Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem
Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach Chapter 10
WW What are five choices to employ when a resource is being depleted?
What are the types of forests OLD GROWTH FOREST SECOND GROWTH FOREST TREE PLANTATION or TREE FARM
Forests Vary in Their Make-Up, Age, and Origins Old-growth or primary forest 36% of world’s forests
Second-growth forest 60% of world’s forests
Tree plantation, tree farm or commercial forest 4% of world’s forests May supply most of the industrial wood in the future. Tree plantations may have less environmental impact if old growth forest are NOT cleared to plant them
Natural Capital: An Old-Growth Forest and an Old-Growth Tropical Forest
Old growth timber
Tree plantation or tree farm
Fig. 10-3b, p. 216
Monoculture • What is a monoculture? • S-48 shade grown coffee vs plantation grown coffee.
Natural Capital: Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Forests
Homework Using the topographic map of North Carolina that is
provided, Identify by highlighting or coloring the federal land, state land. Identify the government agency responsible for managing each of the identified areas. EXAMPLES may include National Park, National Forest, State Park, NWF National Wildlife refuge ----------- Assignment due tomorrow at the beginning of class.
Unsustainable Logging is a Major Threat to Forest Ecosystems (1) Increased erosion Sediment runoff into waterways Habitat fragmentation
Loss of biodiversity Roads----Roads------Roads-------Logging roads
Fig. 10-6a, p. 219
Fig. 10-6c, p. 219
Fig. 10-6b, p. 219
Clear-Cut Logging in Washington State, U.S.
TRADE-OFFS Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages
Disadvantages
Higher timber yields
Reduces biodiversity
Maximum profits in shortest time
Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats
Can reforest with fast-growing trees Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight
Increases water pollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational value Fig. 10-8, p. 220
Fire, Insects, and Climate Change Can Threaten Forest Ecosystems (1) Surface fires Usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth May provide food in the form of vegetation that sprouts after
fire Crown fires Extremely hot: burns whole trees Kill wildlife Increase soil erosion
Surface and Crown Fires
1. Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion? A. High yield crops B. Deforestation
C. Herbicide Use D. Annual Plowing E. No till agriculture
2. The factor that likely poses the greatest threat to extinction
of a species is which of the following? A. Weakening of environmental legislation B. Increase in hunting and fishing C. Increasing loss of habitat D. Black market trade in endangered species E. Killing of animals by Mr. Butler’s motorcycle
3 and 4 Describe fully TWO benefits of fire
in ecosystems.
5 In a typical forest ecosystem, dead and fallen trees are most
important because of their role in which of the following? A. Providing a valuable source of timber
B. Providing habitats for wildlife C. Contributing to soil erosion D. Increasing water runoff
E Removing Carbon Dioxide from the air
6 Which two (2) of the below would most indicate the quality
of life of a country’s population? Death rate Fertility rate Infant mortality rate Total fertility rate Life expectancy
7. Of clear cutting, strip cutting, or selective cutting
which 7. maximizes short term profits. 8. has the least environmental impact 9. causes the most water pollution, flooding and runoff 10. involves cutting of strips of trees along the coutour of the land.
Fire, Insects, and Climate Change Can Threaten Forest Ecosystems (2) Introduction of foreign diseases and insects Accidental Deliberate
Global warming Rising temperatures Trees more susceptible to diseases and pests Drier forests: more fires More greenhouse gases
11 If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double would be close to?
% increase or decrease 12. 50 to 100 is what percent increase. 13. 10 to 20 is what percent increase. 14. 200 to _______ would be a 100% increase
15. 50 to 75 would be what % increase 16. 150 to 75 would be what % decrease 17 .
200 to 150 would be what % decrease
18 Type of fire depicted here?
X tra credit Name (spell correctly) the four main human characters of the
orginal “scooby doo”
We Have Cut Down Almost Half of the World’s Forests Deforestation Tropical forests Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa Boreal forests Especially in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia
Natural Capital Degradation: Extreme Tropical Deforestation in Thailand
Satellite Images of Amazon Deforestation between 1975 and 2001
Causes of Tropical Deforestation Are Varied and Complex Primary Secondary
Major Causes of the Destruction and Degradation of Tropical Forests
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Major Causes of the Destruction and Degradation of Tropical Forests Basic Causes Secondary Causes • Not valuing ecological services • Crop and timber exports • Government policies • Poverty • Population growth
Cattle ranching
• Roads • Fires • Settler farming • Cash crops
Tree plantations
• Cattle ranching • Logging • Tree plantations
Logging
Cash crops Settler farming Roads
Fires
Fig. 10-15, p. 225
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Major Causes of the Destruction and Degradation of Tropical Forests Basic Causes Secondary Causes • Not valuing ecological services • Crop and timber exports • Government policies • Poverty • Population growth
Cattle ranching
• Roads • Fires • Settler farming • Cash crops
Tree plantations
• Cattle ranching • Logging • Tree plantations
Logging
Cash crops Settler farming Roads
Fires
Stepped Art Fig. 10-15, p. 225
Natural Capital Degradation: Overgrazed and Lightly Grazed Rangeland
We Can Manage Rangelands More Sustainably (1) Rotational grazing Suppress growth of invasive species
Herbicides Mechanical removal Controlled burning Controlled short-term trampling
Natural Capital Degradation: Damage From Off-Road Vehicles
WW What are five choices to employ when a resource is being depleted?
What are the types of forests OLD GROWTH FOREST SECOND GROWTH FOREST TREE PLANTATION or TREE FARM
Forests Vary in Their Make-Up, Age, and Origins Old-growth or primary forest 36% of world’s forests
Second-growth forest 60% of world’s forests
Tree plantation, tree farm or commercial forest 4% of world’s forests May supply most of the industrial wood in the future. Tree plantations may have less environmental impact if old growth forest are NOT cleared to plant them
Natural Capital: An Old-Growth Forest and an Old-Growth Tropical Forest
Old growth timber
Tree plantation or tree farm
Fig. 10-3b, p. 216
Monoculture • What is a monoculture? • S-48 shade grown coffee vs plantation grown coffee.
Natural Capital: Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Forests
Homework Using the topographic map of North Carolina that is
provided, Identify by highlighting or coloring the federal land, state land. Identify the government agency responsible for managing each of the identified areas. EXAMPLES may include National Park, National Forest, State Park, NWF National Wildlife refuge ----------- Assignment due tomorrow at the beginning of class.
Unsustainable Logging is a Major Threat to Forest Ecosystems (1) Increased erosion Sediment runoff into waterways Habitat fragmentation
Loss of biodiversity Roads----Roads------Roads-------Logging roads
Fig. 10-6a, p. 219
Fig. 10-6c, p. 219
Fig. 10-6b, p. 219
Clear-Cut Logging in Washington State, U.S.
TRADE-OFFS Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages
Disadvantages
Higher timber yields
Reduces biodiversity
Maximum profits in shortest time
Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats
Can reforest with fast-growing trees Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight
Increases water pollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational value Fig. 10-8, p. 220
Fire, Insects, and Climate Change Can Threaten Forest Ecosystems (1) Surface fires Usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth May provide food in the form of vegetation that sprouts after
fire Crown fires Extremely hot: burns whole trees Kill wildlife Increase soil erosion
Surface and Crown Fires
1. Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion? A. High yield crops B. Deforestation
C. Herbicide Use D. Annual Plowing E. No till agriculture
2. The factor that likely poses the greatest threat to extinction
of a species is which of the following? A. Weakening of environmental legislation B. Increase in hunting and fishing C. Increasing loss of habitat D. Black market trade in endangered species E. Killing of animals by Mr. Butler’s motorcycle
3 and 4 Describe fully TWO benefits of fire
in ecosystems.
5 In a typical forest ecosystem, dead and fallen trees are most
important because of their role in which of the following? A. Providing a valuable source of timber
B. Providing habitats for wildlife C. Contributing to soil erosion D. Increasing water runoff
E Removing Carbon Dioxide from the air
6 Which two (2) of the below would most indicate the quality
of life of a country’s population? Death rate Fertility rate Infant mortality rate Total fertility rate Life expectancy
7. Of clear cutting, strip cutting, or selective cutting
which 7. maximizes short term profits. 8. has the least environmental impact 9. causes the most water pollution, flooding and runoff 10. involves cutting of strips of trees along the coutour of the land.
Fire, Insects, and Climate Change Can Threaten Forest Ecosystems (2) Introduction of foreign diseases and insects Accidental Deliberate
Global warming Rising temperatures Trees more susceptible to diseases and pests Drier forests: more fires More greenhouse gases
11 If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double would be close to?
% increase or decrease 12. 50 to 100 is what percent increase. 13. 10 to 20 is what percent increase. 14. 200 to _______ would be a 100% increase
15. 50 to 75 would be what % increase 16. 150 to 75 would be what % decrease 17 .
200 to 150 would be what % decrease
18 Type of fire depicted here?
X tra credit Name (spell correctly) the four main human characters of the
orginal “scooby doo”
We Have Cut Down Almost Half of the World’s Forests Deforestation Tropical forests Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa Boreal forests Especially in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia
Natural Capital Degradation: Extreme Tropical Deforestation in Thailand
Satellite Images of Amazon Deforestation between 1975 and 2001
Causes of Tropical Deforestation Are Varied and Complex Primary Secondary
Major Causes of the Destruction and Degradation of Tropical Forests
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Major Causes of the Destruction and Degradation of Tropical Forests Basic Causes Secondary Causes • Not valuing ecological services • Crop and timber exports • Government policies • Poverty • Population growth
Cattle ranching
• Roads • Fires • Settler farming • Cash crops
Tree plantations
• Cattle ranching • Logging • Tree plantations
Logging
Cash crops Settler farming Roads
Fires
Fig. 10-15, p. 225
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Major Causes of the Destruction and Degradation of Tropical Forests Basic Causes Secondary Causes • Not valuing ecological services • Crop and timber exports • Government policies • Poverty • Population growth
Cattle ranching
• Roads • Fires • Settler farming • Cash crops
Tree plantations
• Cattle ranching • Logging • Tree plantations
Logging
Cash crops Settler farming Roads
Fires
Stepped Art Fig. 10-15, p. 225
Natural Capital Degradation: Overgrazed and Lightly Grazed Rangeland
We Can Manage Rangelands More Sustainably (1) Rotational grazing Suppress growth of invasive species
Herbicides Mechanical removal Controlled burning Controlled short-term trampling
Natural Capital Degradation: Damage From Off-Road Vehicles
