Raoul Mulder
Raoul Mulder
Deceptive signals: mimicry and sensory exploitation Sunday, 2 March 14
1
Deceptive signalling A signal is deceptive or dishonest if the sender does something to manipulate the response of the receiver ... ... to the sender’s benefit, and the receiver’s detriment
Anglerfish
Sunday, 2 March 14
2
Sensory bias and sensory exploitation Sensory exploitation - sender uses perceptual biases of receiver to further own interests Example Water mites
Water mites
Females detect prey by feeling for water vibrations; males mimic vibrations to elicit clasping (mating)
Sunday, 2 March 14
3
Antipredator defences - Batesian mimicry Predator is unable to distinguish between a harmless (mimic) species, and a similar-looking toxic or noxious (model) species
Henry Walter Bates
hoverfly Tricondyla beetle (aggressive) Sunday, 2 March 14
wasp
Condylodera cricket (harmless) 4
Foraging and prey capture Mimetic alarm calls and kleptoparasitism (=food stealing) Meerkats
Fork-tailed drongo
By making false alarm calls, the drongo induces escape response in meerkats, allowing it to steal more food
Sunday, 2 March 14
5
Answer: It pays, on average, for the receiver to respond to the signal. Responding to a deceptive signal often imposes costs on the receiver, but a genuine signal will provide them with benefits. Therefore, a deceptive signal is only evolutionarily stable if, on average, responding to the signal is beneficial. The benefits must out-weigh the costs.
Sunday, 2 March 14
6
Sexual deception Copulation attempts
Male wasps prefer flowers over females!
Control
Sunday, 2 March 14
Flower
Virgin Dummy Dummy female + flower + female extract extract
7
Deception by brood parasites European cuckoo mimics calls of an entire brood
Frequency
Single reed warbler
Brood of 4 reed warblers
Single cuckoo
Hawk cuckoo tricks hosts into thinking wing is gape
Time Sunday, 2 March 14
8
Summary Deceptive signals involve various forms of mimicry and sensory exploitation, both within and between species Signal dishonesty can evolve in the context of predators and prey, mating, pollination and brood parasitism Dishonest signals will only be evolutionarily stable if, on average, it pays the receiver to respond to the signal
Sunday, 2 March 14
9
Slide 1 _MG_2581 peacock spider Maratus volans by Jurgen Otto (http://www.flickr.com/photos/59431731@N05/5521738809/). Reproduced with permission from Jurgen Otto. Slide 2 a) European Cuckoo Mimics Sparrowhawk (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg) by Chiswick Chap (Own work)(CC BY-SA 3.0), via Wikimedia Commons b) Figure 2 Sonograms from (N.B. Davies, R.M. Kilner, D.G. Noble) Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, exploit hosts with begging calls that mimic a brood. Proceedings B. 265:1397 pp. 673 – 678 Copyright © 1998, by permission of The Royal Society. c) Figure 1A from (Tanaka , K. D and Ueda, K) Horsefield's hawk cuckoo nestlings mimic multiple gapes for begging. Science 308 (2008) pg 653. Reprinted with permission from AAAS Slide 3 (Manning, A & Stamp Dawkins, M) An Introduction to Animal Behaviour (6th Edition). Cambridge University Press (2012) Figure 3.39, P 157. Reproduced as allowed under permission guidelines. Slide 4 a) Henry Walter Bates Maull & Fox BNF Gallica (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Walter_Bates_Maull_%26_Fox_BNF_Gallica.jpg) By Maull & Fox photographers, London. Upload, stitch and restoration by Jebulon (Bibliothèque nationale de France) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons b) Eastern Coral Snake (http://www.flickr.com/photos/8373783@N07/2561697385/) by John (CC BY 2.0) c) Scarlet King Snake (http://www.flickr.com/photos/98289027@N00/5956464855/) by Scott Beazley (CC BY 2.0) d) Hornet mimic hoverfly (Volucella zonaria) on nettle (http://www.flickr.com/photos/anemoneprojectors/4897196185/) by Peter aka anemoneprojectors (CC BY –SA 2.0) e) Wasp by (http://www.flickr.com/photos/18197522@N00/141835257/) alex yosifov (CC BY-SA 2.0) Slide 5 a) Fork-tailed Drongo RWD (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fork-tailed_Drongo_RWD.jpg?uselang=en-gb) By Dick Daniels (http://carolinabirds.org/) (Own work) (CC-BY-SA-3.0), via Wikimedia Commons b) Suricates, Nambia (http://www.flickr.com/photos/sara_joachim/3166714756/) by Joachim Huber (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Sunday, 2 March 14
10
Slide 6 a) Ant Orchid – Chiloglottis formicifera (http://www.flickr.com/photos/74747209@N05/8630715290) by David Lochlin (CC BY 2.0) b) Graph by Raoul Mulder, based on concepts expressed in (Ayasse, M, Schiestl, F. P., Paulus, H.F. Ibarra, F and Francke, W) Pollinator attraction in a sexually deceptive orchid by means of unconventional chemicals Proceedings B. 270, pp 517 -522. Copyright 2003, The Royal Society. Slide 7 d) European Cuckoo Mimics Sparrowhawk (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg) by Chiswick Chap (Own work)(CC BY-SA 3.0), via Wikimedia Commons e) Figure 2 Sonograms from (N.B. Davies, R.M. Kilner, D.G. Noble) Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, exploit hosts with begging calls that mimic a brood. Proceedings B. 265:1397 pp. 673 – 678 Copyright © 1998, by permission of The Royal Society. f) Figure 1A from (Tanaka , K. D and Ueda, K) Horsefield's hawk cuckoo nestlings mimic multiple gapes for begging. Science 308 (2008) pg 653. Reprinted with permission from AAAS
Sunday, 2 March 14
11
Deceptive signals: mimicry and sensory exploitation Sunday, 2 March 14
1
Deceptive signalling A signal is deceptive or dishonest if the sender does something to manipulate the response of the receiver ... ... to the sender’s benefit, and the receiver’s detriment
Anglerfish
Sunday, 2 March 14
2
Sensory bias and sensory exploitation Sensory exploitation - sender uses perceptual biases of receiver to further own interests Example Water mites
Water mites
Females detect prey by feeling for water vibrations; males mimic vibrations to elicit clasping (mating)
Sunday, 2 March 14
3
Antipredator defences - Batesian mimicry Predator is unable to distinguish between a harmless (mimic) species, and a similar-looking toxic or noxious (model) species
Henry Walter Bates
hoverfly Tricondyla beetle (aggressive) Sunday, 2 March 14
wasp
Condylodera cricket (harmless) 4
Foraging and prey capture Mimetic alarm calls and kleptoparasitism (=food stealing) Meerkats
Fork-tailed drongo
By making false alarm calls, the drongo induces escape response in meerkats, allowing it to steal more food
Sunday, 2 March 14
5
Answer: It pays, on average, for the receiver to respond to the signal. Responding to a deceptive signal often imposes costs on the receiver, but a genuine signal will provide them with benefits. Therefore, a deceptive signal is only evolutionarily stable if, on average, responding to the signal is beneficial. The benefits must out-weigh the costs.
Sunday, 2 March 14
6
Sexual deception Copulation attempts
Male wasps prefer flowers over females!
Control
Sunday, 2 March 14
Flower
Virgin Dummy Dummy female + flower + female extract extract
7
Deception by brood parasites European cuckoo mimics calls of an entire brood
Frequency
Single reed warbler
Brood of 4 reed warblers
Single cuckoo
Hawk cuckoo tricks hosts into thinking wing is gape
Time Sunday, 2 March 14
8
Summary Deceptive signals involve various forms of mimicry and sensory exploitation, both within and between species Signal dishonesty can evolve in the context of predators and prey, mating, pollination and brood parasitism Dishonest signals will only be evolutionarily stable if, on average, it pays the receiver to respond to the signal
Sunday, 2 March 14
9
Slide 1 _MG_2581 peacock spider Maratus volans by Jurgen Otto (http://www.flickr.com/photos/59431731@N05/5521738809/). Reproduced with permission from Jurgen Otto. Slide 2 a) European Cuckoo Mimics Sparrowhawk (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg) by Chiswick Chap (Own work)(CC BY-SA 3.0), via Wikimedia Commons b) Figure 2 Sonograms from (N.B. Davies, R.M. Kilner, D.G. Noble) Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, exploit hosts with begging calls that mimic a brood. Proceedings B. 265:1397 pp. 673 – 678 Copyright © 1998, by permission of The Royal Society. c) Figure 1A from (Tanaka , K. D and Ueda, K) Horsefield's hawk cuckoo nestlings mimic multiple gapes for begging. Science 308 (2008) pg 653. Reprinted with permission from AAAS Slide 3 (Manning, A & Stamp Dawkins, M) An Introduction to Animal Behaviour (6th Edition). Cambridge University Press (2012) Figure 3.39, P 157. Reproduced as allowed under permission guidelines. Slide 4 a) Henry Walter Bates Maull & Fox BNF Gallica (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Walter_Bates_Maull_%26_Fox_BNF_Gallica.jpg) By Maull & Fox photographers, London. Upload, stitch and restoration by Jebulon (Bibliothèque nationale de France) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons b) Eastern Coral Snake (http://www.flickr.com/photos/8373783@N07/2561697385/) by John (CC BY 2.0) c) Scarlet King Snake (http://www.flickr.com/photos/98289027@N00/5956464855/) by Scott Beazley (CC BY 2.0) d) Hornet mimic hoverfly (Volucella zonaria) on nettle (http://www.flickr.com/photos/anemoneprojectors/4897196185/) by Peter aka anemoneprojectors (CC BY –SA 2.0) e) Wasp by (http://www.flickr.com/photos/18197522@N00/141835257/) alex yosifov (CC BY-SA 2.0) Slide 5 a) Fork-tailed Drongo RWD (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fork-tailed_Drongo_RWD.jpg?uselang=en-gb) By Dick Daniels (http://carolinabirds.org/) (Own work) (CC-BY-SA-3.0), via Wikimedia Commons b) Suricates, Nambia (http://www.flickr.com/photos/sara_joachim/3166714756/) by Joachim Huber (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Sunday, 2 March 14
10
Slide 6 a) Ant Orchid – Chiloglottis formicifera (http://www.flickr.com/photos/74747209@N05/8630715290) by David Lochlin (CC BY 2.0) b) Graph by Raoul Mulder, based on concepts expressed in (Ayasse, M, Schiestl, F. P., Paulus, H.F. Ibarra, F and Francke, W) Pollinator attraction in a sexually deceptive orchid by means of unconventional chemicals Proceedings B. 270, pp 517 -522. Copyright 2003, The Royal Society. Slide 7 d) European Cuckoo Mimics Sparrowhawk (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_Cuckoo_Mimics_Sparrowhawk.jpg) by Chiswick Chap (Own work)(CC BY-SA 3.0), via Wikimedia Commons e) Figure 2 Sonograms from (N.B. Davies, R.M. Kilner, D.G. Noble) Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, exploit hosts with begging calls that mimic a brood. Proceedings B. 265:1397 pp. 673 – 678 Copyright © 1998, by permission of The Royal Society. f) Figure 1A from (Tanaka , K. D and Ueda, K) Horsefield's hawk cuckoo nestlings mimic multiple gapes for begging. Science 308 (2008) pg 653. Reprinted with permission from AAAS
Sunday, 2 March 14
11
