Specialized literature reviews based on the Antarctic ...
Specialized literature reviews based on the Antarctic Bibliography GEZA T. THURONYI Science and Technology Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540
The Cold Regions Bibliography Project at the Library of Congress continues to abstract and index the world's antarctic literature, providing the only bibliographic service devoted exclusively to the Antarctic in the form of the monthly abstracting journal Current Antarctic Literature and its hard-bound 18month cumulation, the Antarctic Bibliography. Coverage was begun in 1962 and thus is well past the 20-year mark. With a companion voume, Antarctic Bibliography 1951-1961, that was published retrospectively (in 1970), the coverage extends to over 30 years. Thirty years is long enough to pursue studies of how a scientific discipline or research topic developed in respect to the
interest it generated, the shifts in emphasis that occurred, the refinement of methods used, etc. In an attempt to indicate some ways in which such studies could be undertaken, the topic "National Interests and International Cooperation" was chosen, partly because of the manageable amount of literature relating to it. Such literature is grouped, in the Antarctic Bibliography, under the heading of "Political Geography." First, a count of items thus classified was made. Results of the count are presented in the figure which shows the number of books, reports, or articles published in the field of political geography during each year from 1951 through 1982. An examination of the figure reveals two peaks in the annual number of items published, one in 1960, the year following the conclusion of the Antarctic Treaty (this upsurge is attributable mostly to anonymous notes on the Antarctic Treaty), the other in 1977-1978, this one due to mounting concern over the exploitation of mineral and other resources and to negotiations relating to the law of the sea. A slackening of interest is found during the mid 1960's, presumably because of the stability created by the Antarctic Treaty, until new problems began to surface in the early 1970's. Looking at the content of the documents, we find some development in the preponderance of themes from year to year.
Items 25
20
15
a 01
IE!L
Year
Annual number of published items, 1951-1982.
1983 REVIEW
297
Thus, in the early and mid 1950's discussions of national claims, especially those of South American nations, were dominant. In the later 1950's attention shifted to the International Geophysical Year and the Antarctic Treaty. In the 1960's writers were attracted to measures in furtherance of the Antarctic Treaty: the consultative meetings, inspection, and peaceful cooperation. The early 1970's brought broader discussions of the political experiment based on the Antarctic Treaty, also growing awareness of the need for regulating the use of natural resources, as well as continued reporting of consultative meetings, inspections, etc. During the late 1970's several major works were published, dealing with alternate regimes for Antarctica, the legal issues involved, and allocation of biological and mineral resources. The latter themes continue to dominate the literature of the 1980's. This brief outline obviously cannot do justice to the variety of topics covered in 30 years' literature, but a detailed review would exceed the space limitations of this article. Instead, some interest may be served by citing a few of the more significant papers. Again because of space limitations this chronological listing is confined (with one exception) to papers (or books) published in 1977 or later. The Antarctic Bibliography abstract number follows the entry in parentheses. Schatz, G. S. (Ed.) 1974. Science, technology, and sovereignty in the polar regions. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 215 pp. (For abstract see Antarctic Bibliography, 8M-14533.) Adzharov, K. A. 1977. Territorial problems in present-day international law. (In Russian.) Kubanskiy Gosudatstren nyy Un iver-
sitet, Nauchnye Trudy, No. 248, 93 pp. (11M-23328) Auburn, F. M. 1977. Offshore oil and gas in Antarctica. German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 20, 173 pp. (1OM-21266) Oerding, J. B. 1977. Frozen friction point; a geopolitical analysis of sovereignty in the Antarctic Peninsula. Masters thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 160 pp. (9M-18361) Theile, K. 1977. Possibilities of internationalization of Antarctica. (In German.) Doctoral thesis, Saint Gallen, Switzerland, St. Gallen University, 117 pp. (10M-20288) Soden, D. L. 1978. Political and legal analysis: The Antarctic Treaty.
Unpublished manuscript, 90 pp. (10M-20151)
298
Symposium on Antarctic Resources. 1978. Proceedings. University of Miami Law Review, 33(2), 285-514. (1OM-21468) Burton, S. J . 1979. New stresses on the Antarctic Treaty. Virginia Law Review, 65(3), 421-512. (12M-25832) Mitchell, B., and Kimball, L. 1979. Conflict over the cold continent. Foreign Policy, 35, 124-141. (I1M-23814) Sollie, F. 1979. Trends and prospects for regimes for living and mineral
resources in the Antarctic, Lysaker, Norway: F. Nansen Foundation, 20 pp. (10M-21369) Suter, K. D. 1979. Antarctica: World law and the last wilderness.
Sidney: Friends of the Earth, 66 pp. (12M-25359) Colson, D. A. 1980. Antarctic Treaty system The mineral issue. Law and Policy in International Business, 12(4), 841-902. (12M-24626) Harry, R. L. 1981. Antarctic regime and the Law of the Sea Convention: An Australian view. Virginia Journal of International Law, 21(4), 727-744. (13M-27112, Current Antarctic Literature No. 123) Joyner, C. C. 1981. Exclusive economic zone and Antarctica. Virginia Journal of International Law, 21(4), 691-725 (12M-26164) Mitchell, B. 1981. Cracks in the ice. Wilson Quarterly, 5(4), 69-84. (12M-25235) Auburn, F. M. 1982. Antarctic law and politics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 261 pp. (13M-26649, CAL No. 120) Bush, W. M., comp. 1982. Antarctica and international law: A
(2 vols.) New York: Oceana Publications. (13M-27736, CAL No. 127)
collection of inter-state and national documents.
Quigg, P. W. 1983. A pole apart: The emerging issue of Antarctica.
New York: McGraw Hill, 299 pp. (13M-27549, CAL No. 126)
The above three approaches to assessing the literature— quantitative appraisal, topical examination, and selection of representative works—are offered as initial suggestions for more complete studies to be undertaken, it is hoped, in various fields by scholars with an interest in observing research trends and developments. The Antarctic Bibliography can supply the basic material for comprehensive reviews as it continues, from year to year, to record the world literature.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
The Cold Regions Bibliography Project at the Library of Congress continues to abstract and index the world's antarctic literature, providing the only bibliographic service devoted exclusively to the Antarctic in the form of the monthly abstracting journal Current Antarctic Literature and its hard-bound 18month cumulation, the Antarctic Bibliography. Coverage was begun in 1962 and thus is well past the 20-year mark. With a companion voume, Antarctic Bibliography 1951-1961, that was published retrospectively (in 1970), the coverage extends to over 30 years. Thirty years is long enough to pursue studies of how a scientific discipline or research topic developed in respect to the
interest it generated, the shifts in emphasis that occurred, the refinement of methods used, etc. In an attempt to indicate some ways in which such studies could be undertaken, the topic "National Interests and International Cooperation" was chosen, partly because of the manageable amount of literature relating to it. Such literature is grouped, in the Antarctic Bibliography, under the heading of "Political Geography." First, a count of items thus classified was made. Results of the count are presented in the figure which shows the number of books, reports, or articles published in the field of political geography during each year from 1951 through 1982. An examination of the figure reveals two peaks in the annual number of items published, one in 1960, the year following the conclusion of the Antarctic Treaty (this upsurge is attributable mostly to anonymous notes on the Antarctic Treaty), the other in 1977-1978, this one due to mounting concern over the exploitation of mineral and other resources and to negotiations relating to the law of the sea. A slackening of interest is found during the mid 1960's, presumably because of the stability created by the Antarctic Treaty, until new problems began to surface in the early 1970's. Looking at the content of the documents, we find some development in the preponderance of themes from year to year.
Items 25
20
15
a 01
IE!L
Year
Annual number of published items, 1951-1982.
1983 REVIEW
297
Thus, in the early and mid 1950's discussions of national claims, especially those of South American nations, were dominant. In the later 1950's attention shifted to the International Geophysical Year and the Antarctic Treaty. In the 1960's writers were attracted to measures in furtherance of the Antarctic Treaty: the consultative meetings, inspection, and peaceful cooperation. The early 1970's brought broader discussions of the political experiment based on the Antarctic Treaty, also growing awareness of the need for regulating the use of natural resources, as well as continued reporting of consultative meetings, inspections, etc. During the late 1970's several major works were published, dealing with alternate regimes for Antarctica, the legal issues involved, and allocation of biological and mineral resources. The latter themes continue to dominate the literature of the 1980's. This brief outline obviously cannot do justice to the variety of topics covered in 30 years' literature, but a detailed review would exceed the space limitations of this article. Instead, some interest may be served by citing a few of the more significant papers. Again because of space limitations this chronological listing is confined (with one exception) to papers (or books) published in 1977 or later. The Antarctic Bibliography abstract number follows the entry in parentheses. Schatz, G. S. (Ed.) 1974. Science, technology, and sovereignty in the polar regions. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 215 pp. (For abstract see Antarctic Bibliography, 8M-14533.) Adzharov, K. A. 1977. Territorial problems in present-day international law. (In Russian.) Kubanskiy Gosudatstren nyy Un iver-
sitet, Nauchnye Trudy, No. 248, 93 pp. (11M-23328) Auburn, F. M. 1977. Offshore oil and gas in Antarctica. German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 20, 173 pp. (1OM-21266) Oerding, J. B. 1977. Frozen friction point; a geopolitical analysis of sovereignty in the Antarctic Peninsula. Masters thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 160 pp. (9M-18361) Theile, K. 1977. Possibilities of internationalization of Antarctica. (In German.) Doctoral thesis, Saint Gallen, Switzerland, St. Gallen University, 117 pp. (10M-20288) Soden, D. L. 1978. Political and legal analysis: The Antarctic Treaty.
Unpublished manuscript, 90 pp. (10M-20151)
298
Symposium on Antarctic Resources. 1978. Proceedings. University of Miami Law Review, 33(2), 285-514. (1OM-21468) Burton, S. J . 1979. New stresses on the Antarctic Treaty. Virginia Law Review, 65(3), 421-512. (12M-25832) Mitchell, B., and Kimball, L. 1979. Conflict over the cold continent. Foreign Policy, 35, 124-141. (I1M-23814) Sollie, F. 1979. Trends and prospects for regimes for living and mineral
resources in the Antarctic, Lysaker, Norway: F. Nansen Foundation, 20 pp. (10M-21369) Suter, K. D. 1979. Antarctica: World law and the last wilderness.
Sidney: Friends of the Earth, 66 pp. (12M-25359) Colson, D. A. 1980. Antarctic Treaty system The mineral issue. Law and Policy in International Business, 12(4), 841-902. (12M-24626) Harry, R. L. 1981. Antarctic regime and the Law of the Sea Convention: An Australian view. Virginia Journal of International Law, 21(4), 727-744. (13M-27112, Current Antarctic Literature No. 123) Joyner, C. C. 1981. Exclusive economic zone and Antarctica. Virginia Journal of International Law, 21(4), 691-725 (12M-26164) Mitchell, B. 1981. Cracks in the ice. Wilson Quarterly, 5(4), 69-84. (12M-25235) Auburn, F. M. 1982. Antarctic law and politics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 261 pp. (13M-26649, CAL No. 120) Bush, W. M., comp. 1982. Antarctica and international law: A
(2 vols.) New York: Oceana Publications. (13M-27736, CAL No. 127)
collection of inter-state and national documents.
Quigg, P. W. 1983. A pole apart: The emerging issue of Antarctica.
New York: McGraw Hill, 299 pp. (13M-27549, CAL No. 126)
The above three approaches to assessing the literature— quantitative appraisal, topical examination, and selection of representative works—are offered as initial suggestions for more complete studies to be undertaken, it is hoped, in various fields by scholars with an interest in observing research trends and developments. The Antarctic Bibliography can supply the basic material for comprehensive reviews as it continues, from year to year, to record the world literature.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
