Sample Chapter 1
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!W Unit One: Cards
This unit covers the following types of cards: birthday cards, New Year’s greeting cards, wedding cards and condolence cards. The language used in card writing is usually rather formal and brief with often incomplete sentences. The general format for these cards is as follows:
recipient’s name: main message closing remark sender’s name date
1
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1.1
! Birthday cards
1, Text 1
W !"#$%&' !"#
This is a card written to Wang Xiaoli, who is about to celebrate her 20th birthday, by her close female friend similar to her in age.
!" W= 2002. 3. 8
Notes to Text 1 a.
b. c. d.
Between friends of similar age, it is normal to write the recipient’s given name without adding terms such as ‘dear’ in front of it. Between close friends, if the recipient is older than the writer, terms such as (dà gb, elder brother) or (dà jil, elder sister) or simply or can be added to the recipient’s given name to show respect. The verb ‘’ (guò) is often used with (shbngri, birthday), (chenjié, Spring Festival), meaning ‘to celebrate’. Note that ‘ !"’ is modified by the phrase ‘ !"#$’ (a colourful 20th birthday). The following are common birthday expressions (when the recipient is either of a similar age or younger):
!"#$ K K K
!
zhù nmde shbngri chdngmkn . . . huanlè shcyì làngmàn sècki jcngxm 2
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wishing your birthday is full of . . . happiness poetic flavour romantic colour pleasant surprise
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!"#$%& yuàn nm sanshí suì de shbngri gli nm K K K dàilái . . . !" xìngfú hé chénggdng !"#$ wúqióngde huan shbng xiào yo !" mknzú hé xiáyì
wishing your 30th birthday brings you . . . happiness and success endless laughter comfort and contentment
2, Text 2 !"#W !"#$%&' !"
This is written by John to his Chinese teacher who is to celebrate his 70th birthday.
()*+,
W== !"#$
Notes to Text 2 a.
When writing to people who are one’s senior or superior, the term often used before the recipient’s name: zenjìngde Respected
b. c.
is
/
Lm xiansheng/Wáng jiàoshòu
Mr. Li/Professor Wang
Note that the pronoun (nín) instead of is used to show respect. The phrase K K K (zhùhè nín . . . gaoshòu) literally means ‘to congratulate you on your . . . high age’, which is a polite way of congratulating an older person on their birthday (usually above 60). Similar expressions include: K K K / zhùhè nín . . . dà shòu/shòuchéng! Congratulations on your . . . birthday! Therefore, it is more polite to use the expression (zhù shòu, to celebrate a birthday) rather than (guò shbngri) when referring to an older person’s birthday. For example: 3
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!""#$%! &'()*+,wèile gli wn nkinai zhù shòu, wn gli ta dìng le yí ge dà dàngao. To celebrate my grandma’s birthday, I’ve ordered a big cake for her. d. e.
The phrase (jìngshàng, sincerely yours) is used after the signature with one character space in between in a card/letter to one’s senior or superior. The following are some other expressions one can use when writing birthday cards to an elderly person (usually aged over 60): K K K ! !
zhù nín . . . wishing you . . . jiànkang chángshòu health and long life shòu bm nánshan the life is as long as the southern
! ! ! !"#$
fú rú ddnghki shòu rú sdngbki dud shòu dud fú lè xikng yú nián xiàng sdngbki yíyàng chángshòu
mountain happiness as great as the eastern sea live as long as the pine and cypress long life and good fortune to enjoy the rest of your life live as long as the pine and cypress
Exercises 1
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: (a) !"#$$$$%&'()* Nm mèimei shénme shíhou ______èrshí suì shbngri? (b) !"#$%%&'()*****+$,-./*****+ Zhège xcngqcliù shì wn yéyede bashí suì _______. Wn yào qù gli ta _________. (c) !W
!"#$%&"'())* !"#$% & !W== !"#$
2 3
Write a birthday card to a very good friend of yours who is about to celebrate her/his 21st birthday and who lives in another city. Write a birthday card to your grandmother who is going to be 70 years old and who is in good health. 4
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1.2
! New Year’s greeting cards
3, Text 3 W
On the right is a card sent by Lin Weiping to her good friend Wang Shuqin.
!"#$%&'() !"#
!"#$%&' W= 2002. 1. 18
Notes to Text 3 a.
According to the Chinese lunar calendar, there is an animal sign for each year. Altogether there are 12 animal signs, and so they come round every 12 years. If we take the following 12 years as an example, below is a table of the 12 signs corresponding to those 12 years: Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
b.
Sign Rat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Sheep Monkey Rooster Dog Pig
Pinyin sho niú ho tù lóng shé (xiko lóng) mk yáng hóu jc gnu zhe
Character !"
For example, ‘the Year of the Dragon’ is (lóng nián). The phrase K K K (zài . . . zhc jì) is a formal expression used mostly in written language. For example: 5
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EF
zài
(wn) nm nmmen
jíjiang
bìyè tuìxie líkai Zhdngguó
!
!"#$%&'()
zhc jì, wnde xcnqíng hln bù píngjìng.
At the time when I/you/you (plural) will soon graduate/retire/leave China, I feel very emotional. c. d.
(zài cm) is also a formal term which is often used in letters and cards, meaning ‘here’ and which refers to the card or letter being written. Relevant expressions There are many set phrases which people use for New Year’s greetings, and it is customary to use the set phrases of this type in even numbers, that is, to write two or four set phrases in a card rather than one or three. Here are some often used ones (they are not arranged in pairs below): ! ! ! ! ! ! !
xcn nián hko gdngxm facái gdnghè xcn xm xcn chen yúkuài hé jia huanlè yì fan fbng shùn xcn xikng shì chéng chen fbng déyì fù guì nián nián nián nián ynuyú suì suì píng’an
Happy New Year Congratulations and wishing you prosperity New Year congratulations Happy New Year happy family reunion smooth progress achieve your heart’s desires enjoy success be prosperous year after year have an abundance every year have peace year after year
Exercises for 1.2 1
Fill in the blanks according to the context: W
!"
!
"#$ W= 2001. 1. 8
6
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Write a Chinese New Year’s greeting card to a Chinese friend of yours. The New Year is the Year of the Rabbit.
2
1.3
! Wedding cards
Wedding cards are more straightforward in that the language used does not differentiate between young couples or older couples.
4, Text 4 !"W On the right is a wedding card sent by Lingfang who is a cousin of Xiaoming.
!"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+'
!"#$%&'
W= !"#$
Notes to Text 4 a.
The verbal phrase (xm wén), literally ‘happily hear’, can be translated as ‘be pleased/delighted to hear’. It is a phrase which is used in formal writing. For example: !"#$%&'()*+ ,-./0 xm wén nm kko shàng le Hafó Dàxué, zài cm xiàng nm bikoshì zhùhè. I’m delighted to hear that you’ve been admitted to Harvard University. Many congratulations.
b.
c.
The four-character expression ! (jié wéi kànglì), meaning ‘to become a married couple’ or ‘to become husband and wife’, is a formal expression usually reserved for weddings. The phrase (dà xm ) literally means ‘big happiness’. There are a few things which can be called . Marriage is one of them, and the birth of a boy is another (of course, people may use it for other occasions such as getting a Ph.D. or being promoted to a high position). There is a special character which serves as a marriage symbol, and it looks like this: . It is pronounced (shuang xm), meaning ‘double happiness’ as the character is written twice. 7
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d.
The four-character expression ! (xm jié liáng yuán) translates as ‘to be happily married’. Literally, (yuán) means ‘predestined ’ or ‘relationship’. For example: !"#$%&'()*+, wnmen fbnshnu le, klnéng wnmen blnlái jiù méi ynu yuán. We split up. Perhaps we were not meant to be together in the first place. !"#$% wn hé yan jio méi ynu yuán. I have nothing to do with smoking and drinking.
e.
Relevant expressions The word for bridegroom is (xcnláng), which literally means ‘new man’; and the term for bride is (xcnniáng), which literally means ‘new woman’. Also, the newly wed couple are often compared to a dragon and a phoenix. The following expressions are often used on wedding cards and frequently written in pairs (they are not arranged in pairs below): ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
shbnghuó tiánmì zao sheng guizi lóng fèng qí fbi ynng xié kànglì bki nián jia nu bái tóu dào lko bki nián xié lko bki nián feqc feqc bn’ài gdnghè xcn xm
sweet life to have a boy soon dragon and phoenix fly together be married forever be happily married for a hundred years grow old together be together for a hundred years be husband and wife for a hundred years loving couple congratulations on your new happiness
Exercise for 1.3 Fill in the blanks using appropriate wedding expressions:
W
!"#$%&'(
! !
"#! "#$ W= 200161
8
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1.4
! Condolence cards
5, Text 5
!"#W On the right is a card sent to Professor Song’s widow, Mrs Zhang, by Liu Xiaoqing who was a student of Professor Song.
!"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'"()$ W= !"#$
Notes to Text 5 a.
b.
There are various ways to address Professor Song’s wife. She can be (Sòng feren, Mrs. Song) or (shcmo). The term is used only to refer to or address one’s master’s or teacher’s wife. It is especially appropriate if the writer is one generation younger than she is and knows her fairly well. If she is a professor or teacher herself, then simply address her as or K The verbal phrase (jcng xc ) is a rather formal expression meaning ‘to be shocked to learn’. In contrast to (see 1.3 above), this is often used for bad news. For example:
!"#$%&/
!"#$
jcng xc nm moqcn shbn huàn áizhèng/nm ycn chbhuò shòu shang.
I was shocked to learn that your mother was suffering from cancer/you were injured in a car accident. c.
Here, the verbal phrase (shìshì, to pass away) should be used instead of the word (sm, to die), which is one of the taboo words Chinese people try to avoid. As a result, there are many other euphemistic expressions which are usually more formal and indirect. For example: !"#$%&'()* fùqin qùshì de shíhou, wn cái wo suì. When father passed away, I was only five. 9
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!"#$%&'()*+,wn cái wo suì, fùqin jiù líkai le zhège shìjiè. I was only five when father left this world. !"#$% ta hé wnmen ynngbié le. He left us forever. !"#$%&'()*+, áizhèng cánkùde duóqù le ta niánqcnde shbngmìng. Cancer cruelly took away his young life. d.
The following expressions are often used in condolence cards:
! ! ! ! ! !
búshèng bbitòng wànfbn tóngqíng shbn biko tóngqíng shbnqiè aidào shbn gkn wknxc ynngchuíbùxio
great sorrow deepest sympathy to express deep sympathy heartfelt condolences to feel the loss keenly to be immortal
Exercise for 1.4 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words based on the context: (a) !"#$%&'())))*+,-./01234 wèile dui Wáng Lkoshcde shìshì bikoshì______, wnmen quán ban sòng le yí ge huaquan. (b) !"#$%&'(((()*+,-./0 yì xikngdào fùqin rúcm teránde ___________, wn biàn bbishang wànfbn. (c) !W !"#$%& !"#$%&'()*+,-../01..
!"#$%$& !"#$ !"#$% 10
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Vocabulary 1.1 ! ! !
fbngfù dudcki hko ynu chdngmkn . . . zenjìngde zhùhè gaoshòu shbntm jiànkang shòu bm nánshan jìngshàng dà shòu shòuchén zhù shòu chángshòu sdngbki
splendid good friend to be full of respected to congratulate; congratulations long life good health may your age be as long as the southern mountain sincerely birthday (for older people) birthday (for older people) to celebrate (an older person’s) birthday long life pine and cypress
zài . . . zhc jì xcn chen jíjiang láilín zài cm lóng nián wàn shì rú yì
at the time when . . . New Year soon; to be about to to arrive here; in this Year of the Dragon everything goes as you wish
xm wén jiéwéi kànglì dàxm xm jié liáng yuán xcn hen kuàilè biko jil
to be pleased to hear to tie the knot; to become married married couple; husband and wife happy event happily married happy marriage cousin (female and older)
jcng xc búxìng shìshì wúxiàn bbitòng shbnbiko aidào jié ai bkozhòng
to be shocked to hear unfortunately; sadly to pass away boundless sadness to deeply express condolences restrain one’s grief take care of yourself
1.2 K K K !
1.3 ! !
1.4
11
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!W Unit One: Cards
This unit covers the following types of cards: birthday cards, New Year’s greeting cards, wedding cards and condolence cards. The language used in card writing is usually rather formal and brief with often incomplete sentences. The general format for these cards is as follows:
recipient’s name: main message closing remark sender’s name date
1
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Copyrighted Material - Taylor & Francis DEVELOPING WRITING SKILLS IN CHINESE
1.1
! Birthday cards
1, Text 1
W !"#$%&' !"#
This is a card written to Wang Xiaoli, who is about to celebrate her 20th birthday, by her close female friend similar to her in age.
!" W= 2002. 3. 8
Notes to Text 1 a.
b. c. d.
Between friends of similar age, it is normal to write the recipient’s given name without adding terms such as ‘dear’ in front of it. Between close friends, if the recipient is older than the writer, terms such as (dà gb, elder brother) or (dà jil, elder sister) or simply or can be added to the recipient’s given name to show respect. The verb ‘’ (guò) is often used with (shbngri, birthday), (chenjié, Spring Festival), meaning ‘to celebrate’. Note that ‘ !"’ is modified by the phrase ‘ !"#$’ (a colourful 20th birthday). The following are common birthday expressions (when the recipient is either of a similar age or younger):
!"#$ K K K
!
zhù nmde shbngri chdngmkn . . . huanlè shcyì làngmàn sècki jcngxm 2
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wishing your birthday is full of . . . happiness poetic flavour romantic colour pleasant surprise
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!"#$%& yuàn nm sanshí suì de shbngri gli nm K K K dàilái . . . !" xìngfú hé chénggdng !"#$ wúqióngde huan shbng xiào yo !" mknzú hé xiáyì
wishing your 30th birthday brings you . . . happiness and success endless laughter comfort and contentment
2, Text 2 !"#W !"#$%&' !"
This is written by John to his Chinese teacher who is to celebrate his 70th birthday.
()*+,
W== !"#$
Notes to Text 2 a.
When writing to people who are one’s senior or superior, the term often used before the recipient’s name: zenjìngde Respected
b. c.
is
/
Lm xiansheng/Wáng jiàoshòu
Mr. Li/Professor Wang
Note that the pronoun (nín) instead of is used to show respect. The phrase K K K (zhùhè nín . . . gaoshòu) literally means ‘to congratulate you on your . . . high age’, which is a polite way of congratulating an older person on their birthday (usually above 60). Similar expressions include: K K K / zhùhè nín . . . dà shòu/shòuchéng! Congratulations on your . . . birthday! Therefore, it is more polite to use the expression (zhù shòu, to celebrate a birthday) rather than (guò shbngri) when referring to an older person’s birthday. For example: 3
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!""#$%! &'()*+,wèile gli wn nkinai zhù shòu, wn gli ta dìng le yí ge dà dàngao. To celebrate my grandma’s birthday, I’ve ordered a big cake for her. d. e.
The phrase (jìngshàng, sincerely yours) is used after the signature with one character space in between in a card/letter to one’s senior or superior. The following are some other expressions one can use when writing birthday cards to an elderly person (usually aged over 60): K K K ! !
zhù nín . . . wishing you . . . jiànkang chángshòu health and long life shòu bm nánshan the life is as long as the southern
! ! ! !"#$
fú rú ddnghki shòu rú sdngbki dud shòu dud fú lè xikng yú nián xiàng sdngbki yíyàng chángshòu
mountain happiness as great as the eastern sea live as long as the pine and cypress long life and good fortune to enjoy the rest of your life live as long as the pine and cypress
Exercises 1
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: (a) !"#$$$$%&'()* Nm mèimei shénme shíhou ______èrshí suì shbngri? (b) !"#$%%&'()*****+$,-./*****+ Zhège xcngqcliù shì wn yéyede bashí suì _______. Wn yào qù gli ta _________. (c) !W
!"#$%&"'())* !"#$% & !W== !"#$
2 3
Write a birthday card to a very good friend of yours who is about to celebrate her/his 21st birthday and who lives in another city. Write a birthday card to your grandmother who is going to be 70 years old and who is in good health. 4
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1.2
! New Year’s greeting cards
3, Text 3 W
On the right is a card sent by Lin Weiping to her good friend Wang Shuqin.
!"#$%&'() !"#
!"#$%&' W= 2002. 1. 18
Notes to Text 3 a.
According to the Chinese lunar calendar, there is an animal sign for each year. Altogether there are 12 animal signs, and so they come round every 12 years. If we take the following 12 years as an example, below is a table of the 12 signs corresponding to those 12 years: Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
b.
Sign Rat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Sheep Monkey Rooster Dog Pig
Pinyin sho niú ho tù lóng shé (xiko lóng) mk yáng hóu jc gnu zhe
Character !"
For example, ‘the Year of the Dragon’ is (lóng nián). The phrase K K K (zài . . . zhc jì) is a formal expression used mostly in written language. For example: 5
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EF
zài
(wn) nm nmmen
jíjiang
bìyè tuìxie líkai Zhdngguó
!
!"#$%&'()
zhc jì, wnde xcnqíng hln bù píngjìng.
At the time when I/you/you (plural) will soon graduate/retire/leave China, I feel very emotional. c. d.
(zài cm) is also a formal term which is often used in letters and cards, meaning ‘here’ and which refers to the card or letter being written. Relevant expressions There are many set phrases which people use for New Year’s greetings, and it is customary to use the set phrases of this type in even numbers, that is, to write two or four set phrases in a card rather than one or three. Here are some often used ones (they are not arranged in pairs below): ! ! ! ! ! ! !
xcn nián hko gdngxm facái gdnghè xcn xm xcn chen yúkuài hé jia huanlè yì fan fbng shùn xcn xikng shì chéng chen fbng déyì fù guì nián nián nián nián ynuyú suì suì píng’an
Happy New Year Congratulations and wishing you prosperity New Year congratulations Happy New Year happy family reunion smooth progress achieve your heart’s desires enjoy success be prosperous year after year have an abundance every year have peace year after year
Exercises for 1.2 1
Fill in the blanks according to the context: W
!"
!
"#$ W= 2001. 1. 8
6
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Write a Chinese New Year’s greeting card to a Chinese friend of yours. The New Year is the Year of the Rabbit.
2
1.3
! Wedding cards
Wedding cards are more straightforward in that the language used does not differentiate between young couples or older couples.
4, Text 4 !"W On the right is a wedding card sent by Lingfang who is a cousin of Xiaoming.
!"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+'
!"#$%&'
W= !"#$
Notes to Text 4 a.
The verbal phrase (xm wén), literally ‘happily hear’, can be translated as ‘be pleased/delighted to hear’. It is a phrase which is used in formal writing. For example: !"#$%&'()*+ ,-./0 xm wén nm kko shàng le Hafó Dàxué, zài cm xiàng nm bikoshì zhùhè. I’m delighted to hear that you’ve been admitted to Harvard University. Many congratulations.
b.
c.
The four-character expression ! (jié wéi kànglì), meaning ‘to become a married couple’ or ‘to become husband and wife’, is a formal expression usually reserved for weddings. The phrase (dà xm ) literally means ‘big happiness’. There are a few things which can be called . Marriage is one of them, and the birth of a boy is another (of course, people may use it for other occasions such as getting a Ph.D. or being promoted to a high position). There is a special character which serves as a marriage symbol, and it looks like this: . It is pronounced (shuang xm), meaning ‘double happiness’ as the character is written twice. 7
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d.
The four-character expression ! (xm jié liáng yuán) translates as ‘to be happily married’. Literally, (yuán) means ‘predestined ’ or ‘relationship’. For example: !"#$%&'()*+, wnmen fbnshnu le, klnéng wnmen blnlái jiù méi ynu yuán. We split up. Perhaps we were not meant to be together in the first place. !"#$% wn hé yan jio méi ynu yuán. I have nothing to do with smoking and drinking.
e.
Relevant expressions The word for bridegroom is (xcnláng), which literally means ‘new man’; and the term for bride is (xcnniáng), which literally means ‘new woman’. Also, the newly wed couple are often compared to a dragon and a phoenix. The following expressions are often used on wedding cards and frequently written in pairs (they are not arranged in pairs below): ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
shbnghuó tiánmì zao sheng guizi lóng fèng qí fbi ynng xié kànglì bki nián jia nu bái tóu dào lko bki nián xié lko bki nián feqc feqc bn’ài gdnghè xcn xm
sweet life to have a boy soon dragon and phoenix fly together be married forever be happily married for a hundred years grow old together be together for a hundred years be husband and wife for a hundred years loving couple congratulations on your new happiness
Exercise for 1.3 Fill in the blanks using appropriate wedding expressions:
W
!"#$%&'(
! !
"#! "#$ W= 200161
8
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1.4
! Condolence cards
5, Text 5
!"#W On the right is a card sent to Professor Song’s widow, Mrs Zhang, by Liu Xiaoqing who was a student of Professor Song.
!"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'"()$ W= !"#$
Notes to Text 5 a.
b.
There are various ways to address Professor Song’s wife. She can be (Sòng feren, Mrs. Song) or (shcmo). The term is used only to refer to or address one’s master’s or teacher’s wife. It is especially appropriate if the writer is one generation younger than she is and knows her fairly well. If she is a professor or teacher herself, then simply address her as or K The verbal phrase (jcng xc ) is a rather formal expression meaning ‘to be shocked to learn’. In contrast to (see 1.3 above), this is often used for bad news. For example:
!"#$%&/
!"#$
jcng xc nm moqcn shbn huàn áizhèng/nm ycn chbhuò shòu shang.
I was shocked to learn that your mother was suffering from cancer/you were injured in a car accident. c.
Here, the verbal phrase (shìshì, to pass away) should be used instead of the word (sm, to die), which is one of the taboo words Chinese people try to avoid. As a result, there are many other euphemistic expressions which are usually more formal and indirect. For example: !"#$%&'()* fùqin qùshì de shíhou, wn cái wo suì. When father passed away, I was only five. 9
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!"#$%&'()*+,wn cái wo suì, fùqin jiù líkai le zhège shìjiè. I was only five when father left this world. !"#$% ta hé wnmen ynngbié le. He left us forever. !"#$%&'()*+, áizhèng cánkùde duóqù le ta niánqcnde shbngmìng. Cancer cruelly took away his young life. d.
The following expressions are often used in condolence cards:
! ! ! ! ! !
búshèng bbitòng wànfbn tóngqíng shbn biko tóngqíng shbnqiè aidào shbn gkn wknxc ynngchuíbùxio
great sorrow deepest sympathy to express deep sympathy heartfelt condolences to feel the loss keenly to be immortal
Exercise for 1.4 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words based on the context: (a) !"#$%&'())))*+,-./01234 wèile dui Wáng Lkoshcde shìshì bikoshì______, wnmen quán ban sòng le yí ge huaquan. (b) !"#$%&'(((()*+,-./0 yì xikngdào fùqin rúcm teránde ___________, wn biàn bbishang wànfbn. (c) !W !"#$%& !"#$%&'()*+,-../01..
!"#$%$& !"#$ !"#$% 10
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Vocabulary 1.1 ! ! !
fbngfù dudcki hko ynu chdngmkn . . . zenjìngde zhùhè gaoshòu shbntm jiànkang shòu bm nánshan jìngshàng dà shòu shòuchén zhù shòu chángshòu sdngbki
splendid good friend to be full of respected to congratulate; congratulations long life good health may your age be as long as the southern mountain sincerely birthday (for older people) birthday (for older people) to celebrate (an older person’s) birthday long life pine and cypress
zài . . . zhc jì xcn chen jíjiang láilín zài cm lóng nián wàn shì rú yì
at the time when . . . New Year soon; to be about to to arrive here; in this Year of the Dragon everything goes as you wish
xm wén jiéwéi kànglì dàxm xm jié liáng yuán xcn hen kuàilè biko jil
to be pleased to hear to tie the knot; to become married married couple; husband and wife happy event happily married happy marriage cousin (female and older)
jcng xc búxìng shìshì wúxiàn bbitòng shbnbiko aidào jié ai bkozhòng
to be shocked to hear unfortunately; sadly to pass away boundless sadness to deeply express condolences restrain one’s grief take care of yourself
1.2 K K K !
1.3 ! !
1.4
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