The binomial theorem: Expanding (x + y)n When trying to expand (x + y)n , for values of n that are relatively small you can use Pascal’s triangle which is:
1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 1 1 5 10 10 5 1 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 This only tells you the coefficients of x and y, to find out the powers of x and y you can follow a simple method of having xn for the first coefficient of 1, followed by xn-‐1y1 and then xn-‐2y2 with this pattern continuing until x has a power of 0 and y has a power of n. `For example: (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 (x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5 This becomes more difficult to do as the value of n increases causing pascal’s triangle to increase in size so we need another method for large values of n, this is where the binomial theorem applies. The binomial theorem states that: (x + y)n = xn + xn-‐1y + xn-‐2y2 + ......... + yn With = n(n -‐ 1 ).....(n – ( r – 1 )) = ___n!___ 1 x 2 x ..... x r r! (n – r)! This is represented by the ncr button on your calculator. So would be entered onto the calculator as 5C2. Therefore if a question asked you to find the first 3 terms in (x + y)15 you would do: