Acoustic stimulus/acoustic signal !speech sounds produced by the position of movement of structures within vocal apparatus !this produces patterns of pressure changes in the air (acoustic stimulus) Articulators !alters shape of vocal tract !includes structures such as tongue, lips, teeth, jaw, and soft palate Formants !frequencies at which peaks of pressure occur !formant transitions: rapid shifts in frequency preceding or following formants, associated with consonants Phoneme !speech unit !shortest segment of speech that, if changed, would change the meaning of the word e.g bit and bat