4A SP 1-3
Nominal + Predicate • Review: 1. Amari simasen. 2. To/emo yasasii desu. 3. Zenzen wakarimasen nee. 4. Hotondo dekimasen desita. 5. To/emo kiree desu. • Pa*ern of the above? Nominal + Predicate • The nominals express? Degree/how much
More review: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. § § §
Kyoo simasu yo.. Kinoo ikimasen desita. Asita tukurimasu. Ototoi tukaimasita. Asita dame desu yo. Pa*ern of the above? All of the nominals express? Time/when
2 New Types of /Nominal + Predicate/ Type #1a: 1. Suzuki-san kimasu yo. 2. Tanaka-san tabemasita. 3. TomodaA ikimasita. § In these examples the nominal tells? § Who does the predicate.
#1b 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. § §
Sono konpyuuta, dame desu yo. Sore, ii desu ka. Kono nihongo, muzukasii desu nee. Ano zassi, tigaimasu ne. Sore, tegami desu ka. Tanaka-san, gakusee desu ka. Here the nominal tells? Who or what is described by the predicate
#2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. • •
Sinbun kaimasita. Keeki to pai tabemasita. Keetai tukaimasita. Otya nomimasen ka. Tanaka-san tukaimasita. Here the nominal tells? Who or what is acted upon by the predicate
• The new pa*erns (with no parIcles, or “zero parIcle”) are typically used only in spoken Japanese. What happens in wri*en Japanese? • ParIcles are oRen deleted in u*erances that are “out of the blue,” (iniIal u*erances) in the spoken language For example: Sore, nan desu ka. Tenisu, simasu ka.
SP2 Phrase ParIcle wa • What is a sentence parIcle? • What is a phrase parIcle? 1. Connects a preceding nominal (usually) to a following element in the sentence. 2. Establishes a relaIonship between what precedes it and another element in the sentence.
Phrase parIcle to • • 1. 2. 3.
Connects? Nominal X with Nominal Y Kore to sore, onegai simasu. Pai to aisukuriimu tabemasita. Watasi to Suzuki-san, simasita yo.
Nominal X wa
A:
• Wa establishes X as a familiar, recognizable item about which something is about to be said. Kono nihongo wa muzukasii desu nee. “This Japanese (here in front of me; it’s recognizable) is difficult.” Tanaka-san wa gakusee desu yo. “Ms. Tanaka (whom we’ve been talking about) is a student.”
Nominal X wa
B:
• what follows /Nominal X + wa / applies specifically to X and to no more than X; wa establishes X as the limit of applicability Yamada-san wa simasita. “Yamada, at least, played/did it.” (I’m only concerned with Yamada; simasita applies to Yamada at least; I don’t know about the others)
Nominal X wa
C:
• the preceding Nominal X becomes a member of a set and the other members are outside the range of the u*erance. Tanaka-san wa kimasu yo. “Mr. T. for one will come.” (Other people may also come but I’m only talking about Mr. T. now)
1. Pai wa tabemasita. 2. Tenisu wa simasen nee. 3. Kyoo wa kiree desu nee.
Nominal X wa
D:
/Nominal X + wa / idenIfies the item under discussion. THE FOCUS IS ON WHAT FOLLOWS. 1. Kono keeki wa takai desu yo. 2. Tanaka-san wa zenzen wakarimasen nee. 3. Zisyo wa kaimasita. •
Nominal X wa
E:
• accordingly, you can never have an InterrogaIve + wa. Why? For example: Dare wa kaimasita ka. (NOT POSSIBLE) Itu wa ii desu ka. (NOT POSSIBLE)
Nominal X wa ? • Is a sentence fragment. A: Tenisu simasu ka. B: Iie, tenisu wa simasen nee. A: Zyaa, goruhu wa? (what’s not said here?) B: A, goruhu wa yoku simasu yo. A: Kyoo wa doo desu ka. B: Kyoo desu ka. Kyoo wa tyo/o.. A: Zyaa, asita wa? (what’s not said here?) B: A, asita wa ii desu yo.
Nominal X wa? vs. Nominal desu ka. • Compare: Asita wa? Asita desu ka. A: Kyoo wa doo desu ka. B: Kyoo desu ka. Kyoo wa tyo/o.. A: Zyaa, asita wa? (what’s not said here?) B: Asita desu ka. Asita wa ii desu yo.
What is the difference between Zisyo kaimasita. Zisyo wa kaimasita. Kyoo ikimasu. Kyoo wa ikimasu.
Usage with negative A: Zisyo kaimasita ka. B: Iie, kaimasen desita. Iie, zisyo wa kaimasen desita. A: Asita simasu ka. B: Iie, (asita) simasen. Iie, asita wa simasen. Kyoo simasu yo.
SP3 /Nominal X + ga + predicate Y/
Tanaka-san ga kimasita. Kore ga ii desu. Ano konpyuutaa ga dame desu. Tanaka-san ga gakusee desu. • The relaIonship that ga sets up between Nominal X and predicate Y? Nominal X DOES or IS Predicate Y
More on ga Tanaka-san ga kimasita. Kore ga ii desu. Ano konpyuutaa ga dame desu. Tanaka-san ga gakusee desu. • FOCUS is on ? Nominal X. • Nominal X is oRen a NEW ITEM in the conversaIon. • Compare this to wa (X is familiar and recognizable)
• X provides exhaustive information within the context, making no comparisons with other items. • Tanaka-san ga simasita. Tanaka-san wa simasita. • Keeki ga ii desu. Keeki wa ii desu. • Kore ga zisyo desu. Kore wa zisyo desu. • Tanaka-san ga kimasu yo. Tanaka-san wa kimasu yo.
Can you say • Keeki ga kaimasita. Why or why not? • Kyoo ga ikimasu. • Kyoo ga ii desu.
Compare the following: Tanaka-san tukurimasita. Tanaka-san wa tukurimasita. Tanaka-san ga tukurimasita.
Some usage with the negaIve • How can we answer a question like Tanakasan ga tukaimasita ka. in the negative? Iie, tukaimasen desita. Iie, Tanaka-san wa tukaimasen desita. (at least Mr. T who was mentioned in the question didn’t use it.) • Challenge: what question would Tanaka-san ga tukaimasen desita. answer?
• What about answering /Question Word + ga + predicate/ questions affirmatively? A: Itu ga ii desu ka. B: Asita desu. (Asita ga ii desu.) A: Dare ga kimasu ka. B: Tanaka-san desu. (Tanaka-san ga kimasu.) A: Dare ga kimasu ka. Tanaka-san desu ka. B: Ee, Tanaka-san wa kimasu yo. Ee, Tanaka-san ga kimasu.