߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡Ɵࢱ 75-102
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ* Քѣ**م
ၡ
ࢋ
˟̮Җ߆ߏΗᓁטᄃᓁטăᛉົ̰ᅦ˭̝ྵ࠹טĂमள ّĂ˵ߏᇆᜩΗᓁט၁ᅫྻү८͕۞˘࣎ޘטᒖ༼Ą၁ચྻү˯Ă ˟̮Җ߆ֶፂώኳΞͽѣޝк۞ͧྵෛĂд̶ᝋ۞ሀё̝˭Ăᓁந Ξਕᓁ̶̍ЪүĂ˵ΞਕӔன˯˭۞ဈᛳᙯܼĄፂѩ֭ซ˘Վᇆ ᜩ˟̮Җ߆ϲڱᝋ۞̢જᄃඕڍĄֶፂέ៉࿅Ν۞གྷរĂᓁᄃҖ ߆ੰੰܜኢٙᛳ߆ᛨд઼ົߏӎֳѣкᇴĂౌߏჯ˘ّĂͷҖ ߆ੰܜଂᛳٺᓁ۞˟̮Җ߆ᙯܼĄҭͿ៍၅።ЇҖ߆ੰܜĂΞͽ ໄர̶ࠎ߆ᛨྤ።ᖳಱٕߏءဈྤ።ᖳಱ۞̙ТᙷݭĄώ͛А੫၆ Җ߆ੰࡦ۞ܜഀĂડ̶ࠎ߆ᛨයࡻᄃءဈයࡻᙷҖĂГፂѩଣ ԛј۞ࡦഀͽ̈́дᄃϲڱᝋ̢જޢٙயϠ۞ᇆᜩĄ ᙯᔣෟĈΗᓁטă˟̮Җ߆ă߆ᛨයࡻăءဈයࡻăϲڱᇆᜩ
*
DOI:10.6166/TJPS.69(75-102)Ąώ͛ࠎࡊԫొࢍထĶέ៉Ηᓁّิޘט۞טĈੰعᛨ ፋЪޘᄃՙඉሀёͧྵķĞࢍထበཱིĈMOST 104-2420-H-029-003-MY2ğొ̶јڍĄ ** ڌঔ̂ጯ߆ڼጯրઘିĂE-mail:
[email protected]。 ќቇ͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 5 ͡ 27 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ105 ѐ 9 ͡ 12 ͟
76
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
ಥă݈֏ĈΗᓁ۞טᛉ൴ण ᄃώ͛યᗟຍᙊ ጳ߆វࡁ۞טտШֽߏ߆ڼጯ۞ڼ߆ྵͧ̚ܝ८͕ᛉᗟ̝˘Ąҡᐌ ௐˬگϔ̼۞ሗͽ̈́າޘטኢࡁտश۞૦Ăጳ߆ࡁտд࿅Ν˟ă ˬȈѐมؕؠ˘זצ۞ޘᙯڦĂ͍ߏ߆عវטăᏴᓝޘטă߆ᛨ វրČČඈኜкᇆᜩጳ߆ྻү۞តᇴტЪͧྵĂԛјٙᏜ۞Ķጳ߆̍ķ Ğconstitutional engineeringğ̝ࡁտĄ၆ٺέ៉҃֏Ăጳ߆̍۞ͧྵࡁտ ่̙дநኢ˯ࢦזצෛĂТॡ˵ѣ၁ϡّᄃώ˿ᙯᘃĄጐგԧ઼ଂϔ ̼ͽޢ።གྷ˞кѨ۞࣒ጳĂ˵གྷ።࿅߆ᛨആĂ̫֞ೀ࣎ࢋ߆ᛨ၆ٺέ ៉۞ጳ߆វֶטᖞЧҋѣૺᄃវԼࢭ۞ᙸഀĄ2014 ѐૄᆸᏴᓝඕՁ ̝ޢĂ࣒ጳᛉᗟГѨזצᙯڦĂࠤҌଵซϲ۞ੰڱᛉâॡ̝มᒉౄ ˞ĶጳڱॡגķĞconstitutional momentğ۞ݵ፟ĂឰЧࠧГѨ၆ѩᛉᗟΐͽ ኢĄдኜк࠹ᙯ۞࣒ጳᛉᗟ̚Ă̙ͻ၆Җ߆ᄃϲڱᙯܼ۞८͕ᛉᗟĂּ тᅦТຍᝋඈĄᔵޢЯॡม࿅ܳާٺڱдϲੰڱ྿јВᙊซ҃ј ९Ăҭ˵ᙋ˞ځԧ઼۞ጳ߆ߛၹ̪ᖞхдధкѣۋᛉ̝ĄЯѩĂጳ߆ វࡁྵͧ۞טտĂኢߏ߆ڼጯăͧྵ߆ࡁ۞ڼտᛉĂٕߏ၆ԧ઼ϔ ጳ߆൴ण۞ҋ֗ᙯᘃĂౌѣّࢋࢦĄ ༊݈၆ጳ߆វ֏҃ᙷ̶۞טĂֶፂҖ߆ᄃϲ۞ڱᝋయᙯܼઇ̶ᙷᇾĂ ᓁטĞpresidential systemğăᛉົ̰ᅦטĞparliamentary systemğᄃΗᓁ טĞsemi-presidential systemğߏ૱֍۞ˬ࣎ᙷݭĄ 1 ̚ᓁטᄃᛉ ົ̰ᅦ࠹۞טᙯࡁտ൴णྵѝĂ҃Ηᓁࡁ۞טտд࿅Ν˟Ȉዶѐֽ̖ు ႙జࢦෛĂҭ˵̏གྷ᎕кᇹ۞ࡁտјڍĄΗᓁטд࿅Ν˘߱ॡม̰ ֝ి൴ण۞ࢋࣧЯĂࢋдٺѩ˘ޘטѣநኢ˯۞পঅّͽ̈́၁ચ˯ ࡁտ۞ᆊࣃĄࢵАߏநኢ˯۞পঅّĂଂ Duverger ۞ؠཌྷ൴ĂSartori 1
ᓁטᄃᛉົ̰ᅦؠ۞טཌྷืкኢĂ҃ᙯٺΗᓁטĂ̂кͽ Duverger ٺ1980 ೩ ۞ˬีؠཌྷࠎĄֶፂ Duverger ۞ࡁտĂٙᏜ۞Ηᓁ˯ޘטߏט႕֖ͽ˭ˬপّ۞ វטĈ(1) ᓁགྷϤᏴயϠć(2) ᓁጾѣ˘۞ؠᝋ˧ć(3) ੵ˞ᓁ̝γĂᓁந̰̈́ Ą ᅦЧొܜҖֹҖ߆ᝋĂ֭ͷΪѣд઼ົܑ̙ϯͅ၆˭ͽᜈҖֹᖚᝋĞ1980Ĉ166ğ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
77
(1997) ซ˘Վ੫၆ᓁᄃ̰ᅦ۞ᗕ̮Җ߆ઇ˞˘ֱᗃĄࢵАĂSartori ᓁ۞யϠࠧࠎؠˠϔۡତٕมତ۞ᏴᓝĂޙϲ˞ᓁᑕѣϲົ઼ٺ ̝γĂࠤҌۡତֽҋٺˠϔ۞វࢋՐĄѨĂ˵ߏྵࠎࢦࢋ۞дٺĂᗕ ̮Җ߆̚۞ᓁநĂϒ༊ّ่̙ߏֽҋົ઼ٺкᇴ۞͚ĞٕҌ̙͌хд кᇴ۞ͅ၆ğ ĂՀᑕྍజࠧٺؠϲٺᓁ̝γĄೱ֏̝ĂSartori ٙࠧ۞ؠ ΗᓁטĂᗕ̮Җ߆̝มᑕྍߏܲѣπҖ۞טᏊߛၹĂ̙҃хд࠹̢ᔴ ᛳ۞ΞਕّĄ̚Ăᓁ۞ϒ༊ֽّҋٺˠϔۡᏴĂ҃߆۞عϒ༊ّߏ ૄົ઼ٺ᎕ໂ۞кᇴ͚Ăٕঐໂ۞̙хдкᇴ۞ͅ၆Ąֶፂ Sartori ۞ؠ ཌྷĂΗᓁט̂۞পঅّĂಶߏѣĶ˟̮Җ߆ķĞdual executive systemğ ۞ጳ߆ߛၹĂ˵ߏᄃᓁטᛉົ̰ᅦט̂۞मளĄ ˟̮Җ߆дநኢ˯ĂΞਕனᓁጱĂ˵ΞਕઐШϤ઼ົкᇴ͚ ۞̰ᅦᅳጱ߆عĂЯѩѣĶጳ߆ķ۞পّĞӓϜ̋Ă2012Ĉ1ğĄ࿅ ـ᎕˞ొ̶۞͛ᚥӈࢦٺጳ߆ᙷ̶۞Ąּт Shugart ᄃ Carey ֶፂ ̰ᅦ่၆઼ົయĂٕߏТॡШᓁᄃ઼ົᗕШయĂซ҃ડ̶јĶᓁந ᓁטķĞpremier- presidentialismğᄃĶᓁᛉົטķĞpresident-parliamentaryğ ᙷݭĄវፆү۞ᇾд៍ٺ၅ᓁߏӎѣϲ۞̰ᅦЇᝋͽ̈́ જྋ઼ົ۞ᝋ˧ĞShugart and Carey, 1992: 24ğĄ˫ּтӓϜ̋ିֶ ፂ̰ᅦˠְᝋᕩᛳͽ̈́ᓁᄃ઼ົкᇴߏӎ˘ඈតᇴĂΗᓁ۞ט၁ ᅫྻүડ̶јĶ̰ᅦטķĞquasi-parliamentarismğ ă ĶೱВڼķĞalternation/ cohabitationğă Ķ̶ᝋԁםķĞcompromiseğăͽ̈́ĶᓁᐹķĞpresidential supremacyğαᙷݭĞӓϜ̋Ă2012Ĉ9ğĄShugart ᄃ Carey ۞̶ᙷߏֶፂ ޘטనࢍ۞ᑕࢬĂ҃ӓϜ̋ି۞̶ᙷֶߏፂྻү۞၁ࢬĄጐგѣ ̙ٙТĂҭౌײᑕ˞Ηᓁטᗕ̮Җ߆ͽ̈́ጳ߆۞পّĄ͍ѣࠤ۰Ă Яࠎ˟̮Җ߆ߛၹລ੨઼ົٙӔன۞ˬ֎̢જĂౄјΗᓁטд၁ᅫྻү ˯ன˞ܧ૱к۞ѨᙷݭĄ 2 ᖎ֏̝ĂΗᓁט၆ٺிк็۞ͧྵ߆ڼ 2
ּт Skach ̶̝ᙷࠎᓁᄃᓁந˘Ăᓁநֳ֭ѣ઼ົкᇴ۞ዮкᇴăᓁᄃ઼ ົкᇴ͚۞ᓁந̙˘۞̶ϲкᇴĞ˵ಶߏВع߆ڼğ ăͽ̈́ᓁᓁந̙˘Ăᓁ நϺ઼ົкᇴ͚۞̶ϲ͌ᇴˬᙷĞ2005Ĉ15-21ğĄൾޢĂShen ଂநኢ۞ͽّؼ ̈́έ៉۞၁ᙋགྷរĂྃ·˞ᓁᓁந˘Ăᓁந઼ົкᇴ͚۞ዮ͌ᇴᙷݭ Ğ2011Ĉ140ğĄѩγĂՔѣͽمᛨᝋᕩᛳă઼ົჸޘăͽ̈́ᓁّޘטᝋ˧ኢ
78
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
ࡁտᛉᗟ҃֏Ă೩ֻ˞˘࣎າ۞நኢޙၹ۞۩มĄ Ѩߏ၁ચ˯۞ࡁտᆊࣃĂߏϫ݈ЪΗᓁؠטཌྷ۞઼छĂ̏ གྷߏϔ઼छ̝Ăк࿅˞ᓁטᄃᛉົ̰ᅦ઼۞טछĄ3࣎ཏ྆ࢬΒ ߁˞˘ֱለౙјሢ۞ϔ઼छć˘ֱതϔгϲ۞઼छćͽ̈́˘ֱଂ݈ᛂ ᓑϞྋޢϔᖼ݈۞ݭВய઼छĞӓϜ̋Ă2012Ĉ4-8ğĄૄٺநኢᄃ၁ચ ۞ࡁտᆊࣃĂΗᓁטјࠎጳ߆ࡁտ̚˘࣎າ۞ăϒд૦۞ăඕЪ็ ࡁտᄃ౹າᛉᗟ۞ࡁտᗟĄጳ߆វࡁטտጯ۰ Robert Elgie ੫၆࿅Ν 20 кѐֽ۞ጳ߆វࡁטտĂᕩৼˬ࣎൴णล߱Ąௐ˘࣎ล߱ߏд 90 ѐν ΠĂϤ Juan Linz ᄃ Horowitz ඈጯ۰ฟୁ۞੫၆ᓁטᄃᛉົ̰ᅦטĂң ۰ѣӀٺϔវྻטүٙणฟ۞ኢጼĄ࣎ล߱ߏ༊ጳ߆ࡁտ۞ශ܂ล ߱Ăͽಏ˘តᇴ۞͞ёᓁטăᛉົ̰ᅦט༊үҋតีĂϔхᜈ༊ үֶតีֽซҖኢĄ ௐ˟ล߱ᐌᇹ۞ኢତᜈ൴णĂฟؕᖳಱጳ߆ࡁտ۞࠹ᙯ৵ՄĂ ּт߆ᛨវրăᏴᓝޘטăᓁᝋ˧ඈඈЯ৵ඕЪጳ߆វ۞טপᇈ ֽซҖ̶ژĄѩγĂֶតี˵่̙ߏϔхᜈĂ҃ߏͽڼந۞ड़ਕăϔ ۞எ̼ඈՀᖳಱ۞ໄֽهኢĄࣃ˘೩۞ߏĂΗᓁטளٺᓁטᛉ ົ̰ᅦטĂјࠎ˘࣎າ۞̶ݭᙷژĂ˵дௐ˘ล߱၆ᓁטᄃᛉົ̰ᅦט ۞ᐹКኢ̝ڦזצޢຍĄ҃ጳ߆វࡁטտ۞ௐˬ࣎ล߱ߏд͞ڱኢ˯ ۞к̮൴णĂநّԭፄăາޘטኢăӎՙ۰நኢĞveto player theoryğă ؎ůநˠशĞprincipal-agent theoryğඈЧࡁտशᄃ͞ڱˢጳ ߆វࡁטտĞElgie, 2005: 106-122ğ ĄϤ˯ᖎൺ۞͛ᚥࡦഀ̶ژΞͽ൴னĂ Ηᓁ̏טགྷѣ˞ᙷݭጯ۞நኢૄᖂĂ҃дѩૄᖂ̝˯Ă၆̙ٺТᙷ۞ݭ
3
ᓁ̼۞ޘĞ2012Ĉ13-15ğĄລ੨Ᏼᓝ۞ొ̶ĂౘԈᅛᄃችၷேଂαᏴᓝॡă ᓁநயϠ͞ёࠎតᇴĂኢΗᓁ˭טˣ߆عј۞ᔌ๕Ğ2012Ĉ233ğĄڒᚶ ͛ͧྵέ៉ᄃ઼ڱдВڼјࠎၚּᄃӎ۞मளࣧЯĂᛳ̮˟ٺҖ߆۞ኢĞ2012Ĉ 367ğĄᛂ̄ಕߏඕЪ̂ءڱᛖጳኢጳ߆ྻүྫĞ2012Ĉ331ğĄ݈͛ᚥ࠰ពϯ Ηᓁטᔵజෛࠎ˘࣎ጳ߆ᙷݭĂݒѣкត۞ྻүΞਕĄ ѣጯ۰ࢍĂҌ 2005 ѐࠎͤĂд 81 ࣎జࢍ۞ϔ઼छ̚Ăѣ 29 ઼࣎छజᕩᙷࠎΗ ᓁטć28 ઼࣎छజᕩᙷࠎᛉົ̰ᅦטć24 ઼࣎छజᕩᙷࠎᓁטĄܑϯҌ͌ѣ 65.4% ۞ϔ઼छѣ˘࣎ۡᏴᓁĂ҃Ηᓁ̚ݭᙷ࣎ˬߏטк઼छ۞˘࣎ᙷݭ ĞSamuels and Shugart, 2010: 6ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
79
Ηᓁטٙౄј۞ޘטᇆᜩĂּтଂĶڼநड़ਕķ۞ໄهઇֶតี۞ؼҩ ͧྵĂ࠹ྵ̝˭̪ѣࡁ۞̂ޝտ۩มĄ ͽΗᓁ۞טໄٕهѨᙷૄࠎݭᖂĂؼҩҌࡁտᛉᗟ۞ాඕߏΗᓁ ࡁטտᛉ۞ᔌ๕Ąּт Samuels ᄃ Shugart ˠ̝ٙ Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers ˘३Ăଣᓁᄃᓁநд̙Т۞߆ᛨᖐ˭ᝋ˧̶੨۞ ᙯܼĄࣇˠд३̚೩זĂᝋ˧̶ϲ۞ࣧĂ၁̏གྷᔳӣ˞߆ᛨд̙ Тጳ߆វ˭ט၆ܜࢵٺᏴፄăᚮᏴඉர۞ᙱĄдۡᏴᓁ۞ڤಛ˭Ăᓁ ѣӄ̶ٺ੨ᖚҜᄃՙඉ۞ᝋ˧ĂЯѩ߆ᛨ۞Җࠎăᖐົᄃጳߛڱၹᙷ ҬĂϺӈѣΞਕ൴णࠎĶᓁ̼۞߆ᛨķĞpresidentialized partiesğ Ă҃࣎ ᔌ๕дᓁ˭טтѩĂдΗᓁטϺĞSamuels and Shugart, 2010: 15ğĄ ่̙тѩĂSamuels ᄃ Shugart ϺĂдΗᓁ˭̝טĂᓁநΞਕົזצ ઼ົᄃᓁ۞ᗕࢦᇆᜩ҃ዎזၣೱĂЯѩᄃ߆ᛨ۞ᙯܼົྵ̙टٽᘦĂᓁ ̼߆ᛨ۞൴णᔌ๕ͧᛉົ̰ᅦ઼۞טछ̪ᖞઐĞSamuels and Shugart, 2010: 99ğĄֶፂ Samuels ᄃ Shugart ۞ଯኢĂдᓁڱᇆᜩᓁநΝ۞ ઼छĂᓁ̼߆ᛨ۞൴णಶΞਕͧྵऴĄᓁ̼߆ᛨ۞ࡁտߏͽጳ߆វט ࠎЯĂ߆ᛨ۞ᖐăҖࠎߏӎᓁ̼ࠎڍĂซҖវטᇆᜩ߆ᛨ۞̶ژĄ ѩγĂౘԈᅛĞ2009ğϺͽ͛ኢ˞έ៉Ηᓁ۞טᛨ߆ᙯܼćՂ ᆂϜăเޙ၁Ğ2015ğͽߏౘͪᓁࠎࡁտ၆෪ĂኢౘͪፉЇᓁ ॡഇĂࣘЇᛨयᄃӎ၆೩̿߆ڱع९۞ᇆᜩ˧ĄֱࡁտౌߏͽΗᓁ ࡦࠎטഀĂኢ࠹ᙯᛉᗟ۞үݡĄдࡁտᛉᗟ۞ඕЪ͞ࢬĂ၆ٺϲ ڱड़ਕ۞ኢࡁࣃ࣎˘ߏܮտ۞ᛉᗟĄд˘ࡁگտ̚ĂΗᓁ۞˭ט ϲڱड़ਕ࠹ᙯࡁտĂ͍ߏᓁдϲڱ࿅۞֎Ғᄃ࠹ᙯኢĂ࠹ྵ̝˭ ྵڦזצຍĞౘԈᅛĂ2012Ĉ3ğĄ4 дΗᓁ۞ט॰ߛ˭Ăᓁᅦ̶ Ҿѣ۞˘̙ޘϲڱᇆᜩ˧Ăكѩ̝ົ઼มԛј̢જĂӔனপঅ۞ ˬ֎ᙯܼĄ࿅Ν੫၆έ៉۞གྷរኢ߆ݭᙷعϲڱᇆᜩ˧۞͛ᚥĂкჸ ൏˘ٺᄃ̶ϲ߆ྵͧ۞عĞּтՃൊĂ2003ćเսბĂ2003ć્ሪĂ
4
ౘԈᅛΩγĂϲڱҖࠎ۞ࡁտࠤ͌ᛈ̈́ΗᓁטᗕࢦҖ߆ᅳጱ۞ඕၹপኳĂֹ дଣҖ߆ϲڱ፟ᙯ۞ϲڱᇆᜩ˧࠹ᙯϲڱҖࠎॡĂкϏਕᓁ۞֎Ғϲ࠻ ޞĄፋវ҃֏Ăԧ઼۞Ηᓁࡁטտᄃ઼ົ۞ϲࡁڱտߏ௲̺۞Ğ2012Ĉ3ğĄ
80
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
2003ćܘణཌྷĂ2010ğ ĂٕߏͧྵҖ߆፟ᙯᄃϲڱ፟ᙯ۞ϲڱ၁˧Ăּт఼ ࿅தă͇ᇴăڱ९ఢሀăঘ̈́ӀৈඈĞՃൊĂ2014ğ Ą҃˘ᄃ̶ϲ۞ᇾ дٺᓁٙᛳ߆ᛨͽ઼̈́ົ۞кᇴᛨߏӎ˘Ą҃ĂᓁᄃҖ߆ੰੰ ߏܜӎᅳጱ߆ᛨĂٕߏѣԆፋ۞ᛨ߆གྷ።Ăߏӎ˵၆ڱ९யϠ˘۞ؠᇆ ᜩ˧ĉͽ˟̮Җ߆ࠎ̶ژ၆෪ĂኢҖ߆ᝋ۞ᛨ߆Ъޘ၆ϲڱड़ਕ۞ᇆ ᜩâᙷ۞ࡁտ࠹၆ྵ͌Ą ፂѩĂώ͛ᑢଂΗᓁט८͕۞ྻүপّĈ˟̮Җ߆ࠎૄᖂĂ֭ؼ ҩᄃϲࡁڱտઇඕЪĂֶፂέ៉ଂ 1997 ѐซˢΗᓁ۞ֽͽטጳ߆གྷរଣ ࣎८͕યᗟĄࢵАĂέ៉۞ᓁᄃҖ߆ੰ˘ۡͽֽౌߏჯ˘۞ې ၗĂҭͿ៍၅።ЇҖ߆ੰܜĂᛨ߆ࡦഀѣព۞मளĄѣֱߏᛨ߆ ࡦഀ።ቚԆፋĂࠤҌܑ߆ᛨણΐ࿅̂ݭᏴᓝĂּтϔซᛨ۞ᛂپăᔁ ܜԗĂٕߏ઼ϔᛨ۞ӓཌྷĂώ͛Ꮬ̝ࠎĶ߆ᛨයࡻݭķҖ߆ੰܜĄ˵ѣ ֱдЇҖ߆ੰܜॡ֭ݓ၁۞ᛨ߆ࡦഀĂ˵՟ѣᏴᓝ።ቚĂּт઼ϔᛨ ۞ѯآፔăౘछඈĂώ͛Ꮬ̝ࠎĶءဈයࡻݭķҖ߆ੰܜĄ۞ᙷҖ߆ ੰܜдநኢ˯̂۞मளّĂд߆ٺᛨයࡻѣᛨ߆ૄᖂĂ͍߆ߏᛨਔ ඛ˭۞ϒ༊ّĄᔵϤᓁЇĂҭώ֗۞߆ྤڼ˵࠹༊ᖳĂᅳጱ߆ ̈́ͽعᄃϲ̢۞ੰڱજĂΞͽᓁ̶ซЪᑝĄ࠹ͅ۞ĂءဈයࡻЯࠎ՟ ѣ߆ᛨૄᖂĂᅳጱ̰ᅦͽ̈́ᄃϲ̢۞ੰڱજ˯Ăҋ֗۞ϲّྵऴĂϒ ༊ّᅮࢋЈᏥᓁĄ۞ᙷҖ߆ੰܜᄃᓁၹ۞˟̮Җ߆Ăдநኢᄃ ၁ચ˯ѣңຍஉĉߏώ͛ௐ˘࣎ࢋаඍ۞યᗟĄ ѨĂͽҖ߆ੰ̙۞ܜТࡦഀࠎֶፂĂ̙Тᙷ̮˟۞ݭҖ߆Ă၆߆ٺ عдଯજࢦࢋڱ९ॡĂᄃϲ̢۞ੰڱજߏӎ˵Яѩѣ̙Тјड़ĉԧ઼ᔵࠎ ᓁጱ۞ΗᓁטĂҭᓁдϲڱ࿅̚۞ޘטᇆᜩ˧ઐҲĂдڱ९ᆶ ߤ۞࿅̚Ă Ķᛨဥםથķߏԧ઼ϲڱ࿅̚౯צᙯ࣎˘۞ڦপঅనࢍĂΪ ਕ࿅߆ᛨّٕޘטܧᝋ˧ֽ൴೭ᇆᜩ˧ĂҖ߆ੰϲߏ̖ੰڱԛё˯၆ ڱٺ९ѣᇆᜩ˧۞࣎ጳ߆፟ᙯĄЯѩĂᓁᖣϤࣘЇᛨᅾͽ࿅טܧ ّޘᝋ˧ֽ൴೭ϲڱᇆᜩ˧Ăјࠎᇆᜩՙඉ۞ࢦࢋ߱͘Ą 5 ੵѩ̝γĂϤ
5
ѣֱ੫၆ᄂ៉ϲڱ࿅ࡁտ۞͛ᚥϺĂᄂ៉Яࠎᓁ۞ጳ߆֎ҒؠҜ̙Ăΐ˯ ଯજڱ९۞࿅̚ܧߏــϒё۞Ăֱౌᆧΐ˞ኢᓁڱ९ᇆᜩ˧۞ӧᙱĞ્
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
81
ٺԧ઼ϲڱ۞ੰڱ९ᆶߤԔ̚ĂᔘΒ߁˞ᛨဥםથ፟טĄᛨဥםથߏд ௐˬبϲܳ˞ࠎੰڱซᛉְड़தٙઇ۞ԼࢭĄܐםથ۞̼ޘטϡຍĂ ߏдࣘٺᜪᛉְຽ̼ăπᏊ߆ᛨ߆ڼᄃ؎ࣶົຽᆶߤ۞ϲڱΑਕĞ ્ሪăౘ❠ܚĂ2004Ĉ113ğĄ҃Ă၁ᅫྻү̝ݒޢዎצᇃ̂ԲෞĂּт ࿅โቐăऴ̼؎ࣶົΑਕඈĄ 6 ᔵтѩĂጯ۰੫၆ௐ 4 بăௐ 5 بϲ ੰڱᛨဥםથ۞ڱ९ᇴϫᄃᙷݭ၆̝ͧޢ൴னĂᛨဥםથ֭՟ѣԆБפ ؎ࣶົĂ҃ߏ੫၆ѣഈۋᛉ۞ڱ९ซҖםથĄೱ֏̝Ăᛨဥםથ۞ڱ ९˘ਠܑۋᛉّٕߏഈڱ۞̂ྵ֍ڡ९ĂГ੨इҖ߆ొ۞ܝ೩९Ă Ξͽ࠻Җ߆ొܝ೩९̚Ăѣۋᛉ۞ڱ९ٕߏ࿅םથͽ೩఼࿅፟ த۞ڱ९ٙҫּͧĄፂѩĂώ͛ᙯ۞ڦΩ˘࣎યᗟӈдٺĂ߆ڱع९ਖ਼ซ ᛨဥםથ۞፟தߏӎ߆זצᛨයࡻءߏٕݭဈයࡻ۞ݭҖ߆ੰ҃ܜѣٙम ளĉ҃ڱ९۞఼࿅ᄃӎ˵ߏӎົ̙זצТᙷ۞ݭҖ߆ੰੰܜٙᇆᜩĉ аזΗᓁࡁ۞טտᛉࡁտᛉᗟ۞ඕЪֽ࠻Ă݈࣎યᗟ ຍᙊдநኢ˯۞ຍཌྷдٺĂֶፂέ៉۞གྷរซ˘Վ៍၅˟̮Җ߆۞ώኳĂ ֭ͷଂ˟̮Җ߆۞ώኳࠎૄᖂĂـϲࡁڱտઇࡁտᛉᗟ۞ඕЪĄ˘͞ࢬᑭ ෛέ៉Ηᓁ۞ט၁ᅫྻүགྷរĂ˟͞ࢬдࡁտᛉ˯ԓ୕ਕ၆Ηᓁט ۞ጳ߆ࡁտͽ̈́ϲࡁڱտ࣎ᅳા࠹̢ྃ·Ą
෮ăតᇴࠧؠᄃࡁտన д၁ᅫ۞ྻү˯Ăԧ઼Ηᓁ̮˟۞טҖ߆ଂϏѣ࿅̶ϲ۞ڶېĂ˵ ಶߏᙷҬ઼ڱٺВڼĞcohabitationğ۞གྷរĂҖ߆ੰܜᄃᓁӮჯ˘ ۞ᙯܼĄ҃Ăᓁٙᛳ߆ᛨд઼ົؠ˘̙ݒਕᒔкᇴयѨĄֶፂ݈͛ ၆ Skach ۞̶ᙷͽ̈́ Shen ۞ྃ·Ăέ៉ଂ 1997-2016 ѐ۞၁ᅫྻүΞͽ̶ јዮкᇴĞconsolidated majorityğͽ̈́ዮ͌ᇴĞconsolidated minorityğ
6
ሪĂ2003Ĉ62ğĄ ્ሪăౘ❠ܚᕩৼ˞ࡶ̒၆ᛨဥםથ፟۞טԲෞĂΒ߁͌ᇴӎՙăܡᘣᛉְॡă ĄΩγͳຽϲĞ2002ğ ćเսბᄃңຂನ ࿅̙ځăऴ̼؎ࣶົඈĞ2004Ĉ120-121ğ Ğ2007ğඈĂ˵ѣᙷҬ۞ኢĄ
82
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
࣎ѨᙷݭĄ 7 ٙᏜ۞ዮкᇴĂӈᓁᄃҖ߆ੰܜϲಞ˘Ă҃ٙᛳ ߆ᛨТॡдϲࠎੰڱ࿅Η۞кᇴĄଐڶ൴Ϡд 1997-2000 ѐ઼ϔᛨᚱ ۞Ղ൳ዂĂͽ̈́ 2008-2016 ѐ઼ϔᛨᚱ۞ࡻ˝ፉЇᓁ۞ॡഇĄ҃ዮ ͌ᇴߏᓁᄃҖ߆ੰჯ˘Ăҭٙᛳ߆ᛨдϲੰڱڱᒔ၆к ᇴ۞यѨĂጐგѣΞਕࠎ࠹၆̂ᛨĂҭ̪ᖞࢬ၆ᙷҬᓁ̶˭טϲ߆۞ع ېၗĄଐڶ൴Ϡд 2000-2008 ѐϔซᛨᚱ۞ౘͪፉЇᓁ۞ॡഇĄ д࣎ૄώ۞̶ᙷ˭ĂГซ˘Վֶፂώ͛۞ࡁտᛉᗟֽࠧؠЧีតᇴĄ д၁ᅫྻү˯Ăԧ઼۞˟̮Җ߆ؕჯ˘Ăߏͅߍ˞ԧ઼ጳڱ၁ ֭Ϗኬ̟ᓁ၁ᅫ˯۞ՙඉᝋ˧ѣ˘۞ؠᙯܼĄ၆ѩĂڒᚶ͛Ğ2012ğഅགྷ ĂᓁдВڼॡᝋ˧̈ĂΞਕεΝ၆߆ඉ۞ᇆᜩ˧Ă՟ѣଳפ В۞ڼᄵЯĄტ៍ԧ઼ጳ۞ڱనࢍĂᓁߊ՟ѣҖ߆ੰੰົĞ̰ᅦົ ᛉğᝋ˧Ă˵՟ѣڱ९۞೩९ᝋĄЯѩυื࿅Җ߆ੰֽ၁ኹᚮᏴ߆֍ ٕߏར၁ՙඉĄ˵ЯѩĂҖ߆ੰᔵд၁ᅫྻү˯јࠎᓁຍԠ۞၁ኹ۰Ă ҭ˵ࡎពҖ߆ੰдҖ߆ϲڱᙯܼ̚ĂѣҖ߆ొ۞ܝຍԠᖼೱࠎវ ۞ڱ९Ă֭ᄃϲۡੰڱତତᛈ۞ᙯᔣ֎ҒĄҭдߊѣ͛ᚥ̚Ăጯ۰кᙯڦ ٺᓁ۞ᇆᜩ˧Ă҃نர˞Җ߆ੰ၁ѣΞਕᇆᜩڱ९۞఼࿅ٕߏซĄּ тౘԈᅛĞ2012ğଣᓁ۞ڱ९ଯજᄃϲڱᇆᜩ˧ăՂᆂϜăเޙ၁Ğ2015ğ ଣᓁࣘЇᛨᅾ۞ϲڱᇆᜩ˧ඈĄΩγĂညߏܘణཌྷăՂᄫઈĞ2016ğଣ ᇆᜩҖ߆ొܝ೩९ˬ఼࿅ّ̝ޘטЯ৵ॡĂҋតีనࠎؠᓁ֎ҒĞᓁ ႕ຍޘăᓁϲಞăࣘЇᛨयᄃӎăЇഇăกཙᄃӎğ ăҖ߆ొྻܝү Ğεຽதăྭొົ೩९ğ ă˘̶ٕϲ߆عăϲੰڱᆶߤޘטඈαᙷĂಶ՟ ѣซ˘ՎଣҖ߆ੰੰߏݭᙷ۞ܜӎ˵၆ڱ९ˬᄃӎயϠᇆᜩĄЯѩĂώ ͛дҋតี˯ဘྏᒢྋҖ߆ੰੰߏݭᙷ۞ܜӎ˵၆ڱ९఼࿅ᄃӎயϠᇆᜩĄ Җ߆ੰੰ˯ؠࠧݭᙷ۞ܜĂٙᏜ۞Ķ߆ᛨයࡻݭķҖ߆ੰੰܜĂ۞ߏҖ ߆ੰܜдಶЇ݈അགྷፉЇᛨयٕߏܑٙᛳ߆ᛨણΐ࿅ᓁăᎩξܜăડ ાϲˬࣶ؎ڱᙷ۞ݭᏴᓝĄዶᛨᖚٕߏᆸѨྵҲ۞ᏴᓝĞΒ߁ፉЇ
7 д۞͛ޢҖ͛˯Ăࠎ˞ჯ Skach ۞ϡෟĂЯѩֹϡዮкᇴዮ͌ᇴ۞ෟຉĄዮ ߏ۞ᓁᄃҖ߆ੰ۞˟̮Җ߆ߛၹĂჯТ˘߆ᛨٕϲಞ˘Ăкᇴٕ͌ᇴߏ ߆ߏعӎѣ઼ົкᇴ۞͚ૄᖂ҃֏Ą
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
83
ઘᓁ࣏Ᏼˠğ̙Βӣд̰Ą̝ͅӈࠎĶءဈයࡻݭķ۞Җ߆ੰܜĄᏴᓝ ۞ొ̶่ࠧؠᓁăᎩξࢵߏٕܜડાϲ؎ĂߏЯࠎ࣎ᆸ৺۞Ᏼᓝྵ ߆ᛨᚮॾ۞ۋԊĂЯѩᏴᓝ࿅̚જࣶ߆ᛨྤ҃᎕߆ᛨ၁˧ྵࠎۡତĄ ዶᎩξᛉࣶٕߏฏᗉ֧۞ܜᆸ৺ĂᚮᏴॡ߆ᛨ၆ՙ۞ૺ˧ྵҲĂٙ᎕ ۞߆ᛨ၁˧࠹၆ྵ̈Ą҃ઘᓁૄώ˯дᏴᓝॡߏֶܢᓁᚮᏴĂЯѩ˵ ̙ෛࠎ߆ᛨයࡻĄдᛨᖚ۞ొ̶Ăᛨयҋߏ᎕ᛨ߆၁˧ព˵ ࢦࢋ۞ᛨᖚĄዶࠎ˞̶˯ژᇾ۞˘ᄃᖎ̼ĂЧᆸ৺ᄃЧᙷ۞ݭᛨᖚ Ӯ̙ᕩᙷࠎώ͛ٙᏜ۞߆ᛨයࡻĄֶѩᇾĂ።ЇҖ߆ੰᙷ̶۞ܜтܑ 1Ą ܑ1 ॡ
ม!
1997-2016 ѐ።ЇҖ߆ੰݭᙷ۞ܜ Җ߆ੰܜ
ᓁ
ᙷ
ݭ
Җ߆ϲڱᙯܼ!
1997/09-2000/05
Ꮒ༱ܜ
ઐءဈයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
2000/05-2000/10
࣫
ࢳ
ءဈයࡻ
ዮ͌ᇴ߆ع
2000/10-2002/02
ૺܷฯ
߆ᛨයࡻ
ዮ͌ᇴ߆ع
2002/02-2005/02
ഫᐁ堃
߆ᛨයࡻ
ዮ͌ᇴ߆ع
2005/02-2006/01
ᔁܜԗ
߆ᛨයࡻ
ዮ͌ᇴ߆ع
2006/01-2007/05
ᛂپ
߆ᛨයࡻ
ዮ͌ᇴ߆ع
2007/05-2008/05
ૺܷฯ
߆ᛨයࡻ
ዮ͌ᇴ߆ع
2008/05-2009/09
ᆒЏϛ
ءဈයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
2009/09-2012/02
ӓཌྷ
߆ᛨයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
2012/02-2013/02
ౘ
ءဈයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
2013/02-2014/12
ѯآፔ
ءဈයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
2014/12-2016/01
઼ͨڼ
ءဈයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
2016/01-2016/05
ૺච߆
ءဈයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
2016/05-
ڒ
ءဈයࡻ
ዮкᇴ߆ع
छ
Б
Ղ൳ዂ
ౘͪ
ࡻ˝
ችࡻ͛
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ፋந
ડ̶ࠎ߆ᛨයࡻᄃءဈයࡻĂᓁ˘ၹ̙Т۞˟̮Җ߆ᙯܼĄ ࡶߏ߆ᛨයࡻĂֶώ͛۞ࠧؠᇾĂ๕υѣᖳ۞߆ᛨགྷ።Ă֭ͷણΐ ࿅ࢦࢋᏴᓝĂ၆ٺፆүᛨચࠤҌϲ۞ੰڱϲڱҖࠎ҃֏Ăົѣ˘۞ؠགྷរĄ ࠹ͅ۞ĂࡶߏءဈයࡻĂΞਕֽҋጯٕࠧϔมĂ఼૱่ѣءဈă߆ચր ۞གྷរ᎕ĄΞਕԆБ՟ѣ߆ᛨགྷរٕߏགྷរᓠऴĂ˵՟ѣܑ߆ᛨણΐ ᏴᓝĂ၆ٺᛨચͽ̈́ϲڱ၁ચ҃֏࠹ྵ̝˭ΞਕྵࠎϠᒁĄ۞ݭᙷ࣎
84
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
Җ߆ੰܜᓁၹ۞˟̮Җ߆Ăநኢ˯ώ͛ଯҤ߆ᛨයࡻົͧءဈයࡻ ѣՀૻ۞ڱ९ଯજਕ˧Ą ѨĂдֶតᇴ۞ొ̶៍၅Җ߆ొܝ೩९дϲ۞ੰڱᆶᛉېၗĄࢋ Β߁Ĉ(1) ߆ع೩९ਖ਼ซᛨဥםથ۞ᇴϫć(2) ߆ع೩९఼࿅ᇴϫĄ̚Ă߆ ع೩९่ߤྙҖ߆ੰ۞ొ̶Ă҂ăႾੰٙ೩ਨ९̙̟ͽበቅ̶ژĄΩγĂ ៍၅߆ع೩९఼࿅ᇴϫ۞ྤफ़ॡĂГડ̶གྷᛨဥםથᄃϏགྷᛨဥםથ࣎ ᙷݭĄೱ֏̝Ăֶតีຐࢋᒢྋ۞Ăߏ߆ڱع९఼࿅ᄃӎ۞ᓁវໄڶĂͽ ̈́ᛨဥםથдٙѣڱ९Ԇјˬ۞ڱ९ٙҫּͧĄྤफ़ֽᄃበቅ۞ֶ ፂߏଳϡĶϲੰڱᛉְ̈́൴֏ፋЪրķ ĂϤٺௐ 4 إ݈ͽبϏԆјྤफ़۞ ᇴҜ̼ĂЯѩϲੰڱဦ३ᐡ่ਕߤྙזௐ 5 ޢͽبĞ2002/02 Ҍ̫ğ۞ྤफ़Ą ѩγĂϤٺϲڱ࿅̚ྍྤफ़ऱ֭ϏѣĶᛨဥםથķ۞ᙷݭĂ่ѣĶ˟ ůᇃھኢķ Ąֶү۰ణኘࡶ̒Ҝᛨဥᄃ઼ົӄநĂٙᏜ۞ᇃھኢᔵϏԆ БඈТٺᛨဥםથĂҭ۰۞ࢦᝑதໂĄЯѩĂд̶˯ژ྾ͽĶ˟ů ᇃھኢķүࠎᛨဥםથበቅ۞ֶፂĄֶፂ݈በቅᄲځĂଂௐ 5 بҌௐ 8 ྤ۞بफ़ĂֶፂҖ߆ੰ۞ܜЇഇລ੨ޢඕڍтܑ 2Ą ܑ2
ϲੰڱௐ̣بҌௐˣبᆶᛉ߆عٙ೩ڱ९ซܑޘ
ഫᐁ堃 ᔁܜԗ ᛂܷૺ پฯ ᆒЏϛ ӓཌྷ ౘ छ ѯآፔ ઼ͨڼ ڱ९ซ ޘ910201 940201 950125 960521 970520 980910 1010206 1020218 1031208 Ę Ę Ę Ę Ę Ę Ę Ę Ę 940201 950125 960521 970520 980910 1010206 1020218 1031208 1050201 ˘ 110 16 24 51 9 49 27 53 29 ؎ ࣶ ົ
94
15
14
14
14
28
17
21
5
˟ᇃھ
70
17
17
14
14
106
68
13
2
˟ు୧
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
Ԇјˬ
445
129
62
65
151
216
133
176
33
3
1
0
0
2
6
ੜ
а
9
0
3
ၣ
९
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ᖬ
ᛉ
0
2
3
46
16
12
7
0
0
̙̟ᆶᛉ
4
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
ኑ
ᛉ
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
̈
ࢍ
758
183
123
194
206
414
252
265
75
གྷ ᇃ ھ ኢˬ
97
27
16
23
36
115
71
41
6
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ੰܜЇഇ࣎ҾຩವᄃຉፋĂֽࠎĶϲੰڱᛉְ̈́൴֏ፋЪրķ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
85
ֶፂܑ 1 ᄃܑ 2 ۞Ϲ˽ͧ၆Ăώ̶͛ ژ13 ЇҖ߆ੰੰܜᄃᓁ۞˟ ̮Җ߆ᙷݭĂҭдڱ९۞ొ̶ژ̶ഫᐁĞ2002 ѐ 2 ͡ 1 ͟ତЇҖ߆ੰ ܜğͽޢĂϺӈௐ 5 بҌௐ 8 بϲڱ۞ੰڱ९ᆶᛉໄڶĄֶبഇֽ࠻Ă ̚ௐ 5 بăௐ 6 بᄃௐ 7 ب2008 ѐ 5 ͡ 20 ͟ͽ݈ࠎዮ͌ᇴ߆عĂௐ 7 ب2008 ѐ 5 ͡ 20 ͟ͽޢᄃௐ 8 ࠎبዮкᇴ߆عĄ ώ͛۞યᗟຍᙊࢋдٺᗃέ៉̙Тᙷ̮˟۞ݭҖ߆ᙯܼĂ֭ፂѩ ៍၅ߏӎ၆Җ߆ొܝٙ೩ڱ९ԛјᇆᜩĄֶፂ࿅Ν၆Җ߆ड़ਕ۞ࡁտĂҋ តี̂кᙯົعڦᙯܼĂώ͛ԯົعᙯܼซ˘ՎଠטĂ៍၅̙Тົعᙯ ܼ̝˭Ă˟̮Җ߆۞Ѩᙷݭ၆ڱ९۞ᇆᜩĄ҃д၆ڱ९ౄј۞ᇆᜩ͞ࢬĂ ࢋаඍ࣎યᗟĈԆјˬ۞ڱ९ͧதͽ̈́ซˢᛨဥםથ۞ͧதĄֶፂ ݈ҋតีᄃֶតี۞ࠧؠĂώ͛۞ࢋనт˭Ĉ 1. д˟̮Җ߆۞ј͞ࢬĂዮкᇴ߆˭̝عĂૄٺᓁ߆ᛨೠ೪ϲ ۞ੰڱкᇴĂᓁྵઐШЇءဈයࡻݭҖ߆ੰܜĂ˟̮Җ߆ઐШ ၌ဈᙯܼĄ̝ͅĂдዮ͌ᇴ۞ଐ˭ڶઐШЇ߆ᛨයࡻĂ˟̮ Җ߆ઐШϾҡᙯܼĄ 2. ͽ߆ྵͧݭᙷعҖ߆ొܝٙ೩ڱ९۞ϲڱड़ਕĂᓁវ҃֏Ăዮк ᇴͧዮ͌ᇴѣྵ۞ڱ९఼࿅தĄ 3. ͽҖ߆ੰྵͧݭᙷܜҖ߆ొܝٙ೩ڱ९۞ϲڱड़ਕĂᓁវ҃֏Ă߆ ᛨයࡻ۞Җ߆ੰܜĂЇ̰ٙ೩ڱ९۞ˬ఼࿅தڱ९གྷᛨဥםથ ۞ͧதົءٺဈයࡻĄ ͽ˭̶Ҿֶፂዮкᇴăዮ͌ᇴݭᙷ࣎ĂАࠧ࣎ؠҾҖ߆ੰܜ ۞ᙷݭĂֶޢፂ̙Т߆عᄃ̙Т۞˟̮Җ߆̶ֽع߆ژ೩९۞ڱ९ڶېĄ
ણăዮкᇴ߆عॡഇ ԧ઼ଂ 1997 ѐௐαѨ࣒ጳ̝ޢĂጳڱᆧ࣒୧͛አፋ˞Җ߆ੰ۞ܜЇ ͞ё̈́ᄃϲ۞ੰڱᝋయᙯܼĂдԛё˯ӚЪ˞ጯࠧ၆Ηᓁؠ۞טཌྷĄ ଂ 1997-2000 ѐĂૄ઼ٺϔᛨТॡೠ೪ᓁᄃ઼ົ۞кᇴĂЯѩ߆ݭعၗ ᛳٺĶዮкᇴķĞ˟̮Җ߆˘ăᓁᄃ઼ົкᇴ˘ğ Ą҃ 2008-2016 ѐ
86
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
˵ᛳٺѩ˘߆ݭᙷعĄͽ˭АಶҖ߆ੰݭᙷ۞ܜઇࠧؠĂГኢϲڱ࿅ ۞পঅّĄ
˘ăዮкᇴॡഇ۞Җ߆ੰݭᙷܜ дՂ൳ዂፉЇᓁॡഇĞ1997-2000 ѐğĂЇ่̰Ї˞Ꮒ༱ܜፉЇҖ ߆ੰܜĂۡҌЇഇඕՁĄᏂ༱ܜАϠЇҖ߆ੰ݈̝ܜѣ࿅ᖳಱ۞ءဈ። ቚĂΒ߁γϹొăགྷᑻొăགྷ̈́ͽົޙౙ؎ົĄд઼઼̚ϔᛨ̰ፉЇ࿅ ̚δ؎ࣶᄃ̚δ૱ચ؎ࣶĄѩγĂ˵д 1995 ѐٺလཌྷᏴડ઼ܑϔᛨᛏ ϲ؎ᏴᓝĄࡶֶፂώ͛۞តᇴࠧؠĂૄ߆ܑٺᛨણᏴડાϲ؎۞ྤ።Ă ԛё˯Ξͽᕩᙷࠎ߆ᛨයࡻĂҭְ၁˯ᇴᏂ༱ܜАϠ۞ଂ߆གྷរĂΞͽ ൴னώˠܜॡมдءဈវր̝˭።ቚĂፉЇϲ؎่ 1 ѐ۞ॡมĂώኳ˯ ྵତءܕဈݭයࡻĄд̶ᙷ˯ώ͛ᕩᙷࠎءဈݭයࡻĄ дࡻ˝ፉЇᓁॡഇĞ2008-2016 ѐğ Ă̫֞ВЇᆒЏϛăӓཌྷă ౘछăѯآፔă઼ͨڼăૺච߆ඈ 6 ҜҖ߆ੰܜĄ6 Ҝੰࡦ۞ܜഀᄃ̶ᙷ ᖎт˭Ĉௐ˘ҜࠎᆒЏϛАϠĂᆒЏϛࠎጯࠧ֗ĂЇੰ۞݈ܜགྷ። Β߁̂ጯ७ܜă઼ࡊົăϹ఼ొඈĂ֭߆ᛨ።ቚ˵Ᏼᓝྤ።Ăᛳٺᇾ ۞ءဈයࡻĄௐ˟ҜӓཌྷАϠЇੰ۞݈ܜགྷ።Β߁ᛉࣶăݑԸᎩܜă ฯξܜăˬبϲ؎ă઼ϔᛨ̚δ૱ચ؎ࣶඈĂ߆ᛨྤ።ԆፋĂߏ۞ݭ ߆ᛨයࡻĄௐˬҜౘछАϠࠎܛᏉࠧ֗ĂЇੰܜ݈ܜॡมдੑ߆ొЇ ᖚĂ՟ѣᏴᓝᄃᛨચགྷរĂᄃᆒЏϛ࠹ҬĂࠎء۞ݭဈයࡻĄௐαҜѯ آፔАϠϺࠎጯࠧ֗ĂЇᖚ࿅ࡁ҂ົᄃ̰߆ొĂϺࠎء۞ݭဈයࡻĄ ௐ̣Ҝ઼ͨڼАϠϺࠎጯࠧ֗ĂڇޢચٺϹ఼ొĂϺᛳءဈයࡻĄϫ݈ ፉЇҖ߆ੰૺ۞ܜච߆АϠ֗ጯࠧĂܜॡมٺϔม፟ၹڇચĂޢЇᖚٺ ࡊԫొĂ˵ߏءဈයࡻĄЯѩĂд 6 ҜҖ߆ੰ̚ܜĂ่ӓཌྷࠎ߆ᛨයࡻĂ ዶ࠰ࠎءဈයࡻ۞ݭҖ߆ੰܜĄ ࡻ˝ፉЇᓁЇ̰Ăੵ˞݈͟۞ૺච߆̝γĂዶ࠰ߏࢬ၆઼ົᘦ ؠкᇴ۞˘߆ېعၗĄдᏴፄҖ߆ੰܜॡĂࡻ˝ᓁ̂кૻአ۞ߏΑ ਕפШĂΒ߁ࢵЇ۞ᆒЏϛͽ̈́ޢᜈ۞ౘछăѯآፔă઼ͨڼĂ҂ณ۞ࢦ ᕇౌߏેҖ߆ඉ۞ਕ˧Ă҃םܧአĄּтࢵЇੰܜᆒЏϛజࡻ˝ᓁԛ टࠎĶБ͞Ҝ̰ᅦķ Ăፄᅦ۞҂ณдٺੑགྷăۤົăିֈăຆĄдЇ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
87
ౘछତЇੰܜॡĂࡻ˝ᓁд۰ົ၆ౘछ۞̬ߏĈ ĶČČҖ߆ဥฤ ̚ĂઘੰܜౘछͽੑགྷăޠڱຽĂͽ̈́ϔม۞ع߆።ቚĂᘦઉଯજ Чี߆ඉĂᄃӓੰܜЪүมĂֹ߆عᄃˠϔͽјΑЯᑕܛᏉঔᆣĂͷ ѣଯજܛثᏉ MOU ᘪཌăฟٸౙᅙֽέăᘦؠέ۵ඈ၁ᒻĂ࠹ܫϏֽ ؠਕᜈ൴೭̖ܜĂጴᖣຽăਕ˧ᄃགྷរĂԁචࢬ၆ለๅࢲᇷΞਕֽ ۞གྷᑻੜķĞᓁعĂ2012ğĄତആౘछ۞ѯآፔдЇҖ߆ੰܜॡĂ ࡻ˝ᓁдਮົ̚Ĉ ĶᓁТॡؠۺޘѯઘੰܜଯજкี߆ඉ̈́Լࢭ ۞ᚥĂΒ߁дҖ߆ੰࡁտ൴ण҂८؎ࣶົЇ؎ࣶЇ̰ଯજᖐԼ ౄĂд̰߆ొܜЇ̰ଯજ˿гϒཌྷրЕԼࢭĂͽ̈́дҖ߆ੰઘੰܜЇ̰ᘦ ۏؠᆊ̈́ଯજѐܛԼࢭඈĂӮ˧ࠤஎĄ͍ߏѯઘੰܜϡˠॾԊૻአᅳ ጱਕ˧఼̖̈́ĂࢋՐ߆ચ˞ੵء౯ຽĂϺืࢦෛॾݡĂঅࣃؠۺĂ࠹ ܫϏֽѯઘੰؠܜਕٚᚶౘੰߊ۞ܜѣјڍĂᅳ߆عᜈШ݈ᔙซķĞᓁ عĂ2013ğĄ д 2014 ѐ઼ϔᛨૄٺᆸᏴᓝၝୀ̝ޢĂࡻ˝ᙜΝ઼ϔᛨᛨय˘ ᖚĂѯآፔ˵ᙜΝҖ߆ੰܜĄдࢬ၆઼ϔᛨᛨ̰ᑭᓏα۞˭ڶېĂ ࡻ˝Ї઼ڼͨ˞ତആѯآፔЇੰܜĄдາჷቇ̚ᓁع၆઼ͨڼତ Їੰܜઇ˞т˭ᄲځĈĶᓁع൴֏ˠ⚻઼ܑϯĂ઼ͨڼፉЇҖ߆ੰઘੰ ܜ1 ѐ 10 ࣎͡Ă၆߆ٺચ۞ೠ೪࠹༊ᆯሢĄЯѩĂ઼ͨڼତೠҖ߆ੰĂਕ дൺ۞ॡมឰ߆ચᅟତᓀତĂѣӄᘦ̰ؠᅦĄсᄲĂ઼ͨڼ၆ྭ ొົ఼םአགྷរᖳಱĂତЇҖ߆ੰܜĂਕдൺॡม֝ి˯͘ă˘ण ̖ܜĄѩγĂ⚻઼ܑϯĂͨࠎ઼ڼјΑ̂ጯ˿̍͢ጯ̀ă઼࡚౫࠷ந ̍ጯੰྻᏮგந౾̀Ă።ЇϹ఼ొЇ৪३ă៍ЍԊԊܜăిᜠྮ̍ ᚯ౯ܜăϔਝԊܜăϹ఼ొ૱ચѨܜă̚රܜְܫăϹ఼ొܜඈ ᖚચĂҖ߆።ቚԆፋĂ၆ٺϹ఼ܫѣ̖ٙĂ၆யຽਔજăგநགྷᒉĂ ౌ࠹༊ሢଉķĞᓁعĂ2014ğĄᔵтѩĂ઼ͨڼତЇੰ۞ܜॡ፟ᕇߏૄ ᆸᏴᓝୀᏴĂۡତϤઘੰܜତആੰ۞ܜˠְ९ዎזధкТᛨϲ۞ࣶ؎ڱԲ ෞĂּт˚ч̚ăՂᇉරăग̂˼ăᔁ઼ሇă઼ڒϒඈĞڌາჷĂ2014ğĄ ͨ۞઼ڼˠְ९˵Ξͽͅᙋࡻ˝ᓁдЇ۞ܜੰ࿅ͣ̚ᄃᛨᚱϲ ؎۞఼Ă่҃ࢦ࣎ٺˠ၆ੰܜˠᏴ۞ෞᆊĄ дዮкᇴ߆̚عĂӓཌྷߏ˘˘Ҝᕩᙷࠎ߆ᛨයࡻ۞Җ߆ੰܜĄ
88
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
ᔵӓཌྷజؠཌྷࠎ߆ᛨයࡻĂҭࡻ˝ᓁፄᅦ۞҂ณĂ̪ߏĶે Җ̂ٺ఼ķ ĄдӓཌྷЇҖ߆ੰ۞ܜ۰ົ˯Ăࡻ˝ᓁӓཌྷᅳ ጱ۞̰ᅦؠҜࠎĶҖજ̰ᅦķ ĂૻአેҖ˧ăᚮྫྷ˧ۋహ၁˧ćᔘࢋࢦд խޙࢦޢăٰགྷᑻăາ߹ຏࠪଐ۞֨ڼĂͽ̈́ଯજϲڱඈࢦࢋϫᇾĞᇉϒĂ 2009ğĄពϯ҂ณᕇ̪ᖞдેٺҖ߆ඉ۞ਕ˧ĄϺѣಫវෞኢӓཌྷ ᅦĂߏࠎ˞ਕቁరၔࡻ˝ᓁ۞ຍԠĞೆពธĂ2009ğ ĂЯѩӈֹТᛨ ϲ؎Ϻѣкˠ̙Тຍ֍ĞౘፍآĂ2009ğĄ
˟ăዮкᇴॡഇ۞ϲڱ࿅ Гซ˘Վֶੰ៍ݭᙷܜ၅Ї̰۞ڱ९೩९ᄃϲੰڱᆶᛉซޘĂώ͛۞ ૄώనĂд߆ٺᛨයࡻૄٺ࿅Νдٙᛳ߆ᛨ᎕۞߆ᛨ၁˧ᄃૄᖂĂͽ ̈́ᄃТᛨϲ؎۞ሢ༶Ăᛨ߆םአົྵࠎึၰĂ˵ົѣӀٺҖ߆ੰٙ೩ڱ९Ă дϲ۞ੰڱᆶᛉซޘᄃ఼࿅ͧதĄ࠹ͅ۞ĂءဈයࡻЯࠎͣᛨ߆ྤ።Ă дᄃТᛨϲ؎۞఼ᄃ̢જ˯ົͧ߆ᛨයࡻϠழĂ˵ົͅߍдҖ߆ొܝٙ ೩ڱ९дϲ۞ੰڱᆶᛉซޘᄃ఼࿅ͧதĄͽᆒЏϛࠎּĂ۰ԛटĶᆒ ܐഇᛨ྆՟ѣ፟טΞͽםአҖ߆ੰϲڡ۞ੰڱளĂᛨ߆םአπέ͌ޝχ ฟĄଂᆒЏϛᅦࣶௐ˘Ѩᄃϲ؎۞ळኘົ྆ĂΞͽ࠻ᅦࣶᄃϲ؎۞ Ϡழ̈́ᅣĄČČϲ઼ੰڱϔᛨᛨဥ३ܜĂՏ͇ѝ˯ϲ؎ҋҖᄓ ะಡ৽ᔕଐĂҖ߆ੰ۞ྤफ़ ז11 ᕇֽ̖Ăຐആ߆ඉࡦ३ౌޝᙱķĞғܺĂ 2015Ĉ28-29ğ Ą ᆒЏϛώˠତצణኘॡ˵ܑϯĂᅳጱ̰ᅦܐഇ՟ѣ˧ٺ ಫវᄃϲྻ۞ੰڱүĂ҃ጯ۰֗۞ᅦࣶ၆ٺϲົ̙ྵ˵ࣶ؎ڱᑕ၆Ąѩ γĂֶፂώ͛۞ଯኢĂ߆ᛨםથдϲڱ࿅̚Հਕͅߍϲڱ࿅̚۞םአ ᄃ఼ĂЯѩ̙Тᙷܜੰ۞ݭĂᖣϤםથֽΐిϲܑ۞ڱன˵ົѣ̙ٙТĄ ତវͧྵዮкᇴॡഇĂ̙Тੰݭᙷܜ၆ڱٺ९ᆶᛉ۞ܑனĄ߆ ᛨයࡻĞӓཌྷЇ̰ğٙ೩ڱ९ᓁᇴࠎ 414 ୧Ăซˢᇃھኢ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 221 ୧Ăͧதࠎ 53.4%ĄϺӈĂѣࡗΗᇴ۞ڱ९дᆶᛉ࿅̚ซˢᇃھኢĄ ޢԆјˬ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 216 ୧Ă̚གྷᇃھኢ҃ޢԆјˬ۞ڱ९ᇴ ࠎ 115 ୧Ăּͧࠎ 53.2%ĄϺӈĂԆјˬ۞ڱ९̚ĂѣࡗΗᇴߏགྷ࿅ᇃھ ኢ҃ԆјϲڱĄ҃ٙѣ߆ع೩९Ԇјˬϲͧ۞ڱத ࠎ52.1%Ąءဈය ࡻĞᆒЏϛăౘछăѯآፔăͨ ઼ڼ4 ҜੰܜЇ̰ğ۞ొ̶Ăٙ೩ڱ९ᓁ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
89
ᇴࠎ 798 ୧Ăซˢᇃھኢ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 251 ୧Ăּͧࠎ 31.4%ĄϺӈĂ่ࡗ ˬј۞ڱ९дᆶᛉ࿅̚ซˢᇃھኢĄޢԆјˬ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 493 ୧Ă ̚གྷᇃھኢ҃ޢԆјˬ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 154 ୧Ăּͧࠎ 31.2%ĄϺӈĂ่ ࡗˬј۞ڱ९ߏགྷᇃםھથޢԆјˬϲڱĄ҃ٙѣ߆ع೩९Ԇјˬϲ ͧ۞ڱத ߏ61.7%Ąྤफ़ኛણ֍ܑ 3Ą ܑ3
ዮкᇴ˭̙Тੰݭᙷܜٙ೩ڱ९дϲੰڱᆶᛉໄڶ
ڱ९ซ!ޘ
߆ ᛨ ය ࡻ!
ءဈ ය ࡻ!
̈
ࢍ!
೩९ᓁᇴ
414
798
1,212
Ԇјˬ
216 Ğ52.1%ğ
493 Ğ61.7%ğ
709 Ğ58.49%ğ
221 251 Ğҫٙѣ೩९ 53.3%ğ Ğҫٙѣ೩९ 31.4%ğ
472
གྷםથԆ 154 115 јˬڱ Ğҫˬڱ९ 53.2%ğ Ğҫˬڱ९ 31.2%ğ ९ᇴ
269
םથᓁᇴ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ຉፋ
ଂܑ 3 ྤफ़Ξͽ࠻Ăಶ೩९఼࿅த҃֏Ă߆ᛨයࡻ۞Җ߆ੰ֭ܜ՟ ѣᐹءٺဈයࡻĂ೩९Ԇјˬ۞ͧதࠤҌரҲĄҭಶԆјˬ۞ڱ९ֽ ࠻Ă߆ᛨයࡻ۞Җ߆ੰܜѣ࿈̣ј۞ڱ९ߏགྷϤᇃھኢĞםથğ Ăٺ ءဈයࡻ۞ˬјĄᕇЪώ͛۞నĂ˵ಶߏ߆ᛨයࡻ࠹၆ءٺဈයࡻ Հሢଉ߆ᛨྻүăࠤҌϲੰ۞ᛨဥྻүሀёĂЯѩᖣϤ߆ᛨπέٕߏТᛨ ϲ؎ڱ९ਖ਼ซםથͽ೩ϲڱड़ਕ۞፟த࠹၆ྵĄυืซ˘Վᄲ۞ځ ߏĂϤ࣎ٺ९ᇴ࠹༊ѣࢨĂ߆ᛨයࡻ่ӓཌྷੰ ܜ1 ҜĂ҃ءဈයࡻ˵่ ᆒЏϛăౘछăѯآፔăͨ ઼ڼ4 ҜĂЯѩߏӎѣநኢ˯۞఼ّĂ̪ ᅮࢋϏֽՀкྤफ़۞ΐˢĄࡶಶ࣎Ҿੰ۞ܜϲڱ࿅ֽ࠻Ă઼ͨڼЇ̰۞ ڱ९఼࿅தͽ̈́םથͧதߏҲ۞Ą݈͛അ೩̈́ĂϤ઼ڼͨٺତആѯآፔ ЇҖ߆ੰ۞ܜॡ፟Ăߏ઼ϔᛨᛨ̰ࢬ၆ୀᏴĂొ̶Тᛨϲ؎˵၆ٺѯآ ፔဥฤ೩ᑭᄃԲҿĄдᇹ۞ॡ፟˭Ă઼ͨڼүࠎѯآፔ̰ᅦ۞ઘੰ
90
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
ܜĂତЇੰ˵ܜዎזிкТᛨϲ؎۞ኳႷĂЯѩдЇ̰Җ߆ొܝٙ೩ڱ ९̙ͤםથͧதઐҲĂ఼࿅த˵ઐҲĄࡶዮ͌ᇴॡഇ࠹ྵĂڱ९఼࿅ த่ரٺౘͪ˘ޢЇ۞Җ߆ੰܷૺܜฯĄ҃ਖ਼ซםથ۞ڱ९ᇴՀߏ ώ̶͛ٙ ژ9 Ҝੰ̚ܜҲ۞ 1 ҜĄ ̈ඕкᇴዮॡഇ۞ 5 ҜҖ߆ੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱ࿅Ξͽ࠻Ăଠ˞ט ّ˘ົعăಏ˘ᓁีតᇴ̝ޢĂ̪Ξͽ࠻ੰࡦܜഀᄃϲڱड़ਕă ϲڱ࿅۞ֱధბࣔĄдዮкᇴٙӔன۞ྤफ़ໄ̚ڶĂ˵Оᙋ˞ώ͛ న˘నˬĄϺӈĂዮкᇴ۞˟̮Җ߆˭ĂءဈයࡻЇҖ߆ੰ۞ܜ ፟தઐĂ߆ᛨයࡻдϲڱ࿅̚࿅םથԆјˬּͧົءٺဈය ࡻĄ
དྷăዮ͌ᇴ߆عॡഇ 2000 ѐԧ઼дᓁᏴᓝ˯ࢵѨன߆ᛨആĂϤϔซᛨᚱ۞ౘͪᛏ ᓁᖚҜĂ֭д 2004 ѐᛏాЇĄд઼ົ͞ࢬĂд 2001 ѐᄃ 2004 ѐ ѨϲੰڱᏴᓝ̚Ăϔซᛨᔵࠎ࠹၆кᇴĂҭݒϏਕפ࿅ΗयѨĄ҃Җ ߆ੰ̶ొ۞ܜâВ።གྷ 6 ҜҖ߆ੰܜĂБᇴϤౘͪᓁֶຍԠЇĂ ЯѩΞͽؠཌྷࠎĶዮ͌ᇴķ۞߆ݭعၗĞ˟̮Җ߆˘ăᓁٙᛳ߆ᛨ ົ઼פڱкᇴğ Ąᄃ݈߱࠹ТĂώ߱Аࠧؠዮ͌ᇴॡഇ۞Җ߆ੰܜ ᙷݭĂГኢϲڱ࿅Ą
˘ăዮ͌ᇴॡഇ۞Җ߆ੰݭᙷܜ 6 ҜҖ߆ੰ̚ܜĂௐ˘Ҝࠎ઼ϔᛨᚱ۞࣫ࢳĄᛨᚱᔵࠎ઼ϔᛨĂҭдЇ 데࿅̚Ă֭ܧགྷϤ߆ᛨπέĂ҃ߏͽ࣎ˠ֗Њତצౘͪᓁ۞ Ї҃Їੰ˘ܜᖚĂЯѩ̪Ξͽ̮ࠧ˟ࠎؠҖ߆˘۞ᙯܼĄ࣫ࢳࠎᖚ ຽˠĂдЇੰڇ݈ͽܜચٺॠĂፉЇ࿅۩ᓁΦ΄ĂੜЁͽޢЇ ઼֨ొܜĂߏ˘ܧˠ֗Њ۞߆ચءགྷ።Ąপঅ۞֗ЊࡦഀĂ่̙ Ϗܑ߆ᛨણΐ࿅ᏴᓝĂ˵ϏഅЇЇңᛨᖚĂҋ̙ᛳ߆ٺᛨයࡻĄֶ ώ̶͛ᙷ۞ᇾĂᔵءဈ۞གྷ።˵͌ޝĂҭ̪ᕩᙷࠎءဈයࡻĄ࣫ࢳЇ ഇ࠹༊ൺᇶĂ่ 4 ࣎Η͡ĂᐌޢЯ८αᜈޙᄃӎᄃౘͪຍ֍̙Ъ҃ዎז
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
91
ၣೱĄତആ࣫ࢳЇ߆عௐ˟ҜҖ߆ੰܷૺࠎܜฯАϠĂߏϔซᛨ౹ᛨ ̮ҁĄૺܷฯдЇੰ݈ͽܜĂѣᖳಱ۞߆ᛨྤ።Ă֭ଂ 1983-2000 ѐፉ Ї˞ 17 ѐ۞ϲࣶ؎ڱĂΒ߁ϔซᛨϲੰڱᛨဥְܜĂߏᇾ۞߆ᛨය ࡻĄௐˬҜࠎഫᐁАϠĂЇੰ݈ͽܜഅЇ࠷ᛉࣶăЇآᜋᎩܜĂ˵ അЇα۞بϔซᛨ̚૱؎ͽ̈́৪३ܜĂ߆ᛨ።ቚԆፋĂᛳ߆ٺᛨයࡻĄௐ αҜੰࠎܜᔁܜԗАϠĂഅЇέΔξᛉࣶăϲࣶ؎ڱăبฯξܜĂᏴ ᓝྤ።ᖳಱĄд߆ᛨྤ።͞ࢬĂЇੰా݈ͽܜЇ 6 بϔซᛨ̚ે؎Ăࠤ ҌፉЇ࿅ϔซᛨᛨयĂ߆ᛨྤ።ԆፋĂᛳ߆ٺᛨයࡻĄௐ̣Ҝੰࠎܜᛂ پАϠĂഅЇ࠷ᛉࣶăڌލᎩܜăέΔᎩܜăϲࣶ؎ڱĂ߆ᛨྤ።ߏ ৪३ܜăᛨयĂ߆ᛨ።ቚᄃᔁܜԗАϠ࠹ܕĂӮ࠹༊ԆፋĂᛳ߆ٺᛨය ࡻĄௐ̱ҜੰܷૺࠎܜฯАϠௐ˟ѨаЇĂ˵ߏᕩᙷࠎ߆ᛨයࡻĄЯѩĂ дౘͪᓁЇ̰۞ 6 ЇҖ߆ੰܜĂੵ˞ࢵЇ۞࣫ࢳͽγĂዶ 4 Ҝặ Ї۞Җ߆ܜӮᛳ߆ᛨයࡻĄ ಶ˟̮Җ߆۞ᙯܼ˯ֽᄲĂౘͪፉЇᓁЇ̰Ăؕࢬᓜڱೠ೪ ϲੰڱкᇴयѨ۞Ķഈ̈̂ķ̝ӧဩĂ၆ٺᏴፄҖ߆ੰ۞ܜ҂ณֽᄲĂ ੵ˞ਕૉЪү֭ેҖᓁ۞ՙඉ̝γĂ˵ᅮࢋѣםአăםથਕ˧Ąдഫ ᐁăᔁܜԗăᛂپඈ 3 ҜҖ߆ੰ۞ܜЇ۰ົ˯Ă̶Ҿኘ˞זᄃഫ ᐁޙϲϾҡᙯܼăଯૣᔁܜԗ۞ݻၗߘహᄃ఼͘ඦăૻአᛂپԆፋ ۞߆ᛨ።ቚᄃˠঈĄдЇഫᐁЇੰܜॡĂౘͪᓁ۞̬ߏĈ Ķഫ ᐁАϠֽҋ۞̋ޢᜋวπࣧĂܠăޝкˠ˘ᇹߏళࡴ۞ྺछ֗Ă ።གྷᓞӧ۞јܜ࿅Ă౯ፓ၁ݓăિላ౻۞পኳĄഅགྷፉЇ 2 ࠷ب ᛉࣶă8 ѐآᜋᎩܜăέΔଥྻ̳Φְܜăϔซᛨ৪३ܜăҖ߆ੰઘੰܜă ᓁع৪३ܜඈᖚચĄᖳಱ۞።ቚͽ̈́מ۞߆ᒻ่̙ᙋځഫ৪३֖ܜᓕ ତഔᅦ۞ࢦЇĂࠎˠߺߺሄ۞آᜋᎩ߆གྷរĂՀߏϏֽ̚δᄃг͞ޙ ϲူҡᙯܼ۞ָૄᖂĄѩγĂഫ৪३ܜᓽّ̙࣎۞ۋăԶአܜ۞ ̖Ă˵ឰԧࣇഇޞϏֽҖ߆ϲڱᄃഈ߆ᛨ̝มĂਕૉѣ˘າ҅ϫă։ّ ̢જ۞Ꮨঈ෪ķĞᓁعĂ2002ğ ĄΞͽ࠻ౘͪ၆ٺҖ߆ੰ۞ܜᏴፄĂ ࢦ۞ߏЪүͽ̈́ࣄࢦםአഈ۞ਕ˧ĄГͽЇᔁܜԗፉЇҖ߆ੰܜ ࠎּĂдЇ۞ܜੰາჷቇ̚ౘͪᓁপҾૻአĈ ĶČČϤᔁξܜତ˭ੰ ۞ܜഔ̄Ăܑםથ۞ࢦࢋĄᔁξܜഅགྷߏវፆᏴ͘Ăߘహޘ՟ѣྖᓾĂ
92
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
Հࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ࿅Νдฯξ።གྷഈ̈̂۞ᛉົϠၗĂ̪ਕૉםࢦڦથ ఼Ăࠎξ߆ฟୁ˘୧ᏘĂ౹ౄ௲ࡩೱ۞ᚹீ߆ᒻĂϏֽࢋฟୁ םથ၆ྖ۞щؠາԊĂᔁξܜΞͽᄲߏָˠᏴČČķ Ą҃ᔁܜԗତЇੰܜ ܑ˵ޢϯĈ ĶČȢă˟Ȉѐֽâۡଯજέ៉າ̼͛ྻજĂ۞̚វ ޥຐಶߏВϠăЪүĂٙܫЈ۞ߏᗕᛏăЪүĂˠᙷдг˯ѣЪү۞ ཌྷચĂ˵ѣВϠ۞యЇĂЯѩ၆ٺᓁĺฟୁםથ၆ྖ۞щؠາԊĻ۞̮ όኘྖѣૻধ۞ֹຏĂᄮТᓁٙ೩۞நهů߆ԊщؠᑕϤે߆۰ үăᑕϤҖ߆ੰઇăᑕϤҖ߆ੰ̈́ܜፋ࣎ဥฤઇĄᙸຍͽՀк۞ ͕̈́ॡมĂྋՙέ៉۞ЧϬ࠼Ă̼ྋέ៉̰ొ۞Ч၆ϲĂ˵ѣ͕ܫ ͽВϠăྋүࠎૄώޥຐăͽםથă၆ྖүࠎྻү۞͞ёĂֽјщؠ ̰ᅦĂͽՐ֭ჯ᜕ثăۤົ̈́ˠ͕۞щؠČČķĞᓁعĂ2005ğĄ҃ дЇᛂپЇੰܜॡĂౘͪૻߏአĈ ĶČČᔁੰ˯ܜЇ̝ܐĂͽߘ హ҃ᓽ߱֗۞ן೩ĺྋВϠĻ۞߉߆நهĂԓ୕ਕૉ̼ྋ၆ϲ̰ਈ۞ ഈᆉԊĂҭߏܧ૱ጹ۞Ă࿅Ν˘ፋѐĂ።གྷд߆ᛨ݈ซ઼̚۞ሤሗă ᛨयՀ࢜۞តԊăΐ˯ΝѐѐˬغЪ˘Ᏼᓝ۞Я৵Ăֹഈ̈̂۞ӧ ԊᒺღĂೀͼឰ߆عᙱѣҩण۞۩มĄ95 ѐ̚ޘδ߆عᓁზዎזΫ ּ݈۞಼̂ӁഴᄃࣜඕĂߏܮځពăໂბ۞ּᙋĂ˵ឰᔁੰܜĺ ྋВϠĻ۞ܐਾٚצᚑࢦ۞χᑝĄČČᔁੰܜٙ˭ֽ۞Քࢦֹᓞᙱ ЇચĂԧࣇࢋϔซՎᛨΩ˘Ҝᐹս۞ТԠ-ᛂ݈پयĂͽ̈́Ϗֽ ۞ે߆ဥฤВТֽତᜈٚፉĄଂ࿅ΝፉЇ࠷ᛉࣶăڌލᎩܜăϲࣶ؎ڱă έΔᎩܜăᓁع৪३ܜăזϔซᛨᛨयĂଂϔຍܑזҖ߆ࢵܜĂଂ г̚͞זδĂ።Їᛨ߆ࢋᖚĂᛂ݈پयΞͽᄲߏଂέ៉ԍזέ៉ᐝĂ ܜഇ᎕۞၁߆ᒻᖳˠঈಶည˘ᔺᚹீ۞ĺͫĻ Ą̙ኢߏ˧ ݏăགྷរംᇊăͽ̈́ॾݡፆчౌ఼࿅ᚑॾ۞҂រĂٙͽĂܠ၆Ϗֽ ۞ᛂੰܜѣ͕ܫĂ࠹઼ܫˠТࡪ˵၆າ۞̰ᅦဥฤѣ۞ഇధᄃ၆۞ ͕ܫķĞᓁعĂ2006ğĄଂˬҜҖ߆ੰ۞ܜЇ࿅ᄃౘͪ۞າჷቇ Ξͽ࠻Ăдࢬ၆ڱೠ೪ϲੰڱкᇴ۞ଐ˭ڶĂҖ߆ੰ۞ܜˠᏴࢦٺ ᛨ߆ྤ።Ăѣםአਕ˧֭ਕᄃᓁ˘ТዮҖ߆ᝋࠎࢵࢋ҂ณĄ дዮ͌ᇴॡഇࣃྃ·۞˘ᕇĂߏдٺҖ߆ੰੰ۞ܜЇ˯Ăкࠎ ߆ᛨයࡻĂࣧЯ˵Ξਕֽҋ ٺ2000 ѐߏԧ઼ࢵѨ۞߆ᛨആĂЯѩϔซᛨ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
93
߆عд՟ѣે߆۞གྷរ˭Ăءဈයࡻ˵࠹၆ဓͻĄᔵтѩĂϔมኰ྿Ă ּт̂ጯିăЋຽგ˵ΞਕᒔЇЩјࠎҖ߆ੰܜĂ 8 ҭੵ˞ࢵ Ї۞࣫ࢳͽγĂዶ࠰ࠎϔซᛨ۞߆ᛨයࡻĄಶ݈۞Ї࿅ֽ࠻Ăੵ ˞༊ְˠĞՂᅈࣰğ١ତצЇ̝γĂౘͪᓁд༊ॡࢬ၆ϔซᛨд ઼ົ̪Ϗ࿅Η۞୧І˭Ăૄ߆ٺᛨයࡻ۞ᛨ̰ፋЪਕ˧ͽ̈́߆ᛨăᏴ ᓝ۞ྤ።Ă̪ߏࢦࢋ۞҂ณĄ
˟ăዮ͌ᇴॡഇ۞ϲڱ࿅ дڱ९೩९ᄃᆶᛉ͞ࢬĂώ̶͛ྤ۞ژफ़ߏଂௐ 5 بϲੰڱฟؕĂЯ ѩ่ਕಶഫᐁăᔁܜԗăᛂپăૺܷฯ 4 Ҝੰܜΐͽ̶ژĄϤ ٺ4 Ҝ ࠰ᛳ߆ٺᛨයࡻĂЯѩ˵่ਕಶፋវྤफ़ΐͽೡĂଂซҖዮ͌ᇴ˭ ۞߆ᛨයࡻᄃءဈයࡻ̝ͧྵĄࣃ˘೩۞ߏĂዮ͌ᇴຍקҖ߆ొܝ ۞ϒ༊ֽّҋٺᓁ҃ົ઼ܧкᇴĂЯѩᛨဥםથՀјࠎҖ߆ొܝдϲڱ ੰଯજڱ९۞ࢦࢋ̍Ą9Ճൊ੫၆ௐ 6 بϲੰڱĞዮ͌ᇴॡഇğซҖ ۞ϲࡁڱտ̚Ă൴ன˞ᆶᛉڱ९۞࿅̚Ă೩९ͽࡶޢགྷםથĂѣӄٺ ڱ९۞ଯજĂࡶםથྻкҏĞՃൊĂ2014Ĉ51ğĄ4 Ҝ߆ᛨයࡻЇ ̰Ă߆۞عᓁ೩९ᇴࠎ 1258 ୧Ăซˢᇃھኢ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 281 ୧Ăͧதࠎ 22.3%ĄϺӈĂ่ѣࡗј۞ڱ९дᆶᛉ࿅̚ซˢᇃھኢĄޢԆј ˬ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 701 ୧Ă̚གྷᇃھኢ҃ޢԆјˬ۞ڱ९ᇴࠎ 163 ୧Ă ּͧࠎ 23.2%ĄϺӈĂԆјˬ۞ڱ९̚Ăѣࡗјߏགྷ࿅ᇃھኢ҃Ԇ јϲڱĄ҃ٙѣ߆ع೩९Ԇјˬϲͧ۞ڱத ࠎ55.7%Ąྤफ़ኛણ֍ܑ 4Ą
8
9
ּт 2000 ѐᏴޢâ็ޘϤՂᅈࣰᅦĄࡶߏϤՂᅈࣰᅦĂӈֹءࠎؠࠧڱဈ යࡻĂҭ˵̙ົߏ߆ᛨයࡻĄ ּтเսბăңຂನĞ2007ğӈĂௐ 5 بϲੰڱᗕ͞၁˧࠹༊Ăે߆ᛨரࢲ˭اĂ ߆ᛨ̝ม۞םથυࢋّົᆧΐĄѩγĂֶፂเսბᄃңຂನ၆ௐ 5 بϲ۞ੰڱϲࡁڱ տϺĂགྷםથԆјˬ۞ڱ९ĂּͧٺϏਖ਼םથ҃ԆјˬĂຍק߆ᛨםથ ቁѣ೩̿ϲڱड़ਕ۞ड़ڍĄ
94
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
ܑ4
ዮ͌ᇴ˭߆ᛨයࡻݭҖ߆ੰܜٙ೩ڱ९дϲੰڱᆶᛉໄڶ ڱ
९
ซ
!ޘ
೩९ᓁᇴ
߆
ᛨ
ය
ࡻ!
1,258
Ԇјˬ
701Ğ55.7%ğ
םથᓁᇴ
281Ğҫٙѣ೩९ 22.3%ğ
གྷםથԆјˬڱ९ᇴ
163Ğҫˬڱ९ 23.2%ğ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ຉፋĄ
ಶܑ 4 ລ੨ܑ 2 ֽ࠻ĂЯࠎҖ߆ੰܜБᇴ࠰ᛳ߆ᛨයࡻĂڱซҖዮ ͌ᇴ˭ᙷݭҖ߆ੰܜϲڱ࿅̝ͧྵĄҭፋវ҃֏Ăᔵߏ߆ᛨය ࡻĂҭਖ਼ซםથ۞ڱ९ּ̙֭ͧপҾࡎĂ่ᛂ ۞پ26.8%ĂҲ ߏૺܷฯ۞ 19.1%Ą҃Ї̰Җ߆ొܝٙ೩ڱ९ĂԆјˬ۞ͧத˵̙ზઐ ҲĂপҾૻአྋВϠĂͽ̈́ഈםથ۞ᔁܜԗፉЇੰܜॡഇĂڱ९Ԇј ˬּͧࠤҌ྿ 70.5%Ă҃ౘͪᓁ˘ޢѐซˢกཙېၗٙЇ ۞ૺܷฯтഇҲĂ่ 33.5%Ąώ߱ޢ੫၆ዮкᇴᄃዮ͌ᇴ۞ ϲېڱၗซҖፋវ۞ͧྵĄࢵАĂಶڱ९Ԇјˬ۞ּֽͧ࠻Ăዮ͌ᇴ ᔵڱᒔϲੰڱкᇴ۞͚Ăҭڱ९఼࿅தࠎ 55.7%Ă่ரҲٺዮ кᇴ۞ 58.5%Ą10 ҭߏᓁវྤफ़ٙӔன۞ඕڍĂΒ߁ధкҲۋޘᛉڱ९Ă ٕߏ่ԛёຍཌྷ۞࣒ϒ९Ąࡶڱ९ซ˘Վؠཌྷ̶ᙷĂડ̶ࠎ၁ኳ߆ڼ ຍஉᄃ෪ᇈڱݭ९ֽ࠻Ăٕధඕڍಶົ̙̂࠹ТĄ˵ѣޢޞᜈ᎕Հк ၁ᙋགྷរΐͽរᙋĄѨĂࡶ̙ડ̶ዮ͌ᇴᄃዮкᇴĂ่ડ̶Җ߆ੰ ݭᙷܜĂ߆ᛨයࡻĞഫᐁăᔁܜԗăᛂپăૺܷฯăӓཌྷğء ဈයࡻĞᆒЏϛăౘछăѯآፔă઼ͨڼğྤफ़၆ޢĂனᄃώ ͛న࠹ͅ۞ଐڶĄϺӈĂءဈයࡻ೩ڱ९Ԇјˬ۞ͧதߏ 61.7%Ă ߆ٺᛨයࡻ۞ 54.8%Ąͷءဈයࡻٙ೩ڱ९ਖ਼ซםથ۞ͧதࠎ 31.4%Ă
10
ܘణཌྷăՂᄫઈ˵ѣᙷҬ۞൴னĄֶፂࣇ۞ࡁտĂଂௐ 2 بҌௐ 6 بϲੰڱᆶᛉ۞ ڱ९ֽ࠻â߆ع߆۞ع೩९Ă֭Ϗ̶ͧϲ߆ع߆۞˭ع೩९ֽѣᐹ๕Ğ2013Ĉ 30-31ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
95
˵ர߆ٺᛨයࡻ۞ 30.0%Ą༊Ăᇹ۞ඕ˵ڍΞਕߏ߆זצᛨයࡻ̂ кะ̚ዮ͌ᇴ۞߆ݭᙷعĂ҃ءဈයࡻБᇴะ̚дዮкᇴĂЯѩፋវ ྤफ़۞ଐڶк͌ົזצԮѡĄ
ЁăඕኢĈ࣎९۞ᑭෛ дซˢඕኢͽ݈Ăώ͛Ᏼፄഫᐁͽ̈́ѯآፔүࠎ߆ᛨයࡻᄃءဈය ࡻͧྵ۞࣎९Ăүࠎୃࢍд̶·ྃ۞˯ژĄᏴፄഫᐁүࠎ߆ᛨයࡻ ̶ࣧ۞ژЯĂдٺഫᐁߏ።ЇҖ߆ੰ̚ܜĂЇഇ۞ܜҖ߆ੰܜĂЇ ഇࠤҌͧ˘кᇴ߆ ۞˭̝ع6 ҜҖ߆ੰܜֽࢋౌܜĄ˵Ύព˞ԧ઼ ጳ߆ྻү˯ĂҖ߆ੰੰ۞ܜЇഇ̙ົੰצᙯܼٙᇆᜩĂ҃ͅߏֶያᓁ۞ ຍԠĄѩγĂഫᐁдፉЇੰ݈ͽܜĂѣ࠷بᛉࣶăЇᎩܜăͽ̈́ϔ ซᛨ৪३۞ܜགྷ።Ăߏ߆ᛨයࡻ۞ܑ̝˘ĄΩ˘͞ࢬĂᏴፄѯآፔүࠎ ءဈයࡻ۞ܑĂߏЯࠎѯآፔдЇҖ߆ੰ݈ͽܜĂԆБ՟ѣᏴᓝགྷរĂ ˵՟ѣЇң۞ᛨᚱྤ።Ăϒ༊ّԆБֽҋ˝ࡻٺᓁ۞ᝋĂߏءဈ යࡻ۞ّܑˠۏĄ ഫᐁፉЇҖ߆ੰੰ ߏܜ2002 ѐ 2 ͡ 1 ͟Ă˵ಶߏ੨Ъௐ 5 بϲੰڱ ಶᖚ͟ഇĄౘͪᓁдഫᐁତЇੰܜॡ۞̬ϡෟ̚পҾ೩̈́Ĉ Ķഫ৪ ३ܜᓽّ̙࣎۞ۋăԶአ̖ܜ۞Ă˵ឰԧࣇഇޞϏֽҖ߆ϲڱᄃഈ ߆ᛨ̝มĂਕૉѣ˘າ҅ϫă։ّ̢જ۞Ꮨঈ෪ķ ĄдѩĂٙᏜ۞ᓽ ̙ߏ۞ۋд 1998 ѐϲ؎Ᏼᓝ̚Ăഫᐁᖃឰౘܑݑؠϔซᛨ֎ుϲ؎ ˘ᖚĂߏ༊ॡ˘˘ҜעЇᎩξפۋ̙ܜᏴϲ؎Ᏼᓝ۞߆ڼˠۏĄдഫᐁ ፉЇҖ߆ੰੰܜഇมĂགྷםથԶ఼҃࿅۞ࢦ̂ڱ९Ă༊ͽĶᕖ̳̂В ޙనԸྤ୧ּਨ९ķࠎܑĄѩ९༊ॡజԛटࠎĶາȈ̂ޙనķ ĂϤܛٺᗝ ྿ 5 ѐ 5 ˼ᆆĂజ༊ॡд۞઼ϔᛨԲҿࠎ 2004 ѐᓁ̂Ᏼ۞߆ඉ෴ைĄ дഫᐁ೩ϲ९ၹຐ̝ޢĂд 2003 ѐ 11 ͡ 25 ͟ਨ९ਖ਼ซϲ݈ͽੰڱĂ ഫᐁಶᏐҋົϲܛͳܜੰੰڱπĄᐌޢĂϲ ٺੰڱ2003 ѐ 12 ఼͡࿅ ˘Ăܐዎ઼זϔᛨᄃᏐϔᛨᛨᛨဥړཀྵĄдซˢϲ۞ੰڱᛉְԔ ̝ޢĂഫ̰ᅦкѨᄃ઼ϔᛨăᏐϔᛨᛨဥϹೱຍ֍Ąഇม˫Яϔซᛨϲ؎ ՂܷላԔ؎ࣶົĂд࿅͔̚൴઼ϔᛨ۞̙႕Ăܛͳֽޢπੰܜ၆
96
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
ഫᐁܑϯĂΪѣՂܷላܑ྿ႆ̖ѣΞਕѩ९ซˢםથĄ 11 дϔซᛨ ϲ؎Ղܷላႆ̝ޢâా 4 Ρฟ 4 ѨഈםથĂ ٺޢ6 ͡ 11 ͟Ԇј ˬĄдڱ९Ԇјˬ̝ᅫĂͳܛπੰܜপҾдԆјϲڱԔޢ၆ѩܑڱ ྿ຍ֍Ăѩڱགྷ࿅кѨԶăםአăٺଵੵ༱ᙱึӀϲڱĄ҃ٙᏜ ۞Զăםአಶߏഈםથ۞፟טĄ Ķᕖ̳̂ВޙనԸྤ୧ּਨ९ķϲڱ Ԕኛણ֍ܑ 5Ą ܑ 5 Ķᕖ̳̂ВޙనԸྤ୧ּਨ९ķϲڱ࿅ ॡ
ม!
ְІƟϲڱԔ!
၆ᑕੰົົഇ!
2003/11/25
ഫᐁົͳܛπੰܜ
2003/12/19
Ԇј˘
ௐ 5 بௐ 4 ົഇௐ 16 Ѩົᛉ
2003/12/22
Ϲ;؎ࣶົᆶߤ
؎ࣶົ
2004/01/09
ϔซᛨ೩९ԼЕᛉϏ఼࿅
ௐ 5 بௐ 4 ົഇௐ 19 Ѩົᛉ
2004/04/30
ͳܛπੰࢋܜՐՂܷላ؎ࣶ ႆĂؕ͞Тຍଵˢםથ
2004/05/07
ௐ˘Ѩםથ
ௐ 5 بௐ 5 ົഇௐ 15 Ѩົᛉ
2004/05/14
ௐ˟Ѩםથ
ௐ 5 بௐ 5 ົഇௐ 16 Ѩົᛉ
2004/05/21
ௐˬѨםથ
ௐ 5 بௐ 5 ົഇௐ 17 Ѩົᛉ
2004/06/08
ௐαѨםથ
ௐ 5 بௐ 5 ົഇௐ 20 Ѩົᛉ
2004/06/11
Ԇјˬ
ௐ 5 بௐ 5 ົഇௐ 21 Ѩົᛉ
ྤफ़ֽĈү۰ፋந
дءဈයࡻ۞ొ̶Ăώ͛ͽ݈Җ߆ੰܜѯآፔࠎܑ࣎९Ąѯآፔࠎ ̂ጯିĂдЇੰ݈ͽܜĂഅЇҖ߆ੰࡁ҂ົ؎ᄃ̰߆ొొܜĄ՟ѣ Їң۞߆ᛨྤ።Ă˵ϏѣЇңᆸ৺۞ᏴᓝགྷរĂߏݭጯ۰ଂ߆۞ءဈය ࡻĄдѯੰܜЇ̰ĂЯࠎͣ߆ᛨྤ።ĂЯѩдᛨચͽ̈́ᄃϲ؎۞఼˯ གྷ૱னۋᛉĄ۞ّܑĂಶߏЇ̰ᄃ̰߆ొܜՂᕃкѨயϠ఼
11
ͳܛπੰܜд 4 ͡ 30 ͟ࢋՐՂܷላႆĂՂܷላд༊͟ӈΡฟ۰ົ̳ฟႆĂѩ९ ྾ึӀдฉ 5 ͡ 7 ͟ଵˢםથĄдགྷ࿅ాᜈ 4 ѨםથޢĂٺд 6 ͡ 11 ͟ԆјˬĄ Ą Ղܷላ۞ႆΞͽෛࠎѩ९ซˢםથ۞ᖼԶĄາჷಡጱኛણ֍ͳ֍ڒăౘ⟳ನĞ2004ğ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
97
યᗟĄдᄃϲ۞ࣶ؎ڱ఼˯ĂѯآፔੰࠤܜҌ̳ฟܑϯࢋᅦࣶкӅ˧ᄃ ϲ؎఼Ăдкᇴ˘߆۞عଐ̙֭˭ڶ૱֍Ă˵ΎពҖ߆ੰᄃϲڱ ੰӈֹϤ઼ϔᛨԆБે߆Ăдڱ९۞Вᙊ˯̪Я఼̙Ӏ҃хѣमĄ12 ̙ ่тѩĂдкᇴ˘߆۞عଐ˭ڶĂѯآፔੰܜдЇ̰ࠤҌ೩Ѩ۞ᖬ ᛉ९Ă̶ҾߏĶົࢍڱķᄃĶг߆̀ڱķ Ąдг߆̀۞ڱᖬᛉ࿅̚â͞ ࢬѯآፔੰܜᄃ̰߆ొܜՂᕃ၆ߏӎ೩ᖬᛉಶ̏གྷѣ̙Тຍ֍Ă҃ՙ ؠ೩ᖬᛉͽޢĂ઼ϔᛨϲੰڱᛨဥᛨᗛڒᕃѰܑϯĈ Ķ೩ᏹҖ߆ొܝĂ ϏֽࢋপҾڦຍĂᖬᛉ९ߏጳ߆ᆸѨ۞̂˥Ă̂˥̙ਕજ̙જಶोֽĂ ᑕྍࢋШϲੰڱᄲځĺ̙̙ᆃઇĻ۞நϤĄķ 13 Ϥ݈ೀּ࣎̄Ξͽ ࠻֍ĂѯآፔੰܜЇ̰Ăࡶ̒ࢦ̂ڱ९Я఼̙։҃Ϗਕтഇ఼࿅ĂϺѣ ϲ఼ੰڱ࿅̝ڱ९ዎҖ߆ੰ೩ᖬᛉĂព֍ڱ९ᆶᛉ۞࿅̚ĂҖ߆ੰ̰ ొăҖ߆ੰᄃϲ̝ੰڱมĂౌͣԆච۞఼፟טĄጐგֱڱ९͔൴۞ ۋᛉ̙ਕಏ৷ᕩٺѯآፔੰ۞ܜጯ۰ࡦഀᄃءဈྤ።Ă˵̙ਕ࿅ޘଯҤ ࡶѯੰܜѣ߆ᛨྤ።ಶΞͽᔖҺֱયᗟĂҭЯࠎ఼ͣ҃ጱڱ९ ͔ۋᛉĂ̏ߏְ̙۞ۋ၁Ą ˟̮Җ߆ߏΗᓁטдጳ߆ྻү˯ᄃᓁטăᛉົ̰ᅦט८͕۞म ளĄΗᓁ˭̝טĂᓁѣϲ̝ົ઼ٺγ۞ϒ༊ֽّĂ˵Ξਕјࠎ೩ ֻ߆عј۞ϒ༊ֶّ̝ፂĄѩγĂ߆عј۞ϒ༊ّ˵Ξਕϲٺᓁ ̝γĂ҃ߏֽҋົ઼ٺĄЯѩĂ˟̮Җ߆۞ᙯܼܮѣкᇹ۞ΞਕّĄͽέ ៉ௐαѨ࣒ጳซˢΗᓁ۞ט॰ߛͽޢĂϤٺᓁ၆Җ߆ੰܜೠ೪˞̙צ ઼ົࢨ۞טЇᝋĂ၁ᅫྻү˯࣎Їᝋ˵ؼҩࠎ၆Җ߆ੰ۞ܜቪᕈ ᝋĂ˟̮Җ߆˘ۡѣځព۞ଂᛳᙯܼĄᔵтѩĂᓁд̙Т۞ົعᙯ ܼ˭̪ᖞѣ̙Т۞Ї҂ณĂ̙҃Тᙷ۞ݭҖ߆ੰܜĂ၆ٺҖ߆ొܝٙ೩ ڱ९дϲ۞̚ੰڱᆶᛉܑன˵ѣٙमளĄώ͛ಶέ៉ࠎּâ͞ࢬኢҖ
12
13
д 2013 ѐ 6 ͡ 6 ͟۞Җ߆ੰੰົ˯Ăѯآፔੰܜಶ̳ฟܑϯĈĶҖ߆ੰٙ೩ॡड़ّ ڱ९ĂΒ߁Լă८α̳ԸăᙋٙඁăܢᛳಏҜზ९ăȈ˟ѐ઼ିăѐܛԼࢭă ̢ثనᏱְඈĂإϏਕԆјϲڱԔĂኛ࠹ᙯొົࢵܜΐૻᄃϲࣶ؎ڱ఼ĂͽӀ ڱ९ѝ఼͟࿅Ąķ ࠎ˞ࢫҲᖬᛉ९ౄјҖ߆ੰᄃϲ۞ੰڱᅣĂ઼ϔᛨϲੰڱᛨဥ˵ՙᛉᔛኛѯآፔੰ זܜϲੰڱซҖᄲځĄдଳణڒᕃѰॡĂઇ˞݈͛۞ܑϯĞᘲ☭ംĂ2014ğĄ
98
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
߆ੰ۞ܜᛨ߆ᛳّĂΩ˘͞ࢬГֶፂ̙Т۞ᛨ߆ᛳّ៍၅Җ߆ੰٙ೩ڱ९ дϲ۞ੰڱᆶᛉܑனĄ ࢵАĂಶҖ߆ੰ۞ܜᛳّ҃֏ĂֶፂಶЇ݈۞߆ᛨྤ።ٕߏءဈགྷរĂ ̶ࠎ߆ᛨයࡻᄃءဈයࡻ۞ݭᙷ࣎Җ߆ੰܜĄдགྷϤ၁ᅫྤफ़۞၆ ޢĂώ͛൴னд˘߆۞ع୧І˭ĂᓁઐШᏴፄءဈයࡻЇҖ߆ੰܜĄ 2016 ѐϔซᛨࢵѨԆБે߆Ăᓁችࡻ͛˵Ᏼፄ˞ءဈයࡻࡦഀ۞ڒБĂ Ъ˞ώ͛۞ଯኢĄ̝ͅĂд̶ϲ߆عॡഇĂᓁ̂кᏴϡ߆ᛨයࡻЇ Җ߆ੰܜĂ҃ૻ̼ᄃϲ۞ੰڱĶ఼ķ ĂߏᏴፄ߆ᛨයࡻ۞ࢋ҂ณĄ ѨĂώ͛۞ௐ˟࣎నдݭᙷع߆ٺܑٙனֽ۞ϲڱड़ਕĄགྷϤ၁ᅫྤ फ़۞̶ޢژ൴னĂዮкᇴ˭۞ڱ९఼࿅தࠎ 58.49%Ğ೩९ 1212 Ă఼ ࿅ 709 ğ Ăᔵٺዮ͌ᇴ۞ 55.7%Ğ೩९ 1258 Ă఼࿅ 701 ğ Ăҭम ̙֭̂Ąд࣎ొ̶Ă˵ѣΞਕߏЯࠎώ֭͛Ϗ၆ϲੰڱᆶᛉ۞ڱ९ซ ˘Վ̶ᙷĂͽٺڱડᏰࢦ̂ڱ९ߏӎдᙷݭع߆۞ݭၗ˭ົயϠ मளĄᅮࢋՀჟቁ۞ڱ९̶ᙷᇾĂు˘ࢦາበቅ̖ޢਕۢĄޢĂ ᙯٺᛨဥםથ۞ొ̶Ăώ͛߆ؠᛨයࡻ۞Җ߆ੰܜĂૄٺᖳಱ۞߆ᛨ። ቚĂࠤҌ˵ѣϲྤ۞ੰڱ።ĂΞਕѣྵкڱ९םથ۞ፆүĄགྷ၁ᅫྤफ़ ̶ޢژĂдዮкᇴ۞ᙷ˭ݭĂӈֹТᛨೠ೪ϲੰкᇴĂ߆ᛨයࡻ۞Җ߆ ੰܜЇ̰Ăڱ९ਖ਼ซםથ۞ͧத̪ځពءٺဈයࡻĞ53.3%Ĉ31.4%ğĄ ఼҃࿅۞ڱ९дᆶᛉ࿅̚ѣགྷ࿅םથ۞ͧத˵ߏ˘ᇹ۞ଐڶĄдዮ͌ ᇴ۞ଐ˭ڶĂЯࠎБᇴࠎ߆ᛨයࡻĂЯѩڱઇͧྵĄҭࡶྭ߆ݭᙷعઇ ͧྵĂ߆ᛨםથ่ 22.3%ĂҲٺዮкᇴ˭۞߆ᛨයࡻᄃءဈයࡻĄᙯ ٺѩᕇĂϏֽΞͽซ˘Վڱ९ֶ̙Тᙷޢᙷ̶ݭઇซ˘Վ۞ͧྵֽ៍၅ ߏӎົѣ̙Т۞ඕڍĄ ࢦ̂ڱ९۞ᆶߤᄃ఼࿅Ăᇆᜩ۞ࣧЯࠤкĄు୧ڱ९ֽ࠻ĂࠤҌΞਕ ˘זצˠă˘ְ̝ᇆᜩĄ Ķˠķ۞Я৵д࣎Ҿڱ९ᆶߤ࿅͍̚ᙱͽ఼ ̼ΐͽኢĄࢦ̂ڱ९۞఼࿅ᄃӎĂΞਕߏЯࠎᓁ۞পؠ୧ІĞᓏ୕ă Їഇඈğ Ă˵ΞਕߏЯࠎۤົγొᑅ˧ᄃഇޞĂٕߏϲ۞ࣶ؎ڱϲڱҖࠎă ϲܜੰੰڱ۞םથ࿅ČČඈĄѣኜкЯ৵ΞਕԷႊᙯᔣ۞ᇆᜩĄࡶ ు୧ڱ९ΐͽኢĂᕖ̂Տ୧ڱ९۞পঅّĂ֭ᙱͽ఼̼ΐͽኢր ّ۞Я৵Ąώ͛۞࣎ဘྏĂߏ˘௲ᗓᓁ֎ҒĂдΗᓁ̮˟۞ט
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
99
Җ߆˭ԼͽҖ߆ੰੰژ̶ޘ֎۞ܜĂ̂ٸߏ˟ᇹώᇴĂᓁᇴࠎ 2470 ୧۞ڱ९ֶ̙ТҖ߆ੰੰࡦ۞ܜഀΐͽ̶ᙷĂԓ୕ਕ࠻˘ֱᓁវ۞ăᔌ ๕ّ۞ன෪Ą࣎ဘྏѣநኢ˯ᄃ၁ચ˯۞ᗕࢦຍஉĂԓ୕ਕซ˘Վ ͔Ηᓁࡁטտᄃϲࡁڱտ۞ኢĄ
ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ͳ֍ڒăౘ⟳ನĂ2004Ă IJາȈ̂९ ˭ฉ̣ഈ၆ՙij ĂҋϤາჷშĂhttp://old. ltn.com.tw/2004/new/may/1/today-p6.htmĂ2016/9/21Ą ͳຽϲĂ2002ĂIJ઼ົ̚۞߆ᛨ֎ҒᄃᛨဥྻүijĂĮ͡όڱጯįĂ86: 82-96Ą ӓϜ̋Ă2012Ă IJΗᓁטĈБ൴णᄃࡁտᛉij ĂՔѣمĂӓϜ̋ĞበğĂ Įᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎࠻ޘΗᓁטįĂέΔĈ̣ݑĂࢱ 1-28Ą ՂᆂϜăเޙ၁Ă2015Ă IJᓁࣘЇᛨय၆߆ڱع९఼࿅۞ᇆᜩij Ă Į߆ࡊڼ ጯኢᕍįĂ64: 85-136Ą ՔѣمĂ2012ĂIJΗᓁטᝋ˧ะ࣎̚ˠ̼̝ͧྵࡁտijĂĮέ៉ϔ؞ΏįĂ 9(4): 1-36Ą ڌາჷĂ2014Ă IJ઼ͨڼତҖ߆ੰ ܜՂᇉරԲĈࠛࠛχ˞ 35 Ҝϲ؎҅Ѝij Ă ڌາჷำშࢱĂhttp://www.ettoday.net/news/20141204/434475.htm?feature= 88&tab_id=93Ă2016/9/21Ą ڒᚶ͛Ă2012Ă IJВڼΞਕјࠎΗᓁ۞טጳ߆ၚּĉ઼ڱᄃέ៉۞ͧྵij Ă ՔѣمăӓϜ̋Ğበğ Ă Įᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎࠻ޘΗᓁטį ĂέΔĈ ̣ݑĂࢱ 341-374Ą ܘణཌྷĂ2010Ă IJέ៉̶ϲ߆عᄃϲڱᆉԊij Ă Įᄂ៉ϔ؞Ώį Ă7(3): 87-121Ą ܘణ ཌྷ Ă Ղ ᄫ ઈ Ă 2013 ĂIJ ϲ ੰ ڱঐ ໂ ᛉ ଠ ۞ טទ Ꮽ ᄃ གྷ រ ̶ ژĈ 1993-2011ijĂĮڌӓ߆ڼጯಡįĂ31(4): 1-70Ą ܘణཌྷĂՂᄫઈĂ2016Ă IJᇆᜩҖ߆ొܝ೩९ˬ఼࿅ّ̝ޘטЯ৵ij Ă Įέ៉ ϔ؞ΏįĂ13(1): 39-84Ą ՃൊĂ2003Ă IJϲڱ፟ᙯᄃҖ߆፟ᙯдϲڱ࿅̚۞ᇆᜩ˧Ĉ˘߆عᄃ̶ ϲ߆ྵͧ۞عijĂĮᄂ៉߆ڼጯΏįĂ7(2): 51-105Ą ՃൊĂ2014ĂIJଂϲڱ೩९זϲڱயijĂเսბăՃൊăౘԈᅛăችᙶ ѻăӓԠ̚ăၐ྿൝ăเڅ؟ăՔѣمăᆒ३૽ăӓࢦᖃăܘरᆇăౘ ࣦ͡ăՂٚă૫ፍࣀĞğ Ă Įᖼ۞̚ݭҖ߆ᄃϲڱᙯܼįέΔĈ̣ݑĂ
100
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
ࢱ 23-60Ą ౘԈᅛĂ2009Ă IJέ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טᛨ߆ᙯܼij Ă Į߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍį Ă41: 1-56Ą ౘԈᅛĂ2012ĂIJΗᓁ˭טᓁ۞ڱ९ଯજᄃϲڱᇆᜩ˧ijĂĮڌӓ߆ڼጯ ಡįĂ30(2): 1-70Ą ౘԈᅛăችၷேĂ2012ĂIJᏴᓝॡ၆߆عј۞͔˧ijĂՔѣمăӓϜ̋ Ğበğ Ă Įᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎࠻ޘΗᓁטį ĂέΔĈ̣ݑĂࢱ 205-252Ą ౘፍآĂ2009Ă IJӓ൳Ҝ ᖡ؎кܲij ĂҋϤ̄ಡშࢱĂhttp://news.ltn.com. tw/news/focus/paper/333524Ă2016/9/21Ą ೆពธĂ2009Ă IJ؝౧ӓཌྷ ˠߏ̂҂រij ĂҋϤ̄ಡშࢱĂhttp://news. ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/333519Ă2016/9/21Ą เսბĂ2003ĂIJ͌ᇴ߆عд઼ົ۞ӧဩijĂĮᄂ៉߆ڼጯΏįĂ7(2): 3-49Ą เսბăңຂನĂ2007Ă IJᛨဥםથᄃ઼ົϲڱij Ă Į߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍį Ă34: 1-44Ą ғܺĂ2015ĂĮܓጼࢲᇷĈᆒЏϛ̰ᅦ۞ᙯᔣ 478 ͇įĂέΔĈ͇˭̼͛Ą ્ሪĂ2003Ă IJ˘̶ّזϲّ߆߆۞عᛨЪүᄃࡎĈͽௐαبϲࠎੰڱ ּijĂĮڌӓ߆ڼጯಡįĂ16: 49-95Ą ્ሪăౘ❠ܚĂ2004Ă IJ઼ົԼࢭࢲሗ˭ᛨဥםથ̝ޘטᖼតᄃෞҤij Ă Įڌ ӓ߆ڼጯಡįĂ19: 111-150Ą ᇉϒĂ2009Ă IJΐາҖ߆ဥฤ ᓁĈҖજ̰ᅦ˯ྮij ĂNOW news შࢱĂ http://www.nownews.com/n/2009/09/11/869090Ă2016/9/21Ą ᓁعĂ2002ĂIJᓁᓝҖ۰ົކοາЇᅦ̈́ᓁع৪३ܜˠᏴijĂᓁ عშࢱĂhttp://www.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=131&itemid=2000& rmid=514&sd=2002/01/15&ed=2002/01/21Ă2016/9/21Ą ᓁعĂ2005ĂIJᓁކҶЇฯξξܜᔁܜԗࠎ˭˘ЇҖ߆ੰੰܜijĂᓁ عშࢱĂhttp://www.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=131&itemid=10198 &rmid=514Ă2016/9/21Ą ᓁعĂ2006Ă IJᓁކοЇϔซՎᛨ݈यᛂࠎپາЇҖ߆ੰੰܜij Ă ᓁعშࢱĂhttp://www.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=131&itemid= 11275Ă2016/ 9/21Ą ᓁعĂ2012ĂIJᓁؠۺӓੰܜᄃ̰ᅦဥฤ̝ᚥ֭೩Щౘ冲ତЇᅦijĂ ᓁعშࢱĂhttp://www.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=131&itemid= 26411&rmid=514&sd=2012/01/01&ed=2012/01/31Ă2016/9/21Ą ᓁعĂ2013ĂIJᓁयĶຏᔁᄃഇధķਮົijĂᓁعშࢱĂhttp://www. president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=131&itemid=29170&rmid=514&word1=% E6%B1%9F%E5%AE%9C%E6%A8%BA&sd=2013/01/01&ed=2013/02/21Ă
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 69 ഇƟϔ઼ 105 ѐ 9 ͡
101
2016/9/21Ą ᓁعĂ2014Ă IJᓁކعοனЇҖ߆ੰઘੰ઼ڼͨܜତЇҖ߆ੰܜij Ăhttp:// www.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=131&itemid=33767&rmid=514& word1=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%8BĂ2016/9/21Ą ᘲ☭ംĂ2014ĂIJг߆̀ڱᖬᛉ ϲੰᑢᔛѯآፔಡӘijĂࢲ็ಫშࢱĂhttp:// www.dev.stormmediagroup.com/article/26547Ă2016/9/21Ą ᛂ̄ಕĂ2012Ă IJέ៉ጳ߆វ۞טតዏྫĞ1991-2010ğ Ĉ።Ϋޘטኢ۞̶ژij Ă ՔѣمăӓϜ̋Ğበğ Ă Įᝋ˧дࣹ྆ĉଂк࣎֎࠻ޘΗᓁטį ĂέΔĈ ̣ݑĂࢱ 291-340Ą
˟ăҘ͛ొ̶ Duverger, Maurice. 1980. “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidentialist Government.” European Journal of Political Research 8(2): 165-187. Elgie, Robert. 2005. “From Linz to Tsebelis: Three Waves of Presidential/ Parliamentary Studies?” Democratization 12(1): 106-122. Samuels, D. J. and M. S. Shugart. 2010. Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers. NY: Cambridge University Press. Sartori, G. 1997. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. New York: New York University Press. Shen, Yu-chung. 2011. “Semi-Presidentialism in Taiwan: A Shadow of the Constitution of the Weimar Republic.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 7(1): 135-152. Shugart, M. S. and J. M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skach, C. 2005. Borrowing Constitutional Designs. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
102
߆ᛨයࡻٕءဈයࡻĉ
Քѣم
έ៉Ηᓁ۞˭טҖ߆ੰੰݭᙷܜᄃϲڱᇆᜩ
Party Elite or Bureaucratic Elite: Influences of Different Premiers on Legislation under Taiwan’s Semi-Presidentialism* Yu-chung Shen**
Abstract The dual executive system is the most significant institutional characteristic of semi-presidentialism. In practice, the President and the Prime Minister may cooperate or compete with each other. The process and outcome of lawmaking will also be different with different types of dual executive system. Since Taiwan adopted a semi-presidential constitution in 1997, the President and the Prime Minister have always been from the same camp whether the ruling party enjoys parliamentary majority or not. However, the prime ministers can be classified into two different types, namely party elite and bureaucratic elite. This paper tries to discuss the influences that different types of prime minister have on legislation. This paper will first define and classify the two different types of prime minister and then compare the various influences they have on legislation. Keywords: Semi-presidentialism, Dual Executive System, Party Elite, Bureaucratic Elite, Influences on Legislation
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.69(75-102) ** Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Tunghai University. E-mail:
[email protected]