Statistical properties of speech sounds harbour deep
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Statistical properties of speech sounds harbour deep phylogenetic signal Erich Round University of Queensland, Australia
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
Inaugural Cultural Evolution Society Conference, Jena, 13 September 2017 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Statistical properties of speech sounds harbour deep phylogenetic signal Erich Round University of Queensland, Australia Jayden Macklin-Cordes University of Queensland, Australia Ancient Language Lab, UQ
Inaugural Cultural Evolution Society Conference, Jena, 13 September 2017 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Descent with modification
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Descent with modification
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• The lexicon of languages
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present
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Descent with modification
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions
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Descent with modification
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions • e.g. How frequently do words start with /a/ ?
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Descent with modification
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions • e.g. How frequently do words start with /a/ ?
• Evolutionary approach can reveal evidence of history
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Descent with modification
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions • e.g. How frequently do words start with /a/ ?
• Evolutionary approach can reveal evidence of history
• Case study: 200 Australian languages 3
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Outline
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• Australian laminal consonants
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• Australian laminal consonants • Data preparation
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• Australian laminal consonants • Data preparation • Phylogenetic signal
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Australian languages
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Australian languages form 25 families
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Australian languages form 25 families
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
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Australian languages form 25 families
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
• Language family: genealogical unit
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Australian languages form 25 families
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
• Language family: genealogical unit • within which — evidence of relatedness & phylogenetic structure
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Australian languages form 25 families
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
• Language family: genealogical unit • within which — evidence of relatedness & phylogenetic structure • between which — no demonstrable relatedness
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7 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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8 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
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L
1
1
0.82
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m
1
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1
7
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W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
1
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0.7
1
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Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
1
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m
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W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
1
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Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
1
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m
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• Historical structure
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
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PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
9
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m 1 0.5
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
0.9
1
8
1
1
1
1
0.6 1
1
0.93
0.9
6
9
5
0.4
5
1
1
0.7
6
3
1
1
0.8
0.7
0.9 8 0.8
9
1
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
0.3
0.6 3
0.74
0.3 4
0.57
1 0.99
1
1
1
0.64 1
1
7
1
0.95
1
0.6
1
0.9 7
0.85 7
0.9
0.6 3
1
1
1
4
0.5
1
0.7
3 0.4
0.67
0.93
1
1
1
0.7
5
0.4
8
1
6
1
1 1
1
8
1
1
1
9 0.9
0.42
1
1
1
1
0.8
0.76
0
0.84
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1
1
7
0.7 1
7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
• concordant with earlier, manual work
1
M
• Historical structure
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
9
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m 1 0.5
1
1
1
1 1
1
0.9
1
8
1
1
1
1
0.6 1
1
0.93
0.9
6
9
5
0.4
5
1
1
0.7
6
3
1
1
0.8
0.7
0.9 8 0.8
9
1
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
1
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1
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1
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1
0.6
1
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7
7
0.9
0.6 3
1
1
1
4
0.5
1
0.93
1
1
0.7
3 0.4
0.67
1
0.7
5
0.4
8
1
6
1
1 1
1
8
1
1
1
9 0.9
0.42
1
1
1
1
0.8
0.76
0
0.84
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1
1
7
0.7 1
7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
• much more detailed
1
• concordant with earlier, manual work
1
M
• Historical structure
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
9
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m 1 0.5
1
1
1 1
1
0.9
1
8
1
1
1
1
0.6 1
1
0.93
0.9
6
9
5
0.4
5
1
1
0.7
6
3
1
1
0.8
0.7
0.9 8 0.8
9
1
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
0.3
0.6 3
0.74
0.3 4
0.57
1 0.99
1
1
1
0.64 1
1
7
1
0.95
1
0.6
1
0.9
0.85
7
7
0.9
0.6 3
1
1
1
4
0.5
1
0.93
1
1
0.7
3 0.4
0.67
1
0.7
5
0.4
8
1
6
1
1 1
1
8
1
1
1
9 0.9
0.42
1
1
1
0.8
1
0
0.76
.85
0.84
1
7
1
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
1
7
0.7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
1
0.72
1000.0
1
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu
• Reference phylogeny
1
• much more detailed
1
• concordant with earlier, manual work
1
M
• Historical structure
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
A limited phonological design space
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
10
A
A limited phonological design space
L
coronal
labial
apical
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
velar
laminal
p
t
ʈ
t̪
c
k
m
n
ɳ
n̪
ɲ
ŋ
l
ɭ
l̪
ʎ
r ɻ w
j
Busby 1980 | Dixon 1980, 2002 10
A
A limited phonological design space
L
coronal
labial
apical
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
velar
laminal
p
t
ʈ
t̪
c
k
m
n
ɳ
n̪
ɲ
ŋ
l
ɭ
l̪
ʎ
r ɻ w
j
Busby 1980 | Dixon 1980, 2002 10
A
A limited phonological design space
L
coronal
labial
apical
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
velar
laminal
p
t
ʈ
t̪
c
k
m
n
ɳ
n̪
ɲ
ŋ
l
ɭ
l̪
ʎ
r ɻ w
j
Busby 1980 | Dixon 1980, 2002 10
+
Laminal series 1 2
Breen 1997 | Dixon 1970, 1980, 2002 11 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
+
Laminal series 1 2
12 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
Data preparation
13
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
14
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
14
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
Discovery Procedure
Chomsky 1956 14
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
Corpus
Discovery Procedure
Chomsky 1956 14
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
Corpus
Discovery Procedure
Grammar
Chomsky 1956 14
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Actual practice:
15
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Actual practice:
Corpus
Analysis operation
15
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Actual practice:
Corpus
Analysis operation
decision point 15
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Actual practice:
Corpus
Analysis operation
decision point 15
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Actual practice:
Analysis operation
Corpus
Grammar3
Analysis operation
decision point 15
A
A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• Actual practice:
Analysis operation
Corpus
Analysis operation
Analysis operation
Grammar1 Grammar2 Grammar3 Grammar4 Grammar5 Grammar6
decision point
Analysis operation
Grammar7 Grammar8 Grammar9 15
Data preparation
16
Data preparation
1
Source
16
Data preparation
1
2
Source
Orthographic
16
Data preparation
1
2
Source
Orthographic
3
Possible phonemic 16
Data preparation 3a 1
2
3 3b
Source
Orthographic
Cooper 2014 | Round 2017a,b | Lass 1984 | Hyman 2007, 2008 Dresher 2009 | Vaux 2009 | van der Hulst 2017 | Kiparksy 2018
3c Possible phonemic 16
Data preparation 3a 1
2
4a
3 3b
Source
Orthographic
Cooper 2014 | Round 2017a,b | Lass 1984 | Hyman 2007, 2008 Dresher 2009 | Vaux 2009 | van der Hulst 2017 | Kiparksy 2018
3c Possible phonemic
Comparative 16
Data preparation 3a 1
2
3 3b
Source
Orthographic
Cooper 2014 | Round 2017a,b | Lass 1984 | Hyman 2007, 2008 Dresher 2009 | Vaux 2009 | van der Hulst 2017 | Kiparksy 2018
4a
4b
3c Possible phonemic
Comparative 16
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The dataset
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17
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The dataset
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• 200 language varieties
17
A
The dataset
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items
17
A
The dataset
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items • > 2.3 million phonological segments
17
A
The dataset
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items • > 2.3 million phonological segments
• Trend in favour of palatal consonants (away from dentals)
17
A
The dataset
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items • > 2.3 million phonological segments
• Trend in favour of palatal consonants (away from dentals) • according to immediate context
17
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Trend before [i] 1.0 – 0.8 0.8 – 0.4 0.4 – -0.4 -0.4 – -0.8 -0.8 – -1.0
18 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Trend before [u] 1.0 – 0.8 0.8 – 0.4 0.4 – -0.4 -0.4 – -0.8 -0.8 – -1.0
19 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Trend after [a] 1.0 – 0.8 0.8 – 0.4 0.4 – -0.4 -0.4 – -0.8 -0.8 – -1.0
20 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
Phylogenetic signal
21
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
22
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree?
22
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003)
22
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree?
22
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree? • 51 phonotactic trend variables
22
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree? • 51 phonotactic trend variables • laminals and immediate contexts
22
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree? • 51 phonotactic trend variables • laminals and immediate contexts • all 51 sig. diff. from randomness; highest p value = 0.014
22
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if:
23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion
23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error
23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K
23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K • K =1 — consistent with that evolutionary model
23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K • K =1 — consistent with that evolutionary model • 0 < K < 1 — pattern is present, but:
23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K • K =1 — consistent with that evolutionary model • 0 < K < 1 — pattern is present, but: • closely related languages less similar than expected, compared against similarity to more-removed languages 23
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72
24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72
laminals
1
0 0.72
24
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
1
0 0.72
24
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.83
1
0.72
body size 24
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.64
0.83
1
0.72 life history body size 24
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.54 0.64
0.83
1
0.72 life history physiology
body size 24
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.35
0.54 0.64
0.83
1
0.72 behaviour
life history physiology
body size 24
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
25
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal:
25
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher.
25
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
25
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
• Variables, languages with less data:
25
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
• Variables, languages with less data: • more measurement error — should push K lower.
25
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
• Variables, languages with less data: • more measurement error — should push K lower. • if they’re excluded does mean K increase? Yes, to > 0.8
25
Conclusions
26
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Conclusions
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27
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Conclusions
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• Trends involving laminal consonants:
27
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Conclusions
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• Trends involving laminal consonants: • contain phylogenetic signal
27
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Conclusions
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• Trends involving laminal consonants: • contain phylogenetic signal • to a degree detectable across Pama-Nyungan (on the order of 5ky)
McConvell 1996 27
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Conclusions
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Trends involving laminal consonants: • contain phylogenetic signal • to a degree detectable across Pama-Nyungan (on the order of 5ky)
• Encouraging for phonological phylogenetics
McConvell 1996 27
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Next steps
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28
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Next steps
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models • Continuous phonological characters for inference of topology
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
L
• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models • Continuous phonological characters for inference of topology • languages can preserve their profile as they substitute vocabulary
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
L
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models • Continuous phonological characters for inference of topology • languages can preserve their profile as they substitute vocabulary • signal in these characters may run deeper than current state of the art Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
Thank you Thank you
Australian Research Council grant DE150101024 to E.Round National Science Foundation grant NSF1423711 to C.Bowern ARC CoE in Dynamics of Language Evolution grant to E.Round ARC CoE in Dynamics of Language Innovation grant to J.Macklin-Cordes A L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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Statistical properties of speech sounds harbour deep phylogenetic signal Erich Round University of Queensland, Australia
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
Inaugural Cultural Evolution Society Conference, Jena, 13 September 2017 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Statistical properties of speech sounds harbour deep phylogenetic signal Erich Round University of Queensland, Australia Jayden Macklin-Cordes University of Queensland, Australia Ancient Language Lab, UQ
Inaugural Cultural Evolution Society Conference, Jena, 13 September 2017 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Descent with modification
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3
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Descent with modification
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• The lexicon of languages
3
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Descent with modification
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present
3
A
Descent with modification
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions
3
A
Descent with modification
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions • e.g. How frequently do words start with /a/ ?
3
A
Descent with modification
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions • e.g. How frequently do words start with /a/ ?
• Evolutionary approach can reveal evidence of history
3
A
Descent with modification
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• The lexicon of languages • which items are present • statistical speech sound distributions • e.g. How frequently do words start with /a/ ?
• Evolutionary approach can reveal evidence of history
• Case study: 200 Australian languages 3
A
Outline
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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4
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Outline
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Australian laminal consonants
4
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Outline
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Australian laminal consonants • Data preparation
4
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Outline
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Australian laminal consonants • Data preparation • Phylogenetic signal
4
Australian languages
5
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Australian languages form 25 families
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6
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Australian languages form 25 families
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
6
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Australian languages form 25 families
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
• Language family: genealogical unit
6
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Australian languages form 25 families
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
• Language family: genealogical unit • within which — evidence of relatedness & phylogenetic structure
6
A
Australian languages form 25 families
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Australian languages divided into 25 families
• Language family: genealogical unit • within which — evidence of relatedness & phylogenetic structure • between which — no demonstrable relatedness
6
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7 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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8 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
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1
1
0.82
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m
1
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7
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0.84
1
7
1
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
1
7
0.7
1
1
1
1
1
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0.88
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
1
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m
1
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1
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1
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1
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0.9
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1
1
1
0.8
1
0
0.76
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0.84
1
7
1
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
1
7
0.7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
1
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m
1
1
1
1
1
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9
M
1
1
0.9
1
8
1
1
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1
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0.93 0.9
0.9
6
9
5
0.4
5
1
1
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3
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9
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1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
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5
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8
1
6
1
1 1
1
8
1
1
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9 0.9
0.42
1
1
1
1
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0.76
0
0.84
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1
1
7
0.7 1
7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
• Historical structure
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
9
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m 1 0.5
1
1
1
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1
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1
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1
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1
1
1
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5
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8
1
6
1
1 1
1
8
1
1
1
9 0.9
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1
1
1
1
0.8
0.76
0
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1
1
7
0.7 1
7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
• concordant with earlier, manual work
1
M
• Historical structure
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
9
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m 1 0.5
1
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1
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1
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4
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0.67
1
0.7
5
0.4
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1
6
1
1 1
1
8
1
1
1
9 0.9
0.42
1
1
1
1
0.8
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0
0.84
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1
1
7
0.7 1
7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
• much more detailed
1
• concordant with earlier, manual work
1
M
• Historical structure
1
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu 1
0.72
1000.0 1
Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
A
Pama-Nyungan phylogeny
1
0.82
9
l g a la gg ma d ga ran ga an Ta kar lan a ng u I a ol ka m t W lk Oy ha oin nd t O i a P 1 Uw p w Isl Umarroders ura 1 B lin uW F uk ith igh 1 1 K lng gith h A inn git hi n 1 L tra wit with 0.6 N bak nak 6 1 M hay om 0.9 T biyw m M 1 wu 2 4 .3 1 5 Yin goth 0.8 0 0.7 Ngudang 1 G noo kenu ji ay In h 8 Yad dhi n 9 0.8 0.9 Ura alitya 1 Mp pathu 3 ya nh A 0.9 ra 0.55 PakauNganhca 1 1 Kug Muminh Wik tharr 0.74 1 0.96 WikNga gkan WikMun 1 KokNar ra 1 KokoBe ayorre KuukTha 0.96 1 YirYoront 0.97 Kaanju 1 KuukuYau 1 Umpila GuuguYimidhirr 1 KukuYalanji 1 KukuYalanjiCurr KKY 1 KLY 1 Mabuiag Kukatj 1 Barna 0.95 0.71 1 0.61 Belyand o Yam Natalbina 1 Biri Downs G 1 a n 0.97 0.99 1 Bid gulu Dh yaraGu 0.9 1 Yin arawa ngabula 4 0.9 Gu ingay la 3 Guwnggari Ga amu 1 G iri M unya Yir arga 1 1 Dh andany 1 Y aru li 0.7 C uru mba 2 1 l W oon D ulg am 0.9 Y jab uru bella 8 Dyidinyuga y Ny irb W a a 1 G a wa l G ud rga yg W u ja m i M a gu l ay Aw ba run Bad Ka a ba gu hu n rre ba ra e kal m 1 0.5
1
1
1 1
1
0.9
1
8
1
1
1
1
0.6 1
1
0.93
0.9
6
9
5
0.4
5
1
1
0.7
6
3
1
1
0.8
0.7
0.9 8 0.8
9
1
0.9
0.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
0.3
0.6 3
0.74
0.3 4
0.57
1 0.99
1
1
1
0.64 1
1
7
1
0.95
1
0.6
1
0.9
0.85
7
7
0.9
0.6 3
1
1
1
4
0.5
1
0.93
1
1
0.7
3 0.4
0.67
1
0.7
5
0.4
8
1
6
1
1 1
1
8
1
1
1
9 0.9
0.42
1
1
1
0.8
1
0
0.76
.85
0.84
1
7
1
W Ta at tia hi rr W w em Ma aC Pia at o Tj ba thiM un ngi hi Gu apw We a try l t m W Wo ndi urr bahi ath iw tjm un 1 aw urr ar g 0.9 u u a 9 Ke W Bu C rrun ng 0.99 err ar ng ola g 0.8 1 ay rn a c 3 Ho woo amb nditj pkin rro oo sR ong l 1 iv B 0.6 W in e 6 Ng elling djali r 1 0.8 8 a 0.9 Yith iawa ton 9 aYit ng 1 NgaKeramha rrin in 1 1 Ba djeri Murulkurra 1 1 Wira wari W djuri Ngiyaailwan 0.9 Yuwaa mbaa 2 la Kam raay 1 0.97 Gamilailaroi raay 1 1 Guwa 1 Yagarar Durubul 0.96 Yugarabul 1 1 Coobenpil 0.48 GoorengGooreng WakaWaka 0.88 0.99 UpperBrisbaneRiver
1
7
0.7
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
0.88
1
0.72
1000.0
1
g un ny g ki n DG ar ha G D att ele yi K te pa S rr ie i Bi ora ruk gatt uar Iy ha ng cQ 1 D ha Ma al T ort raw al 1 P ha raw D ur a urra Th hurg ung l D und awa g 1 G gun atan N m u Jaitgarig oo g N oner uroa iddan M udh anm 1 8 Dh llang abula 0.9 a P ulaY a YabrtaYort d 1 9 Yo pslan lla 0.8 1 Gip eenbu g Qu jalan Bandabul Githjungbal 1 Min dRiver 1 Twee gCreek 0.99 NeraniMwoi 1 Nggo eh 1 0.95 Yugamb nggir Gumbay Yaygirr 1 Batyala Dalla MaryRiver Duungidjawu
• Reference phylogeny
1
• much more detailed
1
• concordant with earlier, manual work
1
M
• Historical structure
Yi Mar nh tu N a th ga Yi Pa wan un rla nd n g ira jib yji ka NgKurr arn ma K ar am di Yin ariy lum a Th gk arra a P ala arta 1 Wa Pa urdu nyji 1 rriy yu na Th angngu 0.9 arr ga 9 ga J r iw M a i 1 0.4 Cha Nalgan rli mp han a 1 ion ta M W Ba Irwinuliarra ajarriy 1 Murc Tribe 1 Bad hison 1 im Kayteaya Wes te 1 Easte rnArrarntye 1 rn ta Arrern Centr al te 0.84 Antek Anmatyerr 0.89 errepe nh 1 Alyawa e 0.91 1 rr Wirangu Nukunu Narrungga 0.99 Kaurna 1 Ngadjuri 0.92 Guyani 1 Parnkala 0.95 Adnyamathanha MayiKutuna 1 MayiThakurti 0.92 1 MayiYapi 1 Ngawun 1 MayiKulan Yalarnnga 1 gu Kalkatunnda Ya a uw G 1 1 awarra YardliyWadikali 1 pa anga i Malyaakantyu 1 P Kurn jiri Badriya Pir kari 1 9 1 g .9 KunDWura 0 Mc ar ara kum ara 1 1 kumWang tham utyi g n d li n Wa Pu unga arla a G hak li 0.9 K 9 Mit ruwaka 0.9 r a K war ha i d 1 rra an irrp i wa uw Nh and ni Ya ndr y i i rlu am ar i Ya Ya Ng Diy yar u g i r lin D tyu itta u P ru ee Fr ay ta ur a nt gk Pit ang ban ou a an M gk Ar W an W
L
PintupiLuritja Eucla Mirniny Ngadjumaya Kan iyang 1 Pinjarra 1 Warda 0.96 NewN ndi 1 Watjukorcia Nyu 1 0.84 Dha ngar Rirrangu 0.92 0.79 Dha tjingu 0. 85 Dh yyi 0.89 1 1 Dja uwal Dja mbarrp uyn Gumpu 0.8 gu 6 atj 1 Dh 0.9 G uwa 8 R upap la Goitharrnuyngu Ya lpa gu Z nn 1 1 D orcY han D jina oln gu 1 B jinb ng gu W ular a W ar nu Y ak luw N ind ay ar Y ga jila a ra A an ny nd Ku ghu yuw ayw ji G Ku ug rtjar Tha a ana rrn nj um en in gg i al a
Wangkatja 1 1 0.98 Wangkajunga 1 Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Kukatja 1 Yulparija 0.65 0.95 ngka MartuWajiljarra 0.6 Man an Warnm 1 rra Kartuja 1 laNWa rl Manga 0.98 anga cK 0.99 ernM M North Mangalaaparli 0.96 Nyiy marta rta 1 ngu 1 Nya nguma W 6 Nya jarriN rri 7 0.9 0.8 hern KaraKaraja na Nort lilu W 1 iBil R jarr ajarriN rriH ri lma Wa Walmlmaja ajarny 1 Wa Walm arli dily ern Jiw ar C NgruMcaru uth So Ja J ngu i 1 u lpir rum ar npa Wa W a cC a lm M r ar ra r n W bur dbulngi dji ud Mu Ma urin an a G nym arr al i n ar ili am Ng B Ny
• C. Bowern et al.
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Bowern & Atkinson 2012 | Bowern 2016 9
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A limited phonological design space
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10
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A limited phonological design space
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coronal
labial
apical
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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velar
laminal
p
t
ʈ
t̪
c
k
m
n
ɳ
n̪
ɲ
ŋ
l
ɭ
l̪
ʎ
r ɻ w
j
Busby 1980 | Dixon 1980, 2002 10
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A limited phonological design space
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coronal
labial
apical
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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velar
laminal
p
t
ʈ
t̪
c
k
m
n
ɳ
n̪
ɲ
ŋ
l
ɭ
l̪
ʎ
r ɻ w
j
Busby 1980 | Dixon 1980, 2002 10
A
A limited phonological design space
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coronal
labial
apical
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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velar
laminal
p
t
ʈ
t̪
c
k
m
n
ɳ
n̪
ɲ
ŋ
l
ɭ
l̪
ʎ
r ɻ w
j
Busby 1980 | Dixon 1980, 2002 10
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Laminal series 1 2
Breen 1997 | Dixon 1970, 1980, 2002 11 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Laminal series 1 2
12 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
Data preparation
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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14
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
14
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
Discovery Procedure
Chomsky 1956 14
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
Corpus
Discovery Procedure
Chomsky 1956 14
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Goal of linguistics (prior to 1950s):
Corpus
Discovery Procedure
Grammar
Chomsky 1956 14
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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• Actual practice:
15
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Actual practice:
Corpus
Analysis operation
15
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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• Actual practice:
Corpus
Analysis operation
decision point 15
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Actual practice:
Corpus
Analysis operation
decision point 15
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Actual practice:
Analysis operation
Corpus
Grammar3
Analysis operation
decision point 15
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A quick deep-dive into our logical foundations
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• Actual practice:
Analysis operation
Corpus
Analysis operation
Analysis operation
Grammar1 Grammar2 Grammar3 Grammar4 Grammar5 Grammar6
decision point
Analysis operation
Grammar7 Grammar8 Grammar9 15
Data preparation
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Data preparation
1
Source
16
Data preparation
1
2
Source
Orthographic
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Data preparation
1
2
Source
Orthographic
3
Possible phonemic 16
Data preparation 3a 1
2
3 3b
Source
Orthographic
Cooper 2014 | Round 2017a,b | Lass 1984 | Hyman 2007, 2008 Dresher 2009 | Vaux 2009 | van der Hulst 2017 | Kiparksy 2018
3c Possible phonemic 16
Data preparation 3a 1
2
4a
3 3b
Source
Orthographic
Cooper 2014 | Round 2017a,b | Lass 1984 | Hyman 2007, 2008 Dresher 2009 | Vaux 2009 | van der Hulst 2017 | Kiparksy 2018
3c Possible phonemic
Comparative 16
Data preparation 3a 1
2
3 3b
Source
Orthographic
Cooper 2014 | Round 2017a,b | Lass 1984 | Hyman 2007, 2008 Dresher 2009 | Vaux 2009 | van der Hulst 2017 | Kiparksy 2018
4a
4b
3c Possible phonemic
Comparative 16
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The dataset
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The dataset
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• 200 language varieties
17
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The dataset
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items
17
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The dataset
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items • > 2.3 million phonological segments
17
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The dataset
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items • > 2.3 million phonological segments
• Trend in favour of palatal consonants (away from dentals)
17
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The dataset
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• 200 language varieties • > 300,000 lexical items • > 2.3 million phonological segments
• Trend in favour of palatal consonants (away from dentals) • according to immediate context
17
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Trend before [i] 1.0 – 0.8 0.8 – 0.4 0.4 – -0.4 -0.4 – -0.8 -0.8 – -1.0
18 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Trend before [u] 1.0 – 0.8 0.8 – 0.4 0.4 – -0.4 -0.4 – -0.8 -0.8 – -1.0
19 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
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Trend after [a] 1.0 – 0.8 0.8 – 0.4 0.4 – -0.4 -0.4 – -0.8 -0.8 – -1.0
20 Leaflet | © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, © OpenStreetMap © CartoDB
Phylogenetic signal
21
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree?
22
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003)
22
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree?
22
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree? • 51 phonotactic trend variables
22
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree? • 51 phonotactic trend variables • laminals and immediate contexts
22
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Do values accord with having evolved by Brownian motion along the tree? • Two methods (Blomberg et al. 2003) • Permutation test — more like random than evolved on the tree? • 51 phonotactic trend variables • laminals and immediate contexts • all 51 sig. diff. from randomness; highest p value = 0.014
22
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if:
23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion
23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error
23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K
23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K • K =1 — consistent with that evolutionary model
23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K • K =1 — consistent with that evolutionary model • 0 < K < 1 — pattern is present, but:
23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• How closely they approximate the pattern we’d get if: • evolved by Brownian motion • no measurement error • Blomberg’s K • K =1 — consistent with that evolutionary model • 0 < K < 1 — pattern is present, but: • closely related languages less similar than expected, compared against similarity to more-removed languages 23
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72
24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72
laminals
1
0 0.72
24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
1
0 0.72
24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.83
1
0.72
body size 24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.64
0.83
1
0.72 life history body size 24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.54 0.64
0.83
1
0.72 life history physiology
body size 24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• 51 variables — mean K = 0.72 • Blomberg et al. 2003 — 121 biological traits
laminals
0
0.35
0.54 0.64
0.83
1
0.72 behaviour
life history physiology
body size 24
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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25
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• Clades with one laminal:
25
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher.
25
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
25
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
• Variables, languages with less data:
25
A
Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
• Variables, languages with less data: • more measurement error — should push K lower.
25
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Testing for phylogenetic signal
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Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• Clades with one laminal: • no variation in values — should push mean K higher. • if they’re excluded does it decline? Yes, marginally to K = 0.68
• Variables, languages with less data: • more measurement error — should push K lower. • if they’re excluded does mean K increase? Yes, to > 0.8
25
Conclusions
26
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Conclusions
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27
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Conclusions
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• Trends involving laminal consonants:
27
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Conclusions
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• Trends involving laminal consonants: • contain phylogenetic signal
27
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Conclusions
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• Trends involving laminal consonants: • contain phylogenetic signal • to a degree detectable across Pama-Nyungan (on the order of 5ky)
McConvell 1996 27
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Conclusions
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• Trends involving laminal consonants: • contain phylogenetic signal • to a degree detectable across Pama-Nyungan (on the order of 5ky)
• Encouraging for phonological phylogenetics
McConvell 1996 27
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Next steps
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Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
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Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models • Continuous phonological characters for inference of topology
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
A
Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models • Continuous phonological characters for inference of topology • languages can preserve their profile as they substitute vocabulary
Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
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Next steps
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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• More sophisticated examination of phylogenetic signal • Various kinds of linguistic variables • More sophisticated and linguistically realistic evolutionary models • Continuous phonological characters for inference of topology • languages can preserve their profile as they substitute vocabulary • signal in these characters may run deeper than current state of the art Hardy & Pavoine. 2012 | Adams 2014 | Landis et al. 2012, 2017 | Diniz-Filho et al. 2012 | Bouchard-Côté et al. 2013 Höhna et al. 2016 | Parins-Fukuchi 2017 28
Thank you Thank you
Australian Research Council grant DE150101024 to E.Round National Science Foundation grant NSF1423711 to C.Bowern ARC CoE in Dynamics of Language Evolution grant to E.Round ARC CoE in Dynamics of Language Innovation grant to J.Macklin-Cordes A L
Ancient Language Lab, UQ
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