Retrospective on the 2010 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review ...
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Retrospective on the 2010 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference Scott Davis Department of State Program on Nuclear Issues 2010 Summer Conference July 22, 2010 1
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) • Brief History • Major Provisions • Review Conferences (RevCons) • 2010 NPT Review Conference – Background – Final Document – Next Steps
2
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Brief History • Opened for signature 1968, entered into force 1970 • “Cornerstone” of the nonproliferation regime
• Has nearly 190 parties today; all but India, Israel, and Pakistan have joined • North Korea announced withdrawal in January 2003 – Committed to return by 6-Party Joint Statement (9-19-05)
• Joined since 1990 – China, France – S. Africa, Argentina, Brazil – Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine 3
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Major Provisions • Nonproliferation – Article I (non-transfer) – Article II (non-acquisition) – Article III (verification, nuclear exports)
• Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy – Article IV (encourages peaceful nuclear cooperation)
• Disarmament – Article VI (nuclear, general and complete disarmament)
• Other major provisions – Article VIII (3) (review every 5 years) – Article X (1) (withdrawal) – Article X (2) (extension decision after 25 years)
4
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Review Conferences • Held every 5 years since 1975 • 1995 Review & Extension Conference – Significant decision to extend NPT indefinitely – Strengthened review process – Resolution on the Middle East
• 2000 Review Conference (RevCon) – Comprehensive Final Document – Includes “13 practical steps” to disarmament
• 2005 Review Conference – Contentious debate; no consensus document 5
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Background to 2010 NPT RevCon: Growing Perception of Treaty Weakness • Violations by North Korea and Iran • North Korean nuclear tests (Oct 06, May 09) • Middle East • Clandestine Syrian nuclear activities • Nuclear disarmament (glass half full or empty?) • Effect of nuclear renaissance • The “right” to the full fuel cycle • Clandestine procurement networks • Concerns about nuclear terrorism 6
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Background to 2010 NPT RevCon: Positive Trends • Obama Prague agenda changed environment – NPT as a high Administration priority
• Active U.S. diplomacy – Non-Aligned Movement members and observers – P5 (nuclear-weapon states)
• Widespread political will for positive RevCon • Conference dynamics (strong leadership, active committee work) – Momentum created for consensus outcome – Iran’s dilemma
• Final Document adopted (May 28, 2010) 7
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon Final Document: “Recommendations for follow-on actions” • Adopted by consensus (along with “President’s review”) • Calls for NPT universality • Disarmament – Pursue policies compatible with achieving nuclear-free world – Further reductions of all types of nuclear weapons (New START) – P5 engagement on reductions, diminished role, stability, etc. – CD to negotiate FMCT; discuss disarmament and NSAs – Bring CTBT into force; moratoria in the meantime – NWS to place fissile material they designate as excess under IAEA safeguards – Process for dismantling or converting FM production facilities – Reporting on implementation; NWS to agree on “standard reporting form” and frequency of reporting 8
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon Final Document: “Recommendations for follow-on actions” • Nonproliferation - calls for: – Resolve cases of non-compliance – Universality of Additional Protocol – Strengthen IAEA safeguards – Use of multilaterally-negotiated export control guidelines – Measures to prevent illicit trafficking – Highest possible standards of nuclear security
• Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy – Endorses right to peaceful uses consistent with nonproliferation – Encourages further contributions to US-initiated fund for peaceful nuclear cooperation at IAEA ($100 m/5 yrs) – Further discussions on multilateral fuel assurances 9
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon Final Document: “Recommendations for follow-on actions” • Middle East – – – –
1995 Resolution “valid until the goals…are achieved” Endorses objectives of Middle East Peace Process Reaffirms importance of Israel’s accession to NPT Process leading to full implementation of Resolution: • 2012 Conference: all states in region; “on the establishment of” a WMDfree zone in the Middle East • Facilitator to consult on implementation of the Resolution and “undertake preparations” for the Conference
• North Korea – Urges DPRK to fulfill Six-Party Talks commitments, including returning to the NPT 10
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon: Next Steps •
Strengthen compliance and safeguards
•
Pursue universality of NPT safeguards agreements and Additional Protocol
•
Support implementation of Middle East Action Plan – Recognize the need for participation of ALL states in the region and for progress toward comprehensive peace
•
Continue to pursue Obama Prague agenda
•
Enhance P5 engagement
•
Ensure that growth in nuclear power does not increase proliferation (e.g., multilateral fuel assurances)
•
Pursue additional support for peaceful uses initiative
•
Seek to dissuade abuse of withdrawal provision
•
Sustain outreach to key Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Parties 11
Retrospective on the 2010 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference Scott Davis Department of State Program on Nuclear Issues 2010 Summer Conference July 22, 2010 1
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) • Brief History • Major Provisions • Review Conferences (RevCons) • 2010 NPT Review Conference – Background – Final Document – Next Steps
2
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Brief History • Opened for signature 1968, entered into force 1970 • “Cornerstone” of the nonproliferation regime
• Has nearly 190 parties today; all but India, Israel, and Pakistan have joined • North Korea announced withdrawal in January 2003 – Committed to return by 6-Party Joint Statement (9-19-05)
• Joined since 1990 – China, France – S. Africa, Argentina, Brazil – Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine 3
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Major Provisions • Nonproliferation – Article I (non-transfer) – Article II (non-acquisition) – Article III (verification, nuclear exports)
• Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy – Article IV (encourages peaceful nuclear cooperation)
• Disarmament – Article VI (nuclear, general and complete disarmament)
• Other major provisions – Article VIII (3) (review every 5 years) – Article X (1) (withdrawal) – Article X (2) (extension decision after 25 years)
4
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: Review Conferences • Held every 5 years since 1975 • 1995 Review & Extension Conference – Significant decision to extend NPT indefinitely – Strengthened review process – Resolution on the Middle East
• 2000 Review Conference (RevCon) – Comprehensive Final Document – Includes “13 practical steps” to disarmament
• 2005 Review Conference – Contentious debate; no consensus document 5
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Background to 2010 NPT RevCon: Growing Perception of Treaty Weakness • Violations by North Korea and Iran • North Korean nuclear tests (Oct 06, May 09) • Middle East • Clandestine Syrian nuclear activities • Nuclear disarmament (glass half full or empty?) • Effect of nuclear renaissance • The “right” to the full fuel cycle • Clandestine procurement networks • Concerns about nuclear terrorism 6
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
Background to 2010 NPT RevCon: Positive Trends • Obama Prague agenda changed environment – NPT as a high Administration priority
• Active U.S. diplomacy – Non-Aligned Movement members and observers – P5 (nuclear-weapon states)
• Widespread political will for positive RevCon • Conference dynamics (strong leadership, active committee work) – Momentum created for consensus outcome – Iran’s dilemma
• Final Document adopted (May 28, 2010) 7
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon Final Document: “Recommendations for follow-on actions” • Adopted by consensus (along with “President’s review”) • Calls for NPT universality • Disarmament – Pursue policies compatible with achieving nuclear-free world – Further reductions of all types of nuclear weapons (New START) – P5 engagement on reductions, diminished role, stability, etc. – CD to negotiate FMCT; discuss disarmament and NSAs – Bring CTBT into force; moratoria in the meantime – NWS to place fissile material they designate as excess under IAEA safeguards – Process for dismantling or converting FM production facilities – Reporting on implementation; NWS to agree on “standard reporting form” and frequency of reporting 8
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon Final Document: “Recommendations for follow-on actions” • Nonproliferation - calls for: – Resolve cases of non-compliance – Universality of Additional Protocol – Strengthen IAEA safeguards – Use of multilaterally-negotiated export control guidelines – Measures to prevent illicit trafficking – Highest possible standards of nuclear security
• Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy – Endorses right to peaceful uses consistent with nonproliferation – Encourages further contributions to US-initiated fund for peaceful nuclear cooperation at IAEA ($100 m/5 yrs) – Further discussions on multilateral fuel assurances 9
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon Final Document: “Recommendations for follow-on actions” • Middle East – – – –
1995 Resolution “valid until the goals…are achieved” Endorses objectives of Middle East Peace Process Reaffirms importance of Israel’s accession to NPT Process leading to full implementation of Resolution: • 2012 Conference: all states in region; “on the establishment of” a WMDfree zone in the Middle East • Facilitator to consult on implementation of the Resolution and “undertake preparations” for the Conference
• North Korea – Urges DPRK to fulfill Six-Party Talks commitments, including returning to the NPT 10
U.S. Department of State Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
2010 NPT RevCon: Next Steps •
Strengthen compliance and safeguards
•
Pursue universality of NPT safeguards agreements and Additional Protocol
•
Support implementation of Middle East Action Plan – Recognize the need for participation of ALL states in the region and for progress toward comprehensive peace
•
Continue to pursue Obama Prague agenda
•
Enhance P5 engagement
•
Ensure that growth in nuclear power does not increase proliferation (e.g., multilateral fuel assurances)
•
Pursue additional support for peaceful uses initiative
•
Seek to dissuade abuse of withdrawal provision
•
Sustain outreach to key Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Parties 11
