Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Industrial ...
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Industrial Biotechnology and Biorefining Matt Carr Policy Director Biotechnology Industry Organization 2007 Taiwan International Chemical Industry Forum
Why Care about Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Climate Change z
#1 environmental issue today
z
Kyoto Protocol
z
Even USA moving rapidly toward GHG regulation
Climate Change Regulation in the USA Regional Agreements z
Northeast States Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) • Mandatory cap-and-trade system for electric power generators • 10% reduction in emissions by 2019
z
Western Climate Initiative • Economy-wide market-based regulatory scheme under development • 15% reduction by 2020
Climate Change Regulation in the USA Federal Action z
April 2007 US Supreme Court ruling • EPA has the authority to regulate GHG emissions under the Clean Air Act
z
At least a dozen proposals in US Congress for mandatory GHG regulation • Several cap-and-trade schemes • Carbon tax proposal from Chairman of Senate Energy Committee
Climate Change Regulation in the USA
Why Care about Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Fossil Carbon will Cost More z z
GHG regulation Continued upward pressure / instability in price of petroleum
How to Reduce Exposure Need to look at all stages of production z
Feedstocks • Low fossil CO2
z
Manufacture • More efficient / smarter technologies
z
Emissions • Capture / re-use / sequestration
¾
Industrial Biotechnology is key
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks
BIOFUELS
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks
Source: US EPA
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks Biofuels z
z
GHG profile of corn starch ethanol rapidly improving with more efficient processing technologies Full utilization of U.S. cellulosic biomass potential could reduce U.S. transportationrelated GHG emissions 80% by 2050 (Natural Resources Defense Council)
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks
BIOBASED CHEMICALS
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks Biobased Chemicals z z z
Bioplastics Polyols Other biobased chemicals
Bioplastics: NatureWorks PLA [lifecycle kg CO2 eq./ kg polymer]
9 8
7.9 6.8
7 6
The use of a renewable feedstock + the purchase of RECs allows NatureWorks PLA to achieve GHG neutral
5 4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.2
3 1.9
2
1.7
1 0.0
0 Nylon 66
HIPS
PlasticsEurope
Cellophane (film)
GPPS
PET SSP
PP
• 20-80% reduction vs. petroleum competitors
PET am
PLA 2005 PLA1
PLA PLA1 2006/2007 w/RECs
Bioplastics: DuPont-Tate & Lyle Bio-PDO Bio-PDO z
z
z
Replaces petroleum feedstock with sugars from corn starch Requires 40% less energy to produce than petroleum equivalent New production facility in Tennessee will save energy equivalent of 22,000 cars
Bioplastics: Metabolix-ADM PHAs PHAs z
Currently produced in bacteria, but with long-term goal of production in switchgrass for net GHG benefit Bacteria with plastic nodules
Soy Polyols Cargill BiOH z z
z z
Polyol derived from soybean oil Rapidly gaining market share in flexible polyurethane foams Winner EPA Green Chemistry Challenge Award 36% reduction in GHG emissions
More Efficient Production
BIOCATALYSIS
More Efficient Production Biocatalysis z
z
z
Use of biological catalysts (enzymes) to perform chemical transformations Has been used for centuries, but new biotech tools have opened up many new possibilities High selectivity + low environmental impact
Biocatalysis: Acrylamide Acrylamide z
z
z
Mitsubishi Rayon developed enzyme to produce acrylamide from acrylonitrile Greatly improved process efficiency and product concentration 80% reduction in GHG emissions Chemical Process
Bioprocess
70 C
0-15 C
Single-pass reaction yield
70-80%
100%
Acrylamide concentration
30%
48-50%
Energy demand (steam + electricity MJ/kg)
1.9
0.4
CO2 production (kg CO2/kg acrylamide)
1.5
0.3
Reaction temperature
Biocatalysis: Vitamin B2 Vitamin B2 50% reduction in GHG emissions
OLD CHEMCIAL PROCESS
Many Steps Glucose Ca-Arabonate Ca-Ribonate Riobolactone Ribose Ribitylxylidine Phenylazo-RX
VITAMIN B2
NEW INDUSTRIAL BIOTECH PROCESS
One Step Fermentation with genetically modified micro-organism
VITAMIN B2
Other Industrial Uses of Enzymes
Emissions Capture
BIOCONVERSION OF CO2
Emissions Capture Bioconversion of CO2 z
z
CO2 and other GHG emissions are FOOD for many microorganisms such as algae and other photosynthetic bacteria Microbes can be placed as CO2 “scrubbers” on smokestacks and then harvested for biofuels, hydrogen, and an array of chemicals
Emissions Capture Bioconversion of CO2 z
Growing number of businesses, universities, and government labs are developing and testing technologies to be the first to commercialize such “mitigation bioreactors”
Voluntary Action United States Climate Action Partnership z
Top industrial companies have joined forces with environmental groups to press Congress for strong climate legislation – many have made industrial biotechnology a major part of their corporate strategy
2nd Annual Pacific Rim Summit on Industrial Biotechnology and Bioenergy
Honolulu, Hawaii – November 14-16, 2007
THANK YOU
[email protected] www.bio.org/ind
Why Care about Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Climate Change z
#1 environmental issue today
z
Kyoto Protocol
z
Even USA moving rapidly toward GHG regulation
Climate Change Regulation in the USA Regional Agreements z
Northeast States Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) • Mandatory cap-and-trade system for electric power generators • 10% reduction in emissions by 2019
z
Western Climate Initiative • Economy-wide market-based regulatory scheme under development • 15% reduction by 2020
Climate Change Regulation in the USA Federal Action z
April 2007 US Supreme Court ruling • EPA has the authority to regulate GHG emissions under the Clean Air Act
z
At least a dozen proposals in US Congress for mandatory GHG regulation • Several cap-and-trade schemes • Carbon tax proposal from Chairman of Senate Energy Committee
Climate Change Regulation in the USA
Why Care about Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Fossil Carbon will Cost More z z
GHG regulation Continued upward pressure / instability in price of petroleum
How to Reduce Exposure Need to look at all stages of production z
Feedstocks • Low fossil CO2
z
Manufacture • More efficient / smarter technologies
z
Emissions • Capture / re-use / sequestration
¾
Industrial Biotechnology is key
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks
BIOFUELS
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks
Source: US EPA
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks Biofuels z
z
GHG profile of corn starch ethanol rapidly improving with more efficient processing technologies Full utilization of U.S. cellulosic biomass potential could reduce U.S. transportationrelated GHG emissions 80% by 2050 (Natural Resources Defense Council)
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks
BIOBASED CHEMICALS
Low Fossil CO2 Feedstocks Biobased Chemicals z z z
Bioplastics Polyols Other biobased chemicals
Bioplastics: NatureWorks PLA [lifecycle kg CO2 eq./ kg polymer]
9 8
7.9 6.8
7 6
The use of a renewable feedstock + the purchase of RECs allows NatureWorks PLA to achieve GHG neutral
5 4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.2
3 1.9
2
1.7
1 0.0
0 Nylon 66
HIPS
PlasticsEurope
Cellophane (film)
GPPS
PET SSP
PP
• 20-80% reduction vs. petroleum competitors
PET am
PLA 2005 PLA1
PLA PLA1 2006/2007 w/RECs
Bioplastics: DuPont-Tate & Lyle Bio-PDO Bio-PDO z
z
z
Replaces petroleum feedstock with sugars from corn starch Requires 40% less energy to produce than petroleum equivalent New production facility in Tennessee will save energy equivalent of 22,000 cars
Bioplastics: Metabolix-ADM PHAs PHAs z
Currently produced in bacteria, but with long-term goal of production in switchgrass for net GHG benefit Bacteria with plastic nodules
Soy Polyols Cargill BiOH z z
z z
Polyol derived from soybean oil Rapidly gaining market share in flexible polyurethane foams Winner EPA Green Chemistry Challenge Award 36% reduction in GHG emissions
More Efficient Production
BIOCATALYSIS
More Efficient Production Biocatalysis z
z
z
Use of biological catalysts (enzymes) to perform chemical transformations Has been used for centuries, but new biotech tools have opened up many new possibilities High selectivity + low environmental impact
Biocatalysis: Acrylamide Acrylamide z
z
z
Mitsubishi Rayon developed enzyme to produce acrylamide from acrylonitrile Greatly improved process efficiency and product concentration 80% reduction in GHG emissions Chemical Process
Bioprocess
70 C
0-15 C
Single-pass reaction yield
70-80%
100%
Acrylamide concentration
30%
48-50%
Energy demand (steam + electricity MJ/kg)
1.9
0.4
CO2 production (kg CO2/kg acrylamide)
1.5
0.3
Reaction temperature
Biocatalysis: Vitamin B2 Vitamin B2 50% reduction in GHG emissions
OLD CHEMCIAL PROCESS
Many Steps Glucose Ca-Arabonate Ca-Ribonate Riobolactone Ribose Ribitylxylidine Phenylazo-RX
VITAMIN B2
NEW INDUSTRIAL BIOTECH PROCESS
One Step Fermentation with genetically modified micro-organism
VITAMIN B2
Other Industrial Uses of Enzymes
Emissions Capture
BIOCONVERSION OF CO2
Emissions Capture Bioconversion of CO2 z
z
CO2 and other GHG emissions are FOOD for many microorganisms such as algae and other photosynthetic bacteria Microbes can be placed as CO2 “scrubbers” on smokestacks and then harvested for biofuels, hydrogen, and an array of chemicals
Emissions Capture Bioconversion of CO2 z
Growing number of businesses, universities, and government labs are developing and testing technologies to be the first to commercialize such “mitigation bioreactors”
Voluntary Action United States Climate Action Partnership z
Top industrial companies have joined forces with environmental groups to press Congress for strong climate legislation – many have made industrial biotechnology a major part of their corporate strategy
2nd Annual Pacific Rim Summit on Industrial Biotechnology and Bioenergy
Honolulu, Hawaii – November 14-16, 2007
THANK YOU
[email protected] www.bio.org/ind
