Sustainable consumption
Consumption & Sustainability
Global consumption patterns
Oksana Mont IIIEE, Lund University 2 www.FootprintNetwork.org
Growth in Real World GDP per Capita, 1000-Present
Consumption expansion Century's Growth in Real World GDP per Capita
1000%
World consumption has expanded at an unprecedented pace over the 20th century, with private and public consumption expenditures reaching $24 trillion in 1998, twice the level of 1975 and six times that of 1950. In 1900 real consumption expenditure was barely $1.5 trillion.
900% 800% 700% 600% 500%
400% 300% 200% 100%
0% 11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
-100% 3
Century
4
DeLong, J. B. (2000).
GLOBAL CONSUMER CLASS*
Measured by GDP the world economy trebbled in 30 years
Gross World Product in $trillions 30 25
…with little benefit for the majority of the population
20 15
2 out of 7 bln. people - 29%
10 5 1970
1980
1990
2000
5
* - Global consumer class comprises people who have incomes over $7,000 of purchasing power parity (an income measure adjusted for the buying power in local currency), which is roughly the level of the 6 official poverty line in Western Europe (WWI 2004).
1
Top 10 National Consumer Class Populations, 2002
Affluence increase: consumer class by region (2002)
WWI (2004) 7
8
WorldWatch Institute 2004
G lobal equit y
20% population use 80% of resources 80% population use 20% of resources
9 www.FootprintNetwork.org
Great Britain: The Bainton family of Cllingbourne Ducis Food expenditure for one week: 155.54 British Pounds or $253.15 10 Favorite foods: avocado, mayonnaise sandwich, prawn cocktail, chocolate fudge cake with cream Source: „Hungry Planet: What The World Eats―, by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio
Consumption inequalities
Ecuador: The Ayme family of Tingo Food expenditure for one week: $31.55 Family recipe: Potato soup with
11
20% the richest
20% the poorest
Total private consumption expenditures
86 %
1.3%
Consume meat and fish
45 %
5%
Consume of total energy
58%
< 4%
Have % of all telephone lines
74%
1.5%
Consume % of all paper
84%
1.1%
Own of the world‘s vehicle fleet
87%
< 1%
Carbon dioxide emissions
53%
3%
12
Source: „Hungry Planet: What The World Eats―, by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio
2
Global annual expenditures on products and investments need for different social goals
Consumption gap is increasing
Product
• • •
The World Trade Centre consumed more energy annually than Niger. A child born in the industrial world adds more to consumption and pollution over his or her lifetime than do 30–50 children born in developing countries. Since 1950 industrial countries, because of their high incomes and consumption levels, have accounted for > 50% the increase in resource use.
Annual spending
Social or economic goals
Investment needed to achieve the goals
Makeup
$18 billion
Reproductive health care for all women
$12 billion/year
Pet food in Europe and United States
$17 billion
Elimination of hunger
$19 billion/year
Perfumes
$15 billion
Universal literacy
$5 billion/year
Ocean cruises
$14 billion
Clean water for all
$10 billion/year
$11 billion
Immunizing every child
$1.3 billion/year
Ice cream in Europe
http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/consume/fjeld.html
13 FOTO: MONA-LISA DJERF
14 (Worldwatch Institute 2004)
15
16
17
18
3
What is the problem with consumption? The problem is not expenditure per se, but material consumption and related health and environmental impacts.
So what is the problem with consumption? 19
The Econom ist -
• Promotion of happiness through material consumption • Does consumption bring higher quality of life?
20
Scale
3 planet s
―If 7 billion people were to consume as much energy and resources as we do in the West today we will need more than one planet to satisfy all our needs. If we go on with current production and consumption patterns, two planets are needed by 2050‖. Gro Harlem Brundtland, 1994
1900
2002
2050
2100
22
23
24
Shopping mantra
21
4
Cathedrals of consumption
Voting with dollars
25
26 The Hartman Group (2007).
―If I am what I have, and what I have is lost, who then am I?‖ Erich Fromm 1976
PRODUCTS ARE THE PROBLEM
28
All products have ecological backpack
Many products have social backpack
Raw material extraction
Material processing & transports
Waste
29 Graphics: Wuppertal Institute, Germany
30 http://www.tv4.se/1.830238/2009/01/29/levande_dun
5
Many services also have social backpack
FOR MANY PRODUCTS 80% OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS COME FROM THE USE PHASE, NOT PRODUCTION
―Välkommen till paradiset‖ 31 Jennie Dielemans och Shahab Salehi (foto) http://www.dielemans.se/
32
Car inefficiency Fuel energy 100%
Bearings 6%
Radiation 20%
Exhaust 35%
PRODUCTS ARE INEFFICIENT Rolling resistance 4.2% Air resistance 10.5% Accelerate and climb 4.3%
Movement 19%
Cooling water 20%
Is that what I pay my money for??? 33
Personal mobility ?%
Deadweight 17%
34 Fussler (1996)
Car use inefficiency • Average European car is used for 29 min a day • In 12 years of car life it is used in total for 3 month, after which it is discarded • Average speed of cars in centers of European cities is 17 km/hour => it is faster to take a bike
PRODUCTS ARE GETTING LARGER
35
36
6
Supersize Everything!
Supersize Everything! Cruise lines • 1985: 46,052 tons • 2002: 88,500 tons
7-Eleven soda • 1980: 32 ounces • 2000: 64 ounces McDonald’s French fries • 1980: 4 ounces • 2000: 7 ounces
Refrigerators • 1980: 19.6 inches • 2002: 28.6 inches
Supermarkets • 1972: 24,038 square feet • 2000: 44,072 square feet 37 Wired, December 2002, 65
THERE ARE MORE PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET
NFL players: average weight • 1974: 255 pounds • 2000: 322 pounds
38 Wired, December 2002, 65
The average household now consumes 4,300 products annually,* with a large supermarket offering up to 12,000 different products.**
Incpen, 2001 ** Bedford and Burgess, 1999 39
40
LOW QUALITY PRODUCTS
THERE ARE MORE LOW QUALITY PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET
41
42
7
THERE ARE MORE DISPOSABLE PRODUCTS
43
44
THERE ARE MORE ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET, SO WHAT?
45
46
80% of all products are one-way products and their use time is under 15 minutes
USE TIME OF PRODUCTS IS DECREASING
(Allenby and Richards 1994)
47
48
8
Only 1.5% of the costs of a 100$ shoe are attributable to activities during the production phase (i.e. material, production & labour costs), while the rest occurs during later stages of the life cycle.
PRODUCTION COSTS ARE DECREASING
International NGO Clean Clothes Campaign www.cleanclothes.org. 49
50
Price make-up of a € 100 sport shoe ADVERTISING DRIVES CONSUMPTION
51
52
Shopping mantra
www.cleanclothes.org
53
54
9
―There is product for every need!‖
―There is product for every need!‖
55
―There is product for every need!‖
56
―There is product for every need!‖
57
―There is product for every need!‖
58
―You belong to NIKE generation!‖
59
60
10
MORE PRODUCTS AND LARGER PRODUCTS = MORE WASTE
61
99% of the material content of goods become waste within 6 weeks
62
(Allenby and Richards 1994), Hawken (1999)
Thresholds of happiness in US and UK
MORE PRODUCTS ≠ HAPPINESS
63
Source: (Max-Neef 1995).
ISEW - Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare)
64
Difference between the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) and GDP in the UK and Sweden during 1950–1996.
Thresholds of happiness in the Netherlands and Germany
Source: (Jackson and Marks 1999b) and (Jackson and Stymne 1996) Source: (Max-Neef 1995).
65
66
11
Life satisfaction vs. GDP
67
• > 65 countries (1990-2000) • Until $13,000 of annual income per person (in 1995 purchasing power parity*) income and happiness tend to track well • After $13,000 additional income yields only modest additions in self-reported happiness * - purchasing power parity – an income measure adjusted for the buying power in 68 local currency
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
Nic Marks (2006)
4. Solutions to unsustainable consumption
Efficiency revolution Sufficiency revolution
69
70 http://www.anekdotov.net/
What is efficiency about?
Solutions
WBCSD factors for eco-efficiency: • Efficiency revolution: changing consumption patterns • Sufficiency revolution: lifestyle changes and reducing consumption levels
• reduction of the material intensity of goods and services, • reduction of the energy intensity in production of goods and services, • reduction of toxic dispersion, • enhancement of material recyclability, • maximisation of sustainable use of renewable resources, • product life extension, • an increase of the service intensity of goods and services. 71
72
12
What is sufficiency about?
What is efficiency about?
How much is enough?
73
74
Dunn, C. (2008).
What is sufficiency about? • Human well-being is in focus • Questioning the ‗need‘ and ‗must have‘ choices • Reframing the economy towards qualitative development instead of perpetual growth • Accepting the ecological constraints • Solutions to unsustainable consumption require individual action in changing consumption habits and adjusting lifestyles
So what can we do?
CALCULATE YOUR FOOTPRINT!
75
76
Your Ecological Footprint? www.MyFootprint.org So what can we do?
QUESTION THE NEED
77
78
13
The paradox of choice: why more is less by Barry Schwart
Question the need
Schwartz provides ample evidence that we are faced with far too many choices on a daily basis, providing an illusion of a multitude of options when few honestly different ones actually exist. Plus the stress of decision making erodes our psychological well-being.
Too many people spend money they don‘t have to buy products they don‘t need to impress people they don‘t like
20 min TED talk by Barry Schwart http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO6XE QIsCoM 79
The Overspent American: Why We Want What We Don‘t Need The Overspent American explores why so many of us feel materially dissatisfied, why we work staggeringly long hours and yet walk around with ever-present mental "wish lists" of things to buy or get, and why Americans save less than virtually anyone in the world. Unlike many experts, Harvard economist Juliet B. Schor does not blame consumers' lack of self-discipline. Nor does she blame advertisers. Instead she analyzes the crisis of the American consumer in a culture where spending has become the ultimate social art. Powell‘s books http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nk2_ rk0FLw 81
Not only Americans are overworked
80
The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure This pathbreaking book explains why, contrary to all expectations, Americans are working harder than ever. Juliet Schor presents the astonishing news that over the past twenty years our working hours have increased by the equivalent of one month per year—a dramatic spurt that has hit everybody: men and women, professionals as well as low-paid workers. Why are we—unlike every other industrialized Western nation—repeatedly ‖choosing‖ money over time? And what can we do to get off the treadmill? Powell‘s books 82 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nk2_rk0FLw
Has it always been this way? • In 1485 peasant had to work 15 weeks to earn money to survive the entire year • In 1564 – 40 weeks • In 21 century – we need two incomes and work all year round (Simms and Smith, 2008) 83
84
14
Cohousing http://www.cohousing.org/ http://www.kollektivhus.nu/
So what can we do?
JOIN COMMUNITY
85
86
Washing centres
Car sharing
87
88
89
90
Clothes swapping http://www.kladbyte.se/
15
DIY tools and garden equipment sharing
Graceful simplicity • • • •
Source: http://www.tool-matic.dk
Self-sufficient communities Eco-villages Slow living Collaborative consumption
91
92
Voluntary simplicity
Slow Food movement
• Limiting their consumption in terms of the volume and quantity of products purchased; • Choosing more socially and ecologically sound products and/or services (including more ―local products); • Using product-service systems; • Repairing, exchanging, and creating products; • Investing in their communities; • Consuming less meat and processed food; • Favouring natural materials and organic food; • Favouring living in dense cities or in rural areas (rather than in suburbs); • Placing less value or importance on work as an activity while still wishing to have a meaningful and interesting job and/or reduced work hours; • Practicing ―low ―environmental impact leisure activities. 93
• Originated in Italy in 1989 • Comprises 80 000 people on five continents. • The goal is to counteract fast food and fast life, the disappearance of local food traditions, to protect the ―right to taste‖, which includes the right for tasty and healthy food, respect to the ones who make food and to the environment where food is produced. • The movement organises staging events, debates and owns a publishing companies specialising in travel, food and wine. 94
http://www.slowfood.com/
Collaborative consumption • Rachel Botsman: The case for collaborative consumption • on TED: http://www.ted.com/talks/rachel_botsma n_the_case_for_collaborative_consump tion.html
95
96
16
97
17
Global consumption patterns
Oksana Mont IIIEE, Lund University 2 www.FootprintNetwork.org
Growth in Real World GDP per Capita, 1000-Present
Consumption expansion Century's Growth in Real World GDP per Capita
1000%
World consumption has expanded at an unprecedented pace over the 20th century, with private and public consumption expenditures reaching $24 trillion in 1998, twice the level of 1975 and six times that of 1950. In 1900 real consumption expenditure was barely $1.5 trillion.
900% 800% 700% 600% 500%
400% 300% 200% 100%
0% 11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
-100% 3
Century
4
DeLong, J. B. (2000).
GLOBAL CONSUMER CLASS*
Measured by GDP the world economy trebbled in 30 years
Gross World Product in $trillions 30 25
…with little benefit for the majority of the population
20 15
2 out of 7 bln. people - 29%
10 5 1970
1980
1990
2000
5
* - Global consumer class comprises people who have incomes over $7,000 of purchasing power parity (an income measure adjusted for the buying power in local currency), which is roughly the level of the 6 official poverty line in Western Europe (WWI 2004).
1
Top 10 National Consumer Class Populations, 2002
Affluence increase: consumer class by region (2002)
WWI (2004) 7
8
WorldWatch Institute 2004
G lobal equit y
20% population use 80% of resources 80% population use 20% of resources
9 www.FootprintNetwork.org
Great Britain: The Bainton family of Cllingbourne Ducis Food expenditure for one week: 155.54 British Pounds or $253.15 10 Favorite foods: avocado, mayonnaise sandwich, prawn cocktail, chocolate fudge cake with cream Source: „Hungry Planet: What The World Eats―, by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio
Consumption inequalities
Ecuador: The Ayme family of Tingo Food expenditure for one week: $31.55 Family recipe: Potato soup with
11
20% the richest
20% the poorest
Total private consumption expenditures
86 %
1.3%
Consume meat and fish
45 %
5%
Consume of total energy
58%
< 4%
Have % of all telephone lines
74%
1.5%
Consume % of all paper
84%
1.1%
Own of the world‘s vehicle fleet
87%
< 1%
Carbon dioxide emissions
53%
3%
12
Source: „Hungry Planet: What The World Eats―, by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio
2
Global annual expenditures on products and investments need for different social goals
Consumption gap is increasing
Product
• • •
The World Trade Centre consumed more energy annually than Niger. A child born in the industrial world adds more to consumption and pollution over his or her lifetime than do 30–50 children born in developing countries. Since 1950 industrial countries, because of their high incomes and consumption levels, have accounted for > 50% the increase in resource use.
Annual spending
Social or economic goals
Investment needed to achieve the goals
Makeup
$18 billion
Reproductive health care for all women
$12 billion/year
Pet food in Europe and United States
$17 billion
Elimination of hunger
$19 billion/year
Perfumes
$15 billion
Universal literacy
$5 billion/year
Ocean cruises
$14 billion
Clean water for all
$10 billion/year
$11 billion
Immunizing every child
$1.3 billion/year
Ice cream in Europe
http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/consume/fjeld.html
13 FOTO: MONA-LISA DJERF
14 (Worldwatch Institute 2004)
15
16
17
18
3
What is the problem with consumption? The problem is not expenditure per se, but material consumption and related health and environmental impacts.
So what is the problem with consumption? 19
The Econom ist -
• Promotion of happiness through material consumption • Does consumption bring higher quality of life?
20
Scale
3 planet s
―If 7 billion people were to consume as much energy and resources as we do in the West today we will need more than one planet to satisfy all our needs. If we go on with current production and consumption patterns, two planets are needed by 2050‖. Gro Harlem Brundtland, 1994
1900
2002
2050
2100
22
23
24
Shopping mantra
21
4
Cathedrals of consumption
Voting with dollars
25
26 The Hartman Group (2007).
―If I am what I have, and what I have is lost, who then am I?‖ Erich Fromm 1976
PRODUCTS ARE THE PROBLEM
28
All products have ecological backpack
Many products have social backpack
Raw material extraction
Material processing & transports
Waste
29 Graphics: Wuppertal Institute, Germany
30 http://www.tv4.se/1.830238/2009/01/29/levande_dun
5
Many services also have social backpack
FOR MANY PRODUCTS 80% OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS COME FROM THE USE PHASE, NOT PRODUCTION
―Välkommen till paradiset‖ 31 Jennie Dielemans och Shahab Salehi (foto) http://www.dielemans.se/
32
Car inefficiency Fuel energy 100%
Bearings 6%
Radiation 20%
Exhaust 35%
PRODUCTS ARE INEFFICIENT Rolling resistance 4.2% Air resistance 10.5% Accelerate and climb 4.3%
Movement 19%
Cooling water 20%
Is that what I pay my money for??? 33
Personal mobility ?%
Deadweight 17%
34 Fussler (1996)
Car use inefficiency • Average European car is used for 29 min a day • In 12 years of car life it is used in total for 3 month, after which it is discarded • Average speed of cars in centers of European cities is 17 km/hour => it is faster to take a bike
PRODUCTS ARE GETTING LARGER
35
36
6
Supersize Everything!
Supersize Everything! Cruise lines • 1985: 46,052 tons • 2002: 88,500 tons
7-Eleven soda • 1980: 32 ounces • 2000: 64 ounces McDonald’s French fries • 1980: 4 ounces • 2000: 7 ounces
Refrigerators • 1980: 19.6 inches • 2002: 28.6 inches
Supermarkets • 1972: 24,038 square feet • 2000: 44,072 square feet 37 Wired, December 2002, 65
THERE ARE MORE PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET
NFL players: average weight • 1974: 255 pounds • 2000: 322 pounds
38 Wired, December 2002, 65
The average household now consumes 4,300 products annually,* with a large supermarket offering up to 12,000 different products.**
Incpen, 2001 ** Bedford and Burgess, 1999 39
40
LOW QUALITY PRODUCTS
THERE ARE MORE LOW QUALITY PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET
41
42
7
THERE ARE MORE DISPOSABLE PRODUCTS
43
44
THERE ARE MORE ECOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET, SO WHAT?
45
46
80% of all products are one-way products and their use time is under 15 minutes
USE TIME OF PRODUCTS IS DECREASING
(Allenby and Richards 1994)
47
48
8
Only 1.5% of the costs of a 100$ shoe are attributable to activities during the production phase (i.e. material, production & labour costs), while the rest occurs during later stages of the life cycle.
PRODUCTION COSTS ARE DECREASING
International NGO Clean Clothes Campaign www.cleanclothes.org. 49
50
Price make-up of a € 100 sport shoe ADVERTISING DRIVES CONSUMPTION
51
52
Shopping mantra
www.cleanclothes.org
53
54
9
―There is product for every need!‖
―There is product for every need!‖
55
―There is product for every need!‖
56
―There is product for every need!‖
57
―There is product for every need!‖
58
―You belong to NIKE generation!‖
59
60
10
MORE PRODUCTS AND LARGER PRODUCTS = MORE WASTE
61
99% of the material content of goods become waste within 6 weeks
62
(Allenby and Richards 1994), Hawken (1999)
Thresholds of happiness in US and UK
MORE PRODUCTS ≠ HAPPINESS
63
Source: (Max-Neef 1995).
ISEW - Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare)
64
Difference between the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) and GDP in the UK and Sweden during 1950–1996.
Thresholds of happiness in the Netherlands and Germany
Source: (Jackson and Marks 1999b) and (Jackson and Stymne 1996) Source: (Max-Neef 1995).
65
66
11
Life satisfaction vs. GDP
67
• > 65 countries (1990-2000) • Until $13,000 of annual income per person (in 1995 purchasing power parity*) income and happiness tend to track well • After $13,000 additional income yields only modest additions in self-reported happiness * - purchasing power parity – an income measure adjusted for the buying power in 68 local currency
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
Nic Marks (2006)
4. Solutions to unsustainable consumption
Efficiency revolution Sufficiency revolution
69
70 http://www.anekdotov.net/
What is efficiency about?
Solutions
WBCSD factors for eco-efficiency: • Efficiency revolution: changing consumption patterns • Sufficiency revolution: lifestyle changes and reducing consumption levels
• reduction of the material intensity of goods and services, • reduction of the energy intensity in production of goods and services, • reduction of toxic dispersion, • enhancement of material recyclability, • maximisation of sustainable use of renewable resources, • product life extension, • an increase of the service intensity of goods and services. 71
72
12
What is sufficiency about?
What is efficiency about?
How much is enough?
73
74
Dunn, C. (2008).
What is sufficiency about? • Human well-being is in focus • Questioning the ‗need‘ and ‗must have‘ choices • Reframing the economy towards qualitative development instead of perpetual growth • Accepting the ecological constraints • Solutions to unsustainable consumption require individual action in changing consumption habits and adjusting lifestyles
So what can we do?
CALCULATE YOUR FOOTPRINT!
75
76
Your Ecological Footprint? www.MyFootprint.org So what can we do?
QUESTION THE NEED
77
78
13
The paradox of choice: why more is less by Barry Schwart
Question the need
Schwartz provides ample evidence that we are faced with far too many choices on a daily basis, providing an illusion of a multitude of options when few honestly different ones actually exist. Plus the stress of decision making erodes our psychological well-being.
Too many people spend money they don‘t have to buy products they don‘t need to impress people they don‘t like
20 min TED talk by Barry Schwart http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO6XE QIsCoM 79
The Overspent American: Why We Want What We Don‘t Need The Overspent American explores why so many of us feel materially dissatisfied, why we work staggeringly long hours and yet walk around with ever-present mental "wish lists" of things to buy or get, and why Americans save less than virtually anyone in the world. Unlike many experts, Harvard economist Juliet B. Schor does not blame consumers' lack of self-discipline. Nor does she blame advertisers. Instead she analyzes the crisis of the American consumer in a culture where spending has become the ultimate social art. Powell‘s books http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nk2_ rk0FLw 81
Not only Americans are overworked
80
The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure This pathbreaking book explains why, contrary to all expectations, Americans are working harder than ever. Juliet Schor presents the astonishing news that over the past twenty years our working hours have increased by the equivalent of one month per year—a dramatic spurt that has hit everybody: men and women, professionals as well as low-paid workers. Why are we—unlike every other industrialized Western nation—repeatedly ‖choosing‖ money over time? And what can we do to get off the treadmill? Powell‘s books 82 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nk2_rk0FLw
Has it always been this way? • In 1485 peasant had to work 15 weeks to earn money to survive the entire year • In 1564 – 40 weeks • In 21 century – we need two incomes and work all year round (Simms and Smith, 2008) 83
84
14
Cohousing http://www.cohousing.org/ http://www.kollektivhus.nu/
So what can we do?
JOIN COMMUNITY
85
86
Washing centres
Car sharing
87
88
89
90
Clothes swapping http://www.kladbyte.se/
15
DIY tools and garden equipment sharing
Graceful simplicity • • • •
Source: http://www.tool-matic.dk
Self-sufficient communities Eco-villages Slow living Collaborative consumption
91
92
Voluntary simplicity
Slow Food movement
• Limiting their consumption in terms of the volume and quantity of products purchased; • Choosing more socially and ecologically sound products and/or services (including more ―local products); • Using product-service systems; • Repairing, exchanging, and creating products; • Investing in their communities; • Consuming less meat and processed food; • Favouring natural materials and organic food; • Favouring living in dense cities or in rural areas (rather than in suburbs); • Placing less value or importance on work as an activity while still wishing to have a meaningful and interesting job and/or reduced work hours; • Practicing ―low ―environmental impact leisure activities. 93
• Originated in Italy in 1989 • Comprises 80 000 people on five continents. • The goal is to counteract fast food and fast life, the disappearance of local food traditions, to protect the ―right to taste‖, which includes the right for tasty and healthy food, respect to the ones who make food and to the environment where food is produced. • The movement organises staging events, debates and owns a publishing companies specialising in travel, food and wine. 94
http://www.slowfood.com/
Collaborative consumption • Rachel Botsman: The case for collaborative consumption • on TED: http://www.ted.com/talks/rachel_botsma n_the_case_for_collaborative_consump tion.html
95
96
16
97
17
