Second Generation Biofuels - Regensw
Second Generation Biofuels Craig Jamieson Biofuels Sustainability Consultant
Renewable Futures Conference 2007 Weston-Super-Mare
Overview • • • •
What are advanced biofuels? How are they better environmentally? Obstacles and ways to overcome them A glimpse into the future
“…it seems rather silly to spend billions developing cauliflower-powered cars when they might not make any difference, and half the world is starving.” Jeremy Clarkson
Great Global Challenges 5 Drivers for better fuels:• • • •
Fuel & energy demand Food demand, starvation Poverty Environmental destruction • Climate change
1750 – 1900: Agricultural Revolution
1760 – 1830: Industrial Revolution
21st Century: Agro-Industrial Revolution
“Bio-Economy”
Second Generation Conventional st
(1 generation)
Midrange
Advanced (2nd Generation)
Timeline 0 ………….5…………….8…………………….10 years……………………>
Conventional Ethanol
Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass
Breakthrough Sugar Conversion
Natural Oil Esters
Oil Hydrogenation
Biomass Gasification
Source: BP
Iogen
CHOREN Beta plant, Germany 45 MW Thermal
75,000 t/a Biomass
18,5 mil l SunFuel
CHOREN’s Process
Three Phase Gasification
Gas Treatment
Fischer-Tropsch & Hydrocracking
Environmental Benefits • High yields per hectare • Low crop inputs • Much lower CO2 emissions • Ultra pure, clean-burning ‘designer fuel’ • Avoiding food v fuel conflicts
Well-to-Wheel Energy / CO2 Balances Total Fossil Energy Use MJ/100km
GHG Emissions g CO2 eq/km
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 Gasoline 2002 (PISI)
Brazilan EU EtOH: EU EtOH: LC EtOH: Sugar Wheat, conv W. Wood Cane NG boiler, DDGS as Animal Fd
Diesel 2002 EU FAME: (PISI) Rape, Gly. as Animal Fd
CCS: Earth Challenge Prize. $25m for 1bn T/yr
EU: Syndiesel: W. Wood
Source: BP / Bob Saunders
Productivity per Hectare 2,500 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
4,046 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
1,300 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
1,300 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
Three Hindrances • Size of plant • Transportation of feedstock • Cost of feedstock (wood)
Source: ECN
Biomass Sources • • • • • • •
‘Energy Crops’ Wood waste MSW Slurry Wheat straw Rice straw Corn stalks…
Second Generation Conventional st
(1 generation)
Midrange
Advanced (2nd Generation)
Timeline 0 ………….5…………….8…………………….10 years……………………>
Conventional Ethanol
Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass
Breakthrough Sugar Conversion
Natural Oil Esters
Oil Hydrogenation
Biomass Gasification
Source: BP
Hydrogenation •Fuel quality: same as BTL •Land area: same as BTL if palm oil used •But less expensive: similar to biodiesel costs
Crop Residues • Turn into food, biomaterials etc. • Livestock feed • Extract available energy with AD • Waste treatment
Microalgae • 1978 – 1996 ‘Aquatic Species Program’ • John Benemann • IEA Network • Updated economic analysis: 2 conclusions…
Wastewater Treatment • Problematic on its own • Water & nutrient recycling • 100+ tonnes/ha/yr • Fuel and / or feed, esp. fish
Integrated Food / Fuel Systems
Crop 1: Sweet Sorghum
Water & Nutrient Recycling Fuel Food
Crop 2: Microalgae
Farms of the Future • Integrated food, fuel etc • Zero ‘waste’ • Zero fossil fuel use • Carbon negative (using CCS)
“If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it” Napoleon Hill
Thank-you
Renewable Futures Conference 2007 Weston-Super-Mare
Overview • • • •
What are advanced biofuels? How are they better environmentally? Obstacles and ways to overcome them A glimpse into the future
“…it seems rather silly to spend billions developing cauliflower-powered cars when they might not make any difference, and half the world is starving.” Jeremy Clarkson
Great Global Challenges 5 Drivers for better fuels:• • • •
Fuel & energy demand Food demand, starvation Poverty Environmental destruction • Climate change
1750 – 1900: Agricultural Revolution
1760 – 1830: Industrial Revolution
21st Century: Agro-Industrial Revolution
“Bio-Economy”
Second Generation Conventional st
(1 generation)
Midrange
Advanced (2nd Generation)
Timeline 0 ………….5…………….8…………………….10 years……………………>
Conventional Ethanol
Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass
Breakthrough Sugar Conversion
Natural Oil Esters
Oil Hydrogenation
Biomass Gasification
Source: BP
Iogen
CHOREN Beta plant, Germany 45 MW Thermal
75,000 t/a Biomass
18,5 mil l SunFuel
CHOREN’s Process
Three Phase Gasification
Gas Treatment
Fischer-Tropsch & Hydrocracking
Environmental Benefits • High yields per hectare • Low crop inputs • Much lower CO2 emissions • Ultra pure, clean-burning ‘designer fuel’ • Avoiding food v fuel conflicts
Well-to-Wheel Energy / CO2 Balances Total Fossil Energy Use MJ/100km
GHG Emissions g CO2 eq/km
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 Gasoline 2002 (PISI)
Brazilan EU EtOH: EU EtOH: LC EtOH: Sugar Wheat, conv W. Wood Cane NG boiler, DDGS as Animal Fd
Diesel 2002 EU FAME: (PISI) Rape, Gly. as Animal Fd
CCS: Earth Challenge Prize. $25m for 1bn T/yr
EU: Syndiesel: W. Wood
Source: BP / Bob Saunders
Productivity per Hectare 2,500 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
4,046 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
1,300 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
1,300 l/ (ha/a) diesel equivalent
Three Hindrances • Size of plant • Transportation of feedstock • Cost of feedstock (wood)
Source: ECN
Biomass Sources • • • • • • •
‘Energy Crops’ Wood waste MSW Slurry Wheat straw Rice straw Corn stalks…
Second Generation Conventional st
(1 generation)
Midrange
Advanced (2nd Generation)
Timeline 0 ………….5…………….8…………………….10 years……………………>
Conventional Ethanol
Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass
Breakthrough Sugar Conversion
Natural Oil Esters
Oil Hydrogenation
Biomass Gasification
Source: BP
Hydrogenation •Fuel quality: same as BTL •Land area: same as BTL if palm oil used •But less expensive: similar to biodiesel costs
Crop Residues • Turn into food, biomaterials etc. • Livestock feed • Extract available energy with AD • Waste treatment
Microalgae • 1978 – 1996 ‘Aquatic Species Program’ • John Benemann • IEA Network • Updated economic analysis: 2 conclusions…
Wastewater Treatment • Problematic on its own • Water & nutrient recycling • 100+ tonnes/ha/yr • Fuel and / or feed, esp. fish
Integrated Food / Fuel Systems
Crop 1: Sweet Sorghum
Water & Nutrient Recycling Fuel Food
Crop 2: Microalgae
Farms of the Future • Integrated food, fuel etc • Zero ‘waste’ • Zero fossil fuel use • Carbon negative (using CCS)
“If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it” Napoleon Hill
Thank-you
