(t have done)
Present Perfect (1) (t have done)
Study this examPle situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it' He has lost his key. (= He lost it and he still doesn't har-e it') Have/has lost is the present perfect (simple): : r finished *tC.l ilil*"* I't.r helshe/it has (= he's, etc') J""., .*.
Vwelthe
yllou'lave
{=
particrple gften ends in -ed The present perfect is have/h as + past participle. The past (lostidone/been/written, etc')' irr.gular ur. verbs (finished/decided, etc.), but manyimportant
io,
"
list of irregular verbs,
see
Appendix 1'
@Sentperfect,thereisaconnectionwithnow.TheactioninthepaSthaSa result now: but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now') wt He told me his name,:'No, she's gone out:_" (She is out now.) W ,.Is Kimberly here?" yo,ri..tt it? (Do you know where it is now?) Have purse. my w I can,t find announce a recent happening: \7e often use the present perfect to give new information or to w The road ii closed- There's been an accident' w (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery' So you can say: \7e also use rhe simple past (Iplayed, I did, etc.) in these situations' it' forgot I but . . . or it. w He told -. ftir ru-.,'bnt Iive forgotten out. went She . . . or Kimberly isn't here. she's gone out.
*
past: \r. "f,* "* ,l- pr.r.n, p.rf..t *ith iust, already, and yet' You can also use the simple Just = a short time ago:
ust had lunch. " (or I iust had lunch') sooner than expected (see also \7e use already to say that something happened t'i'u.
W "Are yo., h.rniry?" "No, I've
f
unit 107D): it') mailed (or I already .,Don,t tt." aheady mailed rorg.i'to mail tn. i.ti!r." wil yet = until now. It shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen' use yet only in questions and negative sentences (see a.lso Unit 107C): y._t?]. wrt Has it rtoppJd raining yet? (or Did_it_stop raining . (or I didn't mail it yet') .. . yet. wt, I wrote thi'l.tt.r, but"I havent mailed it li,!j:::iN,i$..:tii:ttjijlli,ii :t:tii:i;titii;,,lini,,iij:r.x!.#ltltil:ti:it]#:
a finished time (for example' last night / ,-, "* ,1r. present perfect *t.n you talk.about (see also Unit 13): past two years ago / yesterday, etc.). Use the simple
D"
It snJwed lutt night. (nothas snowed) 3:00? (notWhere have you been) 'ttitttt Where were yor'rlt (not have started) tlll,lllt I started *y t.* job two weeks ago' gone) rilwil Nicole didnt go out yesterday' (not hasn't
wi,
units 9-10 Present Perfect units 8, 11 Present PerfeCt cOntinuous '12'13 Units Past Simple and Present Perfect
NI
Exercises 7.1
Read the situations and
of the write sentences with the present perfect. choose one
7
fo||owing.---b*"kdropgoupgrowimprovelg€eturnon
is looking for his key' He can't find it' fre-ha's '/asLhs-keyleg is_in a cast. She _-*-Jennifer can't rialk and her
1. Mike
t.
3.Maria'sEnglishwasn'tu.'ygood.\oyitismuchbetter. 4. Jason di;;i have a beard iuJt *ottth. Now he has a beard' 5. Last week the bus fare was 80 cents' Now it is 90'36' The temperatvre * '* 6. Th. t"-ferature was 55 degrees. NoY it is only 7. The lighi was off' Now it is on' Somebody '---*-- ---
7.2
parentheses Gomplete B's sentences. use the verb in
+
-'
iust/already/yet'
A
1.
Would You like something to eat?
4.
What's in the newspaper to'daY?
5.
Is Amy coming to the movies with us?
i:; fr 7.3
rurn,*xil'fftrLTi?"';i
\$(hat does
#:nrjm,t;"HtTl
No, thanks,I'vp*last-hs/ lunch' (just / have) her' (just./ see) Yes, t -: / leave) (alreadY ' He -.---* I don't know. I (not/read lYet) i.Io, ,h. (already / see) Yes, they
the words in parentheses and iust' Read the situations and write sentences with alreadY, or Yet. "\fould you like something to 1. After runch you go to see a friend at her house. She says: eat?" You say: "No' thank You' J-ueTust ha'dJuneh' "Can I speak to 2. Joegoes out. Five -inot., l',i.ri,rhrJ;i;;-;;gt ^";iihe caller *-says: (go out) .'' Joe?" You say: "I'm sorryt finished and starts to take your 3. you are eating in a resta;t;;. f[. *"it*Trti"r* y." h"u. * ,-''*" (not / finish) plate away.You say: "'Wait a minute I .-*--------
trtiii- table' Later your friend 4. you are going to a restaurant this even t"* Y." ;i]!t" ^ it'" (do) ..ilio,rlil call to reserve a table?" fou say: "No, says: job' i"thupt-the has been successful' 5. you know that u fri.rri-oi;;";tit looking for a * ?" (find) Ask her. You saY: " *-* -. -^ago. Somebody asks: "Is Laura minutes f.* 6. Laurawent to the bank, and she ,.trrr*J u '" (come back) still at the bank?" You say: "No ) "- ****-"'^-
7.4
or wrong? correct the ones that are Are the underrined parts of these sentences right
wron9.
1. It has snowed last night' 2. Have you seen mY Purse? a. "D""t f-g.r r" ;"y the gas bill." "I've already done it'" 4. The accident has happened three days ago' 5. Sue hasn't been at work yesterday' but I've lost it' 6. "Hu,r. Jerry gave me his address, 7. )'oo t..tt Brad on MondaY? g. wh*. i, tt**rp"per? \rhat have you done with it?
Jtsn-qwed*... -
KEH-T--"
9.'We have bought our house in 1985'
15
Present Perfect (2) (l have done)
Study this examPle conversation:
Daue: Have you traveled a lot, Jane? !ane: Yes, I've been to lots of Places born, Really? Flave you ever been to China? Jane's life I've been to China twice' until now) p.riod lane: Yes, 1" 'Sfhat about India? Daue: now past Iane: No, I havent been to India' now, we use the When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until talking about the are Dave Here, ;"tt. present perfect (have b..r lhavetraveled, etc.). ".,d until now)' continues that period plu..rJar.'has visited in her life (which is a Some more examPles: Have yo, .u.t eaten caviar? (in yowr life) 'We've never had a car. ,.Have you read Hamlet?" "No, I havent read any of Shakespeare's plays'" Susan really loves that movie. She's seen it eight times! v/hat a boring movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen. been (to) = visited: I've never been to China. Have you been there?
continues until now Here are more examples of speakers talking about a period that (recently / in the lastlew days / so far / since breakfast, etc.): Have you heard from Brian recently? I've met a lot of people in the last few days' recently Everything is going well.\ilile havent had any problems so far. I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (- from breakfast until now) breakfast \We havent seen It's nice to see you again. each other for a long time.
past
'we use the present perfect with today / this morning / this evening, etc., when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking: I've drunk four cups of coffee today' today Have you had a vacatron this Year? I haven't seen Tom this morning' Have you? past I
\We say,
This is the first time I've drivert a car.
"It's the first time something has happened"
(present perfect). For examPle:
or
Donistakingadrivinglesson.It'shisfirstone. It's the first time he has driven a car. (not dttves) He has never driven a car before' Sarah has lost her passport again. It's the second time this has haPPened . (not haPPens) Eric is calling his girlfriend again. This is the third time he's called her tonight.
Present Perfect (1)
present perfect with forlsip6'6r
r,,,.,: ,
t
: ; :'
Present Perfect and Simple Past i;''
i
:1.
'?.l;
N
rl
ExerclSes 8.1
you are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done' Make questions from the words in Parentheses. 1. (ever I rtde/ horse?) -Hqv,. yeg*e.vqr*rtdde-n*shpr-sC* 2. (ever lbe lMexico?) "... ----- -3. (ever / run I marathon?) --.-*.. 4. (ever / speak / famous person?) --*.-- -5. (always / live / in this town?) --- -- '----**-? 6. i-ort'beautiful place I ever i ;i;ft?Nint --^--
E
use a verb from 8,2 Complete B,s answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. this list:
be be
eat
happen have m€€t PlaY read see
see
B
A 'What's
Brian's sister Jikel
How is Amy these
daYs?
Yes, Yes, Yes. it is the best vacation *-in a long time.
What's that book like? Is Bangkok an interesting Place? Mike was late for work again
I don't I don't
The car broke down again
10.
I but
Are Yo.t hungrY? you PlaY chess? Cln . Are you enioying Your vacation?
todaY.
9.
I have no idea. /'ry ngygr*flg-L I don't know. I --*----"- **
'Who's
yesterdaY.
that woman bY the door?
*--*
- her.
her recently. todaY' much ---
know know.
tor
,-*
ages'
-*--..-.tt'
there'
Again? He ,*-**every day this week. Not again! That's the second time
f J." t
this week. before'
know.
etc' 8.3 Complete these sentences using today / this year / this semester' 1,. I saw Tom yesterday, but -*/-hg-r-e-nL-:.?-9r*h.ir'/1 tedqy 2. I read a newspap., y.r,. rdiy, but I 3. Last year the company made a profit, but 4. Tracy worked hard at school last semester' but
today'
5. It snowed a lot last winter, but
8.4 Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples' 1. James is driving a car)but he's very.ne-rvous and not sure what to do' ?o.r urk, *Hgv-e lq s -drtvet q" -€ er*b-e-f-ar-q:* q He says : NpJht a i; th-e--fir-sI-tin e-J-v-e- 4r i q er *t - q r'- -"'- - -Z. Ben is pl;;ifrc""it. H;;; not very good, and he doesn't know the rules. You ask: Have He says: No, this is the frcst .*--*3. Sue is rid ing a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask: -
--'""-*--*-'?
She says:
4. Maria is You ask: She says:
17
IT
ll
Study this examPle situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it' He has lost his key. (= He lost it and he still doesn't har-e it') Have/has lost is the present perfect (simple): : r finished *tC.l ilil*"* I't.r helshe/it has (= he's, etc') J""., .*.
Vwelthe
yllou'lave
{=
particrple gften ends in -ed The present perfect is have/h as + past participle. The past (lostidone/been/written, etc')' irr.gular ur. verbs (finished/decided, etc.), but manyimportant
io,
"
list of irregular verbs,
see
Appendix 1'
@Sentperfect,thereisaconnectionwithnow.TheactioninthepaSthaSa result now: but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now') wt He told me his name,:'No, she's gone out:_" (She is out now.) W ,.Is Kimberly here?" yo,ri..tt it? (Do you know where it is now?) Have purse. my w I can,t find announce a recent happening: \7e often use the present perfect to give new information or to w The road ii closed- There's been an accident' w (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery' So you can say: \7e also use rhe simple past (Iplayed, I did, etc.) in these situations' it' forgot I but . . . or it. w He told -. ftir ru-.,'bnt Iive forgotten out. went She . . . or Kimberly isn't here. she's gone out.
*
past: \r. "f,* "* ,l- pr.r.n, p.rf..t *ith iust, already, and yet' You can also use the simple Just = a short time ago:
ust had lunch. " (or I iust had lunch') sooner than expected (see also \7e use already to say that something happened t'i'u.
W "Are yo., h.rniry?" "No, I've
f
unit 107D): it') mailed (or I already .,Don,t tt." aheady mailed rorg.i'to mail tn. i.ti!r." wil yet = until now. It shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen' use yet only in questions and negative sentences (see a.lso Unit 107C): y._t?]. wrt Has it rtoppJd raining yet? (or Did_it_stop raining . (or I didn't mail it yet') .. . yet. wt, I wrote thi'l.tt.r, but"I havent mailed it li,!j:::iN,i$..:tii:ttjijlli,ii :t:tii:i;titii;,,lini,,iij:r.x!.#ltltil:ti:it]#:
a finished time (for example' last night / ,-, "* ,1r. present perfect *t.n you talk.about (see also Unit 13): past two years ago / yesterday, etc.). Use the simple
D"
It snJwed lutt night. (nothas snowed) 3:00? (notWhere have you been) 'ttitttt Where were yor'rlt (not have started) tlll,lllt I started *y t.* job two weeks ago' gone) rilwil Nicole didnt go out yesterday' (not hasn't
wi,
units 9-10 Present Perfect units 8, 11 Present PerfeCt cOntinuous '12'13 Units Past Simple and Present Perfect
NI
Exercises 7.1
Read the situations and
of the write sentences with the present perfect. choose one
7
fo||owing.---b*"kdropgoupgrowimprovelg€eturnon
is looking for his key' He can't find it' fre-ha's '/asLhs-keyleg is_in a cast. She _-*-Jennifer can't rialk and her
1. Mike
t.
3.Maria'sEnglishwasn'tu.'ygood.\oyitismuchbetter. 4. Jason di;;i have a beard iuJt *ottth. Now he has a beard' 5. Last week the bus fare was 80 cents' Now it is 90'36' The temperatvre * '* 6. Th. t"-ferature was 55 degrees. NoY it is only 7. The lighi was off' Now it is on' Somebody '---*-- ---
7.2
parentheses Gomplete B's sentences. use the verb in
+
-'
iust/already/yet'
A
1.
Would You like something to eat?
4.
What's in the newspaper to'daY?
5.
Is Amy coming to the movies with us?
i:; fr 7.3
rurn,*xil'fftrLTi?"';i
\$(hat does
#:nrjm,t;"HtTl
No, thanks,I'vp*last-hs/ lunch' (just / have) her' (just./ see) Yes, t -: / leave) (alreadY ' He -.---* I don't know. I (not/read lYet) i.Io, ,h. (already / see) Yes, they
the words in parentheses and iust' Read the situations and write sentences with alreadY, or Yet. "\fould you like something to 1. After runch you go to see a friend at her house. She says: eat?" You say: "No' thank You' J-ueTust ha'dJuneh' "Can I speak to 2. Joegoes out. Five -inot., l',i.ri,rhrJ;i;;-;;gt ^";iihe caller *-says: (go out) .'' Joe?" You say: "I'm sorryt finished and starts to take your 3. you are eating in a resta;t;;. f[. *"it*Trti"r* y." h"u. * ,-''*" (not / finish) plate away.You say: "'Wait a minute I .-*--------
trtiii- table' Later your friend 4. you are going to a restaurant this even t"* Y." ;i]!t" ^ it'" (do) ..ilio,rlil call to reserve a table?" fou say: "No, says: job' i"thupt-the has been successful' 5. you know that u fri.rri-oi;;";tit looking for a * ?" (find) Ask her. You saY: " *-* -. -^ago. Somebody asks: "Is Laura minutes f.* 6. Laurawent to the bank, and she ,.trrr*J u '" (come back) still at the bank?" You say: "No ) "- ****-"'^-
7.4
or wrong? correct the ones that are Are the underrined parts of these sentences right
wron9.
1. It has snowed last night' 2. Have you seen mY Purse? a. "D""t f-g.r r" ;"y the gas bill." "I've already done it'" 4. The accident has happened three days ago' 5. Sue hasn't been at work yesterday' but I've lost it' 6. "Hu,r. Jerry gave me his address, 7. )'oo t..tt Brad on MondaY? g. wh*. i, tt**rp"per? \rhat have you done with it?
Jtsn-qwed*... -
KEH-T--"
9.'We have bought our house in 1985'
15
Present Perfect (2) (l have done)
Study this examPle conversation:
Daue: Have you traveled a lot, Jane? !ane: Yes, I've been to lots of Places born, Really? Flave you ever been to China? Jane's life I've been to China twice' until now) p.riod lane: Yes, 1" 'Sfhat about India? Daue: now past Iane: No, I havent been to India' now, we use the When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until talking about the are Dave Here, ;"tt. present perfect (have b..r lhavetraveled, etc.). ".,d until now)' continues that period plu..rJar.'has visited in her life (which is a Some more examPles: Have yo, .u.t eaten caviar? (in yowr life) 'We've never had a car. ,.Have you read Hamlet?" "No, I havent read any of Shakespeare's plays'" Susan really loves that movie. She's seen it eight times! v/hat a boring movie! It's the most boring movie I've ever seen. been (to) = visited: I've never been to China. Have you been there?
continues until now Here are more examples of speakers talking about a period that (recently / in the lastlew days / so far / since breakfast, etc.): Have you heard from Brian recently? I've met a lot of people in the last few days' recently Everything is going well.\ilile havent had any problems so far. I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (- from breakfast until now) breakfast \We havent seen It's nice to see you again. each other for a long time.
past
'we use the present perfect with today / this morning / this evening, etc., when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking: I've drunk four cups of coffee today' today Have you had a vacatron this Year? I haven't seen Tom this morning' Have you? past I
\We say,
This is the first time I've drivert a car.
"It's the first time something has happened"
(present perfect). For examPle:
or
Donistakingadrivinglesson.It'shisfirstone. It's the first time he has driven a car. (not dttves) He has never driven a car before' Sarah has lost her passport again. It's the second time this has haPPened . (not haPPens) Eric is calling his girlfriend again. This is the third time he's called her tonight.
Present Perfect (1)
present perfect with forlsip6'6r
r,,,.,: ,
t
: ; :'
Present Perfect and Simple Past i;''
i
:1.
'?.l;
N
rl
ExerclSes 8.1
you are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done' Make questions from the words in Parentheses. 1. (ever I rtde/ horse?) -Hqv,. yeg*e.vqr*rtdde-n*shpr-sC* 2. (ever lbe lMexico?) "... ----- -3. (ever / run I marathon?) --.-*.. 4. (ever / speak / famous person?) --*.-- -5. (always / live / in this town?) --- -- '----**-? 6. i-ort'beautiful place I ever i ;i;ft?Nint --^--
E
use a verb from 8,2 Complete B,s answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. this list:
be be
eat
happen have m€€t PlaY read see
see
B
A 'What's
Brian's sister Jikel
How is Amy these
daYs?
Yes, Yes, Yes. it is the best vacation *-in a long time.
What's that book like? Is Bangkok an interesting Place? Mike was late for work again
I don't I don't
The car broke down again
10.
I but
Are Yo.t hungrY? you PlaY chess? Cln . Are you enioying Your vacation?
todaY.
9.
I have no idea. /'ry ngygr*flg-L I don't know. I --*----"- **
'Who's
yesterdaY.
that woman bY the door?
*--*
- her.
her recently. todaY' much ---
know know.
tor
,-*
ages'
-*--..-.tt'
there'
Again? He ,*-**every day this week. Not again! That's the second time
f J." t
this week. before'
know.
etc' 8.3 Complete these sentences using today / this year / this semester' 1,. I saw Tom yesterday, but -*/-hg-r-e-nL-:.?-9r*h.ir'/1 tedqy 2. I read a newspap., y.r,. rdiy, but I 3. Last year the company made a profit, but 4. Tracy worked hard at school last semester' but
today'
5. It snowed a lot last winter, but
8.4 Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples' 1. James is driving a car)but he's very.ne-rvous and not sure what to do' ?o.r urk, *Hgv-e lq s -drtvet q" -€ er*b-e-f-ar-q:* q He says : NpJht a i; th-e--fir-sI-tin e-J-v-e- 4r i q er *t - q r'- -"'- - -Z. Ben is pl;;ifrc""it. H;;; not very good, and he doesn't know the rules. You ask: Have He says: No, this is the frcst .*--*3. Sue is rid ing a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable. You ask: -
--'""-*--*-'?
She says:
4. Maria is You ask: She says:
17
IT
ll
