the bahamas
GENDER, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Gender, Ethnicity and Health Unit
THE BAHAMAS
Population The total population of The Bahamas is estimated at 323,000 in 2005, of which 90.0% live in urban areas. 1 Women represent 51.4% of the total population. 2 In the year 2004, 88,000 women were 15 to 49 years old, that is, around 54% of the total number of women. 3 During the period since 1970 to date, the average annual rate of population growth has declined substantially (Figure 1). Figure 1. BAHAMAS: Average annua l ra te of population growth (%), 19701975 to 20052010
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Population grow th 2.13 2.13 2.10 1.75 1.82 1.54 1.39 1.28 (%)
Source: United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. New York, 2005.
The most recent mortality data available from The Bahamas by sex, age and cause of death are for the year 1997. During the period 19951997 the estimated (crude) death rate remained stable among men and women (Figure 2).
1
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. Based on: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. http://www.paho.org, 26 January 2006. 3 PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 2
1
Figure 2. BAHAMAS: Estimated (crude) death rates, 19951997 8,0
Rate per 1,000
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
1995
1996
1997
Women
4,8
4,9
4,9
Men
6,3
6,4
6,4
Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
Socioeconomic context The gross national income per capita (PPP value) was US$16,140 in 2002. 4 Data are not available as to the income ratio of the population with the 20% highest and the 20% lowest income. Environmental health The entire population has access to sanitation services; access to improved water sources is quite high but remains better in urban than rural areas (Figure 3). Figure 3. BAHAMAS: Access to improved water sources and sanitation services, 2002
% population
100
100
98
100
86
75 50 25 0
Water
Sanitation Urban
Rural
Source: PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
4
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
2
Education Among the population aged 15 years and over, literacy was 95.8% in 2005; male literacy was 95.0% and female literacy, 96.7%. 5 The gross enrollment rate for the primary, as well as the secondary level, was estimated to exceed 90% for both sexes (Figure 4). Figure 4. BAHAMAS: Gross enrollment rate (%), primary and secondary levels, 20022003 100
93
93
92
90
Percent
75
50
25
0 Primary
Secondary Women
Men
Source: UNESCO. http://www.uis.unesco.org, 24 January 2006.
Political participation Percent of women 6 : in Parliament (2002) in ministerial posts (2001)
27% 17%
Resources that facilitate initiatives leading to gender equality Commitment to gender equality The facultative protocol for the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 7 : Was signed Accession 8
Yes
No X
X
5
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 7 United Nations. Division for the Advancement of Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw, 27 March 2006. 8 The source states that there was “accession,” not “ratification.” 6
3
Abortion policy 9 Does the penal code prohibit abortion? Are there exceptions: To save the life of the mother To preserve the physical and mental health of the mother In cases of rape or incest Other exceptions
Yes No X X X X X X
Health Situation In 2005, life expectancy at birth was 74.3 years for women and 67.9 years for men. 10 Recent demographic estimates found that both sexes continue to make gains in life expectancy and that the gap between men and women is sizeable: 6.3 more years for women than men in the 2005 2010 quinquennium (Figure 5). Figure 5. BAHAMAS: Life expectancy at birth (years), 1970 1975 to 20052010 90 80 70 60 50
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Women 69.9
71.1
72.2
73.4
72.7
71.8
72.7
75.3
63.2
63.4
64.3
64.9
63.5
64.0
66.2
69.0
Men
Women
Men
Source: United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. New York, 2005.
In 2002, the estimated incidence rate of malignant neoplasms of female breast were quite high (see table).
9
United Nations. Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc , 27 March 2006. 10 PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
4
BAHAMAS: Estimated incidence of malignant neoplasms, adjusted (per 100.000), 2002 Site Women Men lung 5.1 21.2 stomach 8.1 16.5 female breast 54.4 n.a. cervix 16.7 n.a. PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
n.a.= not applicable Risk factors The prevalence of tobacco consumption in the population 1315 years of age was 14% among women and 23% among men (2000). 11 Data are not available on obesity in the population 15 to 49 years old. Mortality Agespecific death rates in 1997, due to all causes combined, were higher for males than females in each and every age group (Figure 6). Figure 6. BAHAMAS: Estimated agespecific death rates (per 100,000), 1997 0
2000
14 years
64 86
514 years
30 45
4564 years
6000
1010 1275
Under 1 year
1544 years
4000
216 394 706 1246 4412
65 years & over
5114 Women
Men
Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
The infant mortality rate was 17.2 per 1,000 live births in 2003. 12
11
PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 12 PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
5
Mortality due to broad groups of causes When broad groups of causes of death were considered it was found that, in 1997, external causes of death were major causes of mortality in the age group 1 to 4 years and 5 to 14 years (Figure 7). Figure 7. BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 1 to 4 years of age, 1997 0
10
20
30
40
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 5 to 14 years of age, 1997 50
8,5 8,0
Communicable diseases
Diseases of circulatory 0,0 system
0
Diseases of circulatory system
6,4
17
36
All other causes
Women
50
9 19 13
All other causes
41
40
4,2 3,7
External causes
27
30
0,7 1,5
Neoplasms
External causes
20
2,8 4,5
Communicable diseases
3,4 3,2
Neoplasms
10
16
Women Men
Men
Source: Based on data from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
Source: Idem.
Figure 8. BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 15 to 44 years of age, 1997 0
Communicable diseases
100
200
300
29 48
400
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 45 to 64 years of age, 1997 500
0
20 28
Diseases of circulatory system
Neoplasms
27 14
Neoplasms
All other causes
20
External causes
116 121 188
Women Men
Source: Idem.
200
300
400
500
53
Communicable diseases
Diseases of circulatory system
External causes
100
115 195 328 165 216 22 102 271
All other causes
485
Women Men
Source: Idem.
Among those 15 to 44 years of age, as well as the population aged 45 to 64 years, the male death rate due to external causes was over 4 times the female rate (Figure 8). However, at ages 45 to 64, male as well as female mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system, and to neoplasms, was considerably greater than that due to external causes (Figure 8).
6
An important element of total mortality due to neoplasms, among men and women, is mortality due to malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs and peritoneum. At ages 45 to 64 years the male death rate due to this cause was 70 per 100,000 in 1997, and the female rate was 41. Malignant neoplasms of this site, together with those of uterus (23 per 100,000 women) and breast (46), contributed twothirds of the total mortality due to neoplasms among women in this age group. 13 Selected causes of death Ischemic heart disease, as well as cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, are major causes of death among adults 45 years and over of either sex, and especially adults 65 years and over (Figures 9 and 10). At ages 45 to 64, malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast, combined, account for roughly the same amount of female mortality as does diabetes mellitus; however, at ages 65 and over, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus are far more important (Figures 9 and 10). Figure 9. BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to ischemic heart disease, 1997 0
200
400
600
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to cerebrovascular diseases, 1997 800
0
37 All ages
400
600
800
45 All ages
49
40
57 4564 years
200
46 4564 years
121
86
502
641
65 years & over 678
Women
Men
Source: Idem.
65 years & over
546
Women
Men
Source: Idem.
13
The data in this paragraph are from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator, http://www.paho.org (December 2005).
7
Figure 10. BAHAMAS: Estimated agespecific death rates due to malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast (per 100,000 women), 1997
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to diabetes mellitus, 1997 0
200
400
600
800
0
50
100
150
200
45 All ages
28
3544 years 8
31
68 4564 years
4564 years
65
23
46
588 65 years & over
65 years and over
384
85
107
Uterus
Women Men
Source: Idem.
Breast
Source: Idem.
Accidents, suicide and homicide are all included in the grouping external causes of death. In The Bahamas, male death rates in 1997 due to each of these causes were several times greater than those for females (Figure 11). Figure 11. BAHAMAS: Mortality due to accidents, suicide and homicide, 1997
Estimated (crude) death rate per 100,000
80
60
40
20
0
Wom en
Men
Hom icide
3.8
29
Suicide
0.1
2.3
Transport accide nts
6.9
24
Accide nts, e xcept trans port
8.3
20
Source: Idem.
8
Sexual and reproductive health In 2004 the total fertility rate in The Bahamas was 2.2 children per woman. 14 Adolescent pregnancy is one of several reproductive risk categories; 15 it constitutes a barrier that can prevent women from developing capabilities to help them achieve the resources necessary for their wellbeing. In The Bahamas, in 2004, 6% of adolescents 15 to 19 years old gave birth; among women 35 to 49 years, 2% gave birth to a child. 16 There were 2 maternal deaths in 2003. 17 After steep increases in the number of AIDS cases reported annually since the beginning of the epidemic, among men and women, a decreasing trend began around 1996 (Figure 12). In September 2005 there were 1,805 people under treatment with antiretroviral drugs; 18 the number of people 15 to 49 years needing such treatment is unknown. 19 Figure 12. BAHAMAS: Reported cases of AIDS, 19852002 300
Cases
225
150
75
Me n
20 01
19 99
19 97
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
0
Wom e n
Source: PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program.
14
PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 15 Reproductive risk factors: mother’s age less than 20 years and over 34 years; birth interval less than 24 months; birth order greater than 3. 16 PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 17 PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 18 PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program. 19 UNAIDS/WHO.
9
Access to health services Prenatal care and care at childbirth In 2003, 99.0% of all births were attended by trained personnel and 94.0% of pregnant women received at least one consultation for prenatal care, provided by a trained health worker. 20
Health personnel Although this subject is an essential element in analyzing genderbased inequalities related to the participation of women and men in the health sector, the statistics that would allow such analyses are not currently available.
20
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
10
THE BAHAMAS
Population The total population of The Bahamas is estimated at 323,000 in 2005, of which 90.0% live in urban areas. 1 Women represent 51.4% of the total population. 2 In the year 2004, 88,000 women were 15 to 49 years old, that is, around 54% of the total number of women. 3 During the period since 1970 to date, the average annual rate of population growth has declined substantially (Figure 1). Figure 1. BAHAMAS: Average annua l ra te of population growth (%), 19701975 to 20052010
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Population grow th 2.13 2.13 2.10 1.75 1.82 1.54 1.39 1.28 (%)
Source: United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. New York, 2005.
The most recent mortality data available from The Bahamas by sex, age and cause of death are for the year 1997. During the period 19951997 the estimated (crude) death rate remained stable among men and women (Figure 2).
1
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. Based on: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. http://www.paho.org, 26 January 2006. 3 PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 2
1
Figure 2. BAHAMAS: Estimated (crude) death rates, 19951997 8,0
Rate per 1,000
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
1995
1996
1997
Women
4,8
4,9
4,9
Men
6,3
6,4
6,4
Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
Socioeconomic context The gross national income per capita (PPP value) was US$16,140 in 2002. 4 Data are not available as to the income ratio of the population with the 20% highest and the 20% lowest income. Environmental health The entire population has access to sanitation services; access to improved water sources is quite high but remains better in urban than rural areas (Figure 3). Figure 3. BAHAMAS: Access to improved water sources and sanitation services, 2002
% population
100
100
98
100
86
75 50 25 0
Water
Sanitation Urban
Rural
Source: PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
4
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
2
Education Among the population aged 15 years and over, literacy was 95.8% in 2005; male literacy was 95.0% and female literacy, 96.7%. 5 The gross enrollment rate for the primary, as well as the secondary level, was estimated to exceed 90% for both sexes (Figure 4). Figure 4. BAHAMAS: Gross enrollment rate (%), primary and secondary levels, 20022003 100
93
93
92
90
Percent
75
50
25
0 Primary
Secondary Women
Men
Source: UNESCO. http://www.uis.unesco.org, 24 January 2006.
Political participation Percent of women 6 : in Parliament (2002) in ministerial posts (2001)
27% 17%
Resources that facilitate initiatives leading to gender equality Commitment to gender equality The facultative protocol for the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 7 : Was signed Accession 8
Yes
No X
X
5
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 7 United Nations. Division for the Advancement of Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw, 27 March 2006. 8 The source states that there was “accession,” not “ratification.” 6
3
Abortion policy 9 Does the penal code prohibit abortion? Are there exceptions: To save the life of the mother To preserve the physical and mental health of the mother In cases of rape or incest Other exceptions
Yes No X X X X X X
Health Situation In 2005, life expectancy at birth was 74.3 years for women and 67.9 years for men. 10 Recent demographic estimates found that both sexes continue to make gains in life expectancy and that the gap between men and women is sizeable: 6.3 more years for women than men in the 2005 2010 quinquennium (Figure 5). Figure 5. BAHAMAS: Life expectancy at birth (years), 1970 1975 to 20052010 90 80 70 60 50
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Women 69.9
71.1
72.2
73.4
72.7
71.8
72.7
75.3
63.2
63.4
64.3
64.9
63.5
64.0
66.2
69.0
Men
Women
Men
Source: United Nations. World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. New York, 2005.
In 2002, the estimated incidence rate of malignant neoplasms of female breast were quite high (see table).
9
United Nations. Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc , 27 March 2006. 10 PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
4
BAHAMAS: Estimated incidence of malignant neoplasms, adjusted (per 100.000), 2002 Site Women Men lung 5.1 21.2 stomach 8.1 16.5 female breast 54.4 n.a. cervix 16.7 n.a. PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
n.a.= not applicable Risk factors The prevalence of tobacco consumption in the population 1315 years of age was 14% among women and 23% among men (2000). 11 Data are not available on obesity in the population 15 to 49 years old. Mortality Agespecific death rates in 1997, due to all causes combined, were higher for males than females in each and every age group (Figure 6). Figure 6. BAHAMAS: Estimated agespecific death rates (per 100,000), 1997 0
2000
14 years
64 86
514 years
30 45
4564 years
6000
1010 1275
Under 1 year
1544 years
4000
216 394 706 1246 4412
65 years & over
5114 Women
Men
Source: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
The infant mortality rate was 17.2 per 1,000 live births in 2003. 12
11
PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 12 PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
5
Mortality due to broad groups of causes When broad groups of causes of death were considered it was found that, in 1997, external causes of death were major causes of mortality in the age group 1 to 4 years and 5 to 14 years (Figure 7). Figure 7. BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 1 to 4 years of age, 1997 0
10
20
30
40
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 5 to 14 years of age, 1997 50
8,5 8,0
Communicable diseases
Diseases of circulatory 0,0 system
0
Diseases of circulatory system
6,4
17
36
All other causes
Women
50
9 19 13
All other causes
41
40
4,2 3,7
External causes
27
30
0,7 1,5
Neoplasms
External causes
20
2,8 4,5
Communicable diseases
3,4 3,2
Neoplasms
10
16
Women Men
Men
Source: Based on data from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator. (December 2005) http://www.paho.org
Source: Idem.
Figure 8. BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 15 to 44 years of age, 1997 0
Communicable diseases
100
200
300
29 48
400
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) by cause group, 45 to 64 years of age, 1997 500
0
20 28
Diseases of circulatory system
Neoplasms
27 14
Neoplasms
All other causes
20
External causes
116 121 188
Women Men
Source: Idem.
200
300
400
500
53
Communicable diseases
Diseases of circulatory system
External causes
100
115 195 328 165 216 22 102 271
All other causes
485
Women Men
Source: Idem.
Among those 15 to 44 years of age, as well as the population aged 45 to 64 years, the male death rate due to external causes was over 4 times the female rate (Figure 8). However, at ages 45 to 64, male as well as female mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system, and to neoplasms, was considerably greater than that due to external causes (Figure 8).
6
An important element of total mortality due to neoplasms, among men and women, is mortality due to malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs and peritoneum. At ages 45 to 64 years the male death rate due to this cause was 70 per 100,000 in 1997, and the female rate was 41. Malignant neoplasms of this site, together with those of uterus (23 per 100,000 women) and breast (46), contributed twothirds of the total mortality due to neoplasms among women in this age group. 13 Selected causes of death Ischemic heart disease, as well as cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, are major causes of death among adults 45 years and over of either sex, and especially adults 65 years and over (Figures 9 and 10). At ages 45 to 64, malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast, combined, account for roughly the same amount of female mortality as does diabetes mellitus; however, at ages 65 and over, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus are far more important (Figures 9 and 10). Figure 9. BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to ischemic heart disease, 1997 0
200
400
600
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to cerebrovascular diseases, 1997 800
0
37 All ages
400
600
800
45 All ages
49
40
57 4564 years
200
46 4564 years
121
86
502
641
65 years & over 678
Women
Men
Source: Idem.
65 years & over
546
Women
Men
Source: Idem.
13
The data in this paragraph are from: PAHO/AIS. Technical Information System. Table Generator, http://www.paho.org (December 2005).
7
Figure 10. BAHAMAS: Estimated agespecific death rates due to malignant neoplasms of uterus and breast (per 100,000 women), 1997
BAHAMAS: Estimated death rates (per 100,000) due to diabetes mellitus, 1997 0
200
400
600
800
0
50
100
150
200
45 All ages
28
3544 years 8
31
68 4564 years
4564 years
65
23
46
588 65 years & over
65 years and over
384
85
107
Uterus
Women Men
Source: Idem.
Breast
Source: Idem.
Accidents, suicide and homicide are all included in the grouping external causes of death. In The Bahamas, male death rates in 1997 due to each of these causes were several times greater than those for females (Figure 11). Figure 11. BAHAMAS: Mortality due to accidents, suicide and homicide, 1997
Estimated (crude) death rate per 100,000
80
60
40
20
0
Wom en
Men
Hom icide
3.8
29
Suicide
0.1
2.3
Transport accide nts
6.9
24
Accide nts, e xcept trans port
8.3
20
Source: Idem.
8
Sexual and reproductive health In 2004 the total fertility rate in The Bahamas was 2.2 children per woman. 14 Adolescent pregnancy is one of several reproductive risk categories; 15 it constitutes a barrier that can prevent women from developing capabilities to help them achieve the resources necessary for their wellbeing. In The Bahamas, in 2004, 6% of adolescents 15 to 19 years old gave birth; among women 35 to 49 years, 2% gave birth to a child. 16 There were 2 maternal deaths in 2003. 17 After steep increases in the number of AIDS cases reported annually since the beginning of the epidemic, among men and women, a decreasing trend began around 1996 (Figure 12). In September 2005 there were 1,805 people under treatment with antiretroviral drugs; 18 the number of people 15 to 49 years needing such treatment is unknown. 19 Figure 12. BAHAMAS: Reported cases of AIDS, 19852002 300
Cases
225
150
75
Me n
20 01
19 99
19 97
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
0
Wom e n
Source: PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program.
14
PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 15 Reproductive risk factors: mother’s age less than 20 years and over 34 years; birth interval less than 24 months; birth order greater than 3. 16 PAHO/GE. Gender, Health and Development in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 17 PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005. 18 PAHO/AI and National AIDS Program. 19 UNAIDS/WHO.
9
Access to health services Prenatal care and care at childbirth In 2003, 99.0% of all births were attended by trained personnel and 94.0% of pregnant women received at least one consultation for prenatal care, provided by a trained health worker. 20
Health personnel Although this subject is an essential element in analyzing genderbased inequalities related to the participation of women and men in the health sector, the statistics that would allow such analyses are not currently available.
20
PAHO/AIS. Health Situation in the Americas. Basic Indicators 2005. Washington, DC, 2005.
10
