The Impact of Fuel Ethanol and Aromatics on Air Quality
The Impact of Fuel Ethanol and Aromatics on Air Quality
Chris Standlee Urban Air Initiative
What is Creating Pollution? 都市清洁空气行动
OZONE NO
CO
Nox
VOC
EPA has a mandatory duty to cut Mobile Source Air Toxics…” -Clean Air
Act § 202(l). 2
Mobile Source Air Toxics Mexico City 都市清洁空气行动
RUSH HOUR
“.... motor vehicles are the major source of PAH [Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons]... responsible for 99% of CO emissions in the area.” -Secretaria del Medio Ambiente, 2003, Atm. Chem. and Physics, 2006
3
It Starts with the Fuel
OZONE
Secondary Organic Aerosols
VOC NOx NO UFP PAH 4
Combustion Inside Your Engine
EXHAUST
FUEL & AIR EXHAUST OCTANE SPARK FUEL & DELAYS COMBUSTION AIR IGNITION
5
What’s in Gasoline?
Benzene Toluene Xylene Hexadiene
Aromatics BTEX
,
Dimethylhexene, Nonene, Octane, Decalin, 1,3-pentadiene, Tetrafluoroethane, Trimethylcyclohexane, Ethylidenebis-benzene, Trimethylnaphthalene, Dimethylcyclohexane, Isobenzofurandione, Pentadiene, Dinitronaphthalene, Dimethylphenanthrene, Hopane, Butane, Isobutene, Methylfluroene, Benzofuran, Dimethyl-1-hexene, Trimethylhexane, Dinitrophenol, Ethylcyclopentane, Trimethyltridecane, Dinitrofluroene, Ethylbutene, Hexanone, Methyl-phenyl-propene, Ethyloctane, Ethylheptane, Abietic acid, Acetic acid, Acetophenone, Ammonia, Azelaic acid, Sterane, Terpane, Cis-decalin, Cis-pinonic acid, Decanal, Decanoic acid, Decyclclohexane, Diethayl phthalate, Dimethyl dodecane, Docosane, Elaidic acid, Ethyl dimethyl benzene, Carbon tetrachloride, Cerium, Ethyl hexanol, Eugenol, Fluride, Formic acid, Furfural, Glutaric acid, Guaiacol, Henicosane, Heptanal, Heptanedioic acid, Heptylcyclohexane, Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecane, Hexanoic acid, Icosane, Indanone, Isoamylbenzene, Isoeugenol, Lauric acid, Limonene, Maleic acid, Malonic acid, Methyl chloride, Methy dodecane, Octanal, Octanedioic acid, Octylcyclohexane, ,
Aromatics in Gasoline
7
Aromatics and Octane
Lead
1930
1950
1970
1980
1996
-William J. Piel, Lyondell Chemical Company, 1999
8
PM – Aromatics Increase Particulate Matter • PM classified as a class 1 carcinogen. -International Cancer Agency 2013
• “…. PM2.5 formation potential of whole gasoline vapor can be accounted for solely in terms of the aromatic fraction of the fuel.” - Odum JR, Science. 1997;276:96–99 9
PM – Ethanol Decreases Particulate Matter
Honda’s Predictive Model Index A PM index was developed which indicates the potential of PM emissions - SAE 2010-01-2115 2.8
PM Emission Index
2.6
+Aromatics
2.4
2.2 2.0 1.8
Indolene
1.6 1.4 1.2
+Ethanol
Base Point
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 +30% ethanol
+10% ethanol
Indolene
+5% BTEX 400
+5% Naphthalene
UFP – PM 0.15 Aromatics Increase Ultra Fine Particles
Human Hair
UFPs come from high-distillate aromatics that fail to combust, and are nucleated on a PAH.
PM10 PM2.5
Ultra Fine 11
UFP and PAH Aromatics Increase Oxidative Stress FILTERED AIR
PM2.5
ULTRA FINE PARTICULATE
Mice exposed in Los Angeles Mobile Lab 300 meters away from the I-110 freeway.
“Urban UFP contain a higher content...of PAH, which…can induce oxidative stress and electrophilic chemistry in tissues.” Blue is Greater Oxidative Stress -Contag, (Stanford) Zhao, Vreman, Hajdena-Dawson, Wong, Stevenson, J Mol Med2002,80(10):655–664. 10.1007/s00109-002-0375-x
-Barajas, Kleinman, Wang, Bennett, Gong, Navab, Harkema, Sioutas, Lusis, et al.: Circ Res2008,102(5): 589–596. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.164970
12
Ethanol Reduces Aromatics
AROMATICS
OZONE OZONE BLACK CARBON Secondary
PAH
Organic Aerosols PM 2.5
SOA
VOC NOx ULTRA FINE PM NO UFP PAH PM 13
What about cost?
14
Ethanol Improves Gasoline Great Engine Performance Less Greenhouse Gases Lower Carbon Footprint Cleaner Air
Thank You! Chris Standlee Wichita, KS UrbanAirInitiative.com
Chris Standlee Urban Air Initiative
What is Creating Pollution? 都市清洁空气行动
OZONE NO
CO
Nox
VOC
EPA has a mandatory duty to cut Mobile Source Air Toxics…” -Clean Air
Act § 202(l). 2
Mobile Source Air Toxics Mexico City 都市清洁空气行动
RUSH HOUR
“.... motor vehicles are the major source of PAH [Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons]... responsible for 99% of CO emissions in the area.” -Secretaria del Medio Ambiente, 2003, Atm. Chem. and Physics, 2006
3
It Starts with the Fuel
OZONE
Secondary Organic Aerosols
VOC NOx NO UFP PAH 4
Combustion Inside Your Engine
EXHAUST
FUEL & AIR EXHAUST OCTANE SPARK FUEL & DELAYS COMBUSTION AIR IGNITION
5
What’s in Gasoline?
Benzene Toluene Xylene Hexadiene
Aromatics BTEX
,
Dimethylhexene, Nonene, Octane, Decalin, 1,3-pentadiene, Tetrafluoroethane, Trimethylcyclohexane, Ethylidenebis-benzene, Trimethylnaphthalene, Dimethylcyclohexane, Isobenzofurandione, Pentadiene, Dinitronaphthalene, Dimethylphenanthrene, Hopane, Butane, Isobutene, Methylfluroene, Benzofuran, Dimethyl-1-hexene, Trimethylhexane, Dinitrophenol, Ethylcyclopentane, Trimethyltridecane, Dinitrofluroene, Ethylbutene, Hexanone, Methyl-phenyl-propene, Ethyloctane, Ethylheptane, Abietic acid, Acetic acid, Acetophenone, Ammonia, Azelaic acid, Sterane, Terpane, Cis-decalin, Cis-pinonic acid, Decanal, Decanoic acid, Decyclclohexane, Diethayl phthalate, Dimethyl dodecane, Docosane, Elaidic acid, Ethyl dimethyl benzene, Carbon tetrachloride, Cerium, Ethyl hexanol, Eugenol, Fluride, Formic acid, Furfural, Glutaric acid, Guaiacol, Henicosane, Heptanal, Heptanedioic acid, Heptylcyclohexane, Hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecane, Hexanoic acid, Icosane, Indanone, Isoamylbenzene, Isoeugenol, Lauric acid, Limonene, Maleic acid, Malonic acid, Methyl chloride, Methy dodecane, Octanal, Octanedioic acid, Octylcyclohexane, ,
Aromatics in Gasoline
7
Aromatics and Octane
Lead
1930
1950
1970
1980
1996
-William J. Piel, Lyondell Chemical Company, 1999
8
PM – Aromatics Increase Particulate Matter • PM classified as a class 1 carcinogen. -International Cancer Agency 2013
• “…. PM2.5 formation potential of whole gasoline vapor can be accounted for solely in terms of the aromatic fraction of the fuel.” - Odum JR, Science. 1997;276:96–99 9
PM – Ethanol Decreases Particulate Matter
Honda’s Predictive Model Index A PM index was developed which indicates the potential of PM emissions - SAE 2010-01-2115 2.8
PM Emission Index
2.6
+Aromatics
2.4
2.2 2.0 1.8
Indolene
1.6 1.4 1.2
+Ethanol
Base Point
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 +30% ethanol
+10% ethanol
Indolene
+5% BTEX 400
+5% Naphthalene
UFP – PM 0.15 Aromatics Increase Ultra Fine Particles
Human Hair
UFPs come from high-distillate aromatics that fail to combust, and are nucleated on a PAH.
PM10 PM2.5
Ultra Fine 11
UFP and PAH Aromatics Increase Oxidative Stress FILTERED AIR
PM2.5
ULTRA FINE PARTICULATE
Mice exposed in Los Angeles Mobile Lab 300 meters away from the I-110 freeway.
“Urban UFP contain a higher content...of PAH, which…can induce oxidative stress and electrophilic chemistry in tissues.” Blue is Greater Oxidative Stress -Contag, (Stanford) Zhao, Vreman, Hajdena-Dawson, Wong, Stevenson, J Mol Med2002,80(10):655–664. 10.1007/s00109-002-0375-x
-Barajas, Kleinman, Wang, Bennett, Gong, Navab, Harkema, Sioutas, Lusis, et al.: Circ Res2008,102(5): 589–596. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.164970
12
Ethanol Reduces Aromatics
AROMATICS
OZONE OZONE BLACK CARBON Secondary
PAH
Organic Aerosols PM 2.5
SOA
VOC NOx ULTRA FINE PM NO UFP PAH PM 13
What about cost?
14
Ethanol Improves Gasoline Great Engine Performance Less Greenhouse Gases Lower Carbon Footprint Cleaner Air
Thank You! Chris Standlee Wichita, KS UrbanAirInitiative.com
