Sensation ppt.pdf
AP PSYCH SENSES ● Vision!
!
!
● Audition! ● Somatosensation! ● Gustation! ● Olfaction! ● Vestibular! ● Kinesthetic
!
!
Sensation Requires Integration
How does it work? ●Energy stimulates
receptor cell
Transduction ●Receptor cells act as transducers,
converting one form of energy to another! ●Then it connects to specialized
neural pathways
VISUAL TRANSDUCTION
Olfaction Transduction ●What kind of energy does
olfaction use?
THRESHOLD THEORIES ●Absolute threshold! ● Signal
Detection theory (against)!
● Subliminal
perception (for)!
●Difference threshold
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD ●The point at which a stimulus
can be detected 50% of the time! ●minimum stimulation needed
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLDS (LAB) ● TASTE: 1 g table salt in 529 Qt water! ● SMELL: 1 drop perfume in 3 room apt.! ● TOUCH: Bee wing fall on cheek -1 cm! ● HEAR: watch tick-20 ft-quiet conditions! ● SEE: candle flame-30 mi-dark, clear night
Hearing test ● http://www.audiocheck.net/
testtones_hearingtestaudiogram.php
12
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ●There are no absolute thresholds! ●Influenced by variety of factors! ●Fatigue! ●Motivation! ●Attention! ●Expectations! ●Emotional distress
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ●4 possible outcomes! ●The signal (stimulus) is either
present or not! ●The subject detects or misses a
signal
STIMULUS PRESENT
NO STIMULUS PRESENT
STIMULUS DETECTED
HIT
MISS
NO STIMULUS DETECTED
MISS
HIT
MRI BRAIN SCAN FOR TUMOR DOES NOT HAS TUMOR HAVE TUMOR DETECT TUMOR DOES NOT DETECT TUMOR
HIT MISS! FALSE NEGATIVE
MISS! FALSE POSITIVE
HIT
MRI BRAIN SCAN FOR TUMOR DOES NOT HAS TUMOR HAVE TUMOR DETECT TUMOR DOES NOT DETECT TUMOR
HIT MISS! FALSE NEGATIVE! Type II error
MISS! FALSE POSITIVE! Type I error
HIT
18
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ● Soldier on guard at night in War zone-
noises! ● Quarterback looking for open receiver! ● Justice system outcome for a
defendant! ● Passenger with fever at customs
Signal Detection ● http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/software/SigDetJ2/
index.html
SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION ●Below one’s absolute threshold
for conscious awareness! ●Ads! ●Backmasking
Backmasking
Change is what we notice most
DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD ●Minimal change in stimulation
that can be reliably detected 50% of the time! ●Also known as the JND
JND DEMO-Weber’s Law 1-place 10 pennies in each cup-give to subject-do they feel the same?! 2-put cups down and add 1 penny to one of the cups-does subject correctly identify which cup has extra penny? 5 correct in a row! 3-Or keep adding 1 penny
WEBER’S LAW ●Ernst Weber (1830s)! ●Difference thresholds increase in
proportion to the size of the stimulus!
●Weight-2%! ●Taste-20%
Sound-1/3 of 1%
GUSTAV FECHNER Psychophysics! Led to scientific study of mind! Effect-Wundt’s lab
Sensory Adaptation
SENSORY ADAPTATION ●Decline in receptor activity
when stimuli is unchanging! ●Our senses automatically adjust
to overall, average level of stimulation
Examples
SENSORY ADAPTATION DEMO ●TASTE ADAPTATION! ●TOUCH ADAPTATION! !
Example of visual adaptation! ●GANZFELD (a homogenous visual
field)
HABITUATION ●A decline in sensory sensitivity due
to repeated stimulation! ●We maintain some control ! ●Examples-! ●City noise! ●Crying baby in night
VISION ●Is this your most important
sense?! ●70% of your body’s sense
receptors are located in your eyes
Visual Neural Pathway
Cornea-iris-pupil-lens-retina-optic nerve-optic chiasm -thalamus-occipital lobe-visual cortex
BLINDSPOT- at optic nerve
RODS AND CONES ●Rods-@120 mil, night vision,
perception of brightness! ●Cones-@8 mil, responsible for
color vision (mostly near fovea)! ●(transduction-retina)
RODS AND CONES
41
● When the Biebs was pulled over for street racing
and subsequently arrested for intoxication, resisting arrest, and driving without a valid license, a number of concepts were utilized.! !
● Signal Detection theory! ● Absolute thresholds! ● Attributional error! ● Self serving bias
42
Peripheral Vision Demo ●Find a partner! ●At what point can they detect
the stimulus?! ●At what point can they
accurately see the color?
Dark and Light adaptation ●Entering movie theatre late! ●Leaving darkened !
movie theatre to ! bright afternoon sunlight
FEATURE DETECTORS ●Hubel and Weisel ! ●Cells in visual cortex respond only to
specific features! ●Edges! ●Lines! ●Movement
PARALLEL PROCESSING ●But work simultaneously
Color Vision Theories-1800s ●Trichromatic theory (Young-
Helmholtz)! ●Opponent-Process theory (Ewald
Hering)
TRICHROMATIC THEORY ●We have 3 color receptors in
retina! ●Red, green and blue! ●Cones respond and !
create blends
COLOR BLIND RESULTS ! ! ● Normal ●
Color Vision: !
A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26!
● Red-Green Color-Blind:! ●
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: --! !
● Red Color-blind: ! ●
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6! !
● Green Color-Blind:! ●
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2!
!
COLOR BLIND
TRICHROMATIC THEORY ●This theory explains color
blindness! ●Trichromats! ●Dichromats! ●Monochromats
AFTER IMAGE
OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY ●We have 3 pairs of color receptors! ●Yellow-blue! ●Red-green! ●Black-white!
●They work in opposition
Both theories valid ●Work at different stages in visual process! ●Cones in retina (red, green, blue) do
respond to different colors (Trichromatic)! ●Neurons in thalamus code the color
(opponent-process)
WAVELENGTHS
ROY G BIV
AUDITION
● Pinna-canal-drum-ossicles (hammer-anvil-stirrup) cochlea
(basilar membrane/oval window) auditory nerve
SOUND LOCALIZATION
HEARING THEORIES ●Determining pitch! ●Place Theory! ●Frequency theory
PLACE THEORY
●Pitch determined by position on
basilar membrane being stimulated! ●High pitch= greatest vibration at
oval window (base)
FREQUENCY THEORY !
●Pitch is determined by frequency
with which hair cells in cochlea fire ●Volley-principle
●PH-place-high! ● FL-frequency-low
CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS ● damage to mechanical system that
conducts sound waves to cochlea ! ●Punctured eardrum, loss of
vibration! ●hearing aids
NERVE DEAFNESS (sensorineural) ● caused by damage to cochlea’s
receptor cells or auditory nerves! ●Aging, loud noise,!
disease! ●Cochlear implants
68
` ● http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/
2010/05/10/dont-you-hear-that/
GUSTATION (taste)
TASTE RECEPTOR CELLS ●= taste buds, located in papillae! ●@ 10,000 on !
tongue, throat ! and soft palate! ●replaced every 7 days
SUPERTASTERS !
● "Ability to taste PTC is a hereditary trait. (The taste of PTC
varies with the individual.) PTC paper which is often used when discussing heredity in biology classes, is paper soaked with phenol thiocarbamide(PTC). The LD50 for PTC is 3.4 mg/ kg. Such a low LD50 reveals that PTC is a very hazardous substance. The solution to make the taste test paper contains approximately 500 mg of PTC per liter of water. Through some very crude arithmetic, we calculate that each strip of PTC paper would contain approximately 0.3 mg of PTC. We estimate that a student weighing about 50 kg (110 lbs) would have to lick (That is how the test is performed) and ingest about 5002 x 1/4" strips of PTC paper to reach the LD50. You will have to judge if you wish to use this taste test paper."
SUPERTASTER DEMO-optional 1. Swab blue food coloring over tongue
with Q-tip! 2. Count ‘taste buds’! 3. Place ptc paper on tongue-allow to
dissolve! 4. Record taste sensation! 5. Is there a correlation?
Supertaster results
Mild
Medium
High
Fungiform papillae do not stain
NEURAL PATHWAY ●Chemical sense dissolves on taste
receptor! ●Tongue – medulla – pons - thalamus! ●Thalamus sends primarily to
somatosensory cortex, but also to hypothalamus and limbic system
BASIC TASTE SENSATIONS 1. SWEETNESS! 2. SALTINESS! 3. SOURNESS! 4. BITTERNESS! 5. Umami (msg)! 6. Astringent (tannins)! 7. Unnamed (fat)
4 TASTES
DEMO
Where on your tongue do you experience these?
SENSORY INTERACTION
Sensory Interaction Demo 1. Pick a cup of jelly beans for your subject! 2. Subjects eat a jellybean-then identify its
flavor (Vision, taste, smell)! 3. Now do the same thing with your eyes
shut (Taste, smell)! 4. Now do it with your eyes shut and nose
plugged (taste)
OLFACTION ● Favorite smells?
MYSTERY SMELL DEMO ●Carefully smell each of the film canisters
without looking beneath the cotton ball! ●Record your guess! ●If you can’t place it, write down any
memories that arise! ●You do not need to go in order
OLFACTION ●Chemical sense! ●10,000 times more sensitive than
taste! ●5 million receptors in nose
OLFACTION NEURAL PATHWAY
● nasal cavity-olfactory epithelium-olfactory
bulb-olfactory tract-temporal lobes
SMELL RESEARCH ●Odor sensitivity! ●Pheromones
SOMATOSENSATION
SKIN ●Largest sense organ! ●Protects us from environment! ●Holds in bodily fluids! ●Regulates internal temperature
WHAT WE FEEL ●A mix of !
1.Pressure! 2.Temperature-warmth! 3.Temperature-cold! 4.Pain
EXAMPLES ● Stroking adjacent pressure spots=tickle! ● Repeated gentle stroking of pain spot= itching! ● Touching adjacent cold and pressure spots=
wetness! ● Like dry, cold metal!
● Stimulating nearby cold and warmth spots=
hot
NEURAL PATHWAY !
●Sensory neurons - spinal cord -
medulla - thalamus - somatosensory cortex (or reticular formation)
Two point threshold demo ●Pull bobby pin slightly apart-@ 1
inch! ●Press it against partner’s elbow
and drag it slowly to their fingertips! ●What sensations do they report?
GATE CONTROL THEORY ●Neurological gate in spinal cord! ●Small fibers open gate to allow pain
messages to pass to brain! ●Large fibers close gate to turn pain
off! ●Gate closing activities-massage, ice
KINESTHESIS ●System for detecting the position
and motion of individual body parts! ●Receptors located in joints and
ligaments! ●Stretch receptors-provide constant
feedback
VESTIBULAR ● Equilibrium! ● Gives info about balance and body
position! ● Receptors are located in inner ear-
semicircular canals and vestibular sacsworks with cerebellum! ● Motion sickness-discrepancy between
visual info and vestibular sensation
Vestibular Demo-twirling
!
!
● Audition! ● Somatosensation! ● Gustation! ● Olfaction! ● Vestibular! ● Kinesthetic
!
!
Sensation Requires Integration
How does it work? ●Energy stimulates
receptor cell
Transduction ●Receptor cells act as transducers,
converting one form of energy to another! ●Then it connects to specialized
neural pathways
VISUAL TRANSDUCTION
Olfaction Transduction ●What kind of energy does
olfaction use?
THRESHOLD THEORIES ●Absolute threshold! ● Signal
Detection theory (against)!
● Subliminal
perception (for)!
●Difference threshold
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD ●The point at which a stimulus
can be detected 50% of the time! ●minimum stimulation needed
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLDS (LAB) ● TASTE: 1 g table salt in 529 Qt water! ● SMELL: 1 drop perfume in 3 room apt.! ● TOUCH: Bee wing fall on cheek -1 cm! ● HEAR: watch tick-20 ft-quiet conditions! ● SEE: candle flame-30 mi-dark, clear night
Hearing test ● http://www.audiocheck.net/
testtones_hearingtestaudiogram.php
12
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ●There are no absolute thresholds! ●Influenced by variety of factors! ●Fatigue! ●Motivation! ●Attention! ●Expectations! ●Emotional distress
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ●4 possible outcomes! ●The signal (stimulus) is either
present or not! ●The subject detects or misses a
signal
STIMULUS PRESENT
NO STIMULUS PRESENT
STIMULUS DETECTED
HIT
MISS
NO STIMULUS DETECTED
MISS
HIT
MRI BRAIN SCAN FOR TUMOR DOES NOT HAS TUMOR HAVE TUMOR DETECT TUMOR DOES NOT DETECT TUMOR
HIT MISS! FALSE NEGATIVE
MISS! FALSE POSITIVE
HIT
MRI BRAIN SCAN FOR TUMOR DOES NOT HAS TUMOR HAVE TUMOR DETECT TUMOR DOES NOT DETECT TUMOR
HIT MISS! FALSE NEGATIVE! Type II error
MISS! FALSE POSITIVE! Type I error
HIT
18
SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY ● Soldier on guard at night in War zone-
noises! ● Quarterback looking for open receiver! ● Justice system outcome for a
defendant! ● Passenger with fever at customs
Signal Detection ● http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/software/SigDetJ2/
index.html
SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION ●Below one’s absolute threshold
for conscious awareness! ●Ads! ●Backmasking
Backmasking
Change is what we notice most
DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD ●Minimal change in stimulation
that can be reliably detected 50% of the time! ●Also known as the JND
JND DEMO-Weber’s Law 1-place 10 pennies in each cup-give to subject-do they feel the same?! 2-put cups down and add 1 penny to one of the cups-does subject correctly identify which cup has extra penny? 5 correct in a row! 3-Or keep adding 1 penny
WEBER’S LAW ●Ernst Weber (1830s)! ●Difference thresholds increase in
proportion to the size of the stimulus!
●Weight-2%! ●Taste-20%
Sound-1/3 of 1%
GUSTAV FECHNER Psychophysics! Led to scientific study of mind! Effect-Wundt’s lab
Sensory Adaptation
SENSORY ADAPTATION ●Decline in receptor activity
when stimuli is unchanging! ●Our senses automatically adjust
to overall, average level of stimulation
Examples
SENSORY ADAPTATION DEMO ●TASTE ADAPTATION! ●TOUCH ADAPTATION! !
Example of visual adaptation! ●GANZFELD (a homogenous visual
field)
HABITUATION ●A decline in sensory sensitivity due
to repeated stimulation! ●We maintain some control ! ●Examples-! ●City noise! ●Crying baby in night
VISION ●Is this your most important
sense?! ●70% of your body’s sense
receptors are located in your eyes
Visual Neural Pathway
Cornea-iris-pupil-lens-retina-optic nerve-optic chiasm -thalamus-occipital lobe-visual cortex
BLINDSPOT- at optic nerve
RODS AND CONES ●Rods-@120 mil, night vision,
perception of brightness! ●Cones-@8 mil, responsible for
color vision (mostly near fovea)! ●(transduction-retina)
RODS AND CONES
41
● When the Biebs was pulled over for street racing
and subsequently arrested for intoxication, resisting arrest, and driving without a valid license, a number of concepts were utilized.! !
● Signal Detection theory! ● Absolute thresholds! ● Attributional error! ● Self serving bias
42
Peripheral Vision Demo ●Find a partner! ●At what point can they detect
the stimulus?! ●At what point can they
accurately see the color?
Dark and Light adaptation ●Entering movie theatre late! ●Leaving darkened !
movie theatre to ! bright afternoon sunlight
FEATURE DETECTORS ●Hubel and Weisel ! ●Cells in visual cortex respond only to
specific features! ●Edges! ●Lines! ●Movement
PARALLEL PROCESSING ●But work simultaneously
Color Vision Theories-1800s ●Trichromatic theory (Young-
Helmholtz)! ●Opponent-Process theory (Ewald
Hering)
TRICHROMATIC THEORY ●We have 3 color receptors in
retina! ●Red, green and blue! ●Cones respond and !
create blends
COLOR BLIND RESULTS ! ! ● Normal ●
Color Vision: !
A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26!
● Red-Green Color-Blind:! ●
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: --! !
● Red Color-blind: ! ●
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6! !
● Green Color-Blind:! ●
A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2!
!
COLOR BLIND
TRICHROMATIC THEORY ●This theory explains color
blindness! ●Trichromats! ●Dichromats! ●Monochromats
AFTER IMAGE
OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY ●We have 3 pairs of color receptors! ●Yellow-blue! ●Red-green! ●Black-white!
●They work in opposition
Both theories valid ●Work at different stages in visual process! ●Cones in retina (red, green, blue) do
respond to different colors (Trichromatic)! ●Neurons in thalamus code the color
(opponent-process)
WAVELENGTHS
ROY G BIV
AUDITION
● Pinna-canal-drum-ossicles (hammer-anvil-stirrup) cochlea
(basilar membrane/oval window) auditory nerve
SOUND LOCALIZATION
HEARING THEORIES ●Determining pitch! ●Place Theory! ●Frequency theory
PLACE THEORY
●Pitch determined by position on
basilar membrane being stimulated! ●High pitch= greatest vibration at
oval window (base)
FREQUENCY THEORY !
●Pitch is determined by frequency
with which hair cells in cochlea fire ●Volley-principle
●PH-place-high! ● FL-frequency-low
CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS ● damage to mechanical system that
conducts sound waves to cochlea ! ●Punctured eardrum, loss of
vibration! ●hearing aids
NERVE DEAFNESS (sensorineural) ● caused by damage to cochlea’s
receptor cells or auditory nerves! ●Aging, loud noise,!
disease! ●Cochlear implants
68
` ● http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/
2010/05/10/dont-you-hear-that/
GUSTATION (taste)
TASTE RECEPTOR CELLS ●= taste buds, located in papillae! ●@ 10,000 on !
tongue, throat ! and soft palate! ●replaced every 7 days
SUPERTASTERS !
● "Ability to taste PTC is a hereditary trait. (The taste of PTC
varies with the individual.) PTC paper which is often used when discussing heredity in biology classes, is paper soaked with phenol thiocarbamide(PTC). The LD50 for PTC is 3.4 mg/ kg. Such a low LD50 reveals that PTC is a very hazardous substance. The solution to make the taste test paper contains approximately 500 mg of PTC per liter of water. Through some very crude arithmetic, we calculate that each strip of PTC paper would contain approximately 0.3 mg of PTC. We estimate that a student weighing about 50 kg (110 lbs) would have to lick (That is how the test is performed) and ingest about 5002 x 1/4" strips of PTC paper to reach the LD50. You will have to judge if you wish to use this taste test paper."
SUPERTASTER DEMO-optional 1. Swab blue food coloring over tongue
with Q-tip! 2. Count ‘taste buds’! 3. Place ptc paper on tongue-allow to
dissolve! 4. Record taste sensation! 5. Is there a correlation?
Supertaster results
Mild
Medium
High
Fungiform papillae do not stain
NEURAL PATHWAY ●Chemical sense dissolves on taste
receptor! ●Tongue – medulla – pons - thalamus! ●Thalamus sends primarily to
somatosensory cortex, but also to hypothalamus and limbic system
BASIC TASTE SENSATIONS 1. SWEETNESS! 2. SALTINESS! 3. SOURNESS! 4. BITTERNESS! 5. Umami (msg)! 6. Astringent (tannins)! 7. Unnamed (fat)
4 TASTES
DEMO
Where on your tongue do you experience these?
SENSORY INTERACTION
Sensory Interaction Demo 1. Pick a cup of jelly beans for your subject! 2. Subjects eat a jellybean-then identify its
flavor (Vision, taste, smell)! 3. Now do the same thing with your eyes
shut (Taste, smell)! 4. Now do it with your eyes shut and nose
plugged (taste)
OLFACTION ● Favorite smells?
MYSTERY SMELL DEMO ●Carefully smell each of the film canisters
without looking beneath the cotton ball! ●Record your guess! ●If you can’t place it, write down any
memories that arise! ●You do not need to go in order
OLFACTION ●Chemical sense! ●10,000 times more sensitive than
taste! ●5 million receptors in nose
OLFACTION NEURAL PATHWAY
● nasal cavity-olfactory epithelium-olfactory
bulb-olfactory tract-temporal lobes
SMELL RESEARCH ●Odor sensitivity! ●Pheromones
SOMATOSENSATION
SKIN ●Largest sense organ! ●Protects us from environment! ●Holds in bodily fluids! ●Regulates internal temperature
WHAT WE FEEL ●A mix of !
1.Pressure! 2.Temperature-warmth! 3.Temperature-cold! 4.Pain
EXAMPLES ● Stroking adjacent pressure spots=tickle! ● Repeated gentle stroking of pain spot= itching! ● Touching adjacent cold and pressure spots=
wetness! ● Like dry, cold metal!
● Stimulating nearby cold and warmth spots=
hot
NEURAL PATHWAY !
●Sensory neurons - spinal cord -
medulla - thalamus - somatosensory cortex (or reticular formation)
Two point threshold demo ●Pull bobby pin slightly apart-@ 1
inch! ●Press it against partner’s elbow
and drag it slowly to their fingertips! ●What sensations do they report?
GATE CONTROL THEORY ●Neurological gate in spinal cord! ●Small fibers open gate to allow pain
messages to pass to brain! ●Large fibers close gate to turn pain
off! ●Gate closing activities-massage, ice
KINESTHESIS ●System for detecting the position
and motion of individual body parts! ●Receptors located in joints and
ligaments! ●Stretch receptors-provide constant
feedback
VESTIBULAR ● Equilibrium! ● Gives info about balance and body
position! ● Receptors are located in inner ear-
semicircular canals and vestibular sacsworks with cerebellum! ● Motion sickness-discrepancy between
visual info and vestibular sensation
Vestibular Demo-twirling
