Patterns of Agricultural and Structural Transformation in ...
IGIDR Proceedings/Projects Series
PP-069-19a
Constraints and Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Production in Bihar By PK Joshi, Madhur Gautam and Gaurav Tripathi
Workshop on POLICY OPTIONS AND INVESTMENT PRIORITIES FOR ACCELERATING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA NOVEMBER 10-11, 2011 India International Centre, New Delhi Organized by
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai and Institute for Human Development, New Delhi
Supported by
Planning Commission
Food and Agriculture Organization
The World Bank
Constraints and Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Production in Bihar
P K Joshi*, Madhur Gautam** and Gaurav Tripathi* * International Food Policy Research Institute NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012 Indi * * The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
Issues covered Document
key problems in agriculture Identify opportunities for higher and sustainable agricultural production Propose interventions for increasing agricultural production and sequencing priorities
International Food Policy Research Institute
Agro-ecological map of Bihar
NWZ: NEZ: South (E &W)
1040-1450 mm 1200-1700 mm 990-1300 mm
International Food Policy Research Institute
Sandy loam & loam Loam to clay loam Sandy loam, clay loam and clay
I Key Problems for Sustainable Agricultural Production
Salient characteristics of Bihar agriculture
Abundant water; abundant sun shine; abundant labour Concurrent twin problems
Small & fragmented holdings Low productivity
High risk of flood and drought
High poverty and under-nourishment
Underdeveloped institutions Poor infrastructure Low public investment
International Food Policy Research Institute
Public investment in agriculture, irrigation & flood control (% of GSDP) 16
14.59
14 12
10.61
10
6
6.3
6.34
5.38
5.32
4.07
4
2.52
8.87
8.1
7.8
8
5.27 3.64
2.78
2.27
10.12
4.25
4.47
2009-10
2010-11
2 0 2005-06
2006-07
2007-08 Agri
International Food Policy Research Institute
2008-09
Irri + Flood
Total
Smallholder agriculture 100% 90%
0.7 3 6.7
70%
19.6
60%
40% 30%
9.3 18.2
80%
50%
89.6 53
20% 10% 0%
Holdings Area 4.0 ha
Tiny size of holding 0.43 ha in 2005/06 0.75 ha in 1995/96 2.0 t/ha; contribute about 1/3 rice production
Wheat
36% area is still having yield < 2.0 t/h This accounts 36% of total wheat production Positive side: 28% area yields > 2.5 t/ha; contribute 38% wheat production
International Food Policy Research Institute
Low yields & high spatial disparity
Maize
About 1/3 area is having yield < 1.5 t/ha Positive side: 17% area yields > 4.0 t/ha; contribute about 28% maize production; and 53% area having yields >3.0 t/ha; contribute 1/3 maize production
Pulses
About half of the area is still having yield < 0.8 t/h This accounts for 40% of total pulses production Only 10% area yields > 1.0 t/ha; contributes 12% pulse production
International Food Policy Research Institute
Key biotic constraints
Paddy
Maize
Sheath blight (25-40%); bacterial leaf blight (25%); Blast (100%); stem borer (25-40%) Stem borer (25-40%); termite (100%)
Wheat
Rust (25-40%)
International Food Policy Research Institute
Lentil
Pod borer (Up to 50%)
Vegetable (brinjal)
Stem borer and pod borer (25-40%)
Key abiotic constraints
Flood
41.4% of cropped area is flood-prone; about 2199 thousand ha (Flood years 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11)
Drought
Almost every year for past 4-5 years Soil sodicity
Soil acidity
3.0 lakh ha area under salinity/alkalinity 23.6 lakh ha area under soil-acidity (25.1% of geographical area)
Waterlogging
6.28 lakh ha area is water-logged
International Food Policy Research Institute
Inadequate institutions & poor infrastructure
Markets are underdeveloped
Credit
Rs 3,930 per ha (March 2008, as per Annual Credit Plan)
Insurance
Thinly spread markets: 0.6 per thousand square kilometer Prices below MSP during the marketing season - 15% for rice; -9% for maize and -7% for wheat in major mandies These are even much lower in local markets (villages)
Still at infancy stage
Cold storage
1.5 per thousand square kilometer
International Food Policy Research Institute
II Opportunities for Higher and Sustainable Production
How to unleashing opportunities? Harness untapped yield reservoir Leverage power of improved technologies Utilize fallow lands Promote agricultural diversification
4 pronged strategy
Innovations Institutions Incentives Infrastructure
International Food Policy Research Institute
High-value & remunerative commodities Labor absorbing & water efficient commodities
1. Bridge the yield gaps Rice yield gaps: FLD and sate average (t/ha)
Yield gap: 131-300%
FLD yield: 6.29 t/ha State avg: 1.55 t/ha 0.5 t/ha in Bhagalpur to 2.9 t/ha in Bhojpur
Rajendra Mahsuri-1; Rajendra Sweta Swarna-Sub 1 for flood
prone areas
International Food Policy Research Institute
Yield gaps in dairy sector Milk yield l/animal/year Items
Experiment station yield (Maximum) Attainable yield (Maximum) Average actual farm Yield Yield gap I Yield gap II Yield gap I % of Experiment station yield Yield gap II % of attainable International Food Policy Research Institute
Crossbred Indigenous Buffalo
7275
2768
3200
3386 1541
1589 910
2610 1560
3889 1845 79
1179 679 67
590 1050 51
54
43
40
2. Connect invention to innovation:
potential of hybrid rice Yield Average Districts range, t/ha yield, t/ha West Singhbhun (4.81); Dumka < 5.00 4.67 (4.29); Chatra (4.92)
5.0 – 6.0
5.75
Ranchi (5.72); Godde (5.64); Koderne (5.90)
6.0 – 7.0
6.33
Lohardaga (6.03); Shibganj (6.89); Palamau (6.06)
> 7.00
7.43
Bokaro (7.54); Gharwa (7.06); Dhanbad (7.98); Pakur (7.07); East Singhbhum (7.54)
International Food Policy Research Institute
3. Emerging hybrid maize in Bihar (yields t/ha) 6.66 Winter
3.18 2.41
5.66 Rainy
2.63 1.7 0
1
2
3 Local
International Food Policy Research Institute
4 Composite
5 Hybrids
6
7
4. High potential of management practices
Conservation agriculture
Direct seeded rice (DSR) and zero tillage in wheat Systems of rice intensification (SRI) (selected location with caution)
Laser land leveling Efficient water management Fish production in waterlogged areas Promote fish-duck production Manage degraded lands (acidic and sodic soild)
International Food Policy Research Institute
5. Harness potential of rice-fallow Extent of rabi-fallow area 11.6
10 9.5
8 6 4
18
4.4
1.7
ia
es
19
Ind
MP
ar
sa
15
W
Be
Or is
38
Bih
1.2
0
10
2.2
4S tat
2
ng al
Rice-fallow area, m ha
12
Rabi fallow as of kharif rice. %
80
78
60 40
37
31
20
47
37
38
Ind ia
4S tate s
MP
ar Bih
al eng
WB
Ori
ssa
0
International Food Policy Research Institute
Orissa
W Bengal
Bihar
MP
Other
Constraints to use rice-fallow lands
Abiotic
Crop improvement
Source of information: 88-97% by NGOs & 14-23% by extension staff
Grazing lands
Lack of inputs and cash to buy seeds and other inputs (>90%)
Access to information about varieties and management
Lack of short duration pulses and rice varieties (64-97%); pest problems (30-62%)
Resource constraints
Low residual moisture (91-97%); terminal drought (63-78%)
Crop damage due to grazing (almost 100%)
Missing markets
High production risk (22-60%) and price risk (18-46%)
International Food Policy Research Institute
6. Agricultural diversification: Share of food commodities in value of agricultural output, %
Paddy Wheat Maize Pulses F & Veg L’stock Others
1990/ 91
2000/ 01
2008 /09
20 14 3
13 11 3
11 9 2
7 14 30
3 36 15
2 24 42
12
9
10
Diversification towards livestock sector F & V and L’stock shares 66% in VOAO
Declining size of holdings Rising demands
COMFED (dairy)
Membership up
Milk collection up
International Food Policy Research Institute
17.282 m in 1999/00 48.96 m in 2010/11 281.08 th kg/day in 1999/00 608.38 th kg/day in 2006-07
High potential of horticulture sector
Mango
Darbhanga, Vaishali, East Champaran and West Champaran
Vegetables
Potato, brinjal, cauliflower, tomato, onion
Patna, Nalanda, Saran, Gopalganj, E & W Champaran, Madhubani, Saharsha
Litchi and banana
Muzzaferpur, Vaishali
Guava
Rohtas, Bhojpur
Floriculture
International Food Policy Research Institute
Rose, gladiolus, jasmine (bela), marigold and tuberose Patna, Muzzaferpur, Vaishali, Smastipur, Gaya
Poultry and fish
Egg production
Egg production went up from 740 million in 2001-02 to 1101 million in 2009-10
Fish
Fish production almost remained stagnated in Bihar ranged between 2.67 and 3.06 lakh tons Saran, Muzzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, West Champaran, East Champaran, Darbhanga, Samistipur, Madhubani, Saharsa. Katihar
International Food Policy Research Institute
7. Prospects for agro-processing sector
Bihar food market: US$ 9000 m & expected to grow to US$ 19,000 m by 2015 (110% increase) 45% is processed food market Prospects for cereals, pulses, oilseeds Rice milling installed capacity is inadequate Maize processing insignificant Starch, corn oil, corn flacks, poultry feed Fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, potato, tobacco, etc
Fruit juice, fruit pulp, squash, pickles, tomato sauces/pulp/paste, jam/jelly, fruit beverages
Makhana processing
International Food Policy Research Institute
Constraints in agro-processing sector Agro-processing is with the unorganized sector Absence of pre-processing facilities
High post-harvest losses
Pre-cooling, cooling, grading, sorting, pack houses Papaya: 30-50%; Banana: 15-25%; Cabbage: 41-44%; Potato, Brinjal, Onion, cauliflower: 33%
Power is a major constraint
International Food Policy Research Institute
III Interventions for Accelerating Sustainable Agricultural Production
Needed interventions and way forward
More investment in agriculture
Reprioritize research agenda
Flood control, irrigation & drainage management; land development Drainage canal from north to south Develop markets Agricultural research and extension More multi-disciplinary, sub-regional and more focus on management of natural resources
Connect invention and innovation
Massive seed production program: Hybrids (maize, vegetables) Saplings of fruit trees Promote climate smart agriculture (such as conservation agriculture; land management, water management)
International Food Policy Research Institute
Interventions….
Provide incentives to connect farmers with markets
Special agriculture zone
Cereals, fruits, vegetables, poultry, fish
Adopt Model Market Act Attract corporate sector for investment in markets, agro-processing and land development Enforce regulatory mechanisms for assured prices, and other market related risks
Strengthen institutions
Land reforms (consolidation, ownership….) Pro-poor (smallholder agriculture): collective production and marketing, contract farming, farmers’ cooperatives Strengthen credit, insurance, services, and extension services
International Food Policy Research Institute
Marching for prosperity through agriculture
Thank you
International Food Policy Research Institute
PP-069-19a
Constraints and Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Production in Bihar By PK Joshi, Madhur Gautam and Gaurav Tripathi
Workshop on POLICY OPTIONS AND INVESTMENT PRIORITIES FOR ACCELERATING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA NOVEMBER 10-11, 2011 India International Centre, New Delhi Organized by
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai and Institute for Human Development, New Delhi
Supported by
Planning Commission
Food and Agriculture Organization
The World Bank
Constraints and Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Production in Bihar
P K Joshi*, Madhur Gautam** and Gaurav Tripathi* * International Food Policy Research Institute NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012 Indi * * The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA
Issues covered Document
key problems in agriculture Identify opportunities for higher and sustainable agricultural production Propose interventions for increasing agricultural production and sequencing priorities
International Food Policy Research Institute
Agro-ecological map of Bihar
NWZ: NEZ: South (E &W)
1040-1450 mm 1200-1700 mm 990-1300 mm
International Food Policy Research Institute
Sandy loam & loam Loam to clay loam Sandy loam, clay loam and clay
I Key Problems for Sustainable Agricultural Production
Salient characteristics of Bihar agriculture
Abundant water; abundant sun shine; abundant labour Concurrent twin problems
Small & fragmented holdings Low productivity
High risk of flood and drought
High poverty and under-nourishment
Underdeveloped institutions Poor infrastructure Low public investment
International Food Policy Research Institute
Public investment in agriculture, irrigation & flood control (% of GSDP) 16
14.59
14 12
10.61
10
6
6.3
6.34
5.38
5.32
4.07
4
2.52
8.87
8.1
7.8
8
5.27 3.64
2.78
2.27
10.12
4.25
4.47
2009-10
2010-11
2 0 2005-06
2006-07
2007-08 Agri
International Food Policy Research Institute
2008-09
Irri + Flood
Total
Smallholder agriculture 100% 90%
0.7 3 6.7
70%
19.6
60%
40% 30%
9.3 18.2
80%
50%
89.6 53
20% 10% 0%
Holdings Area 4.0 ha
Tiny size of holding 0.43 ha in 2005/06 0.75 ha in 1995/96 2.0 t/ha; contribute about 1/3 rice production
Wheat
36% area is still having yield < 2.0 t/h This accounts 36% of total wheat production Positive side: 28% area yields > 2.5 t/ha; contribute 38% wheat production
International Food Policy Research Institute
Low yields & high spatial disparity
Maize
About 1/3 area is having yield < 1.5 t/ha Positive side: 17% area yields > 4.0 t/ha; contribute about 28% maize production; and 53% area having yields >3.0 t/ha; contribute 1/3 maize production
Pulses
About half of the area is still having yield < 0.8 t/h This accounts for 40% of total pulses production Only 10% area yields > 1.0 t/ha; contributes 12% pulse production
International Food Policy Research Institute
Key biotic constraints
Paddy
Maize
Sheath blight (25-40%); bacterial leaf blight (25%); Blast (100%); stem borer (25-40%) Stem borer (25-40%); termite (100%)
Wheat
Rust (25-40%)
International Food Policy Research Institute
Lentil
Pod borer (Up to 50%)
Vegetable (brinjal)
Stem borer and pod borer (25-40%)
Key abiotic constraints
Flood
41.4% of cropped area is flood-prone; about 2199 thousand ha (Flood years 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11)
Drought
Almost every year for past 4-5 years Soil sodicity
Soil acidity
3.0 lakh ha area under salinity/alkalinity 23.6 lakh ha area under soil-acidity (25.1% of geographical area)
Waterlogging
6.28 lakh ha area is water-logged
International Food Policy Research Institute
Inadequate institutions & poor infrastructure
Markets are underdeveloped
Credit
Rs 3,930 per ha (March 2008, as per Annual Credit Plan)
Insurance
Thinly spread markets: 0.6 per thousand square kilometer Prices below MSP during the marketing season - 15% for rice; -9% for maize and -7% for wheat in major mandies These are even much lower in local markets (villages)
Still at infancy stage
Cold storage
1.5 per thousand square kilometer
International Food Policy Research Institute
II Opportunities for Higher and Sustainable Production
How to unleashing opportunities? Harness untapped yield reservoir Leverage power of improved technologies Utilize fallow lands Promote agricultural diversification
4 pronged strategy
Innovations Institutions Incentives Infrastructure
International Food Policy Research Institute
High-value & remunerative commodities Labor absorbing & water efficient commodities
1. Bridge the yield gaps Rice yield gaps: FLD and sate average (t/ha)
Yield gap: 131-300%
FLD yield: 6.29 t/ha State avg: 1.55 t/ha 0.5 t/ha in Bhagalpur to 2.9 t/ha in Bhojpur
Rajendra Mahsuri-1; Rajendra Sweta Swarna-Sub 1 for flood
prone areas
International Food Policy Research Institute
Yield gaps in dairy sector Milk yield l/animal/year Items
Experiment station yield (Maximum) Attainable yield (Maximum) Average actual farm Yield Yield gap I Yield gap II Yield gap I % of Experiment station yield Yield gap II % of attainable International Food Policy Research Institute
Crossbred Indigenous Buffalo
7275
2768
3200
3386 1541
1589 910
2610 1560
3889 1845 79
1179 679 67
590 1050 51
54
43
40
2. Connect invention to innovation:
potential of hybrid rice Yield Average Districts range, t/ha yield, t/ha West Singhbhun (4.81); Dumka < 5.00 4.67 (4.29); Chatra (4.92)
5.0 – 6.0
5.75
Ranchi (5.72); Godde (5.64); Koderne (5.90)
6.0 – 7.0
6.33
Lohardaga (6.03); Shibganj (6.89); Palamau (6.06)
> 7.00
7.43
Bokaro (7.54); Gharwa (7.06); Dhanbad (7.98); Pakur (7.07); East Singhbhum (7.54)
International Food Policy Research Institute
3. Emerging hybrid maize in Bihar (yields t/ha) 6.66 Winter
3.18 2.41
5.66 Rainy
2.63 1.7 0
1
2
3 Local
International Food Policy Research Institute
4 Composite
5 Hybrids
6
7
4. High potential of management practices
Conservation agriculture
Direct seeded rice (DSR) and zero tillage in wheat Systems of rice intensification (SRI) (selected location with caution)
Laser land leveling Efficient water management Fish production in waterlogged areas Promote fish-duck production Manage degraded lands (acidic and sodic soild)
International Food Policy Research Institute
5. Harness potential of rice-fallow Extent of rabi-fallow area 11.6
10 9.5
8 6 4
18
4.4
1.7
ia
es
19
Ind
MP
ar
sa
15
W
Be
Or is
38
Bih
1.2
0
10
2.2
4S tat
2
ng al
Rice-fallow area, m ha
12
Rabi fallow as of kharif rice. %
80
78
60 40
37
31
20
47
37
38
Ind ia
4S tate s
MP
ar Bih
al eng
WB
Ori
ssa
0
International Food Policy Research Institute
Orissa
W Bengal
Bihar
MP
Other
Constraints to use rice-fallow lands
Abiotic
Crop improvement
Source of information: 88-97% by NGOs & 14-23% by extension staff
Grazing lands
Lack of inputs and cash to buy seeds and other inputs (>90%)
Access to information about varieties and management
Lack of short duration pulses and rice varieties (64-97%); pest problems (30-62%)
Resource constraints
Low residual moisture (91-97%); terminal drought (63-78%)
Crop damage due to grazing (almost 100%)
Missing markets
High production risk (22-60%) and price risk (18-46%)
International Food Policy Research Institute
6. Agricultural diversification: Share of food commodities in value of agricultural output, %
Paddy Wheat Maize Pulses F & Veg L’stock Others
1990/ 91
2000/ 01
2008 /09
20 14 3
13 11 3
11 9 2
7 14 30
3 36 15
2 24 42
12
9
10
Diversification towards livestock sector F & V and L’stock shares 66% in VOAO
Declining size of holdings Rising demands
COMFED (dairy)
Membership up
Milk collection up
International Food Policy Research Institute
17.282 m in 1999/00 48.96 m in 2010/11 281.08 th kg/day in 1999/00 608.38 th kg/day in 2006-07
High potential of horticulture sector
Mango
Darbhanga, Vaishali, East Champaran and West Champaran
Vegetables
Potato, brinjal, cauliflower, tomato, onion
Patna, Nalanda, Saran, Gopalganj, E & W Champaran, Madhubani, Saharsha
Litchi and banana
Muzzaferpur, Vaishali
Guava
Rohtas, Bhojpur
Floriculture
International Food Policy Research Institute
Rose, gladiolus, jasmine (bela), marigold and tuberose Patna, Muzzaferpur, Vaishali, Smastipur, Gaya
Poultry and fish
Egg production
Egg production went up from 740 million in 2001-02 to 1101 million in 2009-10
Fish
Fish production almost remained stagnated in Bihar ranged between 2.67 and 3.06 lakh tons Saran, Muzzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, West Champaran, East Champaran, Darbhanga, Samistipur, Madhubani, Saharsa. Katihar
International Food Policy Research Institute
7. Prospects for agro-processing sector
Bihar food market: US$ 9000 m & expected to grow to US$ 19,000 m by 2015 (110% increase) 45% is processed food market Prospects for cereals, pulses, oilseeds Rice milling installed capacity is inadequate Maize processing insignificant Starch, corn oil, corn flacks, poultry feed Fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, potato, tobacco, etc
Fruit juice, fruit pulp, squash, pickles, tomato sauces/pulp/paste, jam/jelly, fruit beverages
Makhana processing
International Food Policy Research Institute
Constraints in agro-processing sector Agro-processing is with the unorganized sector Absence of pre-processing facilities
High post-harvest losses
Pre-cooling, cooling, grading, sorting, pack houses Papaya: 30-50%; Banana: 15-25%; Cabbage: 41-44%; Potato, Brinjal, Onion, cauliflower: 33%
Power is a major constraint
International Food Policy Research Institute
III Interventions for Accelerating Sustainable Agricultural Production
Needed interventions and way forward
More investment in agriculture
Reprioritize research agenda
Flood control, irrigation & drainage management; land development Drainage canal from north to south Develop markets Agricultural research and extension More multi-disciplinary, sub-regional and more focus on management of natural resources
Connect invention and innovation
Massive seed production program: Hybrids (maize, vegetables) Saplings of fruit trees Promote climate smart agriculture (such as conservation agriculture; land management, water management)
International Food Policy Research Institute
Interventions….
Provide incentives to connect farmers with markets
Special agriculture zone
Cereals, fruits, vegetables, poultry, fish
Adopt Model Market Act Attract corporate sector for investment in markets, agro-processing and land development Enforce regulatory mechanisms for assured prices, and other market related risks
Strengthen institutions
Land reforms (consolidation, ownership….) Pro-poor (smallholder agriculture): collective production and marketing, contract farming, farmers’ cooperatives Strengthen credit, insurance, services, and extension services
International Food Policy Research Institute
Marching for prosperity through agriculture
Thank you
International Food Policy Research Institute
