Carnegie Mellon University
Research Showcase @ CMU Department of Statistics
Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences
6-2005
Rodeo: Sparse Nonparametric Regression in High Dimensions John Lafferty Carnegie Mellon University,
[email protected] Larry Wasserman Carnegie Mellon University,
[email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.cmu.edu/statistics Part of the Statistics and Probability Commons
This Technical Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Research Showcase @ CMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Statistics by an authorized administrator of Research Showcase @ CMU. For more information, please contact
[email protected].
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