Sustainable Design
Sustainable Design Phil Reese, PhD - Stanford University Sig Anderson, PE, LEED AP – IDC Architects
A CH2M HILL company
Facility Sustainable Design Introductions – • Phil Reese - Stanford University • Sig Anderson - IDC Architects
Understand the Facility’s Mission Innovate Early – Implement New Solutions Leverage the Natural Environment Implement New Solutions – Don’t Copy Use Advanced Design Tools Measure Using Energy Benchmarks - PUE Case Study Example
Stanford Introduction Phil Reese, Ph. D. • Research Computing Strategist • Stanford University
Stanford is currently assessing options for a new computing facility to serve the growing research computing needs of the University.
IDC Architects – part of CH2MHILL Our mission: • To discover better ways for people, technology, buildings, and the environment to work together
Integrated multidisciplinary planning and design firm • Critical environments – Data Centers
• Science and technology – Corporate Offices – Research and development laboratories
• Strategic planning
Understand the Facility’s Mission
Project Definition Project Delivery Model
site selection
Project Definition Process Four Goals:
Four Basic Considerations:
OUTCOME: PROJECT DEFINITION MANUAL
Project Definition Does: PROJECT DEFINITION
DETAILED DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
Establish specific project criteria Facilitate stakeholder communication and alignment Create a platform for innovative problem solving Provide a framework to manage change
Innovate Early Implement New Solutions
Air-cooled High Density Compute Facility Hillsboro, Oregon
Data Center Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Cooling Systems Cooling Plant Optimization – Modular
factory built plant – Medium temperature chilled water – Water-side economizer – Air-cooled chillers with freecooling
Thermal storage – Ground
source heat sink – Airflow Management – Centralized humidity control – Minimize server bypass air – Maximize return air temperature – Air-side economizers
© 2009 IDC-Architects, all rights reserved.
Energy Efficiency Cooling Plant Optimization – Medium
temperature chilled
water – Variable volume primary distribution – Low condenser water temperature – Variable frequency drive chillers – Waterside economizer – Thermal storage – Air-cooled Chillers (location specific) – Combined heat and power
Leverage the Natural Environment
Air Economizer System Overview Where should air economizers be used? Common sense says: “not where it’s hot”, however…
http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Annual_Average_Temperature_Map_jpg
Data Center Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Cooling Systems Direct • Air-Side Economizers • Direct – “Opening a Window”
Indirect • Heat Wheels • Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers • Heat Pipes
© 2009 IDC-Architects, all rights reserved.
El Segundo, CA – Site Cooling Considerations
Use of Advanced Design Tools
Energy Efficiency Airflow modeling for energy efficiency • Design validation – Temperature distribution – Space pressurization • Natural & Displacement Ventilation – Stagnation – Hot Spot Identification
Visualization Tools
Measure Using Energy Benchmarks - PUE
PUE Fun! Power usage effectiveness (PUE) • Simple formula: – power into facility / power used for IT load = PUE
• The closer to ‘1.0’, the more efficient the facility.
What typically adds to the PUE score? • • • • •
Transformer conversions (~90-94% efficient) UPS conversion (~93-97% efficient) Power Distribution Units (PDU) (97-99% efficient) CRAC units, chillers and pumps (~87-92% efficient) NOT server power supplies, fans, or motherboard VRUs!
An increase in efficiency, furthest upstream, will have the most impact on PUE and power cost!
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 21
PUE Fun! Data Center Overview
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 22
PUE by the numbers Examples: • A data center has a PUE of 1.45, with 100 racks and average rack load of 11kw. • The data center IT load would be 100racks x 11kw = 1100kw • Total facility power load would be 1100kw x 1.45PUE = 1595kw • Given an IT load, what would be the hourly and daily power costs for a data center with PUE of 1.65 and electric rate of $.11/kwh? • Using the above IT load of 1100kw• 1.65PUE x $.11/kwh = $.181/kwh for IT load • 1100kw x $.181/kwh = $200/hr or $4,800/day
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 23
PUE by the numbers at scale Examples: • A facility has an IT load of 2MW, power cost of $.12/kwh and a PUE of 1.7. What is the total power cost per year? 2000kw x 1.7PUE x $.12/kwh x 8760hr/yr = $3,574,080 • Same load and power cost, but PUE is improved to 1.4. 2000kw x 1.4PUE x $.12/kwh x 8760hr/yr = $2,943,360 a $630k savings.
• In this case, every .1 improvement in PUE equates to a $210k savings, each year!
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 24
Energy Efficiency Case Study Data Center Design
“High Efficiency” Data Center Design
Case Study - Stanford
Maximizing the Benefit Scientific Computing Research Facility Data Center Conceptual Design for Research University, San Francisco Bay Area Very high density, 35 kW per IT cabinet, 1,000 watts / sq ft Progressive internal environmental criteria No mechanical refrigeration, calculated annual PUE = 1.30 Modular design, phased construction
Maximizing the Benefit
Maximizing the Benefit
Maximizing the Benefit
Data Center Energy Efficiency Remember the Mission
Efficiency measures must support the mission Look for the opportunities in the natural environment Look for opportunities in the adjacent built environment
© 2009 IDC-Architects, all rights reserved.
Energy Audits Optimization for Conservation Dan Schall, LEED AP AMEC Earth & Environmental Inc.
Insert picture(s) here
Today’s Discussion
What is an Audit and what does it entail Identifying ECO’s or EEM’s ECO – Energy Efficiency Opportunity EEM – Energy Efficiency Measure
Building Envelope Lighting Electrical HVAC Renewables
2
What is an Energy Audit?
An evaluation of building energy use to identify processes, occupant behaviors, and efficiency measures
To reduce energy consumption (input) without negatively affecting the building’s performance (output).
3
Energy Audit Site Inspection
Data Collection
Utility Bills Metering and Sub-metering (Baseline, track consumption) Review As-Built Drawings Building Inspection-Inventory Equipment Identify Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO’s)
4
Data Evaluation & Reporting
Building Models – Energy Analysis Summary of ECO’s Construction Cost Estimates Life Cycle Cost Analysis Identify Tax Incentives, Utility Rebates
5
Building Energy Consumption
Office Energy Use
Lighting 20%
Special Functions 5%
Supermarket Energy Use
Heating 50%
Air Conditioning 25%
Office Building
HVAC 12% Fans/Anti-Sweat 12%
Special Functions 10% Refrigeration 46% Lighting 20%
Supermarket
80/20 Rule 20% of the equipment is using 80% of the energy
6
Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO’s) Overall Order O&M Measures
Building Envelope
Lighting/Electric
Domestic Hot Water
HVAC
Renewables
Many energy savings are categorized as “Low Cost/No Cost” Require only operations and maintenance action or changes in behavior to result in energy and cost savings. 7
Building Envelope: ECO
REPAIR Weather-strip Loading Dock Seals Window Tinting
REPLACE Insulation Upgrade Windows Door Retrofits
UPGRADE
Revolving Doors
Green Roof
Vestibules
Reflective Roof
8
Impact of Building Envelope Envelope and HVAC work hand in hand “Leakier” the envelope, harder the HVAC system needs to work to condition the space
Orientation of building determines solar load on the building
9
IR Analysis
Attic, No Insulation
10
Replace, Add Storm Windows
11
Lighting: ECO
REDUCE/REPLACE
Artificial Lighting Task Lighting Upgrade Lighting Fluorescent High Bay Exit
Harvest Natural Light Parabolic Lighting
12
CONTROL
Rewire/Manual Control Program Lighting Control Install Occupancy Sensor Install Motion Sensor for Exterior Lighting
Install Daylight Controls
Inefficient, Poor High Bay Lighting
Metal Halide HID vs. T-5 or T-8
13
De-Lamping Existing Condition
Over lit rooms, with some areas having 80-90 fc Solution
Delamp 3 and 4 lamp fixtures to 2 lamps. Most of these areas are only required to have 50-60 fcp.
Costs and Savings
Remove 100 tubes (40W) Savings $700-$1000/yr
14
14
Electrical: ECO
UPGRADE Visual Displays
Install Key Cards
Energy Star Refrigerators
Install Vending Miser
REPAIR Reduce Compressed Air Leaks Air Moisture Drain
15
CONTROLS
Connect Equipment to Smart Strips
Upgrade to Energy Star/Consolidate Refrigerated Items
16
Reduce Compressed Air Leaks
17
Overall Picture of HVAC in a Building
95 85
54 44
55
18
HVAC: ECO’s
REPAIR Re-insulate Tanks and Pipe Runs Replace V-Belt on AHU Fan Implement Preventative Maintenance
UPGRADE Energy Efficient Boiler High Efficiency AC
19
REPLACE Install Radiant Heaters Install Low-Flow fixtures Domestic HW Heater
CONTROLS Install DDC Install Thermostat/Fan Control overhead door position Implement Night Setback
HVAC System Performance
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
Air conditioners Old Units SEER=6-8 New High Efficiency = 12-13
EER = Btu of Cooling Input / Watt/hr of Electric Input Coefficient of Performance (COP)
Chillers COP=7 (much higher at partial load)
COP = Energy Output (total) / Energy Input (external)
20
21
Re-Insulate HW Lines For Ever Lineal Foot of Exposed Hot Water Line the owner typically spends an extra $7/year
Small things do add up (12ft shown here), 12ft x $7/yr = $84/yr savings
Cost to repair – 15min and maybe $20
Simple Payback – $20 ÷ $84/yr x 365 days/yr = 87 days
Imagine how many lineal feet of Hot Water lines are exposed, (chilled water too, to a lesser extent) 22
Building Automation System EMCS (Energy Monitoring and Control System) Pneumatic & Electronic to DDC
23
24
Renewable Energy ECO’s Solar PV Roof Arrays/Tiles, Solar Wall, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal
25
Summary Completed the Audit Identified ECO’s
Envelope Lighting Electrical HVAC Renewables
Cost estimate and LCCA Selected ECO’s w/ favorable paybacks
26
What’s Next? How do I get Funding and Financing Next speaker Bill Jones will be presenting on Energy Efficiency Investment
27
Energy Efficiency Investment: Market Failure in the Built Environment And Climate Change Risk Presented To:
2009 NWEC Conference Session: Conserving Energy while Saving the Environment Presented By:
William M. Jones, Ph.D. Portland State University, School of Business Cadmus Group, Inc.
December 8, 2009 Red Lion Hotel Jansen Beach Portland, Oregon
Market Based EE Initiatives Will Not Work Alone ROI short pay-back Discount rates too high Energy costs too low Regulations support low energy cost Technology exits, demand doesn’t Private EE initiatives small market share (Energy Star, LEED, EA, building codes) Private finance risk averse Private profit & solving public good conflict
Energy Efficiency Is Low Cost UNEP Study 2008: built environment offers greatest potential for CO2 reductions Long term approach - multi-generation Energy conservation Co-Benefits:
Security Energy dependence Economic development Environmental Health
Meanwhile The Climate is Rapidly Changing Climate change accelerating GHG emissions in US & worldwide increase COP 15 Copenhagen (began yesterday)
Historical Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions* (1850-2004)
Why? • Anthropogenic CO2 emissions growing 4 times faster since 2000 than 1990s and worse than IPCC’s worst case scenarios • Less developed countries emitting greater CO2 than developed • Carbon intensity of world’s economies showing lower improvement rate
USA Contribution: 36% World’s CO2e Emissions
US CO2 Emissions End-User 1990-2008
Source: Energy Information Administration, preliminary estimate for 2008. Electric Power sector emissions are distributed across the end-use sectors.
US Energy-Related CO2 Emissions 2008 - Total & Percent CO2 Emissions by Sector SECTOR
CO2 (MMT)
% CO2
Residential + Commercial
2,297
40
Industrial
1,558
27
Transport
1,917
33
5,772
100
TOTAL
Source: Energy Information Administration, preliminary estimate for 2008
US GHG Emissions 1949-2005
Source: Steve Fine, ICF, 8/28/08
Private Market Initiatives Carbon credits & voluntary market Private finance & lending practices PSU study Findings
EE & green certification initiatives Cascadia & EAI study findings
PSU MIM Study Findings
No Easy Solution Businesses have different ownership structures, market shares, and financial capabilities. Variable payback period. Bankers remain unfamiliar with EE.
Business Creditworthiness • Risk and Return trump EE. • Solid financial performance required • Lack of sufficient collateral
• Behavioral Uncertainty • It contributes to risk because it is hard to model. • Human behavior can reduce or negate the impact of EE. • EE audits often do not account for the crucial role of human behavior.
PSU MIM Findings Continued
Split Incentives Those who implement or pay for EE initiatives are not always those who benefit from them.
Energy Savings as an Energy Resource A New Model: Sell Saved Energy as Real Energy. The value of “avoided energy” is increasingly apparent Energy Services Contracts enable property owners to resell unused Kwh back to the grid.
Alternative Financing On‐Bill Financing decreases up‐front costs of EE to zero. PACE Financing
Public/Private Initiatives Enable market adjustment & Incentive ESAs
Regulatory ACES ARRA Energy Independence & Security Act 2007
Public subsidies & tax incentives Rebates Tax deductions
Regional efforts
WCI RGGI Midwest
Building codes
US EE & Global GHG Control
2 Degree Change Goal Technology Contribution Government cooperation Public programs that stimulate market Private finance controls
Contact: William M. Jones, Ph.D. Mobile: 503-869-6407 Email: PSU: [email protected] Cadmus Group, Inc.: [email protected] Personal: [email protected]
SAVE MORE THAN ENERGY
John Duby
SERBACO, INC. Grain Terminal Project 2008
ENERGY SAVINGS IS NOT ENOUGH
If APC system is 10+ years old usually there are energy inefficiencies.
Low cost = low efficiency components/design Sources vented have changed from original
Upgrade or retrofit projects have to have more benefits than energy savings to meet the criteria for capitol investment.
Grain Terminal Project 2008
OTHER FEATURES-BENEFITS MUST BE INTEGRATED INTO PROJECT DESIGN
REDUCE labor costs for maintenance SAVE the costs of scheduled down time REDUCE unscheduled down time costs ELIMINATE other production costs by improving performance Grain Terminal Project 2008
THE OPPORTUNITY PRESENTED
24 year old equipment Fire damaged one of five Replacement was urgent Energy inefficient components were used 7-24 Operation
Grain Terminal Project 2008
SUMMARY OF COSTS
Production: ~4,000,000 tons-grain/year Air Mass: ~5,000,000 tons/year Energy per ton (air): ~1.5 to 2.0 KW Yearly air handling cost: ~$562,500 Focused on 28% of air handling: $157,500
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Available Options
Replace with new more efficient Retrofit high efficiency custom designed conversions. Plan C: 1. Detailed study 2. Minimize air usage 3. Find other benefits-savings
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Remove & Replace
24-7 Operation required installation of complete new systems with trunk lines parallel with existing systems. Cost exceeded ten year payback by energy savings.
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Retrofit Custom Conversions
Cost less than R&R Incorporated a 6th system interconnected to the five to facilitate installation Energy savings X 10 years < Project Cost
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Plan C: Use High Efficiency Conversions, Consolidate & Interconnect
Unit used after fire damage was underutilized Systems vented were no longer in service Handled the air of five with four Converted and interconnected the fifth Grain Terminal Project 2008
SOURCES FOR OTHER BENEFITS
Scheduled-unscheduled shutdown costs – incentives for rail unloading, ship loading… Parts service life & associated maintenance labor costs Improved performance - reduced labor costs Grain Terminal Project 2008
RESULTS: $720,000 PAID FOR IN 29 MONTHS
Consolidated five systems into four Refit the fifth for standby & interconnected to the other four Reduced energy costs $45,000+/year. Costs savings, ETO incentives & BETC
Grain Terminal Project 2008
THE NUMBERS
Total Cost for both Projects: ~$720,000 Energy Savings: $45,000/year Incentives, labor & Parts: $198,376/year One time ETO cash incentive: $130,000 BETC Tax Credit: $253,000 Payback w/o BETC: 29 Mos
Grain Terminal Project 2008
27 Vent Points On 3 Different Levels
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
A CH2M HILL company
Facility Sustainable Design Introductions – • Phil Reese - Stanford University • Sig Anderson - IDC Architects
Understand the Facility’s Mission Innovate Early – Implement New Solutions Leverage the Natural Environment Implement New Solutions – Don’t Copy Use Advanced Design Tools Measure Using Energy Benchmarks - PUE Case Study Example
Stanford Introduction Phil Reese, Ph. D. • Research Computing Strategist • Stanford University
Stanford is currently assessing options for a new computing facility to serve the growing research computing needs of the University.
IDC Architects – part of CH2MHILL Our mission: • To discover better ways for people, technology, buildings, and the environment to work together
Integrated multidisciplinary planning and design firm • Critical environments – Data Centers
• Science and technology – Corporate Offices – Research and development laboratories
• Strategic planning
Understand the Facility’s Mission
Project Definition Project Delivery Model
site selection
Project Definition Process Four Goals:
Four Basic Considerations:
OUTCOME: PROJECT DEFINITION MANUAL
Project Definition Does: PROJECT DEFINITION
DETAILED DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
Establish specific project criteria Facilitate stakeholder communication and alignment Create a platform for innovative problem solving Provide a framework to manage change
Innovate Early Implement New Solutions
Air-cooled High Density Compute Facility Hillsboro, Oregon
Data Center Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Cooling Systems Cooling Plant Optimization – Modular
factory built plant – Medium temperature chilled water – Water-side economizer – Air-cooled chillers with freecooling
Thermal storage – Ground
source heat sink – Airflow Management – Centralized humidity control – Minimize server bypass air – Maximize return air temperature – Air-side economizers
© 2009 IDC-Architects, all rights reserved.
Energy Efficiency Cooling Plant Optimization – Medium
temperature chilled
water – Variable volume primary distribution – Low condenser water temperature – Variable frequency drive chillers – Waterside economizer – Thermal storage – Air-cooled Chillers (location specific) – Combined heat and power
Leverage the Natural Environment
Air Economizer System Overview Where should air economizers be used? Common sense says: “not where it’s hot”, however…
http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Annual_Average_Temperature_Map_jpg
Data Center Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Cooling Systems Direct • Air-Side Economizers • Direct – “Opening a Window”
Indirect • Heat Wheels • Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers • Heat Pipes
© 2009 IDC-Architects, all rights reserved.
El Segundo, CA – Site Cooling Considerations
Use of Advanced Design Tools
Energy Efficiency Airflow modeling for energy efficiency • Design validation – Temperature distribution – Space pressurization • Natural & Displacement Ventilation – Stagnation – Hot Spot Identification
Visualization Tools
Measure Using Energy Benchmarks - PUE
PUE Fun! Power usage effectiveness (PUE) • Simple formula: – power into facility / power used for IT load = PUE
• The closer to ‘1.0’, the more efficient the facility.
What typically adds to the PUE score? • • • • •
Transformer conversions (~90-94% efficient) UPS conversion (~93-97% efficient) Power Distribution Units (PDU) (97-99% efficient) CRAC units, chillers and pumps (~87-92% efficient) NOT server power supplies, fans, or motherboard VRUs!
An increase in efficiency, furthest upstream, will have the most impact on PUE and power cost!
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 21
PUE Fun! Data Center Overview
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 22
PUE by the numbers Examples: • A data center has a PUE of 1.45, with 100 racks and average rack load of 11kw. • The data center IT load would be 100racks x 11kw = 1100kw • Total facility power load would be 1100kw x 1.45PUE = 1595kw • Given an IT load, what would be the hourly and daily power costs for a data center with PUE of 1.65 and electric rate of $.11/kwh? • Using the above IT load of 1100kw• 1.65PUE x $.11/kwh = $.181/kwh for IT load • 1100kw x $.181/kwh = $200/hr or $4,800/day
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 23
PUE by the numbers at scale Examples: • A facility has an IT load of 2MW, power cost of $.12/kwh and a PUE of 1.7. What is the total power cost per year? 2000kw x 1.7PUE x $.12/kwh x 8760hr/yr = $3,574,080 • Same load and power cost, but PUE is improved to 1.4. 2000kw x 1.4PUE x $.12/kwh x 8760hr/yr = $2,943,360 a $630k savings.
• In this case, every .1 improvement in PUE equates to a $210k savings, each year!
Energy Efficient Data Centers for HPC, How Lean and Green do we need to be? 11/19/09
page 24
Energy Efficiency Case Study Data Center Design
“High Efficiency” Data Center Design
Case Study - Stanford
Maximizing the Benefit Scientific Computing Research Facility Data Center Conceptual Design for Research University, San Francisco Bay Area Very high density, 35 kW per IT cabinet, 1,000 watts / sq ft Progressive internal environmental criteria No mechanical refrigeration, calculated annual PUE = 1.30 Modular design, phased construction
Maximizing the Benefit
Maximizing the Benefit
Maximizing the Benefit
Data Center Energy Efficiency Remember the Mission
Efficiency measures must support the mission Look for the opportunities in the natural environment Look for opportunities in the adjacent built environment
© 2009 IDC-Architects, all rights reserved.
Energy Audits Optimization for Conservation Dan Schall, LEED AP AMEC Earth & Environmental Inc.
Insert picture(s) here
Today’s Discussion
What is an Audit and what does it entail Identifying ECO’s or EEM’s ECO – Energy Efficiency Opportunity EEM – Energy Efficiency Measure
Building Envelope Lighting Electrical HVAC Renewables
2
What is an Energy Audit?
An evaluation of building energy use to identify processes, occupant behaviors, and efficiency measures
To reduce energy consumption (input) without negatively affecting the building’s performance (output).
3
Energy Audit Site Inspection
Data Collection
Utility Bills Metering and Sub-metering (Baseline, track consumption) Review As-Built Drawings Building Inspection-Inventory Equipment Identify Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO’s)
4
Data Evaluation & Reporting
Building Models – Energy Analysis Summary of ECO’s Construction Cost Estimates Life Cycle Cost Analysis Identify Tax Incentives, Utility Rebates
5
Building Energy Consumption
Office Energy Use
Lighting 20%
Special Functions 5%
Supermarket Energy Use
Heating 50%
Air Conditioning 25%
Office Building
HVAC 12% Fans/Anti-Sweat 12%
Special Functions 10% Refrigeration 46% Lighting 20%
Supermarket
80/20 Rule 20% of the equipment is using 80% of the energy
6
Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO’s) Overall Order O&M Measures
Building Envelope
Lighting/Electric
Domestic Hot Water
HVAC
Renewables
Many energy savings are categorized as “Low Cost/No Cost” Require only operations and maintenance action or changes in behavior to result in energy and cost savings. 7
Building Envelope: ECO
REPAIR Weather-strip Loading Dock Seals Window Tinting
REPLACE Insulation Upgrade Windows Door Retrofits
UPGRADE
Revolving Doors
Green Roof
Vestibules
Reflective Roof
8
Impact of Building Envelope Envelope and HVAC work hand in hand “Leakier” the envelope, harder the HVAC system needs to work to condition the space
Orientation of building determines solar load on the building
9
IR Analysis
Attic, No Insulation
10
Replace, Add Storm Windows
11
Lighting: ECO
REDUCE/REPLACE
Artificial Lighting Task Lighting Upgrade Lighting Fluorescent High Bay Exit
Harvest Natural Light Parabolic Lighting
12
CONTROL
Rewire/Manual Control Program Lighting Control Install Occupancy Sensor Install Motion Sensor for Exterior Lighting
Install Daylight Controls
Inefficient, Poor High Bay Lighting
Metal Halide HID vs. T-5 or T-8
13
De-Lamping Existing Condition
Over lit rooms, with some areas having 80-90 fc Solution
Delamp 3 and 4 lamp fixtures to 2 lamps. Most of these areas are only required to have 50-60 fcp.
Costs and Savings
Remove 100 tubes (40W) Savings $700-$1000/yr
14
14
Electrical: ECO
UPGRADE Visual Displays
Install Key Cards
Energy Star Refrigerators
Install Vending Miser
REPAIR Reduce Compressed Air Leaks Air Moisture Drain
15
CONTROLS
Connect Equipment to Smart Strips
Upgrade to Energy Star/Consolidate Refrigerated Items
16
Reduce Compressed Air Leaks
17
Overall Picture of HVAC in a Building
95 85
54 44
55
18
HVAC: ECO’s
REPAIR Re-insulate Tanks and Pipe Runs Replace V-Belt on AHU Fan Implement Preventative Maintenance
UPGRADE Energy Efficient Boiler High Efficiency AC
19
REPLACE Install Radiant Heaters Install Low-Flow fixtures Domestic HW Heater
CONTROLS Install DDC Install Thermostat/Fan Control overhead door position Implement Night Setback
HVAC System Performance
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
Air conditioners Old Units SEER=6-8 New High Efficiency = 12-13
EER = Btu of Cooling Input / Watt/hr of Electric Input Coefficient of Performance (COP)
Chillers COP=7 (much higher at partial load)
COP = Energy Output (total) / Energy Input (external)
20
21
Re-Insulate HW Lines For Ever Lineal Foot of Exposed Hot Water Line the owner typically spends an extra $7/year
Small things do add up (12ft shown here), 12ft x $7/yr = $84/yr savings
Cost to repair – 15min and maybe $20
Simple Payback – $20 ÷ $84/yr x 365 days/yr = 87 days
Imagine how many lineal feet of Hot Water lines are exposed, (chilled water too, to a lesser extent) 22
Building Automation System EMCS (Energy Monitoring and Control System) Pneumatic & Electronic to DDC
23
24
Renewable Energy ECO’s Solar PV Roof Arrays/Tiles, Solar Wall, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal
25
Summary Completed the Audit Identified ECO’s
Envelope Lighting Electrical HVAC Renewables
Cost estimate and LCCA Selected ECO’s w/ favorable paybacks
26
What’s Next? How do I get Funding and Financing Next speaker Bill Jones will be presenting on Energy Efficiency Investment
27
Energy Efficiency Investment: Market Failure in the Built Environment And Climate Change Risk Presented To:
2009 NWEC Conference Session: Conserving Energy while Saving the Environment Presented By:
William M. Jones, Ph.D. Portland State University, School of Business Cadmus Group, Inc.
December 8, 2009 Red Lion Hotel Jansen Beach Portland, Oregon
Market Based EE Initiatives Will Not Work Alone ROI short pay-back Discount rates too high Energy costs too low Regulations support low energy cost Technology exits, demand doesn’t Private EE initiatives small market share (Energy Star, LEED, EA, building codes) Private finance risk averse Private profit & solving public good conflict
Energy Efficiency Is Low Cost UNEP Study 2008: built environment offers greatest potential for CO2 reductions Long term approach - multi-generation Energy conservation Co-Benefits:
Security Energy dependence Economic development Environmental Health
Meanwhile The Climate is Rapidly Changing Climate change accelerating GHG emissions in US & worldwide increase COP 15 Copenhagen (began yesterday)
Historical Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions* (1850-2004)
Why? • Anthropogenic CO2 emissions growing 4 times faster since 2000 than 1990s and worse than IPCC’s worst case scenarios • Less developed countries emitting greater CO2 than developed • Carbon intensity of world’s economies showing lower improvement rate
USA Contribution: 36% World’s CO2e Emissions
US CO2 Emissions End-User 1990-2008
Source: Energy Information Administration, preliminary estimate for 2008. Electric Power sector emissions are distributed across the end-use sectors.
US Energy-Related CO2 Emissions 2008 - Total & Percent CO2 Emissions by Sector SECTOR
CO2 (MMT)
% CO2
Residential + Commercial
2,297
40
Industrial
1,558
27
Transport
1,917
33
5,772
100
TOTAL
Source: Energy Information Administration, preliminary estimate for 2008
US GHG Emissions 1949-2005
Source: Steve Fine, ICF, 8/28/08
Private Market Initiatives Carbon credits & voluntary market Private finance & lending practices PSU study Findings
EE & green certification initiatives Cascadia & EAI study findings
PSU MIM Study Findings
No Easy Solution Businesses have different ownership structures, market shares, and financial capabilities. Variable payback period. Bankers remain unfamiliar with EE.
Business Creditworthiness • Risk and Return trump EE. • Solid financial performance required • Lack of sufficient collateral
• Behavioral Uncertainty • It contributes to risk because it is hard to model. • Human behavior can reduce or negate the impact of EE. • EE audits often do not account for the crucial role of human behavior.
PSU MIM Findings Continued
Split Incentives Those who implement or pay for EE initiatives are not always those who benefit from them.
Energy Savings as an Energy Resource A New Model: Sell Saved Energy as Real Energy. The value of “avoided energy” is increasingly apparent Energy Services Contracts enable property owners to resell unused Kwh back to the grid.
Alternative Financing On‐Bill Financing decreases up‐front costs of EE to zero. PACE Financing
Public/Private Initiatives Enable market adjustment & Incentive ESAs
Regulatory ACES ARRA Energy Independence & Security Act 2007
Public subsidies & tax incentives Rebates Tax deductions
Regional efforts
WCI RGGI Midwest
Building codes
US EE & Global GHG Control
2 Degree Change Goal Technology Contribution Government cooperation Public programs that stimulate market Private finance controls
Contact: William M. Jones, Ph.D. Mobile: 503-869-6407 Email: PSU: [email protected] Cadmus Group, Inc.: [email protected] Personal: [email protected]
SAVE MORE THAN ENERGY
John Duby
SERBACO, INC. Grain Terminal Project 2008
ENERGY SAVINGS IS NOT ENOUGH
If APC system is 10+ years old usually there are energy inefficiencies.
Low cost = low efficiency components/design Sources vented have changed from original
Upgrade or retrofit projects have to have more benefits than energy savings to meet the criteria for capitol investment.
Grain Terminal Project 2008
OTHER FEATURES-BENEFITS MUST BE INTEGRATED INTO PROJECT DESIGN
REDUCE labor costs for maintenance SAVE the costs of scheduled down time REDUCE unscheduled down time costs ELIMINATE other production costs by improving performance Grain Terminal Project 2008
THE OPPORTUNITY PRESENTED
24 year old equipment Fire damaged one of five Replacement was urgent Energy inefficient components were used 7-24 Operation
Grain Terminal Project 2008
SUMMARY OF COSTS
Production: ~4,000,000 tons-grain/year Air Mass: ~5,000,000 tons/year Energy per ton (air): ~1.5 to 2.0 KW Yearly air handling cost: ~$562,500 Focused on 28% of air handling: $157,500
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Available Options
Replace with new more efficient Retrofit high efficiency custom designed conversions. Plan C: 1. Detailed study 2. Minimize air usage 3. Find other benefits-savings
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Remove & Replace
24-7 Operation required installation of complete new systems with trunk lines parallel with existing systems. Cost exceeded ten year payback by energy savings.
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Retrofit Custom Conversions
Cost less than R&R Incorporated a 6th system interconnected to the five to facilitate installation Energy savings X 10 years < Project Cost
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Plan C: Use High Efficiency Conversions, Consolidate & Interconnect
Unit used after fire damage was underutilized Systems vented were no longer in service Handled the air of five with four Converted and interconnected the fifth Grain Terminal Project 2008
SOURCES FOR OTHER BENEFITS
Scheduled-unscheduled shutdown costs – incentives for rail unloading, ship loading… Parts service life & associated maintenance labor costs Improved performance - reduced labor costs Grain Terminal Project 2008
RESULTS: $720,000 PAID FOR IN 29 MONTHS
Consolidated five systems into four Refit the fifth for standby & interconnected to the other four Reduced energy costs $45,000+/year. Costs savings, ETO incentives & BETC
Grain Terminal Project 2008
THE NUMBERS
Total Cost for both Projects: ~$720,000 Energy Savings: $45,000/year Incentives, labor & Parts: $198,376/year One time ETO cash incentive: $130,000 BETC Tax Credit: $253,000 Payback w/o BETC: 29 Mos
Grain Terminal Project 2008
27 Vent Points On 3 Different Levels
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
Grain Terminal Project 2008
