Surface Water
Environmental Science Ch. 14: Water Although the vast majority of Earth is covered in water, one in eight people lacks access to clean freshwater.
Ch. 14-1: The Water Planet. Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. New Jersey is one of the MOST densely populated states, and as such, needs to conserve water. 2. Already there have been lawsuits filed to control the water supply. 3. According to the CIA, the major source of wars worldwide over the next 20 years will be over control of water supplies. 4. If we continue to waste water, we will not have it in the future as a resource.
Water, Water Everywhere, But… • About 70% of the Earth’s surface of is covered by water. • However, 97% of the Earth’s water is saltwater and therefore unusable. • The majority of the Earth’s freshwater is trapped in glaciers and the icecaps or stored underground.
Looking for Water in the Desert • The 2300-kilometer Colorado River once flowed deep and wide across the Southwest to Mexico’s Gulf of California. • Since the Colorado River Compact, in 1922, seven states— Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming—have relied on the river’s water for human use. • Today, drought, dams, and diversion have caused the once-raging Colorado River to run nearly dry. • Las Vegas, Nevada city officials have turned to an unlikely source for water—the desert. Their proposal to mine groundwater from beneath a scenic area of the Great Basin Desert is controversial.
Our Water Resources • Water is a renewable resource. • You can only live for a few days without water. • Access to clean freshwater is one of the main reasons why humans live longer today than they did about 200 years ago. • Most of the water in the U.S. is used by industry and agriculture.
http://img.gaw kerassets.com/img/18fsfy70t9rxwj pg/original.j pg
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The Theaverage average American Americanuses uses250 250LLofoffresh freshwater wateraa day dayfor forpersonal personaluses, uses,such suchas as bathing bathingand andbrushing brushingteeth. teeth.
Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet
Where Is Our Water? • Fresh water is both a renewable resource and a limited resource.
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archiv e/02372/BMBA29_2372236b.j pg
http://holidayforce.com/w p-content/uploads/2013/01/perito-moreno-glacier-tour.j pg
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?IfIfall allEarth’s Earth’swater waterwere wereininaa
two-liter two-literbottle, bottle,only onlyabout abouttwo twocapfuls capfulswould wouldbe be fresh, fresh,liquid liquidwater. water.
• Earth’s fresh water is distributed unequally. How much water people use depends on where they live and the time of year.
Surface Water
Surface Water • Most cities get their water from surface water. • The area of land drained by a river is called its watershed. • The amount of water that falls in a watershed varies month to month and year to year. • Every waterway defines a watershed
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The TheMississippi Mississippi River RiverBasin Basincovers covers33million million square kilometers (1.2 square kilometers (1.2million millionsq sq mi), mi),making makingititthe thethird thirdlargest largest watershed watershedininthe theworld. world.ItItdrains drains 41% 41%of ofthe theland landarea areaof ofthe the contiguous contiguousUS. US.
Rivers of Controversy • Most rivers pass through many states or many countries. • The Colorado River, for example, passes through Colorado, Utah, California and Arizona. • If one state or country uses all the water, other states or countries cannot get water. • Already, lawsuits over water have been filed in the U.S. and wars have been fought around the world over river water.
Dams • Dams are ways to trap and store river water and make electricity. • However, they are a mixed blessing because they wipe out species, increase erosion and lose large amounts of water to evaporation.
http://serc.carleton.edu/images/eslabs/drought/hoov er_dam.j pg
http://www .fw s.gov /midw est/es/images/sturgeon-hydro.j pg
http://www .ksda.gov /includes/images/dw r/DWRCurrentsImages/erosionLG1698.png
http://serc.carleton.edu/images/eslabs/drought/colorado_river_states.gif
Groundwater • Large amounts of freshwater is stored underground in aquifers. • Aquifers are layers of rocks that have holes in them to store water. • New water constantly goes into the aquifers to renew the underground water. • However, it can take tens of millions of years to create and fully recharge an aquifer. • Many cities, farms, and rural areas rely on aquifers for their entire water supply. • The water table separates the zone of saturation from the zone of aeration.
Groundwater
http://www.nps.gov/brca/forteachers/images/groundwater.jpg
Avg NJ rainfall=44 inches. 88% max of this can RECHARGE our aquifers! http://nj.usgs.gov/infodata/aquifers /
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The Theaverage averageage ageofofgroundwater groundwater isis1400 1400years. years.Groundwater Groundwaterrecharges rechargesvery veryslowly. slowly.
Groundwater Release • Aquifers release 1.9
trillion L (492 billion gal) of groundwater to the surface each day via springs, geysers, and wells.
Old Faithful, a well-known geyser in Yellowstone National Park, shoots groundwater over 100 feet into the air many times a day.
Aquifers Are Running Low • The problem is that we are pumping water out of the ground faster than it can be replaced by nature. • In many parts of the country, this will be a major problem! • In some places, there is a plan to pump filtered wastewater back into the aquifers to recharge them. • http://www.state.nj.us/d ep/njgs/enviroed/aqfrch rg.htm#whtrchrg
Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water
14-2 Uses of Water
How We Use Water • Three main uses of fresh water include: • Agricultural • Industrial • Personal
http://www .h2ouniv ersity.org/assets/images/w ater_use_residential.j pg
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The Theaverage average American Americanuses uses250 250LLofoffresh freshwater wateraa day dayfor forpersonal personaluses, uses,such suchas as bathing and brushing teeth. bathing and brushing teeth.
http://www.verdantcommunity.com/skin/frontend/default/verdant_theme/images/fresh_water_usage_2005.jpg
Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water
Using Surface Water • Most freshwater used in the U.S. is surface water. • Surface water is diverted by canals and dams. • Drought and overuse have caused significant surface water depletion. Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The TheAral Aral Sea Seawas wasonce oncethe thefourth fourth largest largestbody bodyofoffresh freshwater. water.
Aral Sea, 1997
Aral Sea, 2009
Using Groundwater • 68% of groundwater in the U.S. is used for irrigation, most of which is very inefficient. • Groundwater mining turns groundwater into a nonrenewable resource because it is withdrawn from the ground faster than it can be replaced. • When groundwater is depleted, the falling water tables can cause cities to sink, and undrinkable saltwater to move into the depleted aquifers.
Solutions To Water Shortages There are a few solutions to our water shortages. These include: 1. Desalting the Sea 2. Towing Water 3. Water Conservation
Each solution has advantages and disadvantages.
Desalting the Sea Desalinization is the removal of salt from ocean water to make it useful. Advantages: 1. Large amounts of water can be made into freshwater. Disadvantages: 1. Desalinization is expensive. 2. Desalinization only works for countries by the ocean. 3. Desalinization can destroy coastal ocean ecosystems. http://www.acquasol.com.au/content/brinesalt.html
Decrease Demand-Agricultural 1.
Drip Irrigation: irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
Decrease Demand-Industrial 1.
– Industrial: Waterconserving processes, recycling wastewater to cool machinery.
http://christmastree.for.msu.edu/images/Irrigation3.j pg
http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/Drip_irrigation
2.
Climate appropriate plants = Use less water and are adapted for the area
Water Conserving Processes : Collecting and reusing water as many times in the process of industry
2.
http://www .w aterconservation.co.za/w p-content/uploads/2011/09/JoJo-w ater-tanks-colours.j pg
Recycling Waterwater to cool machinery
http://boingboing.net/2008/03/24/washing-machinetoile.html
http://www .millenniumland.com/images/LANDSCAPE%20SERVICES/Irrigation/Drip%20Irrigation%20Systems/Drip%20Irrigation.gif
Water Conservation 1.
2.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/ -jw hU_WazoFY/UCm4HSYw 0LI/AAAAAAAADWQ/5sj Lw Yw Ohpg/s1600/living_machine_banner_small.j pg
Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human demand. Xeriscaping and xerogardening refer to landscaping and gardening in ways that reduce or eliminate the need for supplemental water from irrigation. It is promoted in regions that do not have easily accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies of fresh water, and is gaining acceptance in other areas as climate patterns shift.
http://www .epa.gov /w atersense/images/daily_piechart.png http://eartheasy.com/grow _xeriscape_top.j pg
Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution
Ch. 14-3: Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. Freshwater pollution is a major problem for NJ and the United States (as well as the rest of the world). 2. Most freshwater pollution comes from people who do not realize that they are harming everyone. 3. The cost to taxpayers and homeowners to cleanup freshwater pollution will be hundreds of billions of dollars. 4. You cannot live more than about 3 days without getting freshwater to drink.
3,800 children die every day from diseases associated with unsafe drinking water.
Freshwater Pollution • Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, physical or biological agents into water that makes the water quality worse. • Water pollution in the U.S. and developed nations is getting better. • Water pollution in developing nations is getting worse.
http://shipbright.files.w ordpress.com/2010/03/ganges-pollution.j pg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/ -OGK9tDLfzDk/ Tabgk y3cB4I/AAAAAAAAAAg/R-YtX301Bko/s1600/water-pollution.j pg
Nonpoint Pollution • Nonpoint Pollution is pollution that comes from many sources. • Nonpoint Pollution is very hard to regulate and control. • Nonpoint Pollution is a major source of water pollution (about 96% of all water pollution in the U.S. is nonpoint pollution).
http://labspace.open.ac.uk/file.php/6724/!v ia/oucontent/course/3454/heh_session17_fig1.j pg
http://www .deq.state.or.us/w q/nonpoint/images/nonpoint2.j pg
Point Pollution
• Point Pollution is pollution that’s traced to a single source. • Point pollution is easy to identify, trace, and regulate. • However, not all countries regulate factories and industries. • Can include Toxic chemicals, which can be organic or inorganic • Harms ecosystems and causes human health problems
Point source oil pollution Oil after a spill, Trinity Bay, Texas
Nonpoint Pollution
Wastewater Treatment Plants • Wastewater Treatment Plants take the used water from your home and convert it into safe water to release into nature. • However, certain toxic substances, such as oil, make it difficult or impossible to make the water safe for nature. • Additionally, one of the byproducts from purifying the water is sludge, which is highly toxic solid materials. http://www .fmu-in.com/fmuw eb/images/100_1448.JPG
Septic systems are the most popular method of wastewater disposal in rural areas of the U.S.
http://riv errougew atershed.w ikis.birmingham.k12.mi.us/file/v iew /Wastew ater_Treatment_Plant-001.j pg/194118610/Wastewater_Treatment_Plant-001.j pg
Pathogens-Biological Pollution • Pathogens are bacteria and other disease Did DidYou You Know? causing organisms. Know? Giardiasis Giardiasisisisthe the most • In the U.S. and other mostcommon common formofof developed countries, form waterborne waterborne diseaseininthe the our water is regularly disease U.S. U.S. checked for pathogens. • In the rest of the world, the water regularly contains pathogens and leads to many illnesses and deaths.
Cholera bacteria
• Water treatment reduces biological pollution.
How Water Pollution Affects Ecosystems • Often, pollution destroys an ecosystem immediately. • Sometimes, though, it can take years for the pollution to destroy an ecosystem. • Water pollution can affect humans through a process called biological magnification. • Biological magnification is the process in which pollution (especially toxic pollution) gets stored in animals. As those animals get eaten, they get exposed to larger and larger amounts of pollution!
http://images.tutorv ista.com/content/ecosystem/biolo gical-magnification-ddt.j peg
http://www .ualberta.ca/~ersc/w ater/industrial/pictures/magnify.j pg
– Remember, you are what you eat!!
http://hsc.sca.nsw .gov .au/__data/assets/image/0019/5851/5_bacteria_v ariety.JPG
Artificial Eutrophication (Nutrient Pollution) • When slow moving water (or stagnant water) becomes rich with nutrients, it will begin to become overgrown with plants. • As the plants die and decompose, they use up all the oxygen in the water. • When that happens, nothing but plants, bacteria and insects can live in the water. • The process of eutrophication is Natural but can be accelerated by human activities-Cultural Eutophication—especially the release of fertilizers.
Process of Eutrophication
THE PROCESS OF EUTROPHICATION http://www.lakescientist.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/clip_image001.jpg
Nutrients build up in water.
http://www.wri.org/files/wri/carousel-news.jpg http://zolushka4earth.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/culturaleutroph.jpg
http://www.wri.org/files/wri/fishkill.jpg http://open.j orum.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/936 /Items/S216_1_023i.j pg
Algae and aquatic plant growth increases.
Organisms die. Decompositi on requires oxygen.
Dissolved oxygen levels decrease.
Thermal Pollution • Thermal pollution is the release of excess heat into an ecosystem. • This often happens near industrial plants as they use water to cool their machines. • Since most organisms can only live in very narrow temperature ranges, thermal pollution causes massive death within an ecosystem.
Sediment Pollution –Sediment pollution: • Unusually large amounts of sediment that change an aquatic environment • Sediment pollution results from erosion.
http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0165783612001075-gr4.j pg
http://allaboutthermalpolluti on.w eebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/4/14145091/1117384_orig.j pg
The Special Problems of Groundwater Pollution • Sources of groundwater pollution include natural sources, surface pollutants leaching through soil, and leaky underground structures. • Chemicals break down more slowly in groundwater than in surface water. It takes hundreds or thousands of years for groundwater to clean itself, and Acid drainage from a coal mine costs billions of dollars to clean up. • While overall freshwater supplies are Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The TheEPA EPA repairs repairsand andreplaces replacesleaky leaky becoming more clean in the U.S., underground undergroundgas gasstorage storage groundwater will continue to plague us tanks tankstotoreduce reduce groundwater for centuries. groundwaterpollution. pollution. Over Overthe thelast last25 25years, years, • Most efforts to reduce groundwater over over1.7 1.7million milliontanks tankshave have been beenrepaired repairedororreplaced. replaced. pollution focus on prevention.
• Can degrade water quality, cause photosynthesis rates to decline, and disrupt food webs
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http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/visual/img_med/sedimentation.jpg
Cleaning Up Water Pollution • Over the last 30 years, Congress has passed many laws to cleanup and improve freshwater in the U.S. • The Clean Water Act – Set water pollution standards – Required permits to release point-source pollution – Funded sewage treatment plant construction http://www .epa.gov /region6/6en/w /creek.j pg
• The states have also passed many laws to cleanup and improve water in the U.S. • However, nonpoint pollution continues to be a major source of water pollution.
http://www .tow noforangepark.com/images/img3E.j pg
Bottled Water • Where does bottled water come from? • Most bottled water is local tap water that has been filtered and treated with chemicals. • Bottled water is not tested for pollutants by the government. • Often, bottled water is not as safe as local drinking water.
http://www.brandchannel.com/images/home/home_img1_water.jpg
Lake Erie
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The TheGreat GreatLakes Lakesshow showthat thathumans humans can canchange changetheir theirways waysand andclean cleanup uptrouble troublespots. spots.InInthe the 1970s, 1970s,Lake LakeErie Eriewas wasdeclared declared“dead” “dead”but butisisnow nowhome home totosome someflourishing flourishingspecies, species,especially especiallythe thewalleye. walleye.
http://www .armchairfrance.com/Water1.j pg
Ch. 14-3: Ocean Pollution Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. We live near the ocean in New Jersey, and depend on it for as a major source of commerce. 2. Ocean pollution closes dozens of beaches every year for hundreds of days. 3. We depend on the ocean for many sources of food, without which, we will not be able to feed the human population. 4. Ocean pollution is killing many animals causing extinction.
Ocean Pollution • Oil pollution in the ocean comes from many widely spread small sources. Natural seeps are the largest single source. • Accidental oil spills also happen on the ocean. • No one really knows how much ocean pollution there is or how much pollution the oceans can absorb. • Very little research is being done on ocean pollution.
A 2004 oil spill off the Alaskan coast
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?According Accordingtotothe theU.S. U.S. Oil OilPollution PollutionAct Actofof1990, 1990,by by2015, 2015,allalloiloil tankers tankersininU.S. U.S.waters watersmust musthave havedouble double hulls hullstotohelp helpprevent preventagainst againstleaks. leaks.
http://library.thinkquest.org/C R0215471/oil_spill_on_fire.jpg
How Pollution Gets Into Oceans • At least 85% of ocean pollution comes from activities on the land. • Some pollution is dumped directly into the ocean, which is causing chemical burns on crabs and lobsters. • Accidental oil spills also happen on the ocean. • Ocean organisms bioaccumulate mercury pollution.
How Pollution Gets into Oceans • Nutrient pollution can cause red tides. – Like Eutrophication – Delaware Bay and local waters!
http://www.ec.gc.ca/mercure-mercury/D64997D2-944E-4AE0-9914-0FCCC25DCC80/i-f-bom-e.jpg
http://ocean.si.edu/sites/default/files/imagecache/750xX/photo s/red%20tide%20algal%20bloom.j pg
http://www .dianevarner.com/additional_images/red_tides/california_red_tide_4_varner_thm.j pg http://questgarden.com/124/08/2/110412104118/images/turtle-bag.j pg
Who Owns The Oceans?
Preventing Ocean Pollution • Many individual countries, such as the United States, have passed laws to restrict ocean pollution. – These have limited the use of certain types of fishing nets and dumping waste in the ocean.
• There have been some international treaties as well to limit ocean pollution.
•
•
Part of the problem with ocean pollution is that countries didn’t view it as one of their own problems. So, according to an international treaty, every country now has: 1. Complete control and responsibility for activities within 12 miles of its shores; 2. Exclusive economic control for all economic activities within 200 miles of its shores. 3. Nothing beyond that (it’s community property).
Ch. 14-1: The Water Planet. Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. New Jersey is one of the MOST densely populated states, and as such, needs to conserve water. 2. Already there have been lawsuits filed to control the water supply. 3. According to the CIA, the major source of wars worldwide over the next 20 years will be over control of water supplies. 4. If we continue to waste water, we will not have it in the future as a resource.
Water, Water Everywhere, But… • About 70% of the Earth’s surface of is covered by water. • However, 97% of the Earth’s water is saltwater and therefore unusable. • The majority of the Earth’s freshwater is trapped in glaciers and the icecaps or stored underground.
Looking for Water in the Desert • The 2300-kilometer Colorado River once flowed deep and wide across the Southwest to Mexico’s Gulf of California. • Since the Colorado River Compact, in 1922, seven states— Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming—have relied on the river’s water for human use. • Today, drought, dams, and diversion have caused the once-raging Colorado River to run nearly dry. • Las Vegas, Nevada city officials have turned to an unlikely source for water—the desert. Their proposal to mine groundwater from beneath a scenic area of the Great Basin Desert is controversial.
Our Water Resources • Water is a renewable resource. • You can only live for a few days without water. • Access to clean freshwater is one of the main reasons why humans live longer today than they did about 200 years ago. • Most of the water in the U.S. is used by industry and agriculture.
http://img.gaw kerassets.com/img/18fsfy70t9rxwj pg/original.j pg
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The Theaverage average American Americanuses uses250 250LLofoffresh freshwater wateraa day dayfor forpersonal personaluses, uses,such suchas as bathing bathingand andbrushing brushingteeth. teeth.
Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet
Where Is Our Water? • Fresh water is both a renewable resource and a limited resource.
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archiv e/02372/BMBA29_2372236b.j pg
http://holidayforce.com/w p-content/uploads/2013/01/perito-moreno-glacier-tour.j pg
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?IfIfall allEarth’s Earth’swater waterwere wereininaa
two-liter two-literbottle, bottle,only onlyabout abouttwo twocapfuls capfulswould wouldbe be fresh, fresh,liquid liquidwater. water.
• Earth’s fresh water is distributed unequally. How much water people use depends on where they live and the time of year.
Surface Water
Surface Water • Most cities get their water from surface water. • The area of land drained by a river is called its watershed. • The amount of water that falls in a watershed varies month to month and year to year. • Every waterway defines a watershed
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The TheMississippi Mississippi River RiverBasin Basincovers covers33million million square kilometers (1.2 square kilometers (1.2million millionsq sq mi), mi),making makingititthe thethird thirdlargest largest watershed watershedininthe theworld. world.ItItdrains drains 41% 41%of ofthe theland landarea areaof ofthe the contiguous contiguousUS. US.
Rivers of Controversy • Most rivers pass through many states or many countries. • The Colorado River, for example, passes through Colorado, Utah, California and Arizona. • If one state or country uses all the water, other states or countries cannot get water. • Already, lawsuits over water have been filed in the U.S. and wars have been fought around the world over river water.
Dams • Dams are ways to trap and store river water and make electricity. • However, they are a mixed blessing because they wipe out species, increase erosion and lose large amounts of water to evaporation.
http://serc.carleton.edu/images/eslabs/drought/hoov er_dam.j pg
http://www .fw s.gov /midw est/es/images/sturgeon-hydro.j pg
http://www .ksda.gov /includes/images/dw r/DWRCurrentsImages/erosionLG1698.png
http://serc.carleton.edu/images/eslabs/drought/colorado_river_states.gif
Groundwater • Large amounts of freshwater is stored underground in aquifers. • Aquifers are layers of rocks that have holes in them to store water. • New water constantly goes into the aquifers to renew the underground water. • However, it can take tens of millions of years to create and fully recharge an aquifer. • Many cities, farms, and rural areas rely on aquifers for their entire water supply. • The water table separates the zone of saturation from the zone of aeration.
Groundwater
http://www.nps.gov/brca/forteachers/images/groundwater.jpg
Avg NJ rainfall=44 inches. 88% max of this can RECHARGE our aquifers! http://nj.usgs.gov/infodata/aquifers /
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The Theaverage averageage ageofofgroundwater groundwater isis1400 1400years. years.Groundwater Groundwaterrecharges rechargesvery veryslowly. slowly.
Groundwater Release • Aquifers release 1.9
trillion L (492 billion gal) of groundwater to the surface each day via springs, geysers, and wells.
Old Faithful, a well-known geyser in Yellowstone National Park, shoots groundwater over 100 feet into the air many times a day.
Aquifers Are Running Low • The problem is that we are pumping water out of the ground faster than it can be replaced by nature. • In many parts of the country, this will be a major problem! • In some places, there is a plan to pump filtered wastewater back into the aquifers to recharge them. • http://www.state.nj.us/d ep/njgs/enviroed/aqfrch rg.htm#whtrchrg
Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water
14-2 Uses of Water
How We Use Water • Three main uses of fresh water include: • Agricultural • Industrial • Personal
http://www .h2ouniv ersity.org/assets/images/w ater_use_residential.j pg
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The Theaverage average American Americanuses uses250 250LLofoffresh freshwater wateraa day dayfor forpersonal personaluses, uses,such suchas as bathing and brushing teeth. bathing and brushing teeth.
http://www.verdantcommunity.com/skin/frontend/default/verdant_theme/images/fresh_water_usage_2005.jpg
Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water
Using Surface Water • Most freshwater used in the U.S. is surface water. • Surface water is diverted by canals and dams. • Drought and overuse have caused significant surface water depletion. Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The TheAral Aral Sea Seawas wasonce oncethe thefourth fourth largest largestbody bodyofoffresh freshwater. water.
Aral Sea, 1997
Aral Sea, 2009
Using Groundwater • 68% of groundwater in the U.S. is used for irrigation, most of which is very inefficient. • Groundwater mining turns groundwater into a nonrenewable resource because it is withdrawn from the ground faster than it can be replaced. • When groundwater is depleted, the falling water tables can cause cities to sink, and undrinkable saltwater to move into the depleted aquifers.
Solutions To Water Shortages There are a few solutions to our water shortages. These include: 1. Desalting the Sea 2. Towing Water 3. Water Conservation
Each solution has advantages and disadvantages.
Desalting the Sea Desalinization is the removal of salt from ocean water to make it useful. Advantages: 1. Large amounts of water can be made into freshwater. Disadvantages: 1. Desalinization is expensive. 2. Desalinization only works for countries by the ocean. 3. Desalinization can destroy coastal ocean ecosystems. http://www.acquasol.com.au/content/brinesalt.html
Decrease Demand-Agricultural 1.
Drip Irrigation: irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
Decrease Demand-Industrial 1.
– Industrial: Waterconserving processes, recycling wastewater to cool machinery.
http://christmastree.for.msu.edu/images/Irrigation3.j pg
http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/Drip_irrigation
2.
Climate appropriate plants = Use less water and are adapted for the area
Water Conserving Processes : Collecting and reusing water as many times in the process of industry
2.
http://www .w aterconservation.co.za/w p-content/uploads/2011/09/JoJo-w ater-tanks-colours.j pg
Recycling Waterwater to cool machinery
http://boingboing.net/2008/03/24/washing-machinetoile.html
http://www .millenniumland.com/images/LANDSCAPE%20SERVICES/Irrigation/Drip%20Irrigation%20Systems/Drip%20Irrigation.gif
Water Conservation 1.
2.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/ -jw hU_WazoFY/UCm4HSYw 0LI/AAAAAAAADWQ/5sj Lw Yw Ohpg/s1600/living_machine_banner_small.j pg
Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to manage fresh water as a sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human demand. Xeriscaping and xerogardening refer to landscaping and gardening in ways that reduce or eliminate the need for supplemental water from irrigation. It is promoted in regions that do not have easily accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies of fresh water, and is gaining acceptance in other areas as climate patterns shift.
http://www .epa.gov /w atersense/images/daily_piechart.png http://eartheasy.com/grow _xeriscape_top.j pg
Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution
Ch. 14-3: Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. Freshwater pollution is a major problem for NJ and the United States (as well as the rest of the world). 2. Most freshwater pollution comes from people who do not realize that they are harming everyone. 3. The cost to taxpayers and homeowners to cleanup freshwater pollution will be hundreds of billions of dollars. 4. You cannot live more than about 3 days without getting freshwater to drink.
3,800 children die every day from diseases associated with unsafe drinking water.
Freshwater Pollution • Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, physical or biological agents into water that makes the water quality worse. • Water pollution in the U.S. and developed nations is getting better. • Water pollution in developing nations is getting worse.
http://shipbright.files.w ordpress.com/2010/03/ganges-pollution.j pg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/ -OGK9tDLfzDk/ Tabgk y3cB4I/AAAAAAAAAAg/R-YtX301Bko/s1600/water-pollution.j pg
Nonpoint Pollution • Nonpoint Pollution is pollution that comes from many sources. • Nonpoint Pollution is very hard to regulate and control. • Nonpoint Pollution is a major source of water pollution (about 96% of all water pollution in the U.S. is nonpoint pollution).
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Point Pollution
• Point Pollution is pollution that’s traced to a single source. • Point pollution is easy to identify, trace, and regulate. • However, not all countries regulate factories and industries. • Can include Toxic chemicals, which can be organic or inorganic • Harms ecosystems and causes human health problems
Point source oil pollution Oil after a spill, Trinity Bay, Texas
Nonpoint Pollution
Wastewater Treatment Plants • Wastewater Treatment Plants take the used water from your home and convert it into safe water to release into nature. • However, certain toxic substances, such as oil, make it difficult or impossible to make the water safe for nature. • Additionally, one of the byproducts from purifying the water is sludge, which is highly toxic solid materials. http://www .fmu-in.com/fmuw eb/images/100_1448.JPG
Septic systems are the most popular method of wastewater disposal in rural areas of the U.S.
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Pathogens-Biological Pollution • Pathogens are bacteria and other disease Did DidYou You Know? causing organisms. Know? Giardiasis Giardiasisisisthe the most • In the U.S. and other mostcommon common formofof developed countries, form waterborne waterborne diseaseininthe the our water is regularly disease U.S. U.S. checked for pathogens. • In the rest of the world, the water regularly contains pathogens and leads to many illnesses and deaths.
Cholera bacteria
• Water treatment reduces biological pollution.
How Water Pollution Affects Ecosystems • Often, pollution destroys an ecosystem immediately. • Sometimes, though, it can take years for the pollution to destroy an ecosystem. • Water pollution can affect humans through a process called biological magnification. • Biological magnification is the process in which pollution (especially toxic pollution) gets stored in animals. As those animals get eaten, they get exposed to larger and larger amounts of pollution!
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– Remember, you are what you eat!!
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Artificial Eutrophication (Nutrient Pollution) • When slow moving water (or stagnant water) becomes rich with nutrients, it will begin to become overgrown with plants. • As the plants die and decompose, they use up all the oxygen in the water. • When that happens, nothing but plants, bacteria and insects can live in the water. • The process of eutrophication is Natural but can be accelerated by human activities-Cultural Eutophication—especially the release of fertilizers.
Process of Eutrophication
THE PROCESS OF EUTROPHICATION http://www.lakescientist.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/clip_image001.jpg
Nutrients build up in water.
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Algae and aquatic plant growth increases.
Organisms die. Decompositi on requires oxygen.
Dissolved oxygen levels decrease.
Thermal Pollution • Thermal pollution is the release of excess heat into an ecosystem. • This often happens near industrial plants as they use water to cool their machines. • Since most organisms can only live in very narrow temperature ranges, thermal pollution causes massive death within an ecosystem.
Sediment Pollution –Sediment pollution: • Unusually large amounts of sediment that change an aquatic environment • Sediment pollution results from erosion.
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The Special Problems of Groundwater Pollution • Sources of groundwater pollution include natural sources, surface pollutants leaching through soil, and leaky underground structures. • Chemicals break down more slowly in groundwater than in surface water. It takes hundreds or thousands of years for groundwater to clean itself, and Acid drainage from a coal mine costs billions of dollars to clean up. • While overall freshwater supplies are Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?The TheEPA EPA repairs repairsand andreplaces replacesleaky leaky becoming more clean in the U.S., underground undergroundgas gasstorage storage groundwater will continue to plague us tanks tankstotoreduce reduce groundwater for centuries. groundwaterpollution. pollution. Over Overthe thelast last25 25years, years, • Most efforts to reduce groundwater over over1.7 1.7million milliontanks tankshave have been beenrepaired repairedororreplaced. replaced. pollution focus on prevention.
• Can degrade water quality, cause photosynthesis rates to decline, and disrupt food webs
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Cleaning Up Water Pollution • Over the last 30 years, Congress has passed many laws to cleanup and improve freshwater in the U.S. • The Clean Water Act – Set water pollution standards – Required permits to release point-source pollution – Funded sewage treatment plant construction http://www .epa.gov /region6/6en/w /creek.j pg
• The states have also passed many laws to cleanup and improve water in the U.S. • However, nonpoint pollution continues to be a major source of water pollution.
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Bottled Water • Where does bottled water come from? • Most bottled water is local tap water that has been filtered and treated with chemicals. • Bottled water is not tested for pollutants by the government. • Often, bottled water is not as safe as local drinking water.
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Lake Erie
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Ch. 14-3: Ocean Pollution Why Do I Need To Know This? 1. We live near the ocean in New Jersey, and depend on it for as a major source of commerce. 2. Ocean pollution closes dozens of beaches every year for hundreds of days. 3. We depend on the ocean for many sources of food, without which, we will not be able to feed the human population. 4. Ocean pollution is killing many animals causing extinction.
Ocean Pollution • Oil pollution in the ocean comes from many widely spread small sources. Natural seeps are the largest single source. • Accidental oil spills also happen on the ocean. • No one really knows how much ocean pollution there is or how much pollution the oceans can absorb. • Very little research is being done on ocean pollution.
A 2004 oil spill off the Alaskan coast
Did DidYou YouKnow? Know?According Accordingtotothe theU.S. U.S. Oil OilPollution PollutionAct Actofof1990, 1990,by by2015, 2015,allalloiloil tankers tankersininU.S. U.S.waters watersmust musthave havedouble double hulls hullstotohelp helpprevent preventagainst againstleaks. leaks.
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How Pollution Gets Into Oceans • At least 85% of ocean pollution comes from activities on the land. • Some pollution is dumped directly into the ocean, which is causing chemical burns on crabs and lobsters. • Accidental oil spills also happen on the ocean. • Ocean organisms bioaccumulate mercury pollution.
How Pollution Gets into Oceans • Nutrient pollution can cause red tides. – Like Eutrophication – Delaware Bay and local waters!
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Who Owns The Oceans?
Preventing Ocean Pollution • Many individual countries, such as the United States, have passed laws to restrict ocean pollution. – These have limited the use of certain types of fishing nets and dumping waste in the ocean.
• There have been some international treaties as well to limit ocean pollution.
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Part of the problem with ocean pollution is that countries didn’t view it as one of their own problems. So, according to an international treaty, every country now has: 1. Complete control and responsibility for activities within 12 miles of its shores; 2. Exclusive economic control for all economic activities within 200 miles of its shores. 3. Nothing beyond that (it’s community property).
