y o b s e r v e d i n t h e g l a c i a l l y s c o u r e d v a l l e y s i n t h i s a r e a i s m o d i f i e d by bulging lava flow morphology.

Because t h e s e l a v a f l o w s have not been p r o f o u n d l y

s c o u r e d by g l a c i e r s and a r e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e bottoms of p r e s e n t l y e x i s t i n g t h e y a r e i n f e r r e d to be l a t e P l e i s t o c e n e i n a g e .

S p i r a l B u t t e , with

valleys,

well-preserved

p a i r e d l a v a l e v e e s d e f i n i n g a t i g h t s p i r a l around t h e v e n t , may have been formed subglacially.

I t s anomalous shape h a s been only s l i g h t l y a f f e c t e d by t h e I c e cap

t h a t c o v e r e d t h e Tumac P l a t e a u d u r i n g t h e Evans Creek ( o r F r a s e r ) G l a c i a t i o n . C l e a r Fork C o w l i t z R i v e r d a c i t e f l o w h a s been g l a c i a t e d on i t s

The

lower p o r t i o n but

gla-

c i a l i c e has d e s t r o y e d t h e v e n t a r e a and s c o u r e d t h e upper p o r t i o n of t h e f l o w (Ellingson 1968). butary glacier

S i n c e t h e C l e a r Fork C o w l i t z R i v e r v a l l e y c o n t a i n e d an a c t i v e

t o t h e C o w l i t z g l a c i e r d u r i n g t h e Evans Creek G l a c i a t i o n ,

f l o w must be p o s t Evans Creek i n a g e , and t h u s l e s s

than 1 4 , 0 0 0 y e a r s

Hogback Mountain and Round Mountain a r e i n t h e middle of t h e s t u d y Ellingson

dacite

old. area.

(1968) i n f e r r e d t h a t Round Mountain i s a Q u a t e r n a r y v e n t which e r u p t e d

basaltic lava.

At Hogback M o u n t a i n , a sequence of more t h a n 125, 1 - 2 m t h i c k ,

s c o r i a c e o u s , b l o c k y l a v a f l o w s of h i g h alumina b a s a l t crop o u t . that

the

tri-

Ellingson

inferred

l a v a ponded In a c r a t e r a b o u t 1 t o 2 km in d i a m e t e r a t t h e summit of Hogback

Mountain and flowed down a p a l e o - v a l l e y to the n o r t h w e s t , o b l i q u e l y a c r o s s

the

present

drainage system.

crater.

volcanic

p o r t i o n of

source

perhaps

of

has r e s i s t e d

1977).

erosion,

Tieton River,

above the p r e s e n t

in the Goat

Pleistocene

is

andesites

flowed south

this

causing inversion the

of

of

Rocks t o i t s

lava are found c l i n g i n g

interpretation

similar

magnitude

an a b s o l u t e

trends,

to t h a t

(Ellingson

terminus

(Bentley,

In

personal

I n t h e c a n y o n of

the

followed a paleo-valley

observed

and o c c u p i e s to c l a r i f y

petrographic,

and r a d i o m e t r i c

Sr87/Sr86

ratios,

and

trace

of

t h e magma and i t s

examined.

The p r o b a b i l i t y

of

the e x i s t e n c e

other heat

sources p o t e n t i a l l y

important

the present

element

ascent

studies

dating

the a r e a .

should

With

as a geothermal

valley.

Pleistocene

have

allowed establish

geochemical

concentrations,

to the s u r f a c e a r e

of h i g h - l e v e l

Late

The Old Snowy

t h e e a r l y and m i d d l e

and g e o c h e m i c a l

pres-

The

a t Hogback M o u n t a i n .

t h e b o t t o m of

t h e e r u p t i v e h i s t o r y of

system

b e e n b r e a c h e d by t h e

from the Goat Rocks.

on t h e g e n e s i s

evaluated.

volcano

a r i d g e - t o p cap r o c k which

but has since

the s t r a t i g r a p h y ,

time framework f o r

differentiation

constraints

f i e l d mapping, of

Pliocene

which now f l o w s t o t h e s o u t h of W e s t f a l l R o c k s .

F u r t h e r work i n t h e a r e a was d e s i g n e d

accurate

dissected

t o v a l l e y w a l l s more t h a n 100 m

The T i e t o n A n d e s i t e

down G o a t C r e e k ,

Detailed

b.p.

the topography.

h a v e a l s o been e r u p t e d

record.

age.

The Goat Rocks

15,000 f e e t

lava flow is

s i d e of W e s t f a l l R o c k s ,

Tieton River,

d e g r e e of e r o s i o n

source,

v a l l e y bottom.

around the northwest ent east-west

Near i t s

r e m n a n t s of

in

summit

t h e w o r l d s l o n g e s t known a n d e -

T h i s l a v a f l o w h a s a K-Ar a g e of 6 9 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s

communication,

andesite

late Pleistocene.

( B e c r a f t 1950) i s

f l o w , e x t e n d i n g 80 km f r o m U s

Yakima.

the

a g e may h a v e r e a c h e d a n a l t i t u d e

The T i e t o n A n d e s i t e

the

e r u p t i v e h i s t o r y i n l a t e Miocene o r e a r l y

t o be a c t i v e u n t i l

of m i d d l e P l e i s t o c e n e

site

has a l s o destroyed

the s t u d y a r e a a r e t h e Goat Rocks, a d e e p l y

complex which began i t s

and c o n t i n u e d

1968).

by c i r q u e g l a c i e r s

The H o g b a c k M o u n t a i n b a s a l t s a r e p r o b a b l y m i d d l e P l e i s t o c e n e

In the southern

time,

Erosion

silicic resource

being

magma c h a m b e r s is s t i l l

being

or

Results R e s u l t s of t h e 1979 f i e l d s t u d y a r e p r e s e n t e d on a map of s c a l e 1 : 2 4 , 0 0 0 , w i t h i n t h e p o c k e t on t h e back c o v e r of O p e n - F i l e R e p o r t 8 0 - 8 of

this

report.

The map was f i r s t

t h e W a s h i n g t o n D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h

found

released Resources.

as

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Vance, J .

A.;

volcanic of

N a e s e r , C. W., 1 9 7 7 , F i s s i o n r o c k s of

the c e n t r a l Cascade Mountains,

America A b s t r a c t s

Vance, J .

A.; M i l l e r ,

structure

t r a c k g e o c h r o n o l o g y of

with Programs, v . 9, no. 4,

R. B . ,

1 9 7 9 , The S t r a i g h t

in the Washington Cascades:

Washington: p.

the

Geological

Society

520.

Creek f a u l t - A m a j o r

Submitted

Tertiary

Cenozoic

to S.E.P.M. volume,

Cenozoic

over ocean r i d g e s :

Nature,

Paleogeography.

Vine, v.

F. J . ;

M a t h e w s , D. H . ,

199, p .

947-949.

1963, Magnetic a n o m a l i e s

Vogt, P. R.; oceanic

Lowrie, A.;

Bracey,

D. R . ; Hey, R. N . ,

r i d g e s - E f f e c t s on s h a p e ,

suming p l a t e

boundaries:

seismicity,

Geological Society

1 9 7 6 , S u b d u c t i o n of

and o t h e r

seismic

characteristics

of

con-

of A m e r i c a S p e c i a l P a p e r 1 7 2 , 59

A d d i t i o n s and Comments by Michael A. Korosec

I n 1979 g e o l o g i c mapping i n t h e White Pass-Tumac Mountain a r e a of t h e Washington c e n t r a l C a s c a d e s , and a d d i t i o n a l mapping c a r r i e d out i n 1980 f o r t h e a r e a to

the

n o r t h (up t o Bumping L a k e ) , has g i v e n us a b e t t e r i d e a of t h e type and e x t e n t of v o l c a n i s m e x p e r i e n c e d by t h i s r e g i o n .

Geoff C l a y t o n h a s been a b l e to

demonstrate

t h a t t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e Cascades i s p o s s i b l y a huge d o m e - l i k e s t r u c t u r e , which h a s e x p e r i e n c e d n e a r l y c o n t i n u o u s v o l c a n i s m from t h e Miocene, t h r o u g h t h e P l i o c e n e and Pleistocene,

a c t i v i t y which has c o n t i n u e d i n t o the H o l o c e n e .

time, there are indications moving s l o w l y t o t h e

Through t h i s p e r i o d of

t h a t t h e " c e n t e r " of t h e b u l k v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y may be

north.

F u r t h e r s t u d i e s by C l a y t o n w i l l b e g i n s h e d d i n g l i g h t on t h e complex n a t u r e of

the

r o c k s and magmas b e n e a t h the s t r u c t u r a l dome, and may l e a d to t h e development of g e n e r a l magma mixing models and d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of what t y p e s of magma chambers e x i s t . today.

Beyond t h e 1980 f i e l d mapping, a d d i t i o n a l work c o u l d be c a r r i e d out i n the r e g i o n t o t h e s o u t h , i n c l u d i n g t h e Goat Rocks v o l c a n i c s .

Working w i t h

g e o l o g i s t s who a r e s t u d y i n g v o l c a n i c f i e l d s of t h e s o u t h C a s c a d e s , ( D r . Hammond, P o r t l a n d S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i c u l a r ) ,

Paul

time-space-composition

f o r most of W a s h i n g t o n ' s Q u a t e r n a r y t o r e c e n t v o l c a n i s m might be worked

models out.

T h i s s h o u l d l e a d to a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h i s complex g e o l o g i c p r o v i n c e and t o new methods which w i l l a l l o w f o r s p e c i f i c t a r g e t i n g of volcanic-related

geothermal

resources.

potential

VII.

GEOTHERMAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE CAMAS AREA, WASHINGTON, 1979

by

M i c h a e l A. K o r o s e c and J . Eric Schuster

D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s O l y m p i a , Washington

VII.

GEOTHERMAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE CAMAS AREA, WASHINGTON, 1979 by M i c h a e l A. Korosec and J . E r i c

Schuster

Introduction The town of Camas, W a s h i n g t o n , i s l o c a t e d a l o n g the Columbia R i v e r west of Cascade M o u n t a i n s . w i t h i n t h e town.

Crown Z e l l e r b a c h C o r p o r a t i o n o p e r a t e s a l a r g e p u l p and paper This m i l l

S t a t e of W a s h i n g t o n . f o r geothermal

is

the l a r g e s t

As s u c h , t h e Camas a r e a became a v e r y d e s i r a b l e p l a c e to look

energy.

geothermal r e s o u r c e s .

t h e p o s s i b l e e x i s t e n c e of

The Lacamas F a u l t e x t e n d s n o r t h w e s t from t h e Columbia R i v e r

n e a r Camas, and can be t r a c e d a l o n g Lacamas Lake t o a p o i n t about 8 m i l e s T h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n , s e v e r a l s m a l l c i n d e r cones dot t h e

These b a s a l t i c v o l c a n i c s , Pleistocene

in

northlandscape.

p a r t of t h e B o r i n g L a v a , a r e t h o u g h t to be e a r l y to middle

age.

The b e s t i n d i c a t o r s of p o s s i b l e g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s , h o w e v e r , were t h e of a warm s p r i n g and warm w e l l a c r o s s the Columbia R i v e r i n O r e g o n . spring,

mill

s i n g l e i n d u s t r i a l e n e r g y consumer i n t h e

There were a few g e o l o g i c i n d i c a t o r s which s u g g e s t

west of town.

the

C o r b e t t warm

f l o w i n g a b o u t 10 gpm a t 18°C, l i e s on an e x t e n s i o n of the s t r i k e of

Lacamas F a u l t , a b o u t 6 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of t h e town.

existence

The Y.M.C.A. w e l l ,

the

located 3

m i l e s f a r t h e r s o u t h , i s 313 f e e t d e e p , and p r o d u c e s w a t e r w i t h a t e m p e r a t u r e of 22°C. When Na-K-Ca g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a r e a p p l i e d t o t h e s e w a t e r s ( u s i n g b e t a = l / 3 ) , Warm s p r i n g s and t h e Y.M.C.A. w e l l a r e both p r e d i c t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s of 177°C. reservoir

temperatures

The Q u a r t z - S i l i c a

to have e q u i l i b r i u m

geothermometer p r e d i c t s

of 107° and 115°C f o r t h e s p r i n g and

Corbett reservoir

equilibrium

well.

The 1979 P r o j e c t To b e t t e r d e l i n e a t e

t h e g e o t h e r m a l p o t e n t i a l of

the Camas a r e a , t h e D i v i s i o n

s u b c o n t r a c t e d a g r a v i t y s u r v e y of t h e r e g i o n ( c o n d u c t e d by Dr. Z. F. Danes,

U n i v e r s i t y of P u g e t Sound) and a DC R e s i s t i v i t y Survey of t h e f a u l t zone by R. B. McEuen of E x p l o r a t i o n G e o t h e r m i c s , and F . A. Rigby of S c i e n c e Inc.).

The f i n a l r e p o r t

addition,

from the r e s i s t i v i t y

(conducted

Applications,

s u r v e y i s p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix C.

t h e D i v i s i o n measured t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s

in e x i s t i n g wells, d r i l l e d

h e a t f l o w h o l e s based on t h e r e s u l t s of t h e r e s i s t i v i t y and g r a v i t y s u r v e y s ,

In two

and

r e s a m p l e d and a n a l y z e d t h e w a t e r s from t h e s p r i n g and w e l l a c r o s s the Columbia R i v e r i n Oregon.

Results Measurements c o n d u c t e d f o r e x i s t i n g w e l l s in t h e Camas a r e a y i e l d e d g r a d i e n t s of l e s s

t h a n 40°C/km,

temperature

t y p i c a l l y f a l l i n g between 2 5 ° and 35°C/km.

Two w a t e r

w e l l s l o c a t e d t o t h e e a s t of 122°10'W, a b o u t 15 t o 18 m i l e s e a s t of Camas,

produced

g r a d i e n t s of a b o u t 53 and 69°C/km. The two g r a d i e n t - h e a t

f l o w w e l l s d r i l l e d by t h e D i v i s i o n , Camas No. 1 and Camas

No. 2 , gave t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s of 3 1 . 5 and 37°C/km.

The f o r m e r w e l l was

drilled

152 m e t e r s i n t o T e r t i a r y v o l c a n i c s and s e d i m e n t s and t h e l a t t e r , 72 m e t e r s d e e p , was e n t i r e l y In l a t e ( ? ) T e r t i a r y

sediments.

The r e s u l t s of the w a t e r a n a l y s e s f o r t h e C o r b e t t e S p r i n g and t h e Y.M.C.A. were v i r t u a l l y t h e same a s p r e v i o u s a n a l y s e s ( s e e t a b l e

well

4.2).

Discussion D e s p i t e t h e e x i s t e n c e of Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c r o c k s i n t h e a r e a , Camas seems to l i e w i t h i n t h e low h e a t

f l o w p r o v i n c e of t h e P u g e t Lowland, j u s t west of

t r a n s i t i o n zone which l e a d s t o t h e h i g h e r h e a t f l o w p r o v i n c e of the s o u t h

the Cascades.

The B o r i n g B a s a l t s , which c r o p out n e a r t h e town (Green M o u n t a i n , Brunner H i l l , w e s t of P r u n e H i l l ) ,

are very small c e n t e r s ,

too o l d to have r e t a i n e d any h e a t .

and They

a r e t h o u g h t to be anywhere from 100,000 t o 1 m i l l i o n y e a r s o l d , a s r e p o r t e d by various geologists.

Some of the m a t e r i a l exposed i n t h e road c u t s n e a r Prune H i l l

l o o k s f r e s h enough t o be younger than 100,000 y e a r s o l d , but no work has been done to

q u a l i f y the a c t u a l a g e .

( A l t h o u g h o r i g i n a l l y proposed a s p a r t of t h e

geothermal

i n v e s t i g a t i o n a t Camas, g e o l o g i c mapping and age d a t i n g of t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Camas was dropped i n f a v o r of t h e r e s i s t i v i t y

s u r v e y , a recommendation

handed down by an ad hoc committee of U . S . Department of Energy, U.S. S u r v e y , Department of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , and c o n s u l t i n g g e o l o g i s t s Camas

project.)

No m a t t e r what the a g e , i t a p p e a r s t h a t

Geological

interested

in the

t h e s o u r c e s of magma f o r

t h e s e v o l c a n i c s were e i t h e r v e r y s m a l l or v e r y d e e p , and have s i n c e cooled and discontinued supplying heat to the

surface.

From p r e v i o u s mapping, t h e o n l y o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t v o l c a n i c c e n t e r i s the Boring Basalt field at Battleground,

a b o u t 12 t o 14 m i l e s (20 t o 23 km) n o r t h of t h e town.

There have been a few rumors of t h e e x i s t e n c e of warm w a t e r w e l l s i n t h e a r e a , b u t none have been f o u n d .

The two w e l l s t h a t were deep enough t o measure

t h a t a r e a , o n l y 1 and 2 m i l e s from t h e v o l c a n i c s ,

T e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s do not s t a r t

in

produced t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s of

25° and 40° C/km, s i m i l a r t o t h e low g r a d i e n t s found t h r o u g h o u t t h e

region.

t o i n c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y u n t i l one moves

a b o u t 15 t o 18 m i l e s e a s t t o a b o u t S k a m a n i a . flow p i c t u r e for southwestern Washington. mWatts/m 2

Battleground

F i g u r e 3 . 4 shows t h e c o n t o u r e d

heat

Camas f a l l s between t h e 40 and 50

contours.

D e s p i t e l y i n g w i t h i n a low h e a t f l o w p r o v i n c e , w i t h l i t t l e from a v o l c a n i c system,

i t was s t i l l

chance of t a p p i n g

p o s s i b l e t h a t deep s e a t e d s t r u c t u r e s ,

heat

like

f a u l t s or f r a c t u r e z o n e s , m i g h t have been a l l o w i n g r e l a t i v e l y moderate to h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e f l u i d s to m i g r a t e from d e e p e r d e p t h s i n t o s h a l l o w e r The Lacamas F a u l t was a l i k e l y c a n d i d a t e f o r t h i s , and w e l l r e c o g n i z e d f a u l t i n t h e a r e a . extending s t r u c t u r a l

features across

O r e g o n , i t was c u r i o u s of

that

it

being t h e most

Though many g e o l o g i s t s c a u t i o n

extensive against

t h e Columbia R i v e r between Washington and

C o r b e t t S t a t i o n warm s p r i n g s h o u l d f a l l on an e x t e n s i o n

the s t r i k e of the Lacamas F a u l t .

p a r t of t h e f a u l t ,

aquifers.

But even if t h i s warm s p r i n g i s c o n t r o l l e d

by

does not n e c e s s a r i l y mean t h a t warm w a t e r s a r e r i s i n g a l o n g

the

entire

l e n g t h of

the f a u l t ,

area.

The two a r e a s a r e

e s p e c i a l l y 6 t o 10 m i l e s

separated

very poorly understood.

to the northwest

by t h e C o l u m b i a R i v e r ,

Most g e o l o g i s t s

hesitate

i n t h e Camas

a m a j o r s t r u c t u r e which

projecting anything across

is

this

structure. None of

the temperature

suggesting that fault,

I n an e f f o r t

anomalies.

ohm-meters,

consisted

( j u s t n o r t h of

of

possible

These a n o m a l i e s ,

the town),

and t h e n o r t h e r n

Drill holes

the

located

gravels,

resistivity

identified

located

layers

of

north

resistive

lows w e r e m o d e l e d a s a l e s s

the (see

two a r e a s

lows w i t h v a l u e s of a b o u t

with

10 study

of Lacamas L a k e . and

The

conductive

complex, homogeneous

in close and h e a t

proximity flow,

to the c e n t e r s

similar

of

section

these anomalies

to v a l u e s measured

in existing

(at

least of

in

part)

is

likely

that

by " c l a y " z o n e s w i t h i n

the T r o u t d a l e

the T r o u t d a l e ,

it

and a s s u g g e s t e d

but

Formation.

t h e b a s a l t was p a r t and g r a v e l s u n d e r l i e

of

produced wells

the

formation,

c o n d u c t i v e and r e s i s t i v e

fitting strata.

it

materials

the r e s i s t i v i t y

bottomed

in basalt

lows

are

sands,

The n o r t h e r n h o l e was

the southern hole

the Skamania V o l c a n i c s ,

by

the T e r t i a r y

e i t h e r Miocene Columbia R i v e r complex or e a r l y P l e i s t o c e n e

alternating

local

t o w a r d s t h e s o u t h end on t h e

and a b r o a d e r a r e a

g e o l o g i c mapping i n the a r e a ,

and b r e c c i a s

e n t i r e l y within

the

o u t by a s u b c o n t r a c t o r

the r e s u l t s

small area

during the d r i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n ,

being produced

increase

the

region.

From a v a i l a b l e collected

along

points

ground.

only average gradients throughout

only i s o l a t e d

z o n e s of warm w a t e r u p w e l l i n g a l o n g

e a r t h m o d e l i n g of

of a r e l a t i v e l y

f a i r l y conductive

anomalous,

enough to a p p r e c i a b l y

s o u t h e r n a n o m a l y was m o d e l e d a s a l t e r n a t i n g material,

t h e town w e r e a t a l l

s u r v e y was d e s i g n e d and c a r r i e d

Two-dimensional

resistivity

area

significant

to pinpoint

a D.C. r e s i s t i v i t y

Appendix C ) .

measured near

warm w a t e r was f l o w i n g upward a t

t h e e f f e c t s were not

gradients. fault,

if

gradients

drilled ( w h i c h was

"Skamania V o l c a n i c s " ) .

is possible

that Troutdale

the two-dimensional

resistivity

If

clays model of

Conclusions The 1979 g e o t h e r m a l a s s e s s m e n t program i n the Camas a r e a did not f i n d any i n d i c a t i o n t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s u n d e r l i e t h e Camas a r e a a t depths.

The r e s u l t s a l s o s u g g e s t t h a t

resources at intermediate

t h e r e a r e no l a r g e anomalous

to deeper d e p t h s .

t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s and low h e a t

shallow

geothermal

The a r e a i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d

by a v e r a g e

flow.

I f economics d i c t a t e d t h a t p r o d u c t i o n w e l l s be 8 , 0 0 0 f e e t ( 2 . 4 km) deep f o r Crown Z e l l e r b a c h P a p e r M i l l P r o j e c t ,

t e m p e r a t u r e s e n c o u n t e r e d a t t h e bottoms of

the such

h o l e s may be in t h e r a n g e of 95 t o 115°C ( u s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s of 35 t o 40°C/km).

I n o r d e r to r e a c h t h e t a r g e t e d t e m p e r a t u r e used in e a r l y

feasibility studies,

180°C, p r o d u c t i o n h o l e s would need to be d r i l l e d

14,000 t o 16,000 f e e t ( 4 . 2 t o 4 . 8 k m ) .

In a d d i t i o n ,

f l o w i n g a q u i f e r s e x i s t a t any of t h e s e d e p t h s .

project to d e p t h s of

t h e r e i s no g u a r a n t e e

O r i g i n a l s t u d i e s assumed t h e r e would

be f r a c t u r e z o n e s , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e Lacamas F a u l t which would s e r v e a s There i s p r e s e n t l y no i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e n a t u r e of the Lacamas F a u l t or zones a t

that

aquifers. its

fracture

depth.

With what we know a t t h i s p o i n t i n t i m e , i t can be e c o n o m i c a l l y u t i l i z e d a t Camas.

i s u n l i k e l y that geothermal

resources

With so l i t t l e e n c o u r a g i n g i n f o r m a t i o n and so

much d i s c o u r a g i n g d a t a , t h e D i v i s i o n h a s no i n t e n t i o n of f u r t h e r p u r s u i n g any g e o t h e r m a l p r o j e c t s in t h e Camas a r e a .

VIII.

GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENT OF MOUNT ST. HELENS, WASHINGTON, 1979

by

M i c h a e l A. K o r o s e c and J . Eric

Schuster

D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s O l y m p i a , Washington

VIII.

GEOTHERMAL ASSESSMENT OF MOUNT ST. HELENS, WASHINGTON, 1979 by M i c h a e l A. Korosec and J . E r i c

Schuster

Introduction The reawakened Cascade s t r a t o v o l c a n o Mount S t . Helens was a prime g e o t h e r m a l t a r g e t of t h e D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s i n 1979, p r i o r t o mountain's eruption.

Mount S t . Helens was known t o be a young v o l c a n o , h a v i n g

observed to erupt in h i s t o r i c a l and ended i n 1857.

time.

been

The p r e v i o u s v o l c a n i c e p i s o d e began a b o u t 1842

While o t h e r Cascade s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s

f e s t a t i o n s of e x i s t i n g t h e r m a l a c t i v i t y ,

e x h i b i t e d more s u r f a c e m a n i -

such a s Mount Baker w i t h i t s

large

f u m a r o l e s i n Sherman C r a t e r , Mount S t . Helens became t h e most a t t r a c t i v e p a r t b e c a u s e of i t s

the

land s t a t u s and p r o x i m i t y t o p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r s .

steaming

target

in

The land

o w n e r s h i p in t h e r e g i o n , ( r o u g h l y 1 / 3 US F o r e s t S e r v i c e , 1 / 3 S t a t e l a n d s , and 1 / 3 private),

and i t s

p r o x i m i t y to t h e c i t i e s of V a n c o u v e r , P o r t l a n d , Longview,

and C a s t l e Rock, p l a c e d Mount S t . Helens a t t h e t o p of t h e l i s t ,

Kelso,

ahead of the more

remote s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s , most of which a r e l o c k e d up in N a t i o n a l P a r k s or W i l d e r n e s s Areas. D u r i n g 1979, t h e D i v i s i o n i n i t i a t e d a g e o t h e r m a l a s s e s s m e n t of Mount S t . w i t h an e x a m i n a t i o n of a v a i l a b l e

literature.

A g r a v i t y s u r v e y was c a r r i e d out by

Dr. Z. F. Danes, as p a r t of a b r o a d e r s u r v e y of t h e e n t i r e s o u t h C a s c a d e s , of on and around t h e f l a n k s , and d r i l l i n g

springs

t h r e e 125 t o 155 m e t e r cased d r i l l h o l e s

t h e p u r p o s e s of m e a s u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s and c a l c u l a t i n g h e a t From the l i t e r a t u r e ,

Helens

and from d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h l o c a l r e s i d e n t s

for

flow.

f a m i l i a r with

m o u n t a i n , t h e o n l y e x i s t i n g t h e r m a l s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s I n c l u d e d warm ground a t t h e

the site

of a r e p o r t e d f u m a r o l e n e a r t h e Boot on t h e upper n o r t h f l a n k a t an e l e v a t i o n of 2740

m e t e r s (9040 f e e t )

(Phillips,

1942; F r i e d m a n and F r a n k , 1 9 7 7 ) , warm ground on t h e

u p p e r s o u t h w e s t f l a n k a t an e l e v a t i o n between 2650 and 2750 m ( a b o u t 8800 f e e t ) a l o n g a c o n t a c t of t h e d a c i t e summit dome (Friedman and F r a n k ,

1 9 7 7 ) , warm ground

a l o n g t h e s o u t h e r n b a s e of Pumice B u t t e on t h e P l a i n s of Abraham, warm ground n e a r t h e u p p e r r e a c h e s ( n o r t h e r n s e c t i o n ) of t h e Ape Caves a r e a , and warm ground n e a r

the

t e r m i n o u s of the F l o a t i n g I s l a n d Lava Flow. The warm ground a r e a s n e a r t h e summit were d e t e c t a b l e

by a e r i a l

thermal

Infrared

s u r v e y s in 1966 (Moxham, 1970) and c o n f i r m e d by a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h y and ground

verifi-

c a t i o n i n e a r l y 1972 ( F r i e d m a n and F r a n k ,

have

o n l y been c o n f i r m e d by o b s e r v a t i o n s

1977).

The o t h e r warm ground a r e a s

of l o c a l r e s i d e n t s

in the a r e a .

They have

r e p o r t e d deep h o l e s t h r o u g h t h e snow c o v e r , o v e r r e l a t i v e l y e x t e n s i v e a r e a s i n some c a s e s , a t t h e bottoms of which g r e e n g r a s s and p l a n t s grew y e a r a r o u n d . reason to question these o b s e r v a t i o n s ,

e s p e c i a l l y t h e o c c u r r e n c e a t t h e t e r m i n u s of

t h e F l o a t i n g I s l a n d Lava Flow, where t h e r e was a l s o r e p o r t e d elk

There i s no

t o be s u l f u r fumes and

licks.

Results S e v e r a l s p r i n g s were sampled d u r i n g t h e l a t e summer and f a l l around Mount Helens.

A l l were c o l d , w i t h v e r y low d i s s o l v e d s a l t s .

St.

A p a r t i a l a n a l y s i s of

these

w a t e r s was c a r r i e d o u t by t h e a u t h o r , and o n l y v e r y low l e v e l s of normal ground w a t e r i o n s (Na, K, Ca, S i O 2 , HCO3, and C l ) w i t h no l i t h i u m were d e t e c t e d .

Most s p r i n g s on

Mount S t . H e l e n s f l o w e d o u t f r o m l a v a f l o w s , such a s Kalama S p r i n g s on t h e s i d e and Moss S p r i n g s on the s o u t h e a s t

side.

The w a t e r s p r o b a b l y o r i g i n a t e

southwest as

m e t e o r i c w a t e r from snow and g l a c i a l i c e m e l t s , which f l o w t h r o u g h t h e l a v a f l o w s to t h e lower s l o p e s .

The w a t e r s p r o b a b l y n e v e r p e n e t r a t e deep enough to be h e a t e d

possible heat sources. prevent

This i d e a l i z e d

s h e e t f l o w of w a t e r down t h e f l a n k s may

t h e d e t e c t i o n of t h e r m a l f e a t u r e s a t

d i l u t i n g any h o t w a t e r s

by

that are convected

the s u r f a c e by d i s s i p a t i n g

upward.

the heat

and

FIGURE 8 . 1 . — T e m p e r a t u r e v s . d e p t h p r o f i l e s f o r M o u n t S t . H e l e n s drill

holes.

From m i d - S e p t e m b e r 1979 t h r o u g h mid-November 1979, t h r e e h e a t f l o w h o l e s were d r i l l e d around Mount S t . H e l e n s .

S t . Helens D r i l l Hole No. 1 (SHDH 1) was l o c a t e d

a l o n g t h e n o r t h s i d e of S t a t e Route 504 ( a l s o known a s t h e S p i r i t Lake Road) a t

the

S t u d e b a k e r Creek Road t u r n o f f

( T . 9 N . , R. 5 E . , NW1/4NW1/4 s e c t i o n 1 8 ) , a b o u t 8 km

north-northwest

The h o l e was f i n i s h e d and cased to a d e p t h of 125

meters.

of t h e p a r k .

The bottom h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e was measured t o 9.9°C and a r e l a t i v e l y

l i n e t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t was d e t e r m i n e d t o be 19°C/km.

straight

The s i t e was d e s t r o y e d by

t h e May 18, 1980 e r u p t i o n and now l i e s below 50 t o 80 m e t e r s of d e b r i s and pyroclastic

flows.

S t . Helens D r i l l Hole No. 2 (SHDH2) i s l o c a t e d above Goat Marsh on USFS Road N847, 8 km s o u t h e a s t from t h e f o r m e r summit.

The h o l e was completed a t a d e p t h of 154

m e t e r s , p r o d u c i n g a b o t t o m h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e of 8 . 2 ° C and a g r a d i e n t of 38°C/km. drill

s i t e seems t o have been s p a r e d by t h e f i r s t y e a r of e r u p t i v e

This

activity.

S t . Helens D r i l l Hole No. 3 (SHDH3) i s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e west end of an unnamed marsh, s o u t h - s o u t h e a s t

of the summit, i n a borrow p i t q u a r r y a l o n g t h e Marble

Mountain Road (USFS Road N809).

The s i t e i s a b o u t 8 km from t h e f o r m e r summit.

h o l e was c o m p l e t e d a t a d e p t h of 131 m e t e r s , b u t o n l y a f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e b e c a u s e of poor d r i l l i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

difficulties

The f i r s t t e m p e r a t u r e measurements were made

May 3 , 1980, j u s t o v e r one month a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l

phreatic eruptions

two weeks b e f o r e t h e c a t a s t r o p h i c e r u p t i o n of May 18.

(March 2 7 ) and

The t e m p e r a t u r e measured

d e p t h v a r i e d by o n l y a b o u t 1°C t h e e n t i r e l e n g t h of t h e h o l e ( v i r t u a l l y a t t h e v e r y c o l d t e m p e r a t u r e of a b o u t 4°C. a c c e s s by r o a d s h a s been c u t o f f

The

The s i t e i s p r o b a b l y s t i l l

by mudflows from t h e v o l c a n o ' s

at

isothermal), preserved,

but

flanks.

Discussion The r e l a t i v e l y low t e m p e r a t u r e g r a d i e n t s of t h e Mount S t . Helens d r i l l r e s u l t e d i n s i m i l a r l y low h e a t f l o w .

holes

Hole SHDH 2 h a s a c a l c u l a t e d h e a t f l o w of

54 mW/m2, r e p r e s e n t i n g an e x p e c t e d r e g i o n a l v a l u e .

The SHDH 1 h e a t f l o w of 38 mW/m2

i s more t y p i c a l

of

h i g h d e g r e e of regime

doubt as to whether

than the Cascade Mountains.

these holes

( u n a f f e c t e d by a n o m a l o u s c o n d i t i o n s

the r e s u l t All rocks

the P u g e t Lowland

of

local hydrological

t o be c o l l a r e d

(Eocene to Oligocene a g e ) . basalt

and a n d e s i t e

than the younger m a t e r i a l these Tertiary

The r o c k s

lavas,

with t e r r a i n

of

complications.

But c o n s i d e r i n g

that

Q u a t e r n a r y r o c k s , and n o t i n g

the e x i s t e n c e

site

of

several

least

that

the area,

not

s p h e r e of

fall

water. are

proximity

to

the Toutle River could in

t h i s water is

rocks as w e l l

cold springs within

likely

as the

valley

flow In the

below the

have

c u t down t o

f l o w w o u l d be g r e a t l y

area

reduced,

at

" b l a n k e t " of

f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s makes i t regional heat

the a c t u a l

thermal regime e x i s t i n g

conditions.

difficult

to give a f a i r

evaluation

flow.

drilled collared

into

In a d d i t i o n ,

t h e Ohanapecosh f o r m a t i o n ,

i n Marble Mountain v o l c a n i c s ,

it

is

despite

believing

likely that

In

But t h e a b s e n c e of

The same h y d r o l o g i c c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h a r e p o s s i b l y a t work n e a r SHDH 1 a r e d e f i n i t e l y o c c u r r i n g a t SHDH 3 .

cold

influence.

s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by h y d r o l o g i c

SHDH 2 i n t h e c o n t e x t of

result,

c o u l d be t a k e n c a r e o f ,

to p e n e t r a t e

a t SHDH 2 m o s t l i k e l y r e p r e s e n t

any o t h e r n e a r b y h e a t of

holes

its

f l o w ) , any a n o m a l o u s h e a t

regional heat

The r e s u l t s

As a

t h e a r e a a s an open v a l l e y ,

w o u l d be w i p e d o u t , and t h e a c t u a l when m e a s u r e d i n d r i l l

but

flows through the T e r t i a r y

(suggesting vertical

g r o u n d w a t e r and i t s

volcanoclastics

f l o w of g r o u n d

t h e s o u r c e of much of

that

the d r i l l

rock,

This s i t u a t i o n

very cold g l a c i a l melt water

near

are

rocks.

t h e N o r t h F o r k of

c o r r e c t i o n s which t r e a t

some a s s u m e d d e p t h .

p e r c e n t a g e of

permeable to v e r t i c a l

through T e r t i a r y

p o s s i b l y deep Q u a t e r n a r y v a l l e y f i l l

part,

are

volcanic

beyond t h e l o w e r f l a n k s of Mount S t . H e l e n s

SHDH 1 was d e f i n i t e l y d r i l l e d

in hydrologic

Ohanapecosh

from the nearby Quaternary s t r a t o v o l c a n o .

just

flow

or whether the values

in the surrounding outcrops

t o p o g r a p h i c h i g h s or i s l a n d s above t h e Q u a t e r n a r y

resulted

the true regional heat

in Tertiary

with a smaller

rocks are i d e a l l y l e s s

The O h a n a p e c o s h o u t c r o p s

in the a r e a ) ,

a

problems.

t h r e e h o l e s were t h o u g h t

zeolitized

represent

There i s s t i l l

that

t h e h o l e was

t h e h o l e was

a m i d - Q u a t e r n a r y u n i t known t o

actually occur

t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a t o t h e s o u t h w e s t and s o u t h e a s t of SHDH 3 .

Rubbly

volcanoclastics

e n c o u n t e r e d b e n e a t h c o h e r e n t f l o w r o c k s may be a n c i e n t d e p o s i t s from a v e r y e a r l y Mount S t . H e l e n s or some o t h e r nearby Q u a t e r n a r y v o l c a n i c Assuming t h a t t h e r e s u l t s

center.

from SHDH 1 and 2 a r e c l o s e to t h e a c t u a l h e a t f l o w of

t h e a r e a , t h e r e g i o n a l h e a t f l o w s e t t i n g of Mount S t . Helens can be d i s c u s s e d r e s p e c t t o t h e r e s t of t h e s o u t h w e s t C a s c a d e s .

with

The map i n F i g u r e 3 . 4 ( i n c h a p t e r

p r e s e n t s a c o n t o u r e d p i c t u r e of t h e r e g i o n a l h e a t f l o w .

A sharp t r a n s i t i o n

3),

exists

between t h e Western Washington Region (Puget Lowland P r o v i n c e ) and t h e South Cascades Region.

This t r a n s i t i o n

r u n s r o u g h l y n o r t h - s o u t h , f r o m t h e Skamania a r e a on t h e

Columbia R i v e r , c r o s s i n g t h e C o w l i t z R i v e r v a l l e y between t h e towns of Morton and R a n d l e , and e x t e n d i n g f u r t h e r n o r t h on t h e west s i d e of Mount R a i n i e r N a t i o n a l Mount S t . Helens a p p e a r s to f a l l w i t h i n t h i s t r a n s i t i o n

zone.

Park.

R e s u l t s from a few

d r i l l h o l e s on t h e e a s t s i d e of Mount S t . Helens would be needed to c o n f i r m t h i s . At Mount S t . Helens i t s e l f , l o c a l heat flow regime.

t h e t h r e e d r i l l h o l e s had o n l y begun t o examine

The d i s c o u r a g i n g r e s u l t s by no means p r e c l u d e t h e

e x i s t e n c e of g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s beyond t h e f l a n k s of t h e v o l c a n o . i n v o l v e d i s r o u g h l y 200 t o 300 s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r s , most of which i s untested.

the

possible

The a r e a virtually

The p o t e n t i a l f o r anomalous t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n s or g e o t h e r m a l r e s e r v o i r s

is

c o n c e p t u a l l y q u i t e h i g h , e s p e c i a l l y i n l i g h t of t h e v o l c a n o ' s 1980 e r u p t i o n s . Conclusions The 1979-80 g e o t h e r m a l a s s e s s m e n t e f f o r t added g r e a t l y to the r e l a t i v e l y

scant

g e o t h e r m a l and h y d r o l o g i c d a t a b a s e s f o r Mount S t . H e l e n s , but did not i d e n t i f y a g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e or i n d i c a t e t h e impending e r u p t i o n of the v o l c a n o .

There may

i n d e e d be l a r g e h o t w a t e r r e s e r v o i r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s v o l c a n i c s y s t e m , but e x i s t e n c e has y e t t o be In a d d i t i o n ,

demonstrated.

t h e 1980 e r u p t i o n s of the v o l c a n o have p r o v i d e d a w e a l t h of

i n f o r m a t i o n which has h e l p e d d e v e l o p a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e

structural,

t h e r m a l , and h y d r o l o g i c s y s t e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e v o l c a n o .

enhanced

This

their

u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i l l p r o v i d e new ways of v i e w i n g o t h e r Cascade s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s ,

and

w i l l h a v e an i m p o r t a n t impact on how t h e i r h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s w i l l be e x p l o r e d . Some of t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o n c e p t s

include:

( 1 ) A v o l c a n o c o n t i n u e s t o be a c t i v e

through g e o l o g i c time only because i t keeps i t s between e r u p t i o n s . condition.

That

is,

the conduit

country rock.

"open" t o some s h a l l o w d e p t h

r e m a i n s in a s e m i - m o l t e n or

Each e r u p t i o n r e - s u p p l i e s h e a t

which i s s l o w l y d i s s i p a t e d

conduit

plastic

t o t h e u p p e r p o r t i o n of t h e c o n d u i t ,

t h r o u g h c o n d u c t i o n and c o n v e c t i o n to t h e

heat

surrounding

P r e l i m i n a r y i n d i c a t i o n s f r o m t h e s e i s m i c i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d by Mount

S t . Helens are t h a t these " p l a s t i c " c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t e d under the volcano.

t o w i t h i n 5 km of t h e

surface

T h e r e f o r e , v e r y h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h time a t

a r e l a t i v e l y s h a l l o w d e p t h w i t h o u t t h e f o r m a t i o n of a s h a l l o w magma c h a m b e r .

(2)

P r o b a b l y a l l of t h e Q u a t e r n a r y s t r a t o v o l c a n o e s m a i n t a i n a h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m w i t h i n t h e e d i f i c e of t h e cone i t s e l f . confirms t h i s .

The e x i s t e n c e of f u m a r o l e s on most of t h e cones

These s y s t e m s may be v e r y s m a l l and p r o b a b l y c o o l q u i t e

through time.

rapidly

Because of t h e p r o b l e m s of a c c e s s ( d i f f i c u l t t e r r a i n and c l o s u r e s

to land s t a t u s ) , stratovolcanoes

and b e c a u s e of t h e g e o l o g i c h a z a r d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h many of (the constant

t h r e a t of e r u p t i o n ,

f o r example) i t

( 3 ) The Mount S t . H e l e n s e r u p t i o n s have p r o v i d e d e v i d e n c e t h a t may be s t r u c t u r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d . for microearthquakes

in the v i c i n i t y

structure

running through the s t r a t o v o l c a n o

location

a p l o t of

suggested a north-northwest

(see f i g u r e 8 . 2 ) .

that

resources.

the v o l c a n o ' s

Even b e f o r e t h e c u r r e n t a c t i v i t y ,

epicentus

the

is unlikely

t h e s e i n t r a - c o n e h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s w i l l e v e r become v i a b l e commercial

the

trending

E p i c e n t u s of

e a r t h q u a k e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e 1980 e r u p t i o n s have c o n f i r m e d t h i s , d e l i n e a t i n g right-lateral

strike-slip

f a u l t system.

C r u s t a l s t r u c t u r e s associated with

may p r o v i d e a means by which g e o t h e r m a l f l u i d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h deep s y s t e m s the volcano could migrate

The

beneath verti-

resulting

h y d r o t h e r m a l r e s e r v o i r s w i l l have a much g r e a t e r p r a c t i c a l and economic v a l u e , t h e t r u e e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l of such a r e s o u r c e h a s y e t t o be d e m o n s t r a t e d

a

volcanoes

l a t e r a l l y out f r o m t h e v o l c a n i c s y s t e m and p o s s i b l y

c a l l y t o r e l a t i v e l y s h a l l o w d e p t h s beyond t h e f l a n k s of t h e v o l c a n o .

Cascades.

due

in the

but

FIGURE 8 . 2 . — E a r t h q u a k e h y p o c e n t e r s n e a r M o u n t S t . H e l e n s f r o m 1971 t h r o u g h Data from R o b e r t S . C r o s s o n

( U n i v e r s i t y of W a s h i n g t o n )

1978

IX.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE INFORMATION FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

by

M i c h a e l A. K o r o s e c 1980 D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s O l y m p i a , Washington

C h a p t e r IX B i b l i o g r a p h y of G e o t h e r m a l R e s o u r c e I n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e S t a t e of Washington

Armstrong, J . E.; C r a n d e l l ,

D. R . ; E a s t e r b r o o k , D. J . ;

Noble, J . B . ,

L a t e P l e i s t o c e n e s t r a t i g r a p h y and c h r o n o l o g y i n s o u t h w e s t e r n

1965,

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the western United S t a t e s ,

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Proceedings, resources,

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at

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S i g a f o o s , R. S . ;

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U.S. Geological Survey P r o f e s s i o n a l

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R. H . ,

a q u i f e r along

the p.

Mazama,

37-42.

Stith, J.

and a e r o s o l s f r o m v o l c a n i c

Department

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F u m a r o l e s of Mount S t . H e l e n s and Mount Adams:

Hobbs, P . V . ;

R. H . ,

of a m a j o r a l l u v i a l

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1 9 6 4 , G e o l o g y and g r o u n d w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s

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M u n d o r f f , M. J . ,

Phillips,

lahars

1972, P r e l i m i n a r y assessment

Geological Society

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1962, Recent

G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of A m e r i c a B u l l e t i n v . 7 3 ,

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vents

L.,

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Research

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Geophysical

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23 p .

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potential

1, n o . 4 ,

p.

of W a s h i n g t o n

39-48.

State:

Washington

S a t o , M.; M a l o n e , S. D . ; Moxham, R. M., 1 9 7 6 , at

M o n i t o r i n g of f u m a r o l i c

Sherman C r a t e r , Mount B a k e r , W a s h i n g t o n

no.

2,

E.,

Northwest:

resources

1 9 7 3 , The s e a r c h

Schuster, J .

E.,

exploration,

of G e o l o g y and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s

of W a s h i n g t o n , W a s h i n g t o n D i v i s i o n

E.; Blackwell,

p.

Reprint

R. A . ,

Washington:

Energy

of G e o l o g y and E a r t h

Hammond, P . E . ;

. Washington D i v i s i o n

H u n t t i n g , M. T . ,

1978,

Skamania

of G e o l o g y and E a r t h

Resources

1 9 6 7 , P e t r o l o g y of a l a t e Q u a t e r n a r y p o t a s s i u m - r i c h

p.

Resources

p.

f r o m Mount Adams, W a s h i n g t o n : Paper 575-C,

In

5.

D. D . ;

I n f o r m a t i o n C i r c u l a r 6 2 , 56

R. A . ,

of W a s h i n g t o n :

i n t h e S t e a m b o a t M o u n t a i n - L e m e i Rock a r e a ,

County, Washington:

Stavert,

rocks - Geothermal

1974, Geothermal e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l

Heat f l o w s t u d i e s

scale

f o r hot

Washington D i v i s i o n

I n f o r m a t i o n C i r c u l a r 50,

Sheppard,

57,

4.

Schuster, J .

Sheppard,

EOS v .

p . 88.

Schuster, J .

11, p.

(abstract):

gas

U.S. Geological Survey

andesite

Professional

55-59.

1 9 6 7 , G e o l o g y of

t h e Simcoe M o u n t a i n s v o l c a n i c

Washington D i v i s i o n

area,

of Mines and G e o l o g y G e o l o g i c Map GM-3,

1:250,000.

L.,

andesite:

1971, A geochemical

reconnaissance

investigation

W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e C o l l e g e M.S. t h e s i s ,

of Mount 60 p .

Baker

Stricklin,

C. R . ,

1 9 7 5 , G e o p h y s i c a l S u r v e y of

Mountain a r e a , Washington:

University

t h e Lemei Rock -

of P u g e t

Steamboat

Sound M . S .

thesis,

23 p .

Swan, V. L . , meeting,

1 9 7 8 , Mount B a k e r v o l c a n i c s :

(abstract)

1 9 6 4 , The m i d d l e and l a t e C e n o z o i c v o l c a n i c

Tieton River a r e a ,

s o u t h - c e n t r a l Washington:

Ph.D.

p.

thesis,

S w a n s o n , D. A . ,

329

1966,

r o c k s of

Johns Hopkins

T i e t o n v o l c a n o , a Miocene e r u p t i v e c e n t e r

Cascade Mountains, Washington:

the

University

in the

southern

G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of A m e r i c a B u l l e t i n ,

v.

1293-1314.

S w a n s o n , D. A . ,

1 9 7 8 , G e o l o g i c map of

the Tieton River a r e a ,

U . S . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a p s , MF-968,

S w a n s o n , D. A . ; W r i g h t , interpretation

of

a d j a c e n t Oregon:

S w e n s o n , D. H . , University

T. L . ;

Zietz,

I.,

Washington - A n a l y s i s 1033, 38 p .

Washington

t h r e e Cascade v o l c a n o e s :

The s t r u c t u r e

of a s u b d u c t i o n

zone:

of

geologic and

Map G P - 9 1 7 .

of M i n i n g and T e c h n o l o g y M . S . t h e s i s ,

1978,

1:48,000.

1 9 7 9 , A e r o m a g n e t i c map and

Geophysical I n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,

1 9 7 3 , G e o c h e m i s t r y of

Washington:

scale

the w e s t - c e n t r a l Columbia P l a t e a u ,

T a b o r , R. W., Cady, W. M.,

Paper

Union

Tacoma.

S w a n s o n , D. A . ,

77, p.

American Geophysical

New M e x i c o

101 p .

t h e Olympic

Mountains,

U.S. Geological

Survey

T a b o r , R. W., Cady, W. M., 1 9 7 8 , G e o l o g i c map of Washington:

U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey, 2 maps,

T a b o r , R. W.; C r o w d e r , D. F . ,

t h e Olympic scale

1 9 6 9 , On b a t h o l i t h s

Peninsula,

1:125,000.

and v o l c a n o e s -

Intrusion

a n d e r u p t i o n of l a t e C e n o z o i c magmas i n t h e G l a c i e r P a r k a r e a , Cascades, Washington:

north

U.S. Geological Survey P r o f e s s i o n a l Paper

604,

50 p .

U.S. Geological Survey,

1 9 7 7 , A e r o m a g n e t i c maps of p a r t

of n o r t h e r n

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-254, 2 s h e e t s ,

Unger, J .

D . ; D e c k e r , R. W., 1 9 7 0 ,

Washington:

Washington:

scale

The m i c r o e a r t h q u a k e a c t i v i t y

1:62,500.

of Mount

S e i s m o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of America B u l l e t i n , v . 6 0 ,

Rainier,

p.

2023-2035.

Unger, J .

D . ; M i l l s , K. F . ,

1972, M i c r o e a r t h q u a k e s

S e i s m o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of America B u l l e t i n ,

Unger, J .

D . ; M i l l s , K. F . ,

1973, E a r t h q u a k e s

G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of America B u l l e t i n ,

Valentine,

G. M., I 9 6 0 ,

minerals,

revised

v. 62,

p.

n e a r Mount S t . H e l e n s ,

v. 84,

no. 3,

by M. T. H u n t t i n g :

p.

1065-1067.

175 p .

in

Nonmetallic

Geological Science,

v . 24,

of Mines and

p l u s 83 p .

1 9 3 7 , Mount S t . H e l e n s - A r e c e n t C a s c a d e v o l c a n o :

University Publications

Washington:

Washington S t a t e D i v i s i o n

t e x t and m a p s ,

1969:

1079-1081.

I n v e n t o r y of W a s h i n g t o n m i n e r a l s - P a r t I ,

Geology B u l l e t i n 37, 2 volumes,

Verhoogan, J . ,

a t Mount R a i n i e r -

no. 9,

California p.

263-302.

W a s h i n g t o n D i v i s i o n of G e o l o g y and E a r t h of W a s h i n g t o n :

W a t e r s , A. C . ,

Resources,

I n f o r m a t i o n C i r c u l a r 50,

1974, Energy

158 p .

1 9 7 3 , The C o l u m b i a R i v e r G o r g e B a s a l t S t r a t i g r a p h y ,

l a v a dams, and l a n d s l i d e r Geologic f i e l d

trips

dams.

In B e a u l i e u x , J .

D.,

i n n o r t h e r n O r e g o n and s o u t h e r n

Oregon D i v i s i o n of G e o l o g y and M i n e r a l I n d u s t r i e s , p.

resources

ancient

chairman, Washington:

Bulletin

77,

133-162.

W e a v e r , C. S . ,

1976, S e i s m i c e v e n t s

on C a s c a d e v o l c a n o e s ,

U n i v e r s i t y of W a s h i n g t o n , P h . D .

W e a v e r , C. S . ,

1976, S e i s m i c e v e n t s

of W a s h i n g t o n P h . D . International,

W i s e , W. S . ,

thesis,

v. 37,

no. 3,

thesis,

Seattle:In

relations

Ph.D.

258.

thesis,

p.

of

[abstract]:

Dissertation

Abstracts

celadonite:

t h e Wind R i v e r a r e a , Johns Hopkins

W i s e , W., 1 9 7 0 , C e n o z o i c v o l c a n i s m i n t h e C a s c a d e m o u n t a i n s Washington:

University

1157-B.

1 9 6 1 , The g e o l o g y and m i n e r a l o g y of

and t h e s t a b i l i t y

dissertation,

158 p .

on C a s c a d e v o l c a n o e s

p.

Ph.D.

Washington D i v i s i o n

of

Washington,

University,

southern

of Mines and G e o l o g y B u l l e t i n 6 0 , 45 p .

APPENDIX A WELL TEMPERATURE INFORMATION AND LOCATIONS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

by Michael A. Korosec D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s Olympia, Washington

APPENDIX A WELL TEMPERATURE INFORMATION AND LOCATIONS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e i n c l u d e s a l l w e l l s on r e c o r d w i t h t h e D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s .

They have been d i v i d e d by c o u n t y , and o r d e r e d by

i n c r e a s i n g t o w n s h i p and i n c r e a s i n g r a n g e . location,

Information Includes

1/4 of 1/4 of s e c t i o n , bottom h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e

of g r a d i e n t s ( ° C / k m ) , and s o u r c e r e f e r e n c e .

township-range

( ° C ) , d e p t h (m), two t y p e s

Gradient A are those

gradients

a c t u a l l y o b s e r v e d from a w e l l log over a s i g n i f i c a n t depth I n t e r v a l well.

G r a d i e n t B a r e c a l c u l a t e d g r a d i e n t s u s i n g bottom h o l e t e m p e r a t u r e s

mean a n n u a l s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e , slope

through

c a l c u l a t e d from e l e v a t i o n ,

The r e f e r e n c e s key a s

follows:

1.

Washington S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y w e l l l o g s - D r . James Crosby

2.

S o u t h e r n M e t h o d i s t U n i v e r s i t y and D i v i s i o n of Geology and E a r t h R e s o u r c e s w e l l l o g s and t h e r m a l g r a d i e n t h o l e s , D r . David D. Blackwell,

SMU, and J . E r i c S c h u s t e r , DGER.

3.

U . S . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y Tacoma O f f i c e , w e l l

4.

U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey Tacoma O f f i c e , WATSTORE computer

5.

U . S . G e o l o g i c a l Survey Water S u p p l y P a p e r 1999R.

6.

Washington S t a t e D i v i s i o n of Water R e s o u r c e s , Water Supply Bulletin

7.

logs. file.

#21.

Washington S t a t e D i v i s i o n of Water R e s o u r c e s , Water Supply Bulletin

#24.

and

s l o p e a n g l e , and

orientation.

the

APPENDIX B GEOLOGY OF WHITE PASS - TUMAC MOUNTAIN AREA, WASHINGTON

by Geoff Clayton University of Washington Seattle, Washington 1980

Note:

Geologic Map, Scale 1:24,000, found in pocket of back cover

APPENDIX C RESISTIVITY STUDY OF CAMAS, WASHINGTON:

FINAL REPORT

January 5, 1981

for Geology and Earth Resources Division Washington State Department of Natural Resources Olympia, Washington 98504

by F. A. Rigby Science Applications, Inc. 1200 Prospect Street La Jolla, California 92038 and R. B. McEuen Exploration Geothermics 5202 College Gardens Court San Diego, California 92115

TABLE

1.

PURPOSE

2.

GENERAL 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

OF

CONTENTS

C-1 DISCUSSION

OF

RESULTS

OF

MODELING

Pseudosection AA' Pseudosection BB' UURI Comments on Modeling Results I m p a c t of M o d e l R e s u l t s on PreviouslyRecommended Drill Site Locations

3.

FIELD

METHODS

4.

LISTING

5.

APPENDIX:

OF

RAW

AND PROCEDURES DATA

PRELIMINARY REPORT

C-2 C-3 C-8 C-11 C-l2 C-13 C-15 C-19

1.

The to

determine

lower

regions

electrical

cated, ated

purpose

by

these

the

along

of

shallow

survey

the

resistivity

regions

drilling

of

PURPOSE

trend

can

lower depth

be

described of

the

Lacamas

expected

resistivity heat-flow

in t h i s

are

at

holes.

fault

depth.

to be

report

was

where

Once

further

loevalu-

2.

GENERAL

Figures sistivity

DISCUSSION

2,

and

3,

pseudosection

for

line

pseudosection

for

the placement

of

1,

line

used

to

tions were

previously

14 S e p t e m b e r

this

BB',

lines

convention

on

OF

AA'

obtain

and and

PSEUDOSECTION

The

apparent

a map

for

the

Figure

in

our

appears

as

resistivity area

shows

the

4

re-

showing plotting

These pseudosec-

preliminary

report

an

at

appendix

issued

the back

of

AA'

pseudosection

a

region

3 kilometers

south

profile

to

values

of

of

tending

to

a point

in

resistivity

for profile

meter

transition

meters

from

the

veloped

by

the

data

on

line

such

an

earth

AA'

in

from

ters

of

the

the

is

of

the

of

also

high

Utah

from

20 ohm-meter

mately

10 ohm-meter

at

that

the

the

in

of

the

a region

ex-

end. 4

kilo-

earth model

Institute would

of

the

be measured

for

enclosing end

of

are

model

a point

end

of

features reasonably

places 3.75

The

10

values

the of

the

kilomeohm-

the profile

with

the

de-

fit

data

fit" at

to

the major

consistent

northern

ohm-

end

northern

the profile.

northern is

30

approximately

field

"best

of

of

distinct

profile.

resistivity

contour

the

from

a

northern

ohm-meter

Most

This

This

the

Research

shown.

the

north.

the order

two-dimensional

block

at

displays

a point

pseudosection

derived

to

at

AA'

of of

120

the

point

open

1).

end

starting

data's

(Figure

occur

the model.

low

resistivity to

The

model

transition

ended

to

5 displays

AA'.

values

10 kilometers

University

reflected

meter

9 to

from

order

northern

pseudosection

south

the

appears

Figure

open

apparent

Camas

pseudosections.

in

well

the

the

transition

of

are

report.

2.1

This

MODELING

AA',

BB'.

these

which

OF

respectively,

discussed

1979,

RESULTS

is

observed approxi-

pseudosection

Figure

1.

P s e u d o s e c t i o n for line AA'. Dipole length km. R e s i s t i v i t i e s a r e in o h m - m e t e r s . The s c a l e is e x a g g e r a t e d by a factor o f two.

was 0.5 vertical

Figure

2.

Pseudosection w a s 0.25 km

for

line

BB'.

Dipole

length

Figure

3.

Map of the Camas area showing Two suggested test hole sites letter "T".

resistivity lines. are marked with the

Figure

4.

Electrode

Geometry

Figure 5.

UURI Resistivity Model for Line AA' and Apparent Resistivity Pseudosection That This Model Would Produce

At

the

shown

in

the

meter

to

values

gests

1).

an

near

tivity

material

occurs

at

this

point.

to

crosses

line

south

greater about

AA'

a

thickness

of

the

50 ohm-meter

extreme

southern

clearly

tenuous.

data was profile

end,

depth

This

but of

on

BB'.

tions to

the

at

4

a

BB' north

pseudosections of

the

model

cannot

field

data

of

fault point

and

the

a

field

unit

change

is

would

data

(low

in

resisunits)

thickness

account The

southern

that

for

on

the

values

end of

50 ohm-meter for

sug-

downthrown

material.

evidence

profile

by Mundorff

that

extreme

contain

the

mapped

block

occurring

200 ohm-meter

this

and

ohm-

end of the

ohm-meter

150

the

of

100

unit

this unit

of

the

at

the

is

BB'

apparent

The

shorter

dipole to

of

resistivity length

the

dipole

effect

is

point thus

end

used

500 meter

length

data to

by

a

as

mea-

collect

length

increased

decreasing,

obtained

computer be

for

to

the

two

and

the

0.75

a further

fit

the

used

these for

spatial

factor of

for

line

differing

the western

portion

to be

BB'.

two,

of the

very

Figures

that

adequately

a fit

intersecting

kilometer

earth models.

indicates

that w i l l

lines

investigation

It p r o v e d

for

analysis

derived

AA',

on AA'

of A A ' .

satisfactory

culty

to

is perpendicular

Line

obtain

at

as opposed

the

a

this

although

kilometer

the

100

near

penetration.

BB' about

had

a

resistivities.,

transition

northern

100 o h m - m e t e r

BB'.

250 meters

resolution

of

2 shows the

profile

AA'.

of

the

values

portion

deeper

measured

PSEUDOSECTION

along

the

downthrown

the model

Figure

the

about

Such

require

sured

to

this

this

AA',

from

The position

side.

2.2

for

the position

profile

from

thickness

relative

corresponds

the

65 ohm-meter,

modeling

increased

profile

decrease

9.5 kilometers The

the

end o f

pseudosection

approximately (Figure

southern

point forma-

difficult 6 and The

7

show

diffi-

two-dimensional the

of pseudosection

observed BB'.

We

have

Figure

6

O n e A l t e r n a t i v e U U R I M o d e l for L i n e P s e u d o s e c t i o n It W o u l d P r o d u c e

BB'

with

the

Apparent

Resistivity

Figure

7.

Second Alternative Pseudosection This

UURI Model for Line Model Would Produce

BB'

with

the

Apparent

Resistivity

studied

the

variability

conclude

that

the

equally

data

ally the

two models

the

models profile

2.3

Green

the

field for

data

computed

two models concluded

are,

that

a high probability other

Lacamas

at

of

1.5

boundaries fault

and

models

1 and

however,

be and

2

and

2

fit

substanti-

common

reflecting

most

the

in F i g u r e

features

features must

boundaries

These

shown

between

actual

regarded

as

geo-

doubtful.

2.4 kilometers

probably

contact

NE

of

represent,

with

the

volcanics

Mountain.

COMMENTS

Below Mackelprang. out

can be

while

origin.

UURI

carried

The

have major

respectively, ics of

It have

features,

the

pseudosection well.

different.

logic Both

the

of

is

Mr. by

ON

MODELING

a discussion Mackelprang

of

was

RESULTS

the modeling responsible

results

for

the

by

C.

modeling

UURI.

"Results of the m o d e l i n g for line A-A' suggest a surface layer of fairly m o d e r a t e apparent resistivity extending over the entire line. T h i s l a y e r i n c r e a s e s in t h i c k n e s s in the c e n t r a l p o r t i o n of the line. A cond u c t i v e m e d i a is p r e s e n t at a f a i r l y s h a l l o w d e p t h o n the n o r t h w e s t end of the line but deepens to the southeast and is absent at t h e s o u t h e a s t end of the line. "Model results of line B-B' are questionable but tend to suggest a layering of r e s i s t i v e - c o n d u c t i v e - res i s t i v e m e d i a s of u n k n o w n c o n f i g u r a t i o n and t h i c k n e s s e s on the southwest half of the line. To the northeast the models are less complex showing a trend into fairly conductive ground. " T h e a t t a c h e d m o d e l s a r e t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l (i.e. i n f i n i t e strike length). If t h e s u r v e y l i n e s h a v e b e e n r u n a t some angle other than normal to the geologic structure t h e n the m o d e l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n w i l l not a p p r o x i m a t e the true resistivity distribution. T h e p r e s e n c e of t h r e e dimensional resistivity distributions would also detract from the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of the m o d e l s o l u t i o n s . W e u n d e r s t a n d that line A-A' runs subparallel to a major geologic structure and topographic features. This m a y r e d u c e the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of the r e s i s t i v i t y m o d e l submitted here."

E.

2.4

IMPACT OF MODEL SITE LOCATIONS

Two ary

Report.

lower to

are

in

resistivity

and

reasonable

report,

south

due

model

that

are

km

on

line

places

As

with

southernmost the

down

ment

of

the

seem

to

be

the

at

test

the

Z.

in

the

the

at

this

near

the units

may

be

units within this

the

Thus end

The

suggests

thickening

of

southern

further

resistivity

thicker

Danes.

AA'

a point

low

crest

having

Subsequent

moved

profile

In a d d i t i o n ,

F.

drillsite of

by

the

the

of

new

the

location

interesting

the

hole

northeast

near

with

AA'.

It

seems

these

regions study

of

of

end

clear of the

very

1.5

one

km point

of

models the

the major of

section

Lacamas

line BB', Mountain,

that low

further

final

line

place-

AA'

low

at

This

location

would

also

appears would

contacts

BB',

contact

the

It m u s t

be

would

with

northwest of

the

end

area

that

is

how-

exist the of

extent

be worthwhile

this

shown

noted

zones

associated

the

of

short

vertical

determination

potential

a

BB',

resistivity

perhaps and

a point

line

fault.

resistivity

geothermal

on

models.

open-ended,

of

Green

recommendation,

inversion

substantial,

rock

sued.

near

alternative

volcanic

ther

site

associated

that

the

nearer by

southeast

place

ever

block.

mapped

other

supported

be

mentioned,

resulting

site

for

where

fault

Camas. was

Prelimin-

availability.

location

a region

already

to

land

data

our

DRILL

excellent.

to b e

may

field

in

Lacamas

location

with

second

in

faulted

drill

The

both

is

drilling

positive

distance

the

faulting

gravity

on

AA'

thickening.

associated

of

the

proximity

drilling

the

RECOMMENDED

recommended

along

associated

approximates placement

are

regions

southern

to p r o b l e m s

this

10.25

the

ON PREVIOUSLY

locations

Both

our

that

drilling

RESULTS

to

if

line of fur-

be per-

3.

The collected position electrode along

profiles

were was

locations

profile

a of

was

wave

form

although of

0.01

a

The

the

and

not 0.1

receive

between was

were

current

and

the

four

as

the

tion,

measurements

were

tions

ranging

one

gap

from

access

in

the

the

shows

voltage some

of

electrode

distance AA'

and

between

250

for

this

The

output

meters

each

stakes

if

it

driven

electrodes.

the

the

20

and

amps,

to

significantly

a copper

gener-

frequencies

measurement

the

of

consisted

was

this;

into

ends

amplitude

allow affected

ground

Non-polarizing

using

requires

the

from

current

on

coupling

at

survey

controlled

Maximum

method

ground

employed

dipoles

the

to

five

the

times

the

pro-

electrodes

sulfate

the

Esterline-angus device data.

on

was

solution

For

each

data

the most

chart

receive

dis-

transmit

recorded

in

transmit at

a

if

few

severe

posi-

separa-

length, in

and

The

and

dipole

dipole

length

line).

and w a s

of

strip the

equal

receive

receive

collection

pseudosection

field

of

length.

with

of

a single

separation

dipole

made

were

in

electrodes

dipole

measuring

typical

the

achieve

prevented

BB'

Portable as

which

electrodes

nearest

multiples

into

to

transmit

of

major

profile

were

cups.

(all

used

of

The

data

Each

prospecting

source

dipole were made

terms

Problems

chain.

possible

of m e t a l

porcelain

co-linear

dipoles

along

current.

always Hz

satisfactory

tance

and

generator.

electromagnetic

Receive were

gasoline

injected

Clusters

in p o r o u s

current

"transmitter"

results.

the

500 meters

controlled

of

for

resistivity

identified.

current

it w a s Hz

compass

of

detection

vided

was

apparent

electrical

to

of

a

and properly

dipole.

fed

using

PROCEDURES

dipole-dipole

a truck-mounted

ator

AND

BB'.

injection

grounded

METHODS

along which

surveyed

staked

The the

FIELD

possible.

cases.

The

case.

recorders

were

used

dipoles.

Figure

7

The current

are

measured

used

to

voltage

determine

and the

the

known

apparent

value

of

the

resistivity

injected

using

the

formula

p = 2pi N ( N + l ) ( N + 2 ) m d V / I

where

N

A

listing

=

the potential dipole,

I

=

the

of

the

and

contoured dipole

the

2.0

point

plied on

for

for

Science

on

BB'

these

offsets

electrode

appropriate

Laboratory

of

is g i v e n

the

had

lengths

difference

values

locations

In p r e p a r i n g

individual

lyzed

on

dipole

the

gap

between

measured

at

for

in

the

section.

next

apparent

pseudosections for

several

to b e

offset

of

the

receive

computing

separations.

two-dimensional the University

resistivities shown

in

Section

due

corrections

apparent

to

were

resistivity

data were

also

earth

models

the

Utah

by

Research

2. near

access

These

of

are

the measurements

slightly

the pseudosection, by

of

current.

data

calculated

actual

problems.

injected

field

The

km

of

AV =

The plotted

the number dipoles,

ap-

based anaEarth

Institute.

LISTING

OF

RAW

DATA

Lacamas

Charts misread initially, correct value » 33.0 37.1

check check

See data, sheet

48.3

check

for V

24.0

Repeat checks 31.8 Repeat

Lacamas

Amps misrecorded on strip chart ?Terrain effects? Ravine edge//To Transmit Barely detectable Offset to SW of line =100 yards to avoid cemetary

Traces are terrible, high noise.

Lacamas

Amps ran up to 10 at beginning of record

Step up to 14 amps on last part of .1 frequency

Strong anisotropy between transmit electrodes

Ran up to 10 amps when starting up Ran up to 10 amps when starting un Very bad trace Offset 300 yards SE (receiver) Receiver offset 300 yards SE Off the line 300 yards SE (receiver) 5mv scale is open to question receiver offset

Power down after 2 minutes of .01 frequency side of hill Current was 8 on 1st try, 7 on 2nd try Very faint Started at 6 amps dropped to 5.2 after a minute Extremely bad trace Receiver offset 300 yards SE Receiver offset 300 yards SE

APPENDIX

14

PRELIMINARY

REPORT

STUDY

ON

NEAR

DIPOLE-DIPOLE CAMAS,

September

1979

RESISTIVITY

WASHINGTON*

To:

J. E r i c Schuster, Assistant Supervisor Geology and Earth Resources Division Washington State Department of Natural Resources Olympia, WA 98504

From:

Science Applications, 1200 Prospect Street La Jolla, CA 92038

Inc.

(Prime

Contractor)

and Exploration Geothermics (Subcontractor) 5202 College Gardens Ct. San Diego, CA 92115

During have

been

north

carried

and

a

possible

The

first

ran

portion

along

from

the

side

of

Lake

along

ed m a p trace as

the

the

with of

equal The

data

the

Fault. for

N-spacing and

dipole

obtained

area

of

potential

in

of

of

beyond

the as

This

line

lies

This

fault

geothermal

made

of N=5

heat

using

a

(separation

receiver

on

of

dipoles five

the

of

the

has

been

hot

fluids

line SW

the

enclos-

approximately

on

the

identified asso-

source.

500 meter of

near

ranging

times

the

end

on

measure-

This

along

north

area.

NW-SE

Lake.

shown

zone

circulation

the

oriented

Camas,

Creek,

investigat-

resistivity

Lacamas of

studies

immediately

purpose

line

town

NW

were

shown

a

shore

l e n g t h , up to

are

on

the

the

hypothesized

the

consisted

Lacamas

line AA').

transmitter to

study

resistivity

the

geothermal

extended of

in

for

kilometers

measurements

a maximum

the

and

conduit

the

of

edge of

valley 1,

Camas

southwestern

the L a c a m a s

with

of

the

northern Lake,

The

*

the

a possible

ciated

east

of

(August) DC

in W a s h i n g t o n

11-line

(Figure of

month

indications

covering

running

past

out

little

ing

ments

the

the

pseudosection

from

dipole

electrodes a

distance

dipole

length).

in F i g u r e

2.

F u n d i n g for this effort w a s p r o v i d e d by the U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of E n e r g y u n d e r C o n t r a c t D E - A C 0 3 - 7 9 E T 2 7 0 1 4 u n d e r c o n t r a c t to t h e Washington State Department of Natural Resources.

As

can

be

line.

seen,

Sharp

fault

resistivity

resistivity

zone may

be

values

are

contrasts

evidence

of

the

not

uniform

present

along

presence

of

along

the

hot,

the

apparent

conductive

fluids.

The Figure order

2

is

of

most the

significant

transition

30 ohm-meters

or

feature

from less

to

of

the

boundary

these

to

be

meters line

from

the

north

perpendicular

point

(line

ments

were made

meters

and

BB'

on

a maximum reduced

could

be

for

the

resistivities

similar

pseudosection

for

This

may

mark

the

or

some

other

sistivity

the m i n i m u m meter very

point

the

point.

The

at

which

the

for

this

small

a

the

contrast

therefore,

sure

at

drop

seems

of

lines

be

point,

clear.

the

some but

in

feel

resistivity

between

may,

this

two

Near

N=4

some

cross.

the

and

5 values

presence

of

of

of

seems the

high

the

found. Lacamas

BB' the

re-

suggest 1.5

kilo-

regarding

the

the

the

distinct

line

limit

regarding

were

occurring

N=5,

side

intersection

most

of

en-

data

of

skepticism

at

250

portion the

for

was

of

with

vicinity

At

measure-

geology

crossed

5.5 ohm-meters

question the

the

this

pseudosection

left

values

The

cross

that

The

The

BB'

the

kilo-

through

point

center

line

of

resistivities

a layered

2).

a

length

N).

3.

pseudosection

author's

measurement

larger

boundary.

are

a

resistivity

at w h i c h

geologic on

such

in t h e

reduced

low

the

4.25

detail,

a dipole

in F i g u r e

(Figure

out

greater

on

suggested

a point

laid

(the

to

for

those

AA'

was

using N=5

at

in

in e x c e s s

Accordingly,

gain

3 suggests

resistivities

low N=5

point

sharply

contrasts

To

strength

to

line

about

line

of

values

pseudosection

line.

line

shown

Figure

line

1).

obtained

is

in

with

the

spacing

pseudosection

Fault

first

signal

line

AA',

the

this

reliably

second

of

Figure

along

countered not

to

end

pseudosection

resistivities

Examination zones

the

low-resistivity

100 ohm-meters. between

on

at

signal

the

the strength

detection, extreme.

There

quantitative

a pronounced

and

mea-

resistivity

Line (left

on

BB'

Figure

development. the

slope

canic low

could

3)

The

of

line

Mountain.

in

this

to

allow

area the

area

course

can

to

the

of

of

extended the

which

seen

the

the

it

the

lowest

study,

even

at

north

right

of

were

one

of

of

vol-

Figure

property

owner

that

this

encountered

is

3,

obtained

clear

resistivities

a

up

approached

local

allowance

northeast,

not

nonetheless

when

housing

side

measurements

points

is

a new

appearance

the

the

southwest

has

refusal

land,

of

the

to

the

several

to

farther

from

as

farther

intervention

carried

found

his

some

of

be

were

because

displays

of

was

Although

access

be

Mountain,

As

resistivities

Green

because

Green

feature.

not

made

for

in

terrain

affects.

The mands

primary

study. the

that

a

limit

second the

line.

enhances

be

fully

for

remains

to

able

data

of

of

AA'

lines

very

low

selected

its

those

at

of

siting

of

the

and

km

BB'

try

to

a

values.

follow

the

far It

end,

at

Unfortunately the

As

Since

this

BB'

Lacamas

southern

from

near

the

area this

the

to could

project

holes avail-

the

intersection

contrast

resistivity and

much

resistivity

discussed,

Fault

is

gradient

resistivity the

of

the

site

already

sharp

of

thermal

one

line

the

noting

proximity

constraints

planned

southeast

is w o r t h

the

com-

resistivity

in r e s i s t i v i t i e s

implications

on

as

clearly

the

detected

north

Selecting

point

marks

was

Lake of

feasible.

the

straightforward. 1.5

results

change

within

the

Lacamas

extended

was

this

discussed.

the

the

significance.

resistivity to

as

of

contrast

While

question

be

vicinity

also

Camas

than

the

is

was

investigated

The results

on

AA'

of

end

based

resistivity

pronounced

Camas not

line

vicinity

of

the

attention

However

into

less

area

the

with

lines

were

Boundary

(possibly the

another

northern

that

hot

face

in

the

north

could

section

fluids the

end

of a

yards

BB'.

steep

gradient

of

(Figure

both

gravity

help

to

mas

site

4).

and

site

(including

be

able

by

for

the

be

to

shown hole

zone

rise

toward of

kilometer

of

test

hole

measurements

just

north

the

would

gravity

thus

be

contrasts.

in

problems

being

the

a

surat

few

the on

cross-

the

of

the

prepared

an

This

institutional outside

map

hope

Corporation,

the

on

to

the

within

point

along

land

Zellerbach

drilling

place

found

reasonable

A block

Crown

test

1.5

also

resistivity any

it w o u l d

intersection.

gravity as

resistivity

by

area marked

site

that

should

might

shoreline

zone

also

be of

by

enLaca-

Creek).

hole

is not

dence

of

as

resistivity on

case

could

Green

values to

made

remain the

for

low

limit

been

discussed.

the

The complex.

line

Lake

one end

test of

line

line

along

an

the

can be line

area

area of

Finally,

where

of

the

available authors

around hole

resistivity

the

study

seen

AA'

A

this

is

about

9

the

strong

interest, area

again to

Figure

area.

considerable there

evi-

Lacamas

measured.

resistivities

occurring

from

from

of

gives

9.5

at

the

decline kilo-

AA'.

on

the

The

As

thermal gradient test

investigation

apparently

selection

Based

below,

Lacamas

the

transition

along

cussed

of

second

of

further

already end

the

areas.

represents

meters

north

for

also

southeast

that

site

Mountain

has

with

a

interesting

northwest be

of

straightforward.

several

Lake

as

AA',

owned

of

The

Selection

2,

the

would

the

Lake,

minimize

countered

of

low

should

feasible

in

Lacamas

Danes

depth

the Lake,

This

the

line

southeast

line,

end

at

of

vicinity

provide

hundred

fault) of

the is

AA',

data

favor

small

to it

site

be

a

lake

sited

seems

for and

the four

site

the

the

Dead

south Lake.

anomalous

reasonable

test

hole

considerations,

near

called on

second

to

site

dis-

end

of

(1)

Given

area the

is

at

the

second

on

a

different

the

area

the

several

northwest

related. sents if

runs also

tified south

in

that

at

at

the

the

associated

could

from end

the

also

margin

of

aeromagnetic

to C a m a s

must

be

requires

be

to

an

has

streams

no

stagnant that of

it

is

of

of w h e t h e r

or

The shown

as

it o r

"T"s

to

sound

cable. not

More

this

lake

recommendations on

Figure

1.

(3) The

local

it

proximity

one

could

to

to

reach

person be

If o n l y

an

the

of a

drilling

the trend

the

low

is

because a

it

small,

indicate

attempt

a

the bottom

a volcanic

test

iden-

Lake

not

raised

a

development

Lake" is

of

even

that

lineaments

for

repre-

gravity

feature

residents

Reportedly,

unable

as

a

un-

of placing

(4) Dead

"Dead it;

are

resource

positive

prospect

users.

with

than

affect

Camas,

Called

deep.

it w a s

major

draining

Conversations

exceptionally

ago

feet

feature.

feeding

pond.

years

1500

interesting

potential

that

(2) Selection

the

in

however,

geothermal

the major

the

unlikely

lake,

considered.

is p r e s e n t ,

itself

the

of

resource close

have

data.

also

the a

is

feature

resistivities

not.

through

temperature it

of

do

it

low

mark

end

one

geothermal

then

end

will

with

a

having

south

northeast-southwest be

is

Lake,

north

Lake

on

there

area

that

the

Dead

hole

If

Lacamas

anomaly

near

test

of

area

anomalies

second

may

The

site

that

zones

a second

the

hole

anomaly.

the

number with

question

feature.

locations

are

Figure

1.

Map of the Camas area showing Two suggested test hole sites l e t t e r "T".

resistivity lines. are marked w i t h the

Figure

2.

Pseudosection for line km. Resistivities are scale is e x a g g e r a t e d by

AA' . Dipole length in o h m - m e t e r s . The a factor of two.

was 0.5 vertical

Figure

3.

Pseudosection w a s 0 . 2 5 km

for

line

BB'.

Dipole

length

UNIV.

OF

PUGET

B O U G U E R

C

A

M

A

S

A R E A ,

S O U N D ,

TACOMA,

G R A V I T Y

W A S H I N G T O N 1979

F i g u r e 4. Gravity map for the C a m a s * area prepared by Danes; possible test h o l e s i t e s d i s c u s s e d in t h e text a r e market by the letter "T".

WA.

M A P

A

Z. F. D a n e s

N

D

O

R

E

G

O

N