Per capita income using market exchange rates, 1960-2004 (2004 ...
Per capita income using market exchange rates, 1960-2004 (2004 dollars)
Country United States Japan Germany** France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Per capita income*
Annual growth rates (%)
1960
1979
1989
2000
2004
1960-79
1979-89
$16,522 7,625 9,117 8,713 5,461 12,497 10,249
$24,914 25,696 16,959 16,409 13,732 17,275 18,016
$30,546 34,792 20,244 19,813 17,322 21,460 21,383
$37,721 40,796 25,225 23,882 20,300 26,731 25,399
$39,728 42,146 25,823 24,826 20,912 29,011 26,868
2.2% 6.6 3.3 3.4 5.0 1.7 3.0
2.1% 3.1 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 1.7
1.9% 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.6
1.3% 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.7 2.1 1.4
$8,344 8,322 8,224 12,560 5,683 4,624 9,816 8,366 9,887 2,518 3,444 10,057 22,843 $8,402
$15,070 17,101 16,368 22,735 16,203 10,640 17,781 11,394 23,240 6,288 9,452 20,783 29,271 $18,058
$18,174 $22,614 20,624 26,397 19,996 24,697 26,085 32,719 22,150 25,413 13,848 27,611 20,493 26,485 12,898 14,838 29,278 40,547 8,472 11,358 11,891 15,734 25,377 29,760 34,660 37,237 $22,860 $27,662
$24,592 27,358 25,792 33,595 27,578 31,778 26,719 16,471 42,832 11,250 16,753 31,927 37,007 $28,761
3.2% 3.9 3.7 3.2 5.7 4.5 3.2 1.6 4.6 4.9 5.5 3.9 1.3 4.2%
1.9% 1.9 2.0 1.4 3.2 2.7 1.4 1.2 2.3 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.7 2.3%
2.0% 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.3 6.5 2.4 1.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 1.5 0.7 1.8%
2.1% 0.9 1.1 0.7 2.1 3.6 0.2 2.6 1.4 -0.2 1.6 1.8 -0.2
* At the price levels and exchange rates of 2000 except for 1960, which is calculated at 1990 price levels and exchange rates. ** For all OECD data prior to 1991, Western Germany. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (1999, 2006a) data. For detailed information on table sources, see Table Notes. Table 8.1 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
1989-2000
2000-04
1.1%
Per capita income using purchasing-power parity exchange rates, 1970-2004 (2004 dollars)
Country United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Per capita income*
GDP index (United States = 100)
1970
1979
1989
2000
2004
1970
1979
1989
2000
2004
$19,799 13,271 14,532 15,084 13,999 14,703 16,726 $17,314 14,653 14,761 18,634 13,615 8,968 17,129 16,368 15,786 7,647 10,831 17,882 24,381 $14,344
$24,914 17,877 18,760 19,466 18,435 18,037 21,684 $19,791 20,290 19,283 21,839 17,966 12,103 20,857 17,350 22,682 10,485 13,813 20,701 26,035 $18,388
$30,546 24,205 22,393 23,503 23,254 22,407 25,736 $23,867 24,470 23,557 25,057 24,561 15,753 24,038 19,638 28,575 14,126 17,377 25,277 30,829 $23,005
$37,721 28,383 27,904 28,330 27,253 27,911 30,571 $29,697 31,320 29,096 31,429 28,178 31,408 31,066 22,593 39,574 18,939 22,993 29,643 33,120 $28,059
$39,728 29,322 28,565 29,450 28,073 30,292 32,338 $32,295 32,461 30,385 32,270 30,580 36,148 31,340 25,079 41,804 18,759 24,482 31,801 32,916 $29,284
100 67 73 76 71 74 84 87 74 75 94 69 45 87 83 80 39 55 90 123 72
100 72 75 78 74 72 87 79 81 77 88 72 49 84 70 91 42 55 83 104 74
100 79 73 77 76 73 84 78 80 77 82 80 52 79 64 94 46 57 83 101 75
100 75 74 75 72 74 81 79 83 77 83 75 83 82 60 105 50 61 79 88 74
100 74 72 74 71 76 81
* At the price levels and PPP exchange rates of 2000. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2006a) data. Table 8.2 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
81 82 76 81 77 91 79 63 105 47 62 80 83 74
Annual growth rates of per capita income using market exchange rates, FIGURE 7A Annual growth rates of per capita income using market exchange rates, 1960-2004 (2004 dollars) 1970-2004 (2004 dollars) 4.5% 4.0%
4.2%
All other countries*
3.5%
United States
3.0% 2.5%
2.2%
2.3%
2.1%
2.0%
1.8%
1.9%
1.5%
1.1%
1.3%
1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1960-79
1979-89
1989-2000
2000-04
*Average of all countries listed in Table 8.2, not including the U.S. For detailed information on figure and figure sources see Figure Notes *Average of all countries listed in Table 7.2, not including the U.S. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (1999, 2006a) data. For detailed information on all figures and sources see Figure Notes.
Figure 8A from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Productivity growth ratesFigure 7B Productivity growth rates in G-7 countries in G-7 countries 1.7%
United States
1.8%
United Kingdom 1.3%
Japan France
1.3%
Canada
1.3%
Germany Italy
2.5%
1.8% 1989-2000 2000-05
1.5% 1.5% 1.7%
1.0%
1.7%
0.0%
0.0%
2.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
Source: OECD (2003a and 2005b) data.
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2003a and 2005b) data. Figure 8B from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
3.0%
Relative productivity levels in the OECD, 1950-2004
GDP per hour worked (United States = 100)
Country
1950
1973
1980
1990
1995
2004
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
100 15 39 46 43 61 85 72 – 59 60 35 – 59 – 57 19 25 58 86 41
100 47 76 77 83 64 86 69 – 85 81 60 46 92 81 79 40 56 79 96 68
100 55 88 88 97 70 88 72 – 102 89 64 58 106 71 101 – 69 83 101 78
100 68 94 103 104 74 85 71 – 110 94 74 74 112 65 115 44 82 81 95 85
100 72 104 106 115 80 86 73 – 113 97 80 83 113 63 128 50 87 84 86 91
100 73 92 107 92 87 80
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2003c and 2005b) data. Table 8.3 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
77 91 113 90 86 104 100 59 125 53 76 88 82 86
Labor productivity growth per year in OECD, 1960-2005
Country
1989-2000
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
1960-73
1973-79
1979-1989
2.6% 8.4 4.5 5.3 6.4 4.0 2.5 3.0% 5.9 5.2 3.9 5.0 4.8 4.8 2.1 3.8 7.5 5.9 3.7 3.3
0.3% 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.6 1.1 2.5% 3.1 2.7 2.3 3.2 4.3 2.6 -1.1 2.7 0.5 2.8 1.4 0.8
1.2% 2.8 1.4 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.0 1.1% 2.4 2.4 1.3 3.4 4.1 1.6 1.9 1.0 2.2 2.7 1.8 0.4
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (1998, 2003a, and 2005a).
2000-05
1.7% 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.5
2.5% 1.8 1.0 1.3 0.0 2.0 1.3
2.0% 2.5 1.6 2.4 2.9 3.7 1.4 0.7 2.7 2.1 1.4 2.8 0.3
0.8% 1.8 1.2 2.0 1.9 3.1 0.9 1.0 2.7 0.4 0.4 2.0 0.8
Table 8.4 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Productivity and unemployment rates in OECD, 2004 Country
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
Productivity (US=100)
Unemployment rate
100 73 92 107 92 87 80 77 91 113 90 86 104 100 59 125 53 76 88 82
Adjusted Productivity*
5.5% 4.7 9.5 9.6 8.0 4.7 7.2
– 73 88 103 89 88 78
5.5% 4.8 7.9 5.4 9.0 4.5 4.6 3.9 4.4 6.7 10.9 6.4 4.4
77 92 110 90 82 105 101 60 126 52 70 87 83
* Assumes unemployment above the U.S. rate corresponds to employed workers with no ouput Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2005b) data.
Table 8.5 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Employment rates in OECD countries
1979
1989
2000
Percentage-point change 2004
1979-89
1989-2000
Male United States 73.8% 72.5% 71.9% 69.2% -1.3 -0.6 Japan 78.2 75.1 72.5 69.6 -3.1 -2.6 Germany* 69.8 65.9 61.7 57.8 -3.9 -4.2 France 69.6 61.2 59.0 58.7 -8.4 -2.2 Italy 66.3 59.9 56.5 57.1 -6.4 -3.4 United Kingdom 74.5 70.4 67.5 66.9 -4.1 -2.9 Canada 74.3 71.7 68.3 68.6 -2.6 -3.4 Australia 75.3% 72.1% 68.7% 68.8% -3.2 -3.4 Netherlands 74.3 65.1 71.9 71.0 -9.2 6.8 Sweden 73.7 70.9 64.3 63.1 -2.8 -6.6 Female United States 47.5% 54.3% 57.7% 56.0% 6.8 3.4 Japan 45.7 47.4 46.4 45.5 1.7 -1.0 Germany* 38.4 39.7 44.6 44.6 1.3 4.9 France 40.5 41.2 43.9 45.7 0.7 2.7 Italy 27.3 28.6 30.5 34.2 1.3 1.9 United Kingdom 45.3 49.7 52.5 53.5 4.4 2.8 Canada 45.6 53.9 56.1 58.3 8.3 2.2 Australia 40.7% 48.8% 52.6% 53.8% 8.1 3.8 Netherlands 29.2 37.4 52.2 54.0 8.2 14.8 Sweden 57.2 61.7 56.1 56.1 4.5 -5.6 * For all BLS data prior to 1999, Western Germany. Source: Authors’ analysis of BLS (2005) data. Table 8.6 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2000-04 -2.7 -2.9 -3.9 -0.3 0.6 -0.6 0.3 0.1 -0.9 -1.2 -1.7 -0.9 0.0 1.8 3.7 1.0 2.2 1.2 1.8 0.0
Average annual hours worked in OECD, 1979-2004
Change in hours
1979
1989
2000
2004
1979-89
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
1,861 2,126 1,758 1,755 1,697 1,815 1,800 1,904 – – – 1,870 – – – 1,514 – 2,022 1,530 – 1,874
1,878 2,070 1,589 1,608 1,654 1,782 1,770 1,870 – 1,612 1,466 1,803 1,919 1,452 1,832 1,440 1,867 1,822 1,565 – 1,774
1,858 1,821 1,443 1,496 1,613 1,701 1,768 1,855 1,582 1,545 1,467 1,750 1,688 1,368 1,817 1,380 1,691 1,815 1,625 1,603 1,656
1,824 1,789 1,426 1,441 1,585 1,669 1,751 1,816 1,550 1,522 1,454 1,736 1,642 1,357 1,826 1,363 1,694 1,799 1,585 1,556 1,628
17 -56 -169 -147 -43 -32 -30 -34 – – – -67 – – – -74 – -199 34 – -90
1989-2000
2000-04
-21 -249 -147 -112 -41 -81 -2 -15 – -67 1 -53 -231 -84 -15 -60 -176 -7 60 – -116
-33 -32 -17 -55 -28 -32 -17
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2005b) data. Table 8.7 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
-40 -32 -23 -13 -13 -46 -11 9 -17 3 -16 -40 -47 -28
Per capita income compared to OECD average
Difference from OECD average attributed to: Per capita income (OECD average=100)
Productivity
Hours worked per person
Labor utilization
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
130.2% 96.8 93.6 99.9 90.3 100.9 104.2
11.7% -18.2 11.1 27.0 9.6 -3.3 -11.0
15.2% 9.1 -11.4 -13.2 -2.9 3.6 7.6
3.2% 5.9 -6.1 -13.9 -16.5 0.6 7.6
Australia Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden
106.6% 105.2 100.1 119.4 93.3 81.0 132.7 59.3 84.7 101.9
-8.1% 7.7 -5.4 20.0 4.6 -33.4 47.2 -46.2 -16.2 2.9
12.0% -8.7 8.4 0.2 -18.2 9.1 -23.0 2.5 28.8 -1.1
2.7% 6.2 -3.0 -0.7 6.9 5.2 8.5 3.0 -28.0 0.1
Source: Bivens (2006).
Table 8.8 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Work and leave policies in weeks in the OECD Country
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
Average annual work
Full-time employees Statutory minimum vacation
Actual holiday and vacation
46.2 – 40.6 40.7 41.1 40.8 – – 39.5 40.3 39.4 38.9 43.9 39.6 – 37.0 41.9 42.1 36.0 42.6
0.0 – 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 – – 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 – 4.2 4.4 4.4 5.0 –
3.9 – 7.8 7.0 7.9 6.6 – – 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.1 5.7 7.6 – 6.5 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.1
Source: Alesina, Glaeser, and Sacerdote (2005). Table 8.9 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Employment in OECD countries, 1979-2004
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Employment (thousands)
1979
1989
2000
2004
98,824 54,790 26,120 21,392 20,057 25,080 10,669 6,079 3,051 3,660 2,439 2,246 1,151 4,821 1,262 1,862 3,854 12,109 4,180 3,095 25,621
117,342 61,280 27,469 21,842 20,833 26,549 12,986 7,715 3,342 3,670 2,610 2,494 1,099 6,065 1,532 2,014 4,377 12,558 4,442 3,704 27,912
136,891 64,460 36,236 23,698 20,874 27,058 14,759 8,990 3,743 4,093 2,692 2,326 1,664 7,758 1,808 2,246 4,997 15,425 4,159 4,089 30,387
139,252 63,290 35,876 24,259 22,146 27,845 15,950 9,578 3,732 4,139 2,689 2,356 1,829 7,990 2,017 2,258 5,087 17,875 4,213 4,185 30,414
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2006b) data.
Employment change (thousands)
1979-89
18,518 6,490 1,349 450 776 1,469 2,317 1,636 291 10 171 248 -52 1,244 270 152 523 449 262 609 2,219
1989-2000 19,549 3,180 8,767 1,856 41 509 1,773 1,275 401 423 82 -168 565 1,693 276 232 620 2,867 -283 385 2,697
Table 8.10 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Annual growth rate (%)
2000-04 2,361 -1,170 -360 561 1,272 787 1,191 588 -11 47 -3 29 165 232 209 12 91 2,451 54 96 231
1979-89
1989-2000
2000-04
1.7% 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 2.0
1.4% 0.5 2.6 0.7 0.0 0.2 1.2
0.4% -0.5 -0.2 0.6 1.5 0.7 2.0
2.4% 0.9 0.0 0.7 1.1 -0.5 2.3 2.0 0.8 1.3 0.4 0.6 1.8 0.8%
1.4% 1.0 1.0 0.3 -0.6 3.8 2.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.9 -0.6 0.9 1.0%
1.6% -0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 2.4 0.7 2.8 0.1 0.4 3.8 0.3 0.6 0.7%
Unemployment rates in the OECD, 1979-2004 (percent of civilian labor force) Country United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Standardized unemployment 1979 5.8% 2.1 2.7 5.3 5.8 4.7 7.5 6.1% – 9.1 – 6.5 – 5.8 – 2.0 – 7.7 2.1 – 4.2%
1989
2000
5.3% 2.3 5.6 9.1 9.7 7.1 7.5 6.0% – 7.4 6.8 3.1 14.7 6.6 7.1 5.4 5.2 13.9 1.5 – 6.6%
4.0% 4.7 7.8 9.5 10.4 5.4 6.8 6.3% 3.7 6.9 4.4 9.8 4.3 2.9 6.0 3.4 4.1 11.3 5.6 2.7 7.0%
Source: Auhtors’ analysis of OECD (2001e, 2003b and 2005) data. Table 8.11 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2004 5.5% 4.7 9.5 9.6 8.0 4.7 7.2 5.5% 4.8 7.9 5.4 9.0 4.5 4.6 3.9 4.4 6.7 10.9 6.4 4.4 7.1%
Unemployment rates in the OECD by education level, 2003 Country
Unemployment rate Less than High high school school College
Ratio of:
Less than high school/ college
High school/ college
United States Japan Germany France Italy* United Kingdom Canada
9.9% 6.7 18.0 12.1 9.0 6.9 10.9
6.1% 5.4 10.2 7.5 6.4 3.9 6.5
3.4% 3.7 5.2 6.1 5.3 2.4 5.2
2.9 1.8 3.5 2.0 1.7 2.9 2.1
1.8 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.3
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands* New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
7.0% 7.9 10.7 7.2 11.1 6.3 3.8 4.9 3.9 5.7 11.2 6.1 6.1
4.3% 3.4 6.7 4.4 9.2 2.9 2.2 2.9 3.6 5.1 9.5 5.2 3.3
3.0% 2.0 3.5 4.7 4.3 2.6 2.1 3.5 2.5 4.9 7.7 3.9 2.9
2.3 4.0 3.1 1.5 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.6 2.1
1.4 1.7 1.9 0.9 2.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1
9.7%
6.4%
4.5%
2.2
1.4
Average excluding U.S.
* Data for Italy and Netherlands are from 2002.
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2004a, 2005b) data. Table 8.12 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Real compensation growth per year in the OECD, 1979-2005 Country
1979-89
1989-2000
2000-05
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
-0.2% 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 0.5
0.8% 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.7 1.9 1.2
1.7% 0.1 -0.5 0.9 0.5 3.4 0.4
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand* Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
0.0% 1.6 1.2 0.5 3.1 1.3 -0.3 -1.0 0.4 -0.6 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.1%
1.0% 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.5 1.7 0.6 3.3 1.7 3.4 1.3 2.4 0.8 0.9%
0.6% 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.0 2.1 2.3 1.1 0.2 2.5 0.6 0.7%
* For New Zealand 2000-05 is 2000-03. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2003a and 2005a) data.
Table 8.13 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Relative hourly compensation of manufacturing production workers, 1979-2004, (U.S. = 100) Country
Using market exchange rates
Using purchasing-power parity
1979
1989
2000
2004
1979
1989
2000
2004
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
100 60 124 85 78 63 87
100 88 123 88 101 74 103
100 112 120 78 70 85 84
100 95 147 103 88 107 92
100 56 101 69 100 69 94
100 63 121 86 109 79 101
100 78 133 93 94 89 101
100 76 127 91 83 92 96
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
83 88 131 117 83 55 126 51 114 19 59 125 117 82
87 99 108 102 118 68 105 53 128 21 63 122 117 93
73 97 102 111 99 65 98 40 115 23 54 102 107 92
100 122 129 146 132 95 133 56 150 30 74 123 131 105
76 86 92 84 70 59 101 61 77 34 66 88 89 77
82 105 109 84 91 74 111 59 96 37 76 95 97 88
96 115 120 107 109 73 115 61 112 38 79 102 95 95
99 110 118 104 111 76 117 57 110 34 78 98 95
Source: Authors’ analysis of BLS (2001 and 2005) data. Table 8.14 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
93
Annual growth in real hourly compensation in manufacturing in the OECD, 1979-2004 Country
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U. S.
1979-89 All Production employees workers 0.1% 1.8 2.5 1.9 1.0 3.0 0.3 – – 1.3% 1.4 – – 1.4 – 1.0 – – 1.1 – 1.9%
-0.7% 1.4 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 0.1 0.6% 2.1 1.4 -0.1 3.2 1.9 0.5 -0.8 0.9 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.5%
1989-2000
2000-04
All Production All Production employees workers employees workers
Source: Authors’ analysis of BLS (2006d) and OECD (2006b) data.
1.1% 1.7 2.1 1.5 0.3 2.1 0.0 – – 1.0% 0.9 – – 1.4 1.9 – – 1.8 – 1.6%
0.1% 2.0 1.5 1.1 -0.3 1.5 0.7 1.5% 1.4 1.9 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 0.2 1.3%
2.6% 1.0 0.6 1.8 0.5 2.2 0.0 1.7% - 1.6% 2.6 – – 1.7 - 2.7 – – 2.5 – 1.2%
Table 8.15 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
1.8% 0.4 0.1 1.5 -0.2 2.8 0.0 3.0% 0.3 0.6 1.3 2.7 2.6 1.6 0.5 2.2 0.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.0%
Household income inequality in the OECD Country
Gini coefficient 1989 2000
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland
0.338 0.315 0.257 0.287 0.303 0.336 0.281 0.304 0.227 0.232 0.254 0.210 0.328 0.266 0.231 0.303 0.218 0.307
0.368 – 0.252 0.288 0.333 0.345 0.302 0.311 0.260 0.277 0.257 0.247 0.323 0.248 0.251 0.340 0.252 0.274
8.2% – -2.0 0.3 9.0 2.6 7.0 2.3% 12.7 16.2 1.2 15.0 -1.5 -7.3 8.0 10.9 13.5 -12.0
0.030 – -0.005 0.001 0.030 0.009 0.021 0.007 0.033 0.045 0.003 0.037 -0.005 -0.018 0.020 0.037 0.034 -0.033
5.4 4.2 3.2 3.5 4.5 4.6 4.0
Average excluding U.S.
0.285
0.281
4.4%
0.017
3.8
Change in Gini coefficient Percent Point change change
Ratio of 90th to 10th percentile
Source: Smeeding (2006) and Luxembourg Income Study (2006a). Table 8.16 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
4.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 2.9 4.6 3.0 2.8 4.8 3.0 3.4
Relative income comparisons in the OECD* Figure 7C Relative income comparisons in the OECD Figure 7C Relative income comparisons in the OECD 155 155% 159 159% 164 164% 168 168% 167 167% 170 170% 173 173% 178 178% 188 188% 191 191% 188 188% 192 192% 197 197% 195 195% 201% 201 199 199%
54 54% 57 57% 57 57% 57 57% 56 56% 53 53% 54 54% 53 53% 52 52% 54 54% 46 46% 46 46% 50% 50 45% 45 46% 46 44% 44 47% 47 39% 39
Denmark Denmark Norway Norway Finland Finland Sweden Sweden Netherlands Netherlands Belgium Belgium Germany Germany Austria Austria Switzerland Switzerland France France Canada Canada Japan Japan Spain Spain Australia Australia Ireland Ireland Italy Italy United Kingdom United Kingdom United States United States
00
50 50
215 215% 210% 210 100 100
150 150
200 200
Percent of median income received by: Percent of median income received by: Low-income (10th percentile) households High-income (90th percentile) households Low-income (10th percentile) households High-income (90th percentile) households * The gap between the income of the top 10% of households and the bottom 10% of households * The gap between the income of the top 10% of households and the bottom 10% of households * The gap between the income of the top 10% and the bottom 10% of households. Source: Smeeding Source: Smeeding Source: Smeeding (2006).
Figure 8C from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
250 250
Share of U.S. median income received by low- and high-income OECD households, 2000* Figure 7D Composition of low and high incomes to U. S. median.* Finland
38%
Sweden
38%
111% 113%
Denmark
43%
Germany
41%
Netherlands
41%
Norway
123% 131% 133%
50%
Belgium
143%
43%
France
136%
43%
Australia
34%
United Kingdom
35%
148% 148%
Switzerland
157% 55%
Canada
185%
45%
United States
180%
39% 0% 0
210% 50% 50
100% 100
150% 150
200% 200
250% 250
Percent of U.S. median income received by: Low-income (10th percentile) households High-income (90th percentile) households *These relative income measures compare the gap between the top 10% and the bottom 10% of household income in each country to the US
Source: Smeeding and Rainwater (2001) and Smeeding (2004). * median income in purchasing-power-parity terms. These relative income measures compare the gap between the top 10% and the bottom 10% of household income in each country to the U.S. median income in purchasing-power-parity terms.
Source: Smeeding and Rainwater (2001) and Smeeding (2006). Figure 8D from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Top decile incomeFIGURE 8E Top decile income share in France and in the United States share in France and in the United States
Share excluding capital gains
50% France 1913-98
45%
United States 1917-2004 40%
35%
30%
25% 1913
1923
1933
1943
1953
1963
1973
1983
1993
Source: Piketty and Saez (2001).
Source: Piketty and Saez (2001).
Figure 8E from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2003
Figure 8F Top 0.1% family income share in France, the United States, and the United Top 0.1% family income share in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom Kingdom
Share excluding capital gains
14% 12%
France 1913-98
10%
United States 1913-2004 United Kingdom 1913-98
8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 1913
1923
1933
1943
1953
1963
1973
1983
1993
Source: Piketty and Saez (2001). Source: Piketty and Saez (2001). Figure 8F from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2003
Poverty rates in OECD countries, 2000 Country
Poverty line (50% of median) Total poverty
Children
Elderly
United States Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
17.0% 8.3 8.0 12.7 12.4 11.4
21.9% 9.0 7.9 16.6 15.3 14.9
24.7% 10.1 9.8 13.7 20.5 5.9
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland
14.3% 7.7 8.0 9.2 5.4 16.5 7.3 6.4 14.3 6.5 7.6
15.8% 7.8 6.7 8.7 2.8 17.2 9.8 3.4 16.1 4.2 6.7
29.4% 13.7 16.4 6.6 8.5 35.8 2.4 11.9 23.4 7.7 18.4
Source: Luxembourg Income Study (2006b) data. Table 8.17 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Child poverty rates before and after taxes and transfers, 2000 2.4
Denmark
11.8
2.8
Finland
18.1
3.4
Norway
Before
15.5
4.2
Sweden
After
18.0 6.8
Switzerland
7.8
7.5
France
27.7
7.7
Belgium
16.7 9.8
Netherlands
11.1
10.2
Germany
18.2
10.2
Austria
17.7 14.9
Canada
22.8
15.4
United Kingdom
25.4
15.6 16.4
Portugal
15.7
Ireland
24.9
16.3
New Zealand
27.9 21.9
United States
10.7
Average excluding U.S. 0.0
5.0
10.0
26.6
21.1 15.0
20.0
25.0
Source: Corak (2005).
Source: Corak (2005)
Figure 8G from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
30.0
Social expenditure versus childFIGURE 7H Social expenditure versus child poverty poverty 25% United States
20% Child poverty rates
Italy
Ireland Australia
Spain
15%
United Kingdom
Canada
Netherlands Germany France Austria
10%
Switzerland
Denmark
Belgium
5%
Norway
Sweden
Finland
0% 0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Social expenditure as a percent of GDP
Note: R2 = 0.631 Source: Authors analysis of OECD (2004) and Luxembourg Income Study (2006b) data.
Note: R2 = 0.6311
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2004b) and Luxembourg Income Study (2006b) data.
Figure 8H from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
18%
Public and private expenditures on health care 2003 (Percent of GDP) Figure 7I Public and Private expenditures onspending, health care spending, 2003 United States (25.3%)
6.7%
Switzerland (100.0%)
6.8%
8.3%
8.7%
Norway (100.0%)
8.6%
2.4% 1.7%
7.7%
France (99.9%)
9.8% 1.4% 9.4%
Australia (100.0%)
6.3%
3.0%
Belgium (99.0%)
6.5%
2.6%
7.5%
Denmark (100.0%)
9.3% 9.1%
1.5%
Italy (100.0%)
6.3%
Japan (100.0%)
6.4%
1.5%
United Kingdom (100.0%)
6.4%
1.3% 7.7%
2.1%
Spain (99.8%)
5.5%
2.2%
Finland (100.0%)
5.7%
1.8%
5.1%
Austria (99.0%)
2.4%
0%
2%
9.0%
8.4% 7.9%
7.7% 7.5% 7.5%
1.6% 7.4%
5.8%
Ireland (100.0%)
Private
9.9%
3.7% 8.0%
Sweden (100.0%)
Public
10.1%
3.0%
6.1%
Netherlands (75.7%)
11.1%
10.3%
2.4%
6.9%
Canada (100.0%)
11.6%
4.8%
Germany (90.9%)
15.0%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
Note: Percentage of population covered by public health care spending appears in parentheses by the country name. Note: Coverage of public health insurance schemes over total population in parentheses. Source: OECD data. Source:(2004b) OECD (2004) Figure 8I from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
16%
Life expectancy atFigure 7J Life expectancy at birth and health spending per capita, 2003 birth and health spending per capita, 2003 85 JPN ESP
Life expectancy
80 KOR MEX
75
POL
CZE
ITA
NLZ FIN AUT GRC IRL PRT UK
SWE AUS FRA
CAN
ISL
NLD BEL DEU DNK
CHE NOR LUX
USA
SVK HUN
70 TUR
R2 = 0.57
65 $0
Source: OECD (2005c)
$1,500
$3,000
$4,500
Health spending per capita, U.S. dollars
Note: See the Figure Notes section at the end of the book for a guide to the country abbreviations. Source: OECD (2005c) data. Figure 8J from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
$6,000
Infant mortality, per 1,000 live births 13.1
United States
7.0
1979
12.8
New Zealand
5.6
2003 10.9
Canada
5.4 14.8
United Kingdom
5.3 12.8
Ireland
5.1 8.7
Netherlands
4.8 11.4
Australia
4.8 14.7
Austria
4.5 8.8
Denmark
4.4 8.5
Switzerland
4.3 15.4
Italy
4.3 12.3
Belgium
4.3 13.3
Germany
4.2 14.3
Spain
4.1 10
France
3.9 8.8
Norway
3.4 7.5
Sweden
3.1 7.6
Finland
3.1 7.9
Japan
3.0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Infant deaths (per 1,000)
Source: OECD (2005c) data. Source: OECD (2005c)
Figure 8K from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
16
18
Figure 7L Percent going without needed health care due to costs, for total and low
Percent going without needed health care due to costs income adults 60%
57%
All adults
50%
44%
Adults with below-average incomes
40%
40%
35%
30%
26%
20% 10%
34%
29%
17% 9%
12%
0% United Kingdom
Canada
Austria
New Zealand
United States
Source: Commonwealth Fund (2004) Source: Commonwealth Fund (2004).
Figure 8L from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Country United States Japan Germany** France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Per capita income*
Annual growth rates (%)
1960
1979
1989
2000
2004
1960-79
1979-89
$16,522 7,625 9,117 8,713 5,461 12,497 10,249
$24,914 25,696 16,959 16,409 13,732 17,275 18,016
$30,546 34,792 20,244 19,813 17,322 21,460 21,383
$37,721 40,796 25,225 23,882 20,300 26,731 25,399
$39,728 42,146 25,823 24,826 20,912 29,011 26,868
2.2% 6.6 3.3 3.4 5.0 1.7 3.0
2.1% 3.1 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 1.7
1.9% 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.6
1.3% 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.7 2.1 1.4
$8,344 8,322 8,224 12,560 5,683 4,624 9,816 8,366 9,887 2,518 3,444 10,057 22,843 $8,402
$15,070 17,101 16,368 22,735 16,203 10,640 17,781 11,394 23,240 6,288 9,452 20,783 29,271 $18,058
$18,174 $22,614 20,624 26,397 19,996 24,697 26,085 32,719 22,150 25,413 13,848 27,611 20,493 26,485 12,898 14,838 29,278 40,547 8,472 11,358 11,891 15,734 25,377 29,760 34,660 37,237 $22,860 $27,662
$24,592 27,358 25,792 33,595 27,578 31,778 26,719 16,471 42,832 11,250 16,753 31,927 37,007 $28,761
3.2% 3.9 3.7 3.2 5.7 4.5 3.2 1.6 4.6 4.9 5.5 3.9 1.3 4.2%
1.9% 1.9 2.0 1.4 3.2 2.7 1.4 1.2 2.3 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.7 2.3%
2.0% 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.3 6.5 2.4 1.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 1.5 0.7 1.8%
2.1% 0.9 1.1 0.7 2.1 3.6 0.2 2.6 1.4 -0.2 1.6 1.8 -0.2
* At the price levels and exchange rates of 2000 except for 1960, which is calculated at 1990 price levels and exchange rates. ** For all OECD data prior to 1991, Western Germany. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (1999, 2006a) data. For detailed information on table sources, see Table Notes. Table 8.1 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
1989-2000
2000-04
1.1%
Per capita income using purchasing-power parity exchange rates, 1970-2004 (2004 dollars)
Country United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Per capita income*
GDP index (United States = 100)
1970
1979
1989
2000
2004
1970
1979
1989
2000
2004
$19,799 13,271 14,532 15,084 13,999 14,703 16,726 $17,314 14,653 14,761 18,634 13,615 8,968 17,129 16,368 15,786 7,647 10,831 17,882 24,381 $14,344
$24,914 17,877 18,760 19,466 18,435 18,037 21,684 $19,791 20,290 19,283 21,839 17,966 12,103 20,857 17,350 22,682 10,485 13,813 20,701 26,035 $18,388
$30,546 24,205 22,393 23,503 23,254 22,407 25,736 $23,867 24,470 23,557 25,057 24,561 15,753 24,038 19,638 28,575 14,126 17,377 25,277 30,829 $23,005
$37,721 28,383 27,904 28,330 27,253 27,911 30,571 $29,697 31,320 29,096 31,429 28,178 31,408 31,066 22,593 39,574 18,939 22,993 29,643 33,120 $28,059
$39,728 29,322 28,565 29,450 28,073 30,292 32,338 $32,295 32,461 30,385 32,270 30,580 36,148 31,340 25,079 41,804 18,759 24,482 31,801 32,916 $29,284
100 67 73 76 71 74 84 87 74 75 94 69 45 87 83 80 39 55 90 123 72
100 72 75 78 74 72 87 79 81 77 88 72 49 84 70 91 42 55 83 104 74
100 79 73 77 76 73 84 78 80 77 82 80 52 79 64 94 46 57 83 101 75
100 75 74 75 72 74 81 79 83 77 83 75 83 82 60 105 50 61 79 88 74
100 74 72 74 71 76 81
* At the price levels and PPP exchange rates of 2000. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2006a) data. Table 8.2 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
81 82 76 81 77 91 79 63 105 47 62 80 83 74
Annual growth rates of per capita income using market exchange rates, FIGURE 7A Annual growth rates of per capita income using market exchange rates, 1960-2004 (2004 dollars) 1970-2004 (2004 dollars) 4.5% 4.0%
4.2%
All other countries*
3.5%
United States
3.0% 2.5%
2.2%
2.3%
2.1%
2.0%
1.8%
1.9%
1.5%
1.1%
1.3%
1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1960-79
1979-89
1989-2000
2000-04
*Average of all countries listed in Table 8.2, not including the U.S. For detailed information on figure and figure sources see Figure Notes *Average of all countries listed in Table 7.2, not including the U.S. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (1999, 2006a) data. For detailed information on all figures and sources see Figure Notes.
Figure 8A from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Productivity growth ratesFigure 7B Productivity growth rates in G-7 countries in G-7 countries 1.7%
United States
1.8%
United Kingdom 1.3%
Japan France
1.3%
Canada
1.3%
Germany Italy
2.5%
1.8% 1989-2000 2000-05
1.5% 1.5% 1.7%
1.0%
1.7%
0.0%
0.0%
2.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
Source: OECD (2003a and 2005b) data.
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2003a and 2005b) data. Figure 8B from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
3.0%
Relative productivity levels in the OECD, 1950-2004
GDP per hour worked (United States = 100)
Country
1950
1973
1980
1990
1995
2004
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
100 15 39 46 43 61 85 72 – 59 60 35 – 59 – 57 19 25 58 86 41
100 47 76 77 83 64 86 69 – 85 81 60 46 92 81 79 40 56 79 96 68
100 55 88 88 97 70 88 72 – 102 89 64 58 106 71 101 – 69 83 101 78
100 68 94 103 104 74 85 71 – 110 94 74 74 112 65 115 44 82 81 95 85
100 72 104 106 115 80 86 73 – 113 97 80 83 113 63 128 50 87 84 86 91
100 73 92 107 92 87 80
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2003c and 2005b) data. Table 8.3 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
77 91 113 90 86 104 100 59 125 53 76 88 82 86
Labor productivity growth per year in OECD, 1960-2005
Country
1989-2000
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
1960-73
1973-79
1979-1989
2.6% 8.4 4.5 5.3 6.4 4.0 2.5 3.0% 5.9 5.2 3.9 5.0 4.8 4.8 2.1 3.8 7.5 5.9 3.7 3.3
0.3% 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.6 1.1 2.5% 3.1 2.7 2.3 3.2 4.3 2.6 -1.1 2.7 0.5 2.8 1.4 0.8
1.2% 2.8 1.4 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.0 1.1% 2.4 2.4 1.3 3.4 4.1 1.6 1.9 1.0 2.2 2.7 1.8 0.4
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (1998, 2003a, and 2005a).
2000-05
1.7% 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.5
2.5% 1.8 1.0 1.3 0.0 2.0 1.3
2.0% 2.5 1.6 2.4 2.9 3.7 1.4 0.7 2.7 2.1 1.4 2.8 0.3
0.8% 1.8 1.2 2.0 1.9 3.1 0.9 1.0 2.7 0.4 0.4 2.0 0.8
Table 8.4 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Productivity and unemployment rates in OECD, 2004 Country
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
Productivity (US=100)
Unemployment rate
100 73 92 107 92 87 80 77 91 113 90 86 104 100 59 125 53 76 88 82
Adjusted Productivity*
5.5% 4.7 9.5 9.6 8.0 4.7 7.2
– 73 88 103 89 88 78
5.5% 4.8 7.9 5.4 9.0 4.5 4.6 3.9 4.4 6.7 10.9 6.4 4.4
77 92 110 90 82 105 101 60 126 52 70 87 83
* Assumes unemployment above the U.S. rate corresponds to employed workers with no ouput Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2005b) data.
Table 8.5 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Employment rates in OECD countries
1979
1989
2000
Percentage-point change 2004
1979-89
1989-2000
Male United States 73.8% 72.5% 71.9% 69.2% -1.3 -0.6 Japan 78.2 75.1 72.5 69.6 -3.1 -2.6 Germany* 69.8 65.9 61.7 57.8 -3.9 -4.2 France 69.6 61.2 59.0 58.7 -8.4 -2.2 Italy 66.3 59.9 56.5 57.1 -6.4 -3.4 United Kingdom 74.5 70.4 67.5 66.9 -4.1 -2.9 Canada 74.3 71.7 68.3 68.6 -2.6 -3.4 Australia 75.3% 72.1% 68.7% 68.8% -3.2 -3.4 Netherlands 74.3 65.1 71.9 71.0 -9.2 6.8 Sweden 73.7 70.9 64.3 63.1 -2.8 -6.6 Female United States 47.5% 54.3% 57.7% 56.0% 6.8 3.4 Japan 45.7 47.4 46.4 45.5 1.7 -1.0 Germany* 38.4 39.7 44.6 44.6 1.3 4.9 France 40.5 41.2 43.9 45.7 0.7 2.7 Italy 27.3 28.6 30.5 34.2 1.3 1.9 United Kingdom 45.3 49.7 52.5 53.5 4.4 2.8 Canada 45.6 53.9 56.1 58.3 8.3 2.2 Australia 40.7% 48.8% 52.6% 53.8% 8.1 3.8 Netherlands 29.2 37.4 52.2 54.0 8.2 14.8 Sweden 57.2 61.7 56.1 56.1 4.5 -5.6 * For all BLS data prior to 1999, Western Germany. Source: Authors’ analysis of BLS (2005) data. Table 8.6 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2000-04 -2.7 -2.9 -3.9 -0.3 0.6 -0.6 0.3 0.1 -0.9 -1.2 -1.7 -0.9 0.0 1.8 3.7 1.0 2.2 1.2 1.8 0.0
Average annual hours worked in OECD, 1979-2004
Change in hours
1979
1989
2000
2004
1979-89
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
1,861 2,126 1,758 1,755 1,697 1,815 1,800 1,904 – – – 1,870 – – – 1,514 – 2,022 1,530 – 1,874
1,878 2,070 1,589 1,608 1,654 1,782 1,770 1,870 – 1,612 1,466 1,803 1,919 1,452 1,832 1,440 1,867 1,822 1,565 – 1,774
1,858 1,821 1,443 1,496 1,613 1,701 1,768 1,855 1,582 1,545 1,467 1,750 1,688 1,368 1,817 1,380 1,691 1,815 1,625 1,603 1,656
1,824 1,789 1,426 1,441 1,585 1,669 1,751 1,816 1,550 1,522 1,454 1,736 1,642 1,357 1,826 1,363 1,694 1,799 1,585 1,556 1,628
17 -56 -169 -147 -43 -32 -30 -34 – – – -67 – – – -74 – -199 34 – -90
1989-2000
2000-04
-21 -249 -147 -112 -41 -81 -2 -15 – -67 1 -53 -231 -84 -15 -60 -176 -7 60 – -116
-33 -32 -17 -55 -28 -32 -17
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2005b) data. Table 8.7 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
-40 -32 -23 -13 -13 -46 -11 9 -17 3 -16 -40 -47 -28
Per capita income compared to OECD average
Difference from OECD average attributed to: Per capita income (OECD average=100)
Productivity
Hours worked per person
Labor utilization
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
130.2% 96.8 93.6 99.9 90.3 100.9 104.2
11.7% -18.2 11.1 27.0 9.6 -3.3 -11.0
15.2% 9.1 -11.4 -13.2 -2.9 3.6 7.6
3.2% 5.9 -6.1 -13.9 -16.5 0.6 7.6
Australia Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden
106.6% 105.2 100.1 119.4 93.3 81.0 132.7 59.3 84.7 101.9
-8.1% 7.7 -5.4 20.0 4.6 -33.4 47.2 -46.2 -16.2 2.9
12.0% -8.7 8.4 0.2 -18.2 9.1 -23.0 2.5 28.8 -1.1
2.7% 6.2 -3.0 -0.7 6.9 5.2 8.5 3.0 -28.0 0.1
Source: Bivens (2006).
Table 8.8 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Work and leave policies in weeks in the OECD Country
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
Average annual work
Full-time employees Statutory minimum vacation
Actual holiday and vacation
46.2 – 40.6 40.7 41.1 40.8 – – 39.5 40.3 39.4 38.9 43.9 39.6 – 37.0 41.9 42.1 36.0 42.6
0.0 – 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 – – 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 – 4.2 4.4 4.4 5.0 –
3.9 – 7.8 7.0 7.9 6.6 – – 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.1 5.7 7.6 – 6.5 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.1
Source: Alesina, Glaeser, and Sacerdote (2005). Table 8.9 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Employment in OECD countries, 1979-2004
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Employment (thousands)
1979
1989
2000
2004
98,824 54,790 26,120 21,392 20,057 25,080 10,669 6,079 3,051 3,660 2,439 2,246 1,151 4,821 1,262 1,862 3,854 12,109 4,180 3,095 25,621
117,342 61,280 27,469 21,842 20,833 26,549 12,986 7,715 3,342 3,670 2,610 2,494 1,099 6,065 1,532 2,014 4,377 12,558 4,442 3,704 27,912
136,891 64,460 36,236 23,698 20,874 27,058 14,759 8,990 3,743 4,093 2,692 2,326 1,664 7,758 1,808 2,246 4,997 15,425 4,159 4,089 30,387
139,252 63,290 35,876 24,259 22,146 27,845 15,950 9,578 3,732 4,139 2,689 2,356 1,829 7,990 2,017 2,258 5,087 17,875 4,213 4,185 30,414
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2006b) data.
Employment change (thousands)
1979-89
18,518 6,490 1,349 450 776 1,469 2,317 1,636 291 10 171 248 -52 1,244 270 152 523 449 262 609 2,219
1989-2000 19,549 3,180 8,767 1,856 41 509 1,773 1,275 401 423 82 -168 565 1,693 276 232 620 2,867 -283 385 2,697
Table 8.10 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Annual growth rate (%)
2000-04 2,361 -1,170 -360 561 1,272 787 1,191 588 -11 47 -3 29 165 232 209 12 91 2,451 54 96 231
1979-89
1989-2000
2000-04
1.7% 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 2.0
1.4% 0.5 2.6 0.7 0.0 0.2 1.2
0.4% -0.5 -0.2 0.6 1.5 0.7 2.0
2.4% 0.9 0.0 0.7 1.1 -0.5 2.3 2.0 0.8 1.3 0.4 0.6 1.8 0.8%
1.4% 1.0 1.0 0.3 -0.6 3.8 2.3 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.9 -0.6 0.9 1.0%
1.6% -0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 2.4 0.7 2.8 0.1 0.4 3.8 0.3 0.6 0.7%
Unemployment rates in the OECD, 1979-2004 (percent of civilian labor force) Country United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
Standardized unemployment 1979 5.8% 2.1 2.7 5.3 5.8 4.7 7.5 6.1% – 9.1 – 6.5 – 5.8 – 2.0 – 7.7 2.1 – 4.2%
1989
2000
5.3% 2.3 5.6 9.1 9.7 7.1 7.5 6.0% – 7.4 6.8 3.1 14.7 6.6 7.1 5.4 5.2 13.9 1.5 – 6.6%
4.0% 4.7 7.8 9.5 10.4 5.4 6.8 6.3% 3.7 6.9 4.4 9.8 4.3 2.9 6.0 3.4 4.1 11.3 5.6 2.7 7.0%
Source: Auhtors’ analysis of OECD (2001e, 2003b and 2005) data. Table 8.11 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2004 5.5% 4.7 9.5 9.6 8.0 4.7 7.2 5.5% 4.8 7.9 5.4 9.0 4.5 4.6 3.9 4.4 6.7 10.9 6.4 4.4 7.1%
Unemployment rates in the OECD by education level, 2003 Country
Unemployment rate Less than High high school school College
Ratio of:
Less than high school/ college
High school/ college
United States Japan Germany France Italy* United Kingdom Canada
9.9% 6.7 18.0 12.1 9.0 6.9 10.9
6.1% 5.4 10.2 7.5 6.4 3.9 6.5
3.4% 3.7 5.2 6.1 5.3 2.4 5.2
2.9 1.8 3.5 2.0 1.7 2.9 2.1
1.8 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.3
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands* New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
7.0% 7.9 10.7 7.2 11.1 6.3 3.8 4.9 3.9 5.7 11.2 6.1 6.1
4.3% 3.4 6.7 4.4 9.2 2.9 2.2 2.9 3.6 5.1 9.5 5.2 3.3
3.0% 2.0 3.5 4.7 4.3 2.6 2.1 3.5 2.5 4.9 7.7 3.9 2.9
2.3 4.0 3.1 1.5 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.6 2.1
1.4 1.7 1.9 0.9 2.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1
9.7%
6.4%
4.5%
2.2
1.4
Average excluding U.S.
* Data for Italy and Netherlands are from 2002.
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2004a, 2005b) data. Table 8.12 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Real compensation growth per year in the OECD, 1979-2005 Country
1979-89
1989-2000
2000-05
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
-0.2% 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 0.5
0.8% 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.7 1.9 1.2
1.7% 0.1 -0.5 0.9 0.5 3.4 0.4
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand* Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
0.0% 1.6 1.2 0.5 3.1 1.3 -0.3 -1.0 0.4 -0.6 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.1%
1.0% 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.5 1.7 0.6 3.3 1.7 3.4 1.3 2.4 0.8 0.9%
0.6% 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.0 2.1 2.3 1.1 0.2 2.5 0.6 0.7%
* For New Zealand 2000-05 is 2000-03. Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2003a and 2005a) data.
Table 8.13 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Relative hourly compensation of manufacturing production workers, 1979-2004, (U.S. = 100) Country
Using market exchange rates
Using purchasing-power parity
1979
1989
2000
2004
1979
1989
2000
2004
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
100 60 124 85 78 63 87
100 88 123 88 101 74 103
100 112 120 78 70 85 84
100 95 147 103 88 107 92
100 56 101 69 100 69 94
100 63 121 86 109 79 101
100 78 133 93 94 89 101
100 76 127 91 83 92 96
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U.S.
83 88 131 117 83 55 126 51 114 19 59 125 117 82
87 99 108 102 118 68 105 53 128 21 63 122 117 93
73 97 102 111 99 65 98 40 115 23 54 102 107 92
100 122 129 146 132 95 133 56 150 30 74 123 131 105
76 86 92 84 70 59 101 61 77 34 66 88 89 77
82 105 109 84 91 74 111 59 96 37 76 95 97 88
96 115 120 107 109 73 115 61 112 38 79 102 95 95
99 110 118 104 111 76 117 57 110 34 78 98 95
Source: Authors’ analysis of BLS (2001 and 2005) data. Table 8.14 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
93
Annual growth in real hourly compensation in manufacturing in the OECD, 1979-2004 Country
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Average excluding U. S.
1979-89 All Production employees workers 0.1% 1.8 2.5 1.9 1.0 3.0 0.3 – – 1.3% 1.4 – – 1.4 – 1.0 – – 1.1 – 1.9%
-0.7% 1.4 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 0.1 0.6% 2.1 1.4 -0.1 3.2 1.9 0.5 -0.8 0.9 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.5%
1989-2000
2000-04
All Production All Production employees workers employees workers
Source: Authors’ analysis of BLS (2006d) and OECD (2006b) data.
1.1% 1.7 2.1 1.5 0.3 2.1 0.0 – – 1.0% 0.9 – – 1.4 1.9 – – 1.8 – 1.6%
0.1% 2.0 1.5 1.1 -0.3 1.5 0.7 1.5% 1.4 1.9 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 0.2 1.3%
2.6% 1.0 0.6 1.8 0.5 2.2 0.0 1.7% - 1.6% 2.6 – – 1.7 - 2.7 – – 2.5 – 1.2%
Table 8.15 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
1.8% 0.4 0.1 1.5 -0.2 2.8 0.0 3.0% 0.3 0.6 1.3 2.7 2.6 1.6 0.5 2.2 0.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.0%
Household income inequality in the OECD Country
Gini coefficient 1989 2000
United States Japan Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland
0.338 0.315 0.257 0.287 0.303 0.336 0.281 0.304 0.227 0.232 0.254 0.210 0.328 0.266 0.231 0.303 0.218 0.307
0.368 – 0.252 0.288 0.333 0.345 0.302 0.311 0.260 0.277 0.257 0.247 0.323 0.248 0.251 0.340 0.252 0.274
8.2% – -2.0 0.3 9.0 2.6 7.0 2.3% 12.7 16.2 1.2 15.0 -1.5 -7.3 8.0 10.9 13.5 -12.0
0.030 – -0.005 0.001 0.030 0.009 0.021 0.007 0.033 0.045 0.003 0.037 -0.005 -0.018 0.020 0.037 0.034 -0.033
5.4 4.2 3.2 3.5 4.5 4.6 4.0
Average excluding U.S.
0.285
0.281
4.4%
0.017
3.8
Change in Gini coefficient Percent Point change change
Ratio of 90th to 10th percentile
Source: Smeeding (2006) and Luxembourg Income Study (2006a). Table 8.16 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
4.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 2.9 4.6 3.0 2.8 4.8 3.0 3.4
Relative income comparisons in the OECD* Figure 7C Relative income comparisons in the OECD Figure 7C Relative income comparisons in the OECD 155 155% 159 159% 164 164% 168 168% 167 167% 170 170% 173 173% 178 178% 188 188% 191 191% 188 188% 192 192% 197 197% 195 195% 201% 201 199 199%
54 54% 57 57% 57 57% 57 57% 56 56% 53 53% 54 54% 53 53% 52 52% 54 54% 46 46% 46 46% 50% 50 45% 45 46% 46 44% 44 47% 47 39% 39
Denmark Denmark Norway Norway Finland Finland Sweden Sweden Netherlands Netherlands Belgium Belgium Germany Germany Austria Austria Switzerland Switzerland France France Canada Canada Japan Japan Spain Spain Australia Australia Ireland Ireland Italy Italy United Kingdom United Kingdom United States United States
00
50 50
215 215% 210% 210 100 100
150 150
200 200
Percent of median income received by: Percent of median income received by: Low-income (10th percentile) households High-income (90th percentile) households Low-income (10th percentile) households High-income (90th percentile) households * The gap between the income of the top 10% of households and the bottom 10% of households * The gap between the income of the top 10% of households and the bottom 10% of households * The gap between the income of the top 10% and the bottom 10% of households. Source: Smeeding Source: Smeeding Source: Smeeding (2006).
Figure 8C from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
250 250
Share of U.S. median income received by low- and high-income OECD households, 2000* Figure 7D Composition of low and high incomes to U. S. median.* Finland
38%
Sweden
38%
111% 113%
Denmark
43%
Germany
41%
Netherlands
41%
Norway
123% 131% 133%
50%
Belgium
143%
43%
France
136%
43%
Australia
34%
United Kingdom
35%
148% 148%
Switzerland
157% 55%
Canada
185%
45%
United States
180%
39% 0% 0
210% 50% 50
100% 100
150% 150
200% 200
250% 250
Percent of U.S. median income received by: Low-income (10th percentile) households High-income (90th percentile) households *These relative income measures compare the gap between the top 10% and the bottom 10% of household income in each country to the US
Source: Smeeding and Rainwater (2001) and Smeeding (2004). * median income in purchasing-power-parity terms. These relative income measures compare the gap between the top 10% and the bottom 10% of household income in each country to the U.S. median income in purchasing-power-parity terms.
Source: Smeeding and Rainwater (2001) and Smeeding (2006). Figure 8D from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Top decile incomeFIGURE 8E Top decile income share in France and in the United States share in France and in the United States
Share excluding capital gains
50% France 1913-98
45%
United States 1917-2004 40%
35%
30%
25% 1913
1923
1933
1943
1953
1963
1973
1983
1993
Source: Piketty and Saez (2001).
Source: Piketty and Saez (2001).
Figure 8E from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2003
Figure 8F Top 0.1% family income share in France, the United States, and the United Top 0.1% family income share in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom Kingdom
Share excluding capital gains
14% 12%
France 1913-98
10%
United States 1913-2004 United Kingdom 1913-98
8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 1913
1923
1933
1943
1953
1963
1973
1983
1993
Source: Piketty and Saez (2001). Source: Piketty and Saez (2001). Figure 8F from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
2003
Poverty rates in OECD countries, 2000 Country
Poverty line (50% of median) Total poverty
Children
Elderly
United States Germany France Italy United Kingdom Canada
17.0% 8.3 8.0 12.7 12.4 11.4
21.9% 9.0 7.9 16.6 15.3 14.9
24.7% 10.1 9.8 13.7 20.5 5.9
Australia Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Ireland Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland
14.3% 7.7 8.0 9.2 5.4 16.5 7.3 6.4 14.3 6.5 7.6
15.8% 7.8 6.7 8.7 2.8 17.2 9.8 3.4 16.1 4.2 6.7
29.4% 13.7 16.4 6.6 8.5 35.8 2.4 11.9 23.4 7.7 18.4
Source: Luxembourg Income Study (2006b) data. Table 8.17 from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
Child poverty rates before and after taxes and transfers, 2000 2.4
Denmark
11.8
2.8
Finland
18.1
3.4
Norway
Before
15.5
4.2
Sweden
After
18.0 6.8
Switzerland
7.8
7.5
France
27.7
7.7
Belgium
16.7 9.8
Netherlands
11.1
10.2
Germany
18.2
10.2
Austria
17.7 14.9
Canada
22.8
15.4
United Kingdom
25.4
15.6 16.4
Portugal
15.7
Ireland
24.9
16.3
New Zealand
27.9 21.9
United States
10.7
Average excluding U.S. 0.0
5.0
10.0
26.6
21.1 15.0
20.0
25.0
Source: Corak (2005).
Source: Corak (2005)
Figure 8G from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
30.0
Social expenditure versus childFIGURE 7H Social expenditure versus child poverty poverty 25% United States
20% Child poverty rates
Italy
Ireland Australia
Spain
15%
United Kingdom
Canada
Netherlands Germany France Austria
10%
Switzerland
Denmark
Belgium
5%
Norway
Sweden
Finland
0% 0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Social expenditure as a percent of GDP
Note: R2 = 0.631 Source: Authors analysis of OECD (2004) and Luxembourg Income Study (2006b) data.
Note: R2 = 0.6311
Source: Authors’ analysis of OECD (2004b) and Luxembourg Income Study (2006b) data.
Figure 8H from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
18%
Public and private expenditures on health care 2003 (Percent of GDP) Figure 7I Public and Private expenditures onspending, health care spending, 2003 United States (25.3%)
6.7%
Switzerland (100.0%)
6.8%
8.3%
8.7%
Norway (100.0%)
8.6%
2.4% 1.7%
7.7%
France (99.9%)
9.8% 1.4% 9.4%
Australia (100.0%)
6.3%
3.0%
Belgium (99.0%)
6.5%
2.6%
7.5%
Denmark (100.0%)
9.3% 9.1%
1.5%
Italy (100.0%)
6.3%
Japan (100.0%)
6.4%
1.5%
United Kingdom (100.0%)
6.4%
1.3% 7.7%
2.1%
Spain (99.8%)
5.5%
2.2%
Finland (100.0%)
5.7%
1.8%
5.1%
Austria (99.0%)
2.4%
0%
2%
9.0%
8.4% 7.9%
7.7% 7.5% 7.5%
1.6% 7.4%
5.8%
Ireland (100.0%)
Private
9.9%
3.7% 8.0%
Sweden (100.0%)
Public
10.1%
3.0%
6.1%
Netherlands (75.7%)
11.1%
10.3%
2.4%
6.9%
Canada (100.0%)
11.6%
4.8%
Germany (90.9%)
15.0%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
Note: Percentage of population covered by public health care spending appears in parentheses by the country name. Note: Coverage of public health insurance schemes over total population in parentheses. Source: OECD data. Source:(2004b) OECD (2004) Figure 8I from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
16%
Life expectancy atFigure 7J Life expectancy at birth and health spending per capita, 2003 birth and health spending per capita, 2003 85 JPN ESP
Life expectancy
80 KOR MEX
75
POL
CZE
ITA
NLZ FIN AUT GRC IRL PRT UK
SWE AUS FRA
CAN
ISL
NLD BEL DEU DNK
CHE NOR LUX
USA
SVK HUN
70 TUR
R2 = 0.57
65 $0
Source: OECD (2005c)
$1,500
$3,000
$4,500
Health spending per capita, U.S. dollars
Note: See the Figure Notes section at the end of the book for a guide to the country abbreviations. Source: OECD (2005c) data. Figure 8J from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
$6,000
Infant mortality, per 1,000 live births 13.1
United States
7.0
1979
12.8
New Zealand
5.6
2003 10.9
Canada
5.4 14.8
United Kingdom
5.3 12.8
Ireland
5.1 8.7
Netherlands
4.8 11.4
Australia
4.8 14.7
Austria
4.5 8.8
Denmark
4.4 8.5
Switzerland
4.3 15.4
Italy
4.3 12.3
Belgium
4.3 13.3
Germany
4.2 14.3
Spain
4.1 10
France
3.9 8.8
Norway
3.4 7.5
Sweden
3.1 7.6
Finland
3.1 7.9
Japan
3.0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Infant deaths (per 1,000)
Source: OECD (2005c) data. Source: OECD (2005c)
Figure 8K from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
16
18
Figure 7L Percent going without needed health care due to costs, for total and low
Percent going without needed health care due to costs income adults 60%
57%
All adults
50%
44%
Adults with below-average incomes
40%
40%
35%
30%
26%
20% 10%
34%
29%
17% 9%
12%
0% United Kingdom
Canada
Austria
New Zealand
United States
Source: Commonwealth Fund (2004) Source: Commonwealth Fund (2004).
Figure 8L from: Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia Allegretto, The State of Working America 2006/2007. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2007.
