Participatory Audiences
Lecture 6: Participator audiences and two screen viewing: Participatory Audiences • Participatory culture = participatory audiences = low barriers to artistic engagement/civic engagement / support for creating and sharing Jenkins et al 2005 o Ethnographical studies to distinguish fan culture from their stereotypes o First wave = Bacon-‐Smith = fans as a unique subculture – values challenged the status quo – whose consumption is productive by nature v Audiences productive nature-‐viewing the original text as a mere raw material v E.g. MARY SUE – overlook characters become protagonists o Second wave = Brown = critical examination of the first wave of scholar’s content and motivation v Questioned how a deep involvement in pop culture equated a major challenge to the status quo v Guided by habitus function • Produsage = simultaneous production and usage • Strangelove (2010) – deeply engaged in re-‐writing the meaning embedded in television and film and recirculating those new meanings • Using language of films to speak back to politics // appropriating popular culture to make a political statement o Fiske (1992) saw fandom as a form of political resistance taken up by disempowered members of society • Forms of participatory culture o Affiliations = friends within online communities o Expressions = new creative forms such as digital sampling (fan videos) o Collaborative problem solving = working together in teams o Circulations = shaping the flow of media – podcasting/vlogging • What do you need to do to excel in participatory communities = Competencies = embodying different norms/performance/appropriation • Rising Importance of viewing experience = Rocky Horror Show = blurring boundaries of producer / consumer • The Fan = negative connotations = intensity of involvement • Second Screen as a backchannel: • The Viewertariat = Anstead and O’loughlin 2010 o Emergence of TV viewers who are using back channelling o Gives meaning to the broadcast in real time • The Backchannel = supplementary, community • Liveness = broadcast at the time the event was recorded o Couldry 2004 = potential connection with central social realities shared at the time they are occurring o Online liveness = social co-‐response mediated by internet technologies o Group liveness = mobile phones • Functions of the back channel o Informational functions = reporting, enhancing, commenting
•
o Social functions = monitoring, amplifying, helping, meeting up Opinion v Sentiment: o Aesthetic opinion = appreciation o Moral opinion = judgement o Sentiment = affect o Negative judgement (drasko) = negatively appraised in terms of judgement
Obama case Lecture 10
Lecture 7: Social Tagging: • Search and metadata = metadata = data about data • Searchable talk • Ambient connections = other uses are present in social network but are connected through twitter accounts • Social metadata = operates within interpersonal social relations – tags are in the middle of the text • Folksonomy = Vander Wal 2007 = practice of generating electronic tags or keywords to classify online content • Social Tagging and Folksonomy: • What are the social functions of hashtags? • Linguistic Innovation • Multifunctional • Language expanding meaning potential • Hashtags as public conversation • Structure of hashtags = prefix, infix, suffix • Public Conversation = #issue o Post hoc = formed after the fact o Ad hoc = formed at the time o Roles = informational sources, community leaders, commenters, conversationalists • Functional linguistic Approach: (Shappelle Corby Case Study) • Three Lenses: 1. Experimental – construing experience = communicating affiliation o Aligning with co-‐searches o Insights into ‘inner workings’ of a topic 2. Interpersonal – enacting relationships = performative o Aligning with co-‐emotes 3. Textual – organising text • Ambient affiliation via searchable talk = multiplication of meaning • Hashtags are used to outline the topic of a tweet – not to pick a stance
Lecture 8: Networked publics and the blurring of public and private domains: • Defining Publics: • Public (boyd 2010) = messy term with multiple meanings • Issue publics = people debating particular concepts in the public realm • Audience = trivial, passive, individualised • Publics = critically engaged and politically significant (livingstone) • 3 Main perspectives of audiences and publics: Livingstone 2005
PRODUCAGE! •
Oppositional Viewpoints: Audience
Public
Private
Public
Emotional
Rational
Biased
Disinterested
Withdrawn
Participatory
Individualised
shared
• • • • • • • • • • •
Habermas and the public sphere: The public sphere: Realm of our social life which something approaching public opinion is formed, access is guaranteed to all citizens Which voices are louder/ who is excluded from public discourse / which voices are valued or not valued Media effects and the public sphere: The media undermine the public sphere, transform politics into political marketing Public discourse and moral panics Deviance Networked publics Boyd (2010) – publics that are restricted by networked technologies They are simultaneously: o Space constructed through networked technologies o The imagined collective that emerges as a result of the intersection of people, technology and practice
Ambient affiliation in Microblogging: • Ambient = relating to the immediate surrounding • Affiliation = connections/links • Quotidian = Every day • Shared complaint Socially mediated Publicness: • Shaped by peoples contexts, identities and practices • Creating safe identities • Creating public memorials • Vivenne and Burgess = how people actively mange their relationships with their publics and audiences • Markwick and Ellison = introduce the public framework of the deceased o (Influences of socially mediated Publicness) Consider: o Who can make a page o Post, comment, ability to report o Engage in metrics • Litt = socially mediated pubic-‐ness is influenced by o Site policies (using real names) o Feedback analytics o Limit one’s audience o Holding of multiple accounts • Gaming culture: o Female counter public o Dominant male public • Limits of control -‐ catfish
•
o Social functions = monitoring, amplifying, helping, meeting up Opinion v Sentiment: o Aesthetic opinion = appreciation o Moral opinion = judgement o Sentiment = affect o Negative judgement (drasko) = negatively appraised in terms of judgement
Obama case Lecture 10
Lecture 7: Social Tagging: • Search and metadata = metadata = data about data • Searchable talk • Ambient connections = other uses are present in social network but are connected through twitter accounts • Social metadata = operates within interpersonal social relations – tags are in the middle of the text • Folksonomy = Vander Wal 2007 = practice of generating electronic tags or keywords to classify online content • Social Tagging and Folksonomy: • What are the social functions of hashtags? • Linguistic Innovation • Multifunctional • Language expanding meaning potential • Hashtags as public conversation • Structure of hashtags = prefix, infix, suffix • Public Conversation = #issue o Post hoc = formed after the fact o Ad hoc = formed at the time o Roles = informational sources, community leaders, commenters, conversationalists • Functional linguistic Approach: (Shappelle Corby Case Study) • Three Lenses: 1. Experimental – construing experience = communicating affiliation o Aligning with co-‐searches o Insights into ‘inner workings’ of a topic 2. Interpersonal – enacting relationships = performative o Aligning with co-‐emotes 3. Textual – organising text • Ambient affiliation via searchable talk = multiplication of meaning • Hashtags are used to outline the topic of a tweet – not to pick a stance
Lecture 8: Networked publics and the blurring of public and private domains: • Defining Publics: • Public (boyd 2010) = messy term with multiple meanings • Issue publics = people debating particular concepts in the public realm • Audience = trivial, passive, individualised • Publics = critically engaged and politically significant (livingstone) • 3 Main perspectives of audiences and publics: Livingstone 2005
PRODUCAGE! •
Oppositional Viewpoints: Audience
Public
Private
Public
Emotional
Rational
Biased
Disinterested
Withdrawn
Participatory
Individualised
shared
• • • • • • • • • • •
Habermas and the public sphere: The public sphere: Realm of our social life which something approaching public opinion is formed, access is guaranteed to all citizens Which voices are louder/ who is excluded from public discourse / which voices are valued or not valued Media effects and the public sphere: The media undermine the public sphere, transform politics into political marketing Public discourse and moral panics Deviance Networked publics Boyd (2010) – publics that are restricted by networked technologies They are simultaneously: o Space constructed through networked technologies o The imagined collective that emerges as a result of the intersection of people, technology and practice
Ambient affiliation in Microblogging: • Ambient = relating to the immediate surrounding • Affiliation = connections/links • Quotidian = Every day • Shared complaint Socially mediated Publicness: • Shaped by peoples contexts, identities and practices • Creating safe identities • Creating public memorials • Vivenne and Burgess = how people actively mange their relationships with their publics and audiences • Markwick and Ellison = introduce the public framework of the deceased o (Influences of socially mediated Publicness) Consider: o Who can make a page o Post, comment, ability to report o Engage in metrics • Litt = socially mediated pubic-‐ness is influenced by o Site policies (using real names) o Feedback analytics o Limit one’s audience o Holding of multiple accounts • Gaming culture: o Female counter public o Dominant male public • Limits of control -‐ catfish
