Sub-Kingdom: Parazoa Eumetazoa Phylum: Porifera Cnidaria ...
Sub-Kingdom: Phylum: Examples:
Parazoa Porifera • Sponges
Eumetazoa Cnidaria • Corals • Jellyfish • Anemones
Platyhelminthes Annelids • Flatworms • Earthworms • Tapeworms • Marine worms • Flukes • Leaches
Symmetry:
N/A
Radial
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Germ Layers: Coelom: Blastopore: Segmentation: Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Typical Environments:
N/A N/A N/A
2 – Triploblastic N/A N/A N/A
3 – Triploblastic Acoelomate (no) Protostome No No Yes Aquatic, parasitic (endo & ecto)
3 – Triploblastic Coelom (true) Protostome Yes No Yes Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
3 – Triploblastic Coelom* Protostome Yes Yes No Terrestrial, marine
3 – Triploblastic Coelom Protostome No No Yes Mostly marine, some freshwater, damp terrestrial
(moulting)
(horseshoe- feeding device & trochophore larvae)
Aquatic, mainly marine
Aquatic
Simple body plan diagram:
Molluscs • Snails • Slugs • Cuttlefish • Squid
Arthropods • Insects • Spiders • Crustacea • Millipedes
Echinoderms • Starfish • Sea urchin • Brittle stars • Sea cucumbers • Sea lilies Bilateral larvae, Radial adult* 3 – Triploblastic Coelom Deuterostome No No No Marine
Chordates • Mammals • Fish • Amphibian • Birds Bilateral 3 – Triploblastic Coelom Deuterostome Partial* No No Marine, freshwater, terrestrial, aerial, subterranean
Distinguishing or special features:
• Simplest • 2 forms – polyp animals and medusa • No mouth or • Nematocysts gut found in cells called • No nervous cnidocytes – system spring released • Mainly filter and filament feeders that can be (sequester toxic. Costly but nutrients, filter handy to catch material via prey water) • Have pinocytes • Simple nervous system: Nerve that allow them net is found to engulf larger below the prey epidermis in • Sexual and the mesoglea. asexual Little reproduction coordination to (releases eggs their nervous into the system, with environment) responses confined to reflex actions • Body layers are separated by gelatinous layer mesoglea. • Anchored to hard (cecile) (polyp) by foot • Medusa is upside-down form (e.g. jellyfish) • Heterotrophs • Often filter feeders
• Only one opening in gut with mouth in middle • No vascular system, nutrients go through body • Free living aquatic or parasitic • Mesoderm allows for precursor to coelom • Unsegmented but have reproductive packets • Bottom surface covered in cilia aids movement • Nervous system and excretory organs (flame cells) • Overall organisation remains low • Net is organised ventrally on front surface • Anterior end (move in one direction, photoreceptor, perceive environment) • Eye, brain, branching gut
• Hydrostatic movement – coelom acts as a fluid-filled skeleton, supportive structure enabling to move outside water (able to live in terrestrial environment) • Closed vascular system (transport vital gases, food, excretory products – greater potential for increased size) on dorsal to get rid of wastes • Ventral nervous system – nerve chord on front • Movement antagonistic circular and longitudinal muscles (helped by parapodia (false leg) or chaetae (hair-like structures)). • Hermaphrodites (some), sexual via spawning or hypodermic impregnation, internal fertilisation
• Muscular foot (moving, feeding, manipulation) • Mantle (forms shell structure) • Mantle cavity (space for gills/lungs found) • Some have eyes • Radula (tongue) mouthwards (rough, herbivores scrape algae off surface; predator tonguelike structure tearing into its prey) • Gas exchange via gills (cavity) • Desiccation issue • 6% animal species • Neopilia is segmented (8) • Torsion in snails o 180 turn body inside shell - withdrawal into shell, anus empties mouth • Detorsion in slugs (no shell, mantle reduced, no mantle cavity) no body twisting, forage in soil or sandy substrate
• Jointed appendages • Diverse segmentation & appendages • Tagmatisation • Exoskeleton made of chitin; why moulting • Advanced nervous system & sensory (compound eyes, antennae) • Open vascular system • 80% of all animal species • Metamorphosis • *Coelom has haemocoel filled with haemolymph • Chelicerata: 4 pairs of legs, no antennae • Modified mouthparts (chelicerae) • Myriapoda carnivorous (centipedes), folivores (millipedes) • Crustacea are omnivorous, filter feeders, carnivorous • Insect: Wings; Head, thorax, abdomen
• Calcareous ossides • *Radial greater SA to touch the environment they are in • Madreporite opening of water vascular system • Locomotion – tube feet connected to water vascular system can move independently • Defence – pedicellariae (modified spines with claws capable of movement, remove encrusting organisms) • Defence – ejection of intestines (some discharge deadly toxin), costly but effective upon predation
• Gill slits • Post-anal tail • Fluid filled coelom • Nervous system • *Fingers, Spinal chords, Ribcage, muscle blocks • Reproduction largely sexual and internal • Nerve chord, it is located on dorsal side and supported in larval and embryonic forms by notochord. • Notochord functions as exoskeleton (backbone) however some groups lost • Diverse differences in sub-phyla • Vertebrata, Chephalochordat e, Urochordata, Hemichordata
Parazoa Porifera • Sponges
Eumetazoa Cnidaria • Corals • Jellyfish • Anemones
Platyhelminthes Annelids • Flatworms • Earthworms • Tapeworms • Marine worms • Flukes • Leaches
Symmetry:
N/A
Radial
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Bilateral
Germ Layers: Coelom: Blastopore: Segmentation: Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Typical Environments:
N/A N/A N/A
2 – Triploblastic N/A N/A N/A
3 – Triploblastic Acoelomate (no) Protostome No No Yes Aquatic, parasitic (endo & ecto)
3 – Triploblastic Coelom (true) Protostome Yes No Yes Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
3 – Triploblastic Coelom* Protostome Yes Yes No Terrestrial, marine
3 – Triploblastic Coelom Protostome No No Yes Mostly marine, some freshwater, damp terrestrial
(moulting)
(horseshoe- feeding device & trochophore larvae)
Aquatic, mainly marine
Aquatic
Simple body plan diagram:
Molluscs • Snails • Slugs • Cuttlefish • Squid
Arthropods • Insects • Spiders • Crustacea • Millipedes
Echinoderms • Starfish • Sea urchin • Brittle stars • Sea cucumbers • Sea lilies Bilateral larvae, Radial adult* 3 – Triploblastic Coelom Deuterostome No No No Marine
Chordates • Mammals • Fish • Amphibian • Birds Bilateral 3 – Triploblastic Coelom Deuterostome Partial* No No Marine, freshwater, terrestrial, aerial, subterranean
Distinguishing or special features:
• Simplest • 2 forms – polyp animals and medusa • No mouth or • Nematocysts gut found in cells called • No nervous cnidocytes – system spring released • Mainly filter and filament feeders that can be (sequester toxic. Costly but nutrients, filter handy to catch material via prey water) • Have pinocytes • Simple nervous system: Nerve that allow them net is found to engulf larger below the prey epidermis in • Sexual and the mesoglea. asexual Little reproduction coordination to (releases eggs their nervous into the system, with environment) responses confined to reflex actions • Body layers are separated by gelatinous layer mesoglea. • Anchored to hard (cecile) (polyp) by foot • Medusa is upside-down form (e.g. jellyfish) • Heterotrophs • Often filter feeders
• Only one opening in gut with mouth in middle • No vascular system, nutrients go through body • Free living aquatic or parasitic • Mesoderm allows for precursor to coelom • Unsegmented but have reproductive packets • Bottom surface covered in cilia aids movement • Nervous system and excretory organs (flame cells) • Overall organisation remains low • Net is organised ventrally on front surface • Anterior end (move in one direction, photoreceptor, perceive environment) • Eye, brain, branching gut
• Hydrostatic movement – coelom acts as a fluid-filled skeleton, supportive structure enabling to move outside water (able to live in terrestrial environment) • Closed vascular system (transport vital gases, food, excretory products – greater potential for increased size) on dorsal to get rid of wastes • Ventral nervous system – nerve chord on front • Movement antagonistic circular and longitudinal muscles (helped by parapodia (false leg) or chaetae (hair-like structures)). • Hermaphrodites (some), sexual via spawning or hypodermic impregnation, internal fertilisation
• Muscular foot (moving, feeding, manipulation) • Mantle (forms shell structure) • Mantle cavity (space for gills/lungs found) • Some have eyes • Radula (tongue) mouthwards (rough, herbivores scrape algae off surface; predator tonguelike structure tearing into its prey) • Gas exchange via gills (cavity) • Desiccation issue • 6% animal species • Neopilia is segmented (8) • Torsion in snails o 180 turn body inside shell - withdrawal into shell, anus empties mouth • Detorsion in slugs (no shell, mantle reduced, no mantle cavity) no body twisting, forage in soil or sandy substrate
• Jointed appendages • Diverse segmentation & appendages • Tagmatisation • Exoskeleton made of chitin; why moulting • Advanced nervous system & sensory (compound eyes, antennae) • Open vascular system • 80% of all animal species • Metamorphosis • *Coelom has haemocoel filled with haemolymph • Chelicerata: 4 pairs of legs, no antennae • Modified mouthparts (chelicerae) • Myriapoda carnivorous (centipedes), folivores (millipedes) • Crustacea are omnivorous, filter feeders, carnivorous • Insect: Wings; Head, thorax, abdomen
• Calcareous ossides • *Radial greater SA to touch the environment they are in • Madreporite opening of water vascular system • Locomotion – tube feet connected to water vascular system can move independently • Defence – pedicellariae (modified spines with claws capable of movement, remove encrusting organisms) • Defence – ejection of intestines (some discharge deadly toxin), costly but effective upon predation
• Gill slits • Post-anal tail • Fluid filled coelom • Nervous system • *Fingers, Spinal chords, Ribcage, muscle blocks • Reproduction largely sexual and internal • Nerve chord, it is located on dorsal side and supported in larval and embryonic forms by notochord. • Notochord functions as exoskeleton (backbone) however some groups lost • Diverse differences in sub-phyla • Vertebrata, Chephalochordat e, Urochordata, Hemichordata
