The Science of Conceptual Modelling - Semantic Scholar
The Science of Conceptual Modelling DEXA 2011, Toulouse
Aug. 31, 2011
Bernhard Thalheim Dr. rer.nat.habil. Prof. @ Christian Albrechts University at Kiel, Germany Department of Computer Science Information Systems Engineering Group (∗)
Kolmogorov Professor h.c. @ Lomonossov University Moscov, Russia
Programme and Problems Discussed throughout this Talk Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) Is there any general theory of conceptual models? Far too many application areas; many approaches, viewpoints !!
(2) Restricting consideration to language-based models Which universality we need?
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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(3) Models as artifact, image and prescription Are we able to handle this variety?
(4) Purpose orientation of models Can we derive model properties from the purpose?
(5) Semiotics as a language background Which kinds of associations we might derive?
(6) Principles and theory Is there any theory of models?
(7) Modelling acts and modelling workflows Are we able to manage modelling at a SPICE level 3?
Today: Information systems development is Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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• development in the large
taught almost nowhere
• however everybody likes his/her languages and his/her understanding - typically incompatible with everybody else • might be based on database components and pattern of schemata ¥ ¨ Our Background § ¦
• schema library consisting of more than 10.000 applications largest with 95.000 types • used for learning experiences from developers • evolution, change, re-engineering of most applications at least after 6 month of existence
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• migration, integration and collaboration projects
Do we Need a Science of Modelling? Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Evolved and Problematic Schema Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Models in Computer Science (> 50) ¨ ¥ How to obtain a general view? § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
model class understanding
basis/ground layer
model presentation model world
conceptual model development process
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
meta programming model
architecture
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phase
investigation
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Construction
spiral waterfall model-driven architectures module/component communication
computing (theoretisches) machine QuASAR client-server reference OSIcontinuous simulation discrete cost-based, complexity analytic stochastic model checking mathematical abstract /formal minimal ... see next slide ...
Models in Computer Science (> 50) ¨ ¥ How to obtain a general view? § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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system Unified modelling language meta usage models depending on user profiles task logic database conceptual information in various languages workflow system storyboard interactions interface object component process functional state event modelling languages
construction models
¨ ¥ Yes, we can to obtain a general view!!! § ¦
¨ ¥ (a) Construction; (b) Explanation; (c) Quality assurance; (d) ... § ¦
Models in Computer Science (> 50) ¨ ¥ §Can we learn from other models? ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
... construction theory support dynamic static
addressee author Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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syntactic semantic
Concerns covered by CS models formal informal micro
...
macro
¨ ¥ Yes, we can learn from other models!!! § ¦ ¥ ¨ (α) Combination; (β) Separation; (γ) Model construction; (δ) Theoriy; (η) ... § ¦
Models we are Not Going to Consider Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction
Combinatoric-regular (Dycks map)
polyeder
the usual joke
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Model used as a form for production
Models Nofretete
for
replication:
Modelling Arts: working of plastic materials by hand to build up form Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Mathematics: method of scientific investigation of systems no necessity to construct an actual physical model of the system mathematical model: a description of the system in some algorithmic language divided into individual parts and the state of each part described by some system of parameters description of the relationships between the separate parts Cybernetic systems: self-improvement, self-teaching and self-development
to model • to plan or form after a pattern or shape • to make into an organization (as an army, government, or parish) • to produce a representation or simulation to model a problem • to construct or fashion in imitation of a particular model
General Principles and Properties of Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
¥ ¨ (D, C, (R, ρ, θ, Ψ), G, W) § ¦
• things D under consideration • concepts C described in a language L
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• relationship R ⊆ D × C with • restrictions ρ to its applicability • modality θ or rigidity of the relationship • confidence Ψ in the relationship • agreed upon within a group G within a culture C • valid in a certain world W
¥ ¨ Principle of Abstraction § ¦
we may however ‘invent’ concepts (distortion) and ‘restrict’ the model (extension of properties)
General Principles and Properties of Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
¥ ¨ (D, C, (R, ρ, θ, Ψ), G, W) § ¦
mapping property: have an original, truncation property: the model lacks some of the ascriptions made to the original, pragmatic property: the model use is only justified for particular model users, tools of investigation, and period of time, extension property: represent judgments which are not observed for the originals distortion property: for improving the physical world or for inclusion of visions of better reality
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Stachowiak: 1-3
Qualities of a Model ¨ ¥ Mainly Qualities of Use § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Static qualities for a model Development quality: pervasiveness, analysability, changeability, stability, testability, privacy of the models, ubiquity Internal quality: accuracy, suitability, interoperability, robustness, self-contained, independence Quality of use: understandability, learnability, operability, attractiveness, appropriatedness Dynamic qualities within a selected development approach executability, refinement quality, scope restriction, effect preservation, context explicity, completion tracking modelling properties: monotonicity, incrementality, ... see below
Success Story: Model Suites for Heart Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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¨ ¥ Multi-scale modelling § ¦
5-layer model of the heart Genes layer: networks, based on molecular functions Proteins: elementary units, chemistry, and their composition Cell structure: functions, key organisational unit; with biological processes; pathway models Tissue: structure and function, with cellular components Body: myocardian activation time range: 1015 space range: 109 c °Peter Hunter, see too: International Institute for Theoretical Cardiology http://www.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/People/people display.php?people id=353
Success Story: Model Suites for Heart Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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¨ ¥ Multi-scale modelling: 5-layer model of the heart § ¦
Tissue: structure and function, with cellular components based on mathematical models for structures and geometry • mechanics, • kinematics, • equations (equilibrium, constitutive), • conditions (e.g. boundary), • factors (e.g. stress) myocardian activation coupled with electro-mechanics, e.g. energy flow modelling cell processes • electro-physical • proton and biocarbonat • calcium • myofilament c °Peter Hunter, see too: International Institute for Theoretical Cardiology 30 years of heart modelling conference July 2009 http://www.physoc.org/custom2/publications/proceedings/archive/article.asp?ID=J%20Physiol%20561PSA12
Success Story: Model Suites for Heart Modelling
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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¨ ¥ Multi-scale modelling: 5-layer model of the heart § ¦ • Biophysics of nerve and muscle: cable theory, ionic currents, Hodgkin-Huxley equations, muscle models (anatomy, contraction, sliding filament theory, energetics), fading memory model (finite duration length step, force step response) • Cardiac electrophysiology: cardiac cells, units, diFrancesco-Noble model, membrane models, bidomain model • Electrocardiography: cardiac anatomy and function, activation, body surface potential mapping, transfer matrices, myocardial inverse procedure, normal and abnormal ECG ¨ ¥ Example cell.ml and field.ml § ¦ • ontologies, content models • molecular function, biological process, cellular component c °Peter Hunter, see too: International Institute for Theoretical Cardiology the virtual heart (2004 breakthrough) http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2004/Features/WTX023668.htm modelling the human heart http://www.uniservices.co.nz/pageloader.aspx?page=741d8d0d82
Lesson Learned: Model ¥Suites ¨ Handling abstraction § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Structure and association based on • multi-layered models • constructors and languages Topology and geometry based on
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• topological space • (homo-)morphisms and equivalence Algebra and evolution based on equations, development rules, and restrictions • • • •
mass balance charge balance osmotic balance thermodynamic balance (e.g. feasibility)
Abstraction and refinement based on • mappings • informorphisms
Our Approach to a Science of Models Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
purpose: using for construction, simulation, theory development, prognostics, documentation, ... context: language, background science or postulates, culture, assumptions, special conditioning, ... stakeholder: author, developer, implementer, documenter, user, ...
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
model - wherefor - whereof - wherewith - how wherein - where - for what - wherefrom additionally: whereat - whereabout - whither - when whence - by whom - to whom - whichever - what in - what out whereto - for which reason - why
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Thus our program: (1) language; (2) image of origin(al); (3) purpose; (4) value
Fundamental Tenets of Modelling Science Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Mental world of a person is based on • structures both implicit (e.g., background) and explicit and • processes both implicit (e.g., background) and explicit. Conceptual structures include conceptions (concepts, theoretical statements (axioms, laws, theorems, defintions), models, theories, and tools). Conceptual processes include procedures and associated norms and rules. Both are based on paradigms (theories, science, assumptions, conditioning!!) which are corroborated. Models support interaction, understanding, sharing, and collaboration among people! They depend on existing knowledge, the actual (ontological) state of the reality, the condition of the person’s senses and state of mind, and the state of employed instruments.
Knowledge? Define???? Different kinds of to know Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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(1) The state or fact of knowing. (2) Familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study. (3) The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned. (4) Learning; erudition: teachers of great knowledge. (5) Specific information about something. (6) Carnal knowledge. compare idioms to German meaning come to one’s knowledge
etw. ist zu jmdm. zu Ohren gekommen
safe in the knowledge
im beruhigenden Wissen
to one’s knowledge
so weit man weiß
to the best of one’s knowledge
nach bestem Wissen
Knowledge is backing Models Knowledge as sustainable, evolving, potentially durable and verifiable grounded consensus: The required data chunk can be qualified as knowledge, Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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if it (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
is consensus within a world and a community, is based on postulates or principles that create the fundament for the knowledge, is true according to a certain notion of ’truth’, it is potentially evolving within an ordered evolution/aging process, is reusable in a rule system for new information, is has a longer lifespan and exists with persistent validness, has an effect and is sustaining within a society, community or world, and is not equivalent to other information that can be generated with the aid of facts or preliminary information in the particular inventory of knowledge by a rule system.
Knowledge as the state of information of a user: Different kinds of ‘to know’ are for a human: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
The state or fact of knowing. Familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study. The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered or learned. Learning; erudition: teachers of great knowledge. Specific information about something. Carnal knowledge.
Paradigm is a conceptual system that governs explicitly a person’s conscious experience in a given situation Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) determines the conditions that trigger every voluntary activity in the experience (2) sets standards, rules, and guidelines for choosing and processing (3) provides necessary conceptions, conceptual tools and methodology
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
(4) supplies appropriate mnemonics
Every human experience is paradigm-laden. (Kuhn) Scientific paradigm: what members of a scientific community share, and conversely, a scientific community consists of people who share a paradigm. (1) ontological tenets about (physical) realities
Content
(2) scientific theory or set of theories about realities Information Concept
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(3) specific restricting methodology (standards, tools, rules, guidelines, processes) (4) axiological tenets
Myths of Modelling (1) Modelling equals documentation Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(2) You can think everything through from the start (3) Modelling implies a heavyweight software process (4) You must “freeze” requirements
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(5) Your design is carved in stone (6) You must use a CASE tool (7) Modelling is a waste of time (8) The world revolves around data modelling (9) All developers know how to model (10) Modelling is independent on the language ¨ ¥ Let’s discuss the last point in detail § ¦
Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Traffic Control based on Petri Nets Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Simple but classical solution
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Picture becomes more complex if time control is incorporated N/S red
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:
Y
¾ Content
W/E green
Time for switch
N/S green
¼ : y
s z j
9
Time for wait
ª j W/E red
Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Look at Reality • Situation in reality
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
• Neighbourhood street crossing must be considered • Complex time management
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• Different kinds of pedestrians, tram, bus
traffic:
Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Traffic Control based on Petri Nets Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Traffic Control based on State Charts instead on Petri Nets Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Local-as-View Modelling: Traffic Control based on ASM and Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Global states: NSredEWgreen, NSredEWred, NSgreenEWred optionally: NSredEWred, NSnothingEWnothing avoiding conflict states such as NSgreenEWgreen Abstract state machine rules: Controller
location
state
clock
reset
switch
e
...
...
...
...
...
if Switch(e) then Update(e,collocated(e)); ChangeAction(e) ChangeAction := getState; choosePossibleStateChange(state); apply(possibleStateChange(state))
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AlarmAction := on alarm changeStateToErrorState Clock := on tick observeWhetherChangeRequired NormalAction := if change = true then ChangeAction PedestrianCall := on callAtPoint(cp) ChangeNextStepIssuedAt(cp)
Local-as-view Modelling: Traffic Control based on ASM and Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Global states: NSredEWgreen, NSredEWred, NSgreenEWred Abstract state machine rules Database as the backend machine
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
State Kind
¾
KindOf State
-
Global LightState
¾ ¾
State Change
-
6
Timer Schedule Strategy
¾
NextStepIssuedAt Request Change Request L - Pedestrian CallPoint
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State Change Kind
∗ local-as-view: πEW (GlobalLightState) for EW direction
The Lesson: Sapir-Whorf B.L. Whorf, Lost generation theories of mind, language, and religion. Ann Arbor, Mich., Popular Culture Association, Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
University Microfilms International, 1980. D. Sapir, General causation, Synth´ese, 1991, 86, 3, 321–347
“Principle of linguistic relativity”: actors skilled in a language may not have a (deep) understanding of some concepts of other languages The design and development quality depends on main success factors: • structuring of the process itself, • culture of people involved, • skills of actors, and
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• process capabilities
Main Guiding Concerns of Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) Modelling language constructs are applied during conceptual modelling. Their syntactics, semantics and pragmatics must be well understood. ¨ ¥ 30% coverage in most modelling methodologies because of “iron” selection § ¦
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(2) Application domain gathering allows to understand the problems to be solved, the opportunities of solutions for a system, and the requirements and architecture that might be prescribed for the solution that has been chosen.
¨ ¥ 60 % coverage in most modelling methodologies because of pressure, ... § ¦
(3) Engineering is oriented towards encapsulation of experiences with design problems pared down to a manageable scale. ¨ ¥ 10 % coverage in most modelling methodologies because ???? § ¦
Application Domain Concern
¨ ¥ Everybody develops his/her schema, his/her implementation § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Application domain development based on “fly by” • mostly by domain workers without IS insight • scope of current (and not future) interest • point of view of subject (subject-oriented) • tolerance level of users Flat schemata based on • binarisation, • without views, and • without internal computational support
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Near-sighted reflection of ongoing demand • data needed for analysis but not at the right granularity, precision • data cleansing is of less importance • “my-data-is-my-personal choice”
The Neglected Concern: Engineering ¨ ingenerare, “to create” §
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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and/or
“to contrive”
¥ ¦
Sufficient quality instead of optimal quality defined on the purpose e.g. integrity constraints that are really necessary Living with errors as long as users can live with them, living with enforcement and fetching modifications in time Living with deficiencies of technology, e.g. missing support for full storage (sliding window techniques) Providing forgetful data handling with automatic background archiving or deletion or distribution User-demand driven query answering, search drill-down, eager/lazy enforcement, data granularity, variety of views depending on task/profile/role under consideration
The¨ Notion of the Model
¥
§Different flavours of the notion of a model ¦ (1) A system of postulates, data, and inferences presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state of affairs. Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Encyclopedia Britannica
(2) Graphical, mathematical (symbolic), physical, or verbal representation or simplified version of a concept, phenomenon, relationship, structure, system, or an aspect of the real world. The objectives of a model include (1) to facilitate understanding by eliminating unnecessary components, (2) to aid in decision making by simulating ’what if’ scenarios, (3) to explain, control, and predict events on the basis of past observations. Since most objects and phenomenon are very complicated (have numerous parts ) and much too complex (parts have dense interconnections) to be comprehended in their entirety, a model contains only those features that are of primary importance to the model maker’s purpose. Models range from simple sketches to computer programs with millions of lines of code, but all of them have one thing in common: some elements of the actual ’thing’ are abstracted or mapped into the model. Models are divided into three classes on the basis of their degree of abstraction. • (1) Iconic model: least abstract , physical, ’look-alike’ model, such as a model airplane or train . • (2) Analogous model: more abstract but having some resemblance to what it represents, such as a chart, graph, map, network diagram . • (3) Symbolic model: most-abstract model with no resemblance but only an approximation to what it represents, such as a mathematical equation or formula BusinessDictionary.com
(3) A schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts for its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study of its characteristics: a model of generative grammar; a model of an atom; an economic model. Collins English Dictionary
(4)
A systematic description of an object or phenomenon that shares important characteristics with the object or phenomenon. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. Mariam-Webster Nr. 12
Model Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
The model is an artifact that is considered to be worth for its purpose by the author. Model dimensions: (a) main dimensions are purpose dimension (“wherefore”) clarifying the mission of the model
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
artifact dimension (“whereof ”) as a result of the mapping, carrier dimension (“wherewith”) ,e.g., language used for representation of the model within its capability and limitations, value dimension (“worthiness”) (b) context dimensions are
Content
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stakeholder dimension governs the viewpoint, orientation and background of users involved
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application domain dimension scope and (explicit and implicit) disregard of the model
The Model Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
· is based on an analogy of structuring, functionality, or behaviour, · considers certain application purposes, and · provides a simple handling or service or consideration of the things under consideration. Model capacity: · the model provides some understanding of the original;
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· the model provides an explanation of demonstration through auxiliary information and thus makes original subject easier or better to understand; · the model provides an indication and facilities for making properties viewable; · the model allows to provide variations and support optimisation; · the model support verification of hypotheses within a limited scope; · the model supports construction of technical artifacts; · the model supports control of things in reality; · the model allows a replacement of things of reality and acts as a mediating means. ¥ ¨ Choose whatever you like and master!?!?!? § ¦
Explicit Treatment of Model Intentions Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
¨ ¥ Models have their goals, aims and intends that should be separated § ¦ Perception support for understanding the application domain Explanation and demonstration for understanding
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Preparation to management and handling of the original
Optimisation of the application domain operating Hypothesis verification through the model
Construction of an artifact Control of parts of the application Substitution for a part of the application ¥ ¨ Depending of the aim we shall use different schemata! § ¦
Explicit Consideration of Model Purpose/End Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Construction purpose for construction of a solution to application domain problems (either as business system or as embedded system) Communication purpose among stakeholders Analysis purpose for validation, verification, tests
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Examination ad check purpose for application domain or constructed system Documentation purpose for logging development decisions, alternatives, neglected parts, variants, reference models Master complexity, improvement, evolution, and realisation
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¨ ¥ Each purpose requires its constructions and approaches! § ¦
Ex.: IS Models in General I. Analysis: Says what is. The model does not extend beyond analysis and description. No causal relationships Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
among phenomena are specified and no predictions are made.
II. Explanation: Says what is, how, why, when, and where. The model provides explanations but does not aim to predict with any precision. There are no testable propositions.
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III. Prediction: Says what is and what will be. The model provides predictions and has testable propositions but does not have welldeveloped justificatory causal explanations.
IV. Explanation and prediction (EP): Says what is, how, why, when, where, and what will be. Provides predictions and has both testable propositions and causal explanations.
V. Design and action: Says how to do something. The model gives explicit prescriptions (e.g., methods, techniques, principles of form and function) for constructing an artifact. c Gregor’s Taxonomy of Theory Types in Information Systems Development Research °
Main Purpose for IS: Description used for Prescription Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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Construction workflows are based on creation of models (as images, representations or portraits of the origin) that are used for production of systems (using as models as groundwork, background, pattern, standards, prototypes for the system). This kind of model exploitation uses the dichotomy of models as image of an origin and groundwork for a system. • goal of a model: binary relation between final (and initial) states and stakeholders aim, ambition, destination, end, intent, intention, object, objective, prompt, target
• purpose of a model: ternary relation between states, stakeholders, and means (instruments) adding to goal: instruments, intended purpose, object, purpose (of), scope
• function of a model: quadruply relation between states, stakeholders, means, and practice Wittgenstein: “Gebrauchsspiel” how, when, for which/what or why, at what/which (business use case) adding to purpose: application, conventions, custom, exertion, habit, handling, deployment, service, usage, use, using
Central Property: Invariance of Purpose Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction
¨ ¥ Deep Understanding of the Purpose § ¦
application
origin
model 1
model 2
application domain with problem
city K¨ onigsberg with bridges
rough topographical model with nodes (area) and edges (bridges)
graph with degree of incidence
application domain with problem
city K¨ onigsberg with bridges
rough topographical model with nodes (area) and edges (bridges)
QPPPPPPR tree scanning /
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally c °B. Mahr
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¨ ¥ Model 2A : an Euler path exists iff card({n | degree(n) is odd}) ≤ 2 § ¦
K¨ onigsberg Bridge Problem: Model 2B Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
all
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Introduction
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Information Topic
D
B
Content
D
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D
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C/ B/
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D
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B≈C
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And what about the general case? Write a program and verify!!! ¦
§
Lesson Learned for Models: Viability ¨ ¥ §How Well-formed and Optimal-Suited ? ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) validity for purpose (2) reliability and degree of precision (3) efficiency for purpose satisfaction
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
(4) extent of coverage depending on purpose Main characteristics for viability Empirical corroboration
according to purpose, background
Rational coherence and conformity
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Falsifiability
with tests, reduction, parsimony
Stability and plasticity
scope, frame background
General Frame for Models ¨
¥
Frame for construction and deployment of models § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
founding concepts:
base conceptions/concepts (scope, expressions, concept
space organisation, quantification/measurement), namespace/ontology/carrier, definitions (state, intrinsic, object, interaction descriptors and depictors), cargo
structure and function: Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
incremental?, facets (topology/geometry, state, in-
teraction, causal), correspondence (analogy, ...)
application context:
application domain, empirical scope of the model, corre-
spondence, laws
meta-model:
basement, paradigms and theories; status in the application; context;
proneness for paradigmatic evolution (within the epistemological profile of stakeholders); abstraction level, scale
so far only: intuitive, hidden/implicit (1., 3., 4.)
Prescription by Models and Description for Models Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
purpose: description of the world
worlds of origins
-
worlds of artifacts considered to be models
(1) mapping Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
(2) truncation property
(4) amplification property
(3) pragmatic property
(5) distortion property
(6) idealisation property descriptions observations experiments
language
assessment of model value in dependence on purpose derivation of properties of interest in dependence on purpose
Prescription by Models and Description for Models Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
purpose: prescription of constructions
world of artifacts used as models
mapping
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
worlds of realisations of models
(6) calibration
(4) amplification property
(7) properties
(5) distortion property language descriptions observations
hypotheses experiments learning by/with the model prediction with the model
evaluation of the value of the model depending on purpose application for theory development and hypothesizing
The Origin-Model-Author-User Relationship Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
origin
Introduction
grasps
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
author
analogy
develops
intention
invariance of essential properties abstraction from irrelevant properties extension by useful concepts
model
uses
addressee
Languages as the Background for Modelling LG˜ language
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
⊇ Ψ(G) postulates objectives
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
corresponds
-
G subject artifact
scope
-
Φ(G) statements
Formal languages are based on • postulates that restrict the applicability and utility for modelling • structures (signature) and entities which are used for interpretation • restrictions to words that might be considered We thus must consider the Sapir-Whorf principle of relative relativity. We do not request that all entities are described in the same fashion.
Languages for Artifacts LG˜ language
⊇
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
corresponds
-
Ψ(G) postulates objectives
scope
G subject artifact
-
Φ(G) statements
Examples: Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
LG˜
Ψ(G)
corresponds
G
scope
Φ(G)
satisfy
structure
satisfy
essential properties
satisfy
standard model
derivable
Peano arithmetics
logics
axioms
N
Peano ioms
empirics
postulates
accepted
origin
permits
observation
technics
construction requirements
enforced
product
has
properties
ax-
Modelling as a Mapping Problem Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
˜ T heor(O) theories about objects
˜ T heor(G) model theories
LO ˜ application domain language for objects in the origin
LG ˜ language for declaration of artifacts ⊇
⊇ Ψ(G) Φ(O) O: model abstraction understand - properties - objectives Original suite map of objects used for model understood with relevance for user by the user
Φ(G) G: abstraction properties - model of the model selected by the user used for model purpose
integrate
Central property: purpose invariance for the mapping from origins to images • realising the analogy property • back transformation from images to origins for statements of the origin • extended utilisation of (model) artifacts for other purposes Weiterverwendung des Gegenstandes f¨ur andere Zwecke
Semiotics of Models Syntax Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
well built
easy to express
Semantics well defined
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
It is written: “In the beginning was the Word!”
Even now I balk. Can no one help? I truly cannot rate the word so high. I must translate it otherwise. I believe the Spirit has inspired me And I must write: “In the beginning there was Mind.”
easy to understand
Usage well applicable
Think thoroughly on this first line, Hold back your pen from undue haste! Is it mind that stirs and makes all things? The text should state: “In the beginning there was Power!”
easy to apply
Application well supported
of high value
Yet while I am about to write this down, Something warns me I will not adhere to this. The Spirit’s on my side! The answer is at hand: I write, assured, “In the beginning was the Deed.”
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Goethe,
Faust I, Faust’s Study
The Modelling Act
¨ ¥ similar to the speech act § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) a selection and construction of an appropriate model depending on the task and purpose and depending on the properties we are targeting and the context of the intended system and thus of the language appropriate for the system,
Introduction
(2) a workmanship on the model for detection of additional information about the original and of improved model,
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
(3) an analogy conclusion or other derivations on the model and its relationship to the real world, and (4) a preparation of the model for its use in systems, to future evolution and to change.
Modelling as an Activity within (at least) two facets: Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
model deployment based on activities • adaption, concept enrichment, optimisation, specialisation, instantiation, refinement, grinding • applicability studies (evaluation, assurance, composition for application)
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
• integration, selection • problem solution, classification, practice, understanding, theory or paradigm (r)evolution • explanation
model development based on activities • abstraction of origin, scoping, validation, verification, testing, optimisation
Content
• construction, composition, definition, integration, classification, invention
Information
• enrichment, adaption, mutation, recombination, refinement, side reuse, preparation for deployment
Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
• understanding, theory or paradigm injection
Modelling Workflows Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
world of applications relevance stage
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
elicitation of application domain entities
?
derivation of application domain properties
¾
reexamination of ¾ entities and properties
¼ -
Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
derivation of modelling objectives
? development of the model
?
derivation of model properties
Content
Information
world of systems realisation stage
derivation of application domain goals and objectives
?
Introduction
world of models modelling stage
6 ?
? selection of quality criteria
-
evaluation and analysis of the model
¾
derivation
- of implementation objectives
? development of the implementation
Modelling Workflows: DescriptionPrescription-Specification-Coding re
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
o as ng
ni lev
re
R
ce
ag st
an
e
nc
va
reasoning about properties that are of relevance for the problem
Φ(O)
Ψ(M )
e
on
R
reasoning about properties of the model and satisfaction of model objectives
Φ(M )
st
a
a re
s
R
Ψ(Y )
reasoning that targets on realisation objectives
s sy
n io at
coding-oriented reasoning
Y
R
Φ(S)
g
in
er
g
n di
ne
gi en
e ag
m te
st co
on
ti
ca ifi
ec
R
on
is al
re
n
ng ni so
io pt sp
c °B. Thalheim
t ac g in ell od ge
m
ng
ri sc
Topic
reasoning about the model, its architecture, its composition, its elements
M
ng
i ell
od
m e pr
Concept
reasoning about objectives which must be satisfied by the model
R
ni
on
o as
re
i pt ri
Information
R
on
le re
Content
sc
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
de
Introduction
reasoning about ways of operating in the application domain
O
assessment and guarantee reasoning
Modelling Workflows: System Construction application domain sub-workflow
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
6
¾
⇒
(1) settlement of development purpose
model evaluation sub-workflow
-
(3) ‘normalisation’, change obligations
(2) crude quality analysis
6
? (4) change management
(1) mapping of quality characteristics
⇒
(2) mapping of application domain properties
¾
?
(4) derivation of model properties
(1) calibration to model purpose
¾
⇒
Concept
(4) derivation of application domain properties
⇒
Information
?
(2) derivation of development goals in application domain
Introduction
Content
(3) modelling activities, - derivation of relevant concepts to be used in model
(3) derivation of - relevant entities in application domain
6 Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
sub-workflow during modelling activities
⇒
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
implementation sub-workflow (3) component development, coding, component integration (2) implementation management
6
?
(4) quality management, testing, verification
(1) mapping model properties to ¾ implementation objectives
Modelling Workflows: Conceptualisation conceptualisation cycle
(3) understand & explain
-
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
? (2) request differentiation
-
(4) evaluate & select
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
? concept - (1)request
¾ ¾ ¾
(8) apply concept
(5) concept description
¾
¾
(7) experiment, test, evaluate
¾
(6) concept justification
¾
General Principles
¨ ¥ Well-known principles but missing theory § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Modularisation: based on relatively independent component or subject architectures, orthogonalisation, parametrisation, based on Parnas information hiding and Liskov substitutability principles with interfaces, obligations, views, hierarchies, responsibilities, integration, dependences, independence, incompleteness and fuzziness, open world potential composability data, functional and control decomposition skeleton or crystallisation techniques Abstraction: component or construction abstraction, context abstraction, implementation abstraction pattern techniques and refinement, meta-structures, views Coupling: easy/lazy enforcement, tight or loose coupling, integration or collaboration
¤ £Esko Marjomaa: Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
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Principles “Peircean” Reorganization in Conceptual Modeling Terminology
¡ ¢
Conceptualization principle: Only conceptual aspects of the application domain should be taken into account when constructing the conceptual schema. 95% -principle: All the relevant aspects of the application domain should be described in the conceptual schema. instead of 100% principle; based on engineering insight Formalization principle: Conceptual schemata should be formalisable in order to be implementable. Semiotic principle: Conceptual schemata should be easily interpretable and understandable. Correspondence condition for knowledge representation: The modellens should be such that the recognizable constituents of it have a one-to-one correspondence to the relevant constituents of the modellum. Invariance principle: Conceptual schema should be constructed on the basis of such entities found in the application domain that are invariant during certain time periods within the application area. Sub-schemata principle: In order to construct a good conceptual schema it is important first to construct relevant sub-schemata and then to search for connections between them.
Models and Solutions Imperfection explicit modelling of the divergence from the real world Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
• incompleteness • delay • simple error
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
any model is imperfect due to exceptional states events, time lags incompleteness to to limitations of the language, consideration, errors either based on real errors and exceptional states or based on biases
Properties of the Analogy Association: Adequacy Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
likeness of origin and model depending on purpose and deployment with explicit likeness relationship regularity for deployment with exact rules scope within a (wellfounded) system with reasoning support based on some kind of formal system fertility due to the potential for generating insight of high utility capacity of the model simplicity of the model based on the truncation property, on abstraction, concentration to the essential and relevant elements thus better explanation, simpler solutions, easy relaisation, ...
Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
plausible reasoning on the basis of abduction, induction analog / autoepistemic / default / defeasible /non-monotonic ... reasoning, also reasoning by (counter-)examples
Properties of Modelling Monotonicity: any change leads to a refinement Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Incrementality: any step is only based on new requirements or obligations and on the current specification Finiteness: any quality criteria can be checked in finite time applying a finite number of checks Application domain consistency: corresponds to the requirements and the obligations of the application domain Conservativeness: any model revision that cannot be reflected already in the current specification is entirely based on changes in the requirements. at least conservative and application domain consistent any finite modelling process can be transformed into a process that is application domain consistent if the modelling process is application domain consistent then it can be transformed into an incremental one if we can extract such area of change in which consistency must be enforced
Reasoning on Properties Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Subject of modelling depending on the application area (DSL), organisation units, scope, selected language, language level and expression style, categorisation, classification, terminology Quality of the model depending on the modelling language, modelling transformations, formal treatment, formal derivation of properties, measurement reason whether a model is appropriate or suitable, relative completeness (Frege) depending on the purpose of the model depending on the quality of activities, goals, relevance, reusability, maturity, understandability Economy of modelling partially using standards, evaluating cognitive distance, evaluation value of the model, ROI
Quality of a Model and Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
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Assessment
Probable Validatable Correctness Testability Provability Conditions of validity Generality Range of validity Power for reasoning Usefulness Relevance Realisability Simplicity Coherence Comprehensibility Clarity Parsimony Not deductable Unexpected Novelty Previously unknown
parsimony: the quality of being careful with resources
Science Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
is any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws. Encyclopedia Britannica Science is treated in a number of articles. For the history of Western and Eastern science, see science, history of. For the conceptualization of science and its interrelationships with culture, see science, philosophy of. For the basic aspects of the scientific approach, see physical science, principles of. For the historical development of the different
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
sciences and their scope, component disciplines, methods, and principal problems, see physical science; Earth sciences; biology; medicine, history of; engineering; social science.
1 the state of knowing : knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding 2a a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study 2b something (as a sport or technique) that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge have it down to a science 3a knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
Information Concept
Topic
3b such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena : natural science
c °B. Thalheim
4 a system or method reconciling practical ends with scientific laws
Theory Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
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(1) belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action Synonyms: hypothesis, supposal; compare assumption Related word: base, basis, grounds, position, premise, understanding Antonyms: practice (2) something taken for granted especially on trivial or inadequate grounds Synonyms: conjecture, perhaps, speculation, suppose, supposition Related word: guess, guesswork, surmise; feeling, hunch, impression, presentiment, suspicion Contrasted words: assurance, certainty, knowledge Encyclopedia Britannica 1 the analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one another 2 abstract thought : speculation 3 the general or abstract principles of a body of fact, a science, or an art 4a a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action 4b an ideal or hypothetical set of facts, principles, or circumstances 5 a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena 6 a a hypothesis assumed for the sake of argument or investigation 6b an unproved assumption : conjecture 6c a body of theorems presenting a concise systematic view of a subject
The Principal Element Types of Modelling and SPICE Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Aspect
Layer
*
*
* Step Document Modelling
*
Process Group
Capability Level
*
*
Process
*
*
Process Attribute
-
*
*
Base Practice
Generic Practice
-
Output Work Product
*
Input Product
Generic Work Product
* *
*
*
Generic Resource
SPICE Process Dimension SPICE Capability Dimension
The Strategic, Tactical and Support Layers of Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Strategic layer
Purpose of modelling
Paradigms Empirical treatment while background for modelling modelling
...
General principles for modelling
Tactical layer Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Application domain context
Modelling in the narrow sense
Modelling properties
Modelling actor context Modelling resources Engineering approach
µ
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Platform context
I
ª
Reference model context
R
Modelling Modelling ¾ constructs - activities
Information Concept
Stakeholder /partner context
Theory context
Support layer Tool support
Mapping facilities
Facilities for collaborating development
...
Reasoning, validation, verification, testing
Summarising: The Gaps of Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
“Partial reality” Part of reality
6 Things of reality
¾
Observed property
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Modelling decision
Foundation of decisions
6
6 Usage of theory
?
Information
Modality Topic
c °B. Thalheim
“Topic”
6
Content
Concept
- Predicator
Exactness
®
6
Revision during the development process “Schema” as result and partial point of view of a database development process
Confidence
Context
6 U
acts within
? Modeler
¾
under usage
? Reference model
Combining CM and Design Science
Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
6
local concepts, concept world within audience context understand prescribing, objective gathering, explaining, representing, imaging
model 6 developed for perception and understanding design describing, elicitating properties, criteria application domain, 6observable phenomena and actual/goal relations observe state of affairs, phenomena, requirements and demands for systems support
reality
state-of-affairs
-
integrate knowledge
culturing of design, developing methods, founding by paradigms, generalising
perform meta-artifacts, pattern, with sense scientific foundation, experience, expertise predict
R prepare for control
deploying, documenting, guiding, mastering
behaviour description, guidance, defined prompter perform establish
R agile perform
?
creating & constructing of systems, creating support, integrating into infrastructure & context
?
artifacts and system components based on means/end relations
augmented reality state-of-augmentation
?
b a c k g r o u n d i n g - m e d i a t i n g - c o d i n g
Information
conceptualising, concept gathering, ontologisation, grounding, tagging
design/modelling cycle
Content
relevance cycle
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
rigor cycle
Introduction
k n o w l e d g e - p e r c e p t i o n - c o m p r e h e n s i o n
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
6
Programme and Problems Discussed throughout this Talk Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) Is there any general theory of conceptual models? Yes, we can!
(2) Restricting consideration to language-based models Systematic treatment based on language mappings.
(3) Models as artifact, image and prescription Introduction
Workflows and stories of modelling.
Modelling? (4) Purpose orientation of models Problems The purpose drives modelling, carries, analogical reasoning, and added Concerns Model value. Modelling Act Principles (5) Semiotics as a language background Finally Well-defined syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
(6) Principles and theory Theory, art and science of modelling.
(7) Modelling acts and modelling workflows Systematic and well-defined support.
Summarising
¨ ¥ ... although there is not too much to summarise § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
¥ ¨ Instead of my own summary: The consternation summary at Modellierung 2009 § ¦ (1) ... but they do not know what they do ... (2) Babylonian language confusion and muddle (3) “It’s not a bug, it’s a feature”, de-facto-standards and lobbyists
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
(4) why I should cope with what was the state of art yesterday (5) each day a new wheel, new buzzwords without any sense, and a new trend (6) without consideration of the value of the model (7) competition is a feature, inhomogeneity (8) Laokoon forever (9) dreams about a sound mathematical foundation
Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
(10) take but don’t think - take it only without critics (11) academia in the ivory tower without executable models (12) where is the Ariadne thread through
¨
¥
Our goal: Overcome this situation! ¦
§
Some Papers
¨ ¥ Conceptual modelling § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
D. Embley, B. Thalheim. The Handbook of Conceptual Modeling: Its Usage and Its Challenges. Springer 2011 Modelling is the programming in the 21st century!! ¨ ¥ §B. Thalheim ¦
• Towards a Theory of Conceptual Modelling. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 2010, 16, 20 Preliminary version: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5833 • The Art of Conceptual Modelling, Proc. EJC’2011 • The Theory of Conceptual Models, the Theory of Conceptual Modelling and Foundations of Conceptual Modelling. Handbook of conceptual modelling.
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
• The Science of Conceptual Modelling. DEXA’2011, LNCS 6860
Thank you! [email protected]
Content
Information Concept
Topic
Aug. 31, 2011
Bernhard Thalheim Dr. rer.nat.habil. Prof. @ Christian Albrechts University at Kiel, Germany Department of Computer Science Information Systems Engineering Group (∗)
Kolmogorov Professor h.c. @ Lomonossov University Moscov, Russia
Programme and Problems Discussed throughout this Talk Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) Is there any general theory of conceptual models? Far too many application areas; many approaches, viewpoints !!
(2) Restricting consideration to language-based models Which universality we need?
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
(3) Models as artifact, image and prescription Are we able to handle this variety?
(4) Purpose orientation of models Can we derive model properties from the purpose?
(5) Semiotics as a language background Which kinds of associations we might derive?
(6) Principles and theory Is there any theory of models?
(7) Modelling acts and modelling workflows Are we able to manage modelling at a SPICE level 3?
Today: Information systems development is Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
• development in the large
taught almost nowhere
• however everybody likes his/her languages and his/her understanding - typically incompatible with everybody else • might be based on database components and pattern of schemata ¥ ¨ Our Background § ¦
• schema library consisting of more than 10.000 applications largest with 95.000 types • used for learning experiences from developers • evolution, change, re-engineering of most applications at least after 6 month of existence
c °B. Thalheim
• migration, integration and collaboration projects
Do we Need a Science of Modelling? Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
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Evolved and Problematic Schema Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
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Models in Computer Science (> 50) ¨ ¥ How to obtain a general view? § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
model class understanding
basis/ground layer
model presentation model world
conceptual model development process
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
meta programming model
architecture
Content
Information Concept
phase
investigation
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Construction
spiral waterfall model-driven architectures module/component communication
computing (theoretisches) machine QuASAR client-server reference OSIcontinuous simulation discrete cost-based, complexity analytic stochastic model checking mathematical abstract /formal minimal ... see next slide ...
Models in Computer Science (> 50) ¨ ¥ How to obtain a general view? § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
c °B. Thalheim
system Unified modelling language meta usage models depending on user profiles task logic database conceptual information in various languages workflow system storyboard interactions interface object component process functional state event modelling languages
construction models
¨ ¥ Yes, we can to obtain a general view!!! § ¦
¨ ¥ (a) Construction; (b) Explanation; (c) Quality assurance; (d) ... § ¦
Models in Computer Science (> 50) ¨ ¥ §Can we learn from other models? ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
... construction theory support dynamic static
addressee author Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
syntactic semantic
Concerns covered by CS models formal informal micro
...
macro
¨ ¥ Yes, we can learn from other models!!! § ¦ ¥ ¨ (α) Combination; (β) Separation; (γ) Model construction; (δ) Theoriy; (η) ... § ¦
Models we are Not Going to Consider Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction
Combinatoric-regular (Dycks map)
polyeder
the usual joke
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Model used as a form for production
Models Nofretete
for
replication:
Modelling Arts: working of plastic materials by hand to build up form Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Mathematics: method of scientific investigation of systems no necessity to construct an actual physical model of the system mathematical model: a description of the system in some algorithmic language divided into individual parts and the state of each part described by some system of parameters description of the relationships between the separate parts Cybernetic systems: self-improvement, self-teaching and self-development
to model • to plan or form after a pattern or shape • to make into an organization (as an army, government, or parish) • to produce a representation or simulation to model a problem • to construct or fashion in imitation of a particular model
General Principles and Properties of Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
¥ ¨ (D, C, (R, ρ, θ, Ψ), G, W) § ¦
• things D under consideration • concepts C described in a language L
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
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• relationship R ⊆ D × C with • restrictions ρ to its applicability • modality θ or rigidity of the relationship • confidence Ψ in the relationship • agreed upon within a group G within a culture C • valid in a certain world W
¥ ¨ Principle of Abstraction § ¦
we may however ‘invent’ concepts (distortion) and ‘restrict’ the model (extension of properties)
General Principles and Properties of Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
¥ ¨ (D, C, (R, ρ, θ, Ψ), G, W) § ¦
mapping property: have an original, truncation property: the model lacks some of the ascriptions made to the original, pragmatic property: the model use is only justified for particular model users, tools of investigation, and period of time, extension property: represent judgments which are not observed for the originals distortion property: for improving the physical world or for inclusion of visions of better reality
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Stachowiak: 1-3
Qualities of a Model ¨ ¥ Mainly Qualities of Use § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Static qualities for a model Development quality: pervasiveness, analysability, changeability, stability, testability, privacy of the models, ubiquity Internal quality: accuracy, suitability, interoperability, robustness, self-contained, independence Quality of use: understandability, learnability, operability, attractiveness, appropriatedness Dynamic qualities within a selected development approach executability, refinement quality, scope restriction, effect preservation, context explicity, completion tracking modelling properties: monotonicity, incrementality, ... see below
Success Story: Model Suites for Heart Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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¨ ¥ Multi-scale modelling § ¦
5-layer model of the heart Genes layer: networks, based on molecular functions Proteins: elementary units, chemistry, and their composition Cell structure: functions, key organisational unit; with biological processes; pathway models Tissue: structure and function, with cellular components Body: myocardian activation time range: 1015 space range: 109 c °Peter Hunter, see too: International Institute for Theoretical Cardiology http://www.bioeng.auckland.ac.nz/People/people display.php?people id=353
Success Story: Model Suites for Heart Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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¨ ¥ Multi-scale modelling: 5-layer model of the heart § ¦
Tissue: structure and function, with cellular components based on mathematical models for structures and geometry • mechanics, • kinematics, • equations (equilibrium, constitutive), • conditions (e.g. boundary), • factors (e.g. stress) myocardian activation coupled with electro-mechanics, e.g. energy flow modelling cell processes • electro-physical • proton and biocarbonat • calcium • myofilament c °Peter Hunter, see too: International Institute for Theoretical Cardiology 30 years of heart modelling conference July 2009 http://www.physoc.org/custom2/publications/proceedings/archive/article.asp?ID=J%20Physiol%20561PSA12
Success Story: Model Suites for Heart Modelling
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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¨ ¥ Multi-scale modelling: 5-layer model of the heart § ¦ • Biophysics of nerve and muscle: cable theory, ionic currents, Hodgkin-Huxley equations, muscle models (anatomy, contraction, sliding filament theory, energetics), fading memory model (finite duration length step, force step response) • Cardiac electrophysiology: cardiac cells, units, diFrancesco-Noble model, membrane models, bidomain model • Electrocardiography: cardiac anatomy and function, activation, body surface potential mapping, transfer matrices, myocardial inverse procedure, normal and abnormal ECG ¨ ¥ Example cell.ml and field.ml § ¦ • ontologies, content models • molecular function, biological process, cellular component c °Peter Hunter, see too: International Institute for Theoretical Cardiology the virtual heart (2004 breakthrough) http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2004/Features/WTX023668.htm modelling the human heart http://www.uniservices.co.nz/pageloader.aspx?page=741d8d0d82
Lesson Learned: Model ¥Suites ¨ Handling abstraction § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Structure and association based on • multi-layered models • constructors and languages Topology and geometry based on
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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• topological space • (homo-)morphisms and equivalence Algebra and evolution based on equations, development rules, and restrictions • • • •
mass balance charge balance osmotic balance thermodynamic balance (e.g. feasibility)
Abstraction and refinement based on • mappings • informorphisms
Our Approach to a Science of Models Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
purpose: using for construction, simulation, theory development, prognostics, documentation, ... context: language, background science or postulates, culture, assumptions, special conditioning, ... stakeholder: author, developer, implementer, documenter, user, ...
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
model - wherefor - whereof - wherewith - how wherein - where - for what - wherefrom additionally: whereat - whereabout - whither - when whence - by whom - to whom - whichever - what in - what out whereto - for which reason - why
Information Concept
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Thus our program: (1) language; (2) image of origin(al); (3) purpose; (4) value
Fundamental Tenets of Modelling Science Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Mental world of a person is based on • structures both implicit (e.g., background) and explicit and • processes both implicit (e.g., background) and explicit. Conceptual structures include conceptions (concepts, theoretical statements (axioms, laws, theorems, defintions), models, theories, and tools). Conceptual processes include procedures and associated norms and rules. Both are based on paradigms (theories, science, assumptions, conditioning!!) which are corroborated. Models support interaction, understanding, sharing, and collaboration among people! They depend on existing knowledge, the actual (ontological) state of the reality, the condition of the person’s senses and state of mind, and the state of employed instruments.
Knowledge? Define???? Different kinds of to know Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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(1) The state or fact of knowing. (2) Familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study. (3) The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned. (4) Learning; erudition: teachers of great knowledge. (5) Specific information about something. (6) Carnal knowledge. compare idioms to German meaning come to one’s knowledge
etw. ist zu jmdm. zu Ohren gekommen
safe in the knowledge
im beruhigenden Wissen
to one’s knowledge
so weit man weiß
to the best of one’s knowledge
nach bestem Wissen
Knowledge is backing Models Knowledge as sustainable, evolving, potentially durable and verifiable grounded consensus: The required data chunk can be qualified as knowledge, Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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if it (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
is consensus within a world and a community, is based on postulates or principles that create the fundament for the knowledge, is true according to a certain notion of ’truth’, it is potentially evolving within an ordered evolution/aging process, is reusable in a rule system for new information, is has a longer lifespan and exists with persistent validness, has an effect and is sustaining within a society, community or world, and is not equivalent to other information that can be generated with the aid of facts or preliminary information in the particular inventory of knowledge by a rule system.
Knowledge as the state of information of a user: Different kinds of ‘to know’ are for a human: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
The state or fact of knowing. Familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study. The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered or learned. Learning; erudition: teachers of great knowledge. Specific information about something. Carnal knowledge.
Paradigm is a conceptual system that governs explicitly a person’s conscious experience in a given situation Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) determines the conditions that trigger every voluntary activity in the experience (2) sets standards, rules, and guidelines for choosing and processing (3) provides necessary conceptions, conceptual tools and methodology
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
(4) supplies appropriate mnemonics
Every human experience is paradigm-laden. (Kuhn) Scientific paradigm: what members of a scientific community share, and conversely, a scientific community consists of people who share a paradigm. (1) ontological tenets about (physical) realities
Content
(2) scientific theory or set of theories about realities Information Concept
Topic
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(3) specific restricting methodology (standards, tools, rules, guidelines, processes) (4) axiological tenets
Myths of Modelling (1) Modelling equals documentation Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(2) You can think everything through from the start (3) Modelling implies a heavyweight software process (4) You must “freeze” requirements
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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(5) Your design is carved in stone (6) You must use a CASE tool (7) Modelling is a waste of time (8) The world revolves around data modelling (9) All developers know how to model (10) Modelling is independent on the language ¨ ¥ Let’s discuss the last point in detail § ¦
Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Traffic Control based on Petri Nets Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Simple but classical solution
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Picture becomes more complex if time control is incorporated N/S red
Information Concept
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:
Y
¾ Content
W/E green
Time for switch
N/S green
¼ : y
s z j
9
Time for wait
ª j W/E red
Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Look at Reality • Situation in reality
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
• Neighbourhood street crossing must be considered • Complex time management
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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• Different kinds of pedestrians, tram, bus
traffic:
Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Traffic Control based on Petri Nets Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Wrong or Inappropriate Language: Traffic Control based on State Charts instead on Petri Nets Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Local-as-View Modelling: Traffic Control based on ASM and Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Global states: NSredEWgreen, NSredEWred, NSgreenEWred optionally: NSredEWred, NSnothingEWnothing avoiding conflict states such as NSgreenEWgreen Abstract state machine rules: Controller
location
state
clock
reset
switch
e
...
...
...
...
...
if Switch(e) then Update(e,collocated(e)); ChangeAction(e) ChangeAction := getState; choosePossibleStateChange(state); apply(possibleStateChange(state))
Content
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AlarmAction := on alarm changeStateToErrorState Clock := on tick observeWhetherChangeRequired NormalAction := if change = true then ChangeAction PedestrianCall := on callAtPoint(cp) ChangeNextStepIssuedAt(cp)
Local-as-view Modelling: Traffic Control based on ASM and Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Global states: NSredEWgreen, NSredEWred, NSgreenEWred Abstract state machine rules Database as the backend machine
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
State Kind
¾
KindOf State
-
Global LightState
¾ ¾
State Change
-
6
Timer Schedule Strategy
¾
NextStepIssuedAt Request Change Request L - Pedestrian CallPoint
Information Concept
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State Change Kind
∗ local-as-view: πEW (GlobalLightState) for EW direction
The Lesson: Sapir-Whorf B.L. Whorf, Lost generation theories of mind, language, and religion. Ann Arbor, Mich., Popular Culture Association, Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
University Microfilms International, 1980. D. Sapir, General causation, Synth´ese, 1991, 86, 3, 321–347
“Principle of linguistic relativity”: actors skilled in a language may not have a (deep) understanding of some concepts of other languages The design and development quality depends on main success factors: • structuring of the process itself, • culture of people involved, • skills of actors, and
Information Concept
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• process capabilities
Main Guiding Concerns of Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) Modelling language constructs are applied during conceptual modelling. Their syntactics, semantics and pragmatics must be well understood. ¨ ¥ 30% coverage in most modelling methodologies because of “iron” selection § ¦
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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(2) Application domain gathering allows to understand the problems to be solved, the opportunities of solutions for a system, and the requirements and architecture that might be prescribed for the solution that has been chosen.
¨ ¥ 60 % coverage in most modelling methodologies because of pressure, ... § ¦
(3) Engineering is oriented towards encapsulation of experiences with design problems pared down to a manageable scale. ¨ ¥ 10 % coverage in most modelling methodologies because ???? § ¦
Application Domain Concern
¨ ¥ Everybody develops his/her schema, his/her implementation § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Application domain development based on “fly by” • mostly by domain workers without IS insight • scope of current (and not future) interest • point of view of subject (subject-oriented) • tolerance level of users Flat schemata based on • binarisation, • without views, and • without internal computational support
Content
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Near-sighted reflection of ongoing demand • data needed for analysis but not at the right granularity, precision • data cleansing is of less importance • “my-data-is-my-personal choice”
The Neglected Concern: Engineering ¨ ingenerare, “to create” §
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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and/or
“to contrive”
¥ ¦
Sufficient quality instead of optimal quality defined on the purpose e.g. integrity constraints that are really necessary Living with errors as long as users can live with them, living with enforcement and fetching modifications in time Living with deficiencies of technology, e.g. missing support for full storage (sliding window techniques) Providing forgetful data handling with automatic background archiving or deletion or distribution User-demand driven query answering, search drill-down, eager/lazy enforcement, data granularity, variety of views depending on task/profile/role under consideration
The¨ Notion of the Model
¥
§Different flavours of the notion of a model ¦ (1) A system of postulates, data, and inferences presented as a mathematical description of an entity or state of affairs. Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Encyclopedia Britannica
(2) Graphical, mathematical (symbolic), physical, or verbal representation or simplified version of a concept, phenomenon, relationship, structure, system, or an aspect of the real world. The objectives of a model include (1) to facilitate understanding by eliminating unnecessary components, (2) to aid in decision making by simulating ’what if’ scenarios, (3) to explain, control, and predict events on the basis of past observations. Since most objects and phenomenon are very complicated (have numerous parts ) and much too complex (parts have dense interconnections) to be comprehended in their entirety, a model contains only those features that are of primary importance to the model maker’s purpose. Models range from simple sketches to computer programs with millions of lines of code, but all of them have one thing in common: some elements of the actual ’thing’ are abstracted or mapped into the model. Models are divided into three classes on the basis of their degree of abstraction. • (1) Iconic model: least abstract , physical, ’look-alike’ model, such as a model airplane or train . • (2) Analogous model: more abstract but having some resemblance to what it represents, such as a chart, graph, map, network diagram . • (3) Symbolic model: most-abstract model with no resemblance but only an approximation to what it represents, such as a mathematical equation or formula BusinessDictionary.com
(3) A schematic description of a system, theory, or phenomenon that accounts for its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study of its characteristics: a model of generative grammar; a model of an atom; an economic model. Collins English Dictionary
(4)
A systematic description of an object or phenomenon that shares important characteristics with the object or phenomenon. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. Mariam-Webster Nr. 12
Model Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
The model is an artifact that is considered to be worth for its purpose by the author. Model dimensions: (a) main dimensions are purpose dimension (“wherefore”) clarifying the mission of the model
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
artifact dimension (“whereof ”) as a result of the mapping, carrier dimension (“wherewith”) ,e.g., language used for representation of the model within its capability and limitations, value dimension (“worthiness”) (b) context dimensions are
Content
Information Concept
stakeholder dimension governs the viewpoint, orientation and background of users involved
Topic
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application domain dimension scope and (explicit and implicit) disregard of the model
The Model Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
· is based on an analogy of structuring, functionality, or behaviour, · considers certain application purposes, and · provides a simple handling or service or consideration of the things under consideration. Model capacity: · the model provides some understanding of the original;
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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· the model provides an explanation of demonstration through auxiliary information and thus makes original subject easier or better to understand; · the model provides an indication and facilities for making properties viewable; · the model allows to provide variations and support optimisation; · the model support verification of hypotheses within a limited scope; · the model supports construction of technical artifacts; · the model supports control of things in reality; · the model allows a replacement of things of reality and acts as a mediating means. ¥ ¨ Choose whatever you like and master!?!?!? § ¦
Explicit Treatment of Model Intentions Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
¨ ¥ Models have their goals, aims and intends that should be separated § ¦ Perception support for understanding the application domain Explanation and demonstration for understanding
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Preparation to management and handling of the original
Optimisation of the application domain operating Hypothesis verification through the model
Construction of an artifact Control of parts of the application Substitution for a part of the application ¥ ¨ Depending of the aim we shall use different schemata! § ¦
Explicit Consideration of Model Purpose/End Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Construction purpose for construction of a solution to application domain problems (either as business system or as embedded system) Communication purpose among stakeholders Analysis purpose for validation, verification, tests
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Examination ad check purpose for application domain or constructed system Documentation purpose for logging development decisions, alternatives, neglected parts, variants, reference models Master complexity, improvement, evolution, and realisation
Content
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¨ ¥ Each purpose requires its constructions and approaches! § ¦
Ex.: IS Models in General I. Analysis: Says what is. The model does not extend beyond analysis and description. No causal relationships Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
among phenomena are specified and no predictions are made.
II. Explanation: Says what is, how, why, when, and where. The model provides explanations but does not aim to predict with any precision. There are no testable propositions.
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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III. Prediction: Says what is and what will be. The model provides predictions and has testable propositions but does not have welldeveloped justificatory causal explanations.
IV. Explanation and prediction (EP): Says what is, how, why, when, where, and what will be. Provides predictions and has both testable propositions and causal explanations.
V. Design and action: Says how to do something. The model gives explicit prescriptions (e.g., methods, techniques, principles of form and function) for constructing an artifact. c Gregor’s Taxonomy of Theory Types in Information Systems Development Research °
Main Purpose for IS: Description used for Prescription Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Construction workflows are based on creation of models (as images, representations or portraits of the origin) that are used for production of systems (using as models as groundwork, background, pattern, standards, prototypes for the system). This kind of model exploitation uses the dichotomy of models as image of an origin and groundwork for a system. • goal of a model: binary relation between final (and initial) states and stakeholders aim, ambition, destination, end, intent, intention, object, objective, prompt, target
• purpose of a model: ternary relation between states, stakeholders, and means (instruments) adding to goal: instruments, intended purpose, object, purpose (of), scope
• function of a model: quadruply relation between states, stakeholders, means, and practice Wittgenstein: “Gebrauchsspiel” how, when, for which/what or why, at what/which (business use case) adding to purpose: application, conventions, custom, exertion, habit, handling, deployment, service, usage, use, using
Central Property: Invariance of Purpose Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction
¨ ¥ Deep Understanding of the Purpose § ¦
application
origin
model 1
model 2
application domain with problem
city K¨ onigsberg with bridges
rough topographical model with nodes (area) and edges (bridges)
graph with degree of incidence
application domain with problem
city K¨ onigsberg with bridges
rough topographical model with nodes (area) and edges (bridges)
QPPPPPPR tree scanning /
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally c °B. Mahr
Content
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Topic
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¨ ¥ Model 2A : an Euler path exists iff card({n | degree(n) is odd}) ≤ 2 § ¦
K¨ onigsberg Bridge Problem: Model 2B Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
all
A
Introduction
c °B. Thalheim
C
A
Information Topic
D
B
Content
D
C
D
D
C/ B/
B/
¨
D
A
B... C... D...
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Concept
C
B≈C
A
C
D/
D
C
B/ D/
D
A
A
B
B
A
B/ A/ D/ B/
A
B
C
A
A
D/ B/ C/
B
A/
B
B
C/
D/
A... B... C...
A
A
B/ C/
B/
C
D/
A
B/ D/
¥
And what about the general case? Write a program and verify!!! ¦
§
Lesson Learned for Models: Viability ¨ ¥ §How Well-formed and Optimal-Suited ? ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) validity for purpose (2) reliability and degree of precision (3) efficiency for purpose satisfaction
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
(4) extent of coverage depending on purpose Main characteristics for viability Empirical corroboration
according to purpose, background
Rational coherence and conformity
Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Falsifiability
with tests, reduction, parsimony
Stability and plasticity
scope, frame background
General Frame for Models ¨
¥
Frame for construction and deployment of models § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
founding concepts:
base conceptions/concepts (scope, expressions, concept
space organisation, quantification/measurement), namespace/ontology/carrier, definitions (state, intrinsic, object, interaction descriptors and depictors), cargo
structure and function: Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
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incremental?, facets (topology/geometry, state, in-
teraction, causal), correspondence (analogy, ...)
application context:
application domain, empirical scope of the model, corre-
spondence, laws
meta-model:
basement, paradigms and theories; status in the application; context;
proneness for paradigmatic evolution (within the epistemological profile of stakeholders); abstraction level, scale
so far only: intuitive, hidden/implicit (1., 3., 4.)
Prescription by Models and Description for Models Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
purpose: description of the world
worlds of origins
-
worlds of artifacts considered to be models
(1) mapping Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
(2) truncation property
(4) amplification property
(3) pragmatic property
(5) distortion property
(6) idealisation property descriptions observations experiments
language
assessment of model value in dependence on purpose derivation of properties of interest in dependence on purpose
Prescription by Models and Description for Models Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
purpose: prescription of constructions
world of artifacts used as models
mapping
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
worlds of realisations of models
(6) calibration
(4) amplification property
(7) properties
(5) distortion property language descriptions observations
hypotheses experiments learning by/with the model prediction with the model
evaluation of the value of the model depending on purpose application for theory development and hypothesizing
The Origin-Model-Author-User Relationship Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
origin
Introduction
grasps
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Topic
c °B. Thalheim
author
analogy
develops
intention
invariance of essential properties abstraction from irrelevant properties extension by useful concepts
model
uses
addressee
Languages as the Background for Modelling LG˜ language
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
⊇ Ψ(G) postulates objectives
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
corresponds
-
G subject artifact
scope
-
Φ(G) statements
Formal languages are based on • postulates that restrict the applicability and utility for modelling • structures (signature) and entities which are used for interpretation • restrictions to words that might be considered We thus must consider the Sapir-Whorf principle of relative relativity. We do not request that all entities are described in the same fashion.
Languages for Artifacts LG˜ language
⊇
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
corresponds
-
Ψ(G) postulates objectives
scope
G subject artifact
-
Φ(G) statements
Examples: Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
LG˜
Ψ(G)
corresponds
G
scope
Φ(G)
satisfy
structure
satisfy
essential properties
satisfy
standard model
derivable
Peano arithmetics
logics
axioms
N
Peano ioms
empirics
postulates
accepted
origin
permits
observation
technics
construction requirements
enforced
product
has
properties
ax-
Modelling as a Mapping Problem Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Information Concept
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c °B. Thalheim
˜ T heor(O) theories about objects
˜ T heor(G) model theories
LO ˜ application domain language for objects in the origin
LG ˜ language for declaration of artifacts ⊇
⊇ Ψ(G) Φ(O) O: model abstraction understand - properties - objectives Original suite map of objects used for model understood with relevance for user by the user
Φ(G) G: abstraction properties - model of the model selected by the user used for model purpose
integrate
Central property: purpose invariance for the mapping from origins to images • realising the analogy property • back transformation from images to origins for statements of the origin • extended utilisation of (model) artifacts for other purposes Weiterverwendung des Gegenstandes f¨ur andere Zwecke
Semiotics of Models Syntax Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
well built
easy to express
Semantics well defined
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
It is written: “In the beginning was the Word!”
Even now I balk. Can no one help? I truly cannot rate the word so high. I must translate it otherwise. I believe the Spirit has inspired me And I must write: “In the beginning there was Mind.”
easy to understand
Usage well applicable
Think thoroughly on this first line, Hold back your pen from undue haste! Is it mind that stirs and makes all things? The text should state: “In the beginning there was Power!”
easy to apply
Application well supported
of high value
Yet while I am about to write this down, Something warns me I will not adhere to this. The Spirit’s on my side! The answer is at hand: I write, assured, “In the beginning was the Deed.”
Information Concept
Topic
c °B. Thalheim
Goethe,
Faust I, Faust’s Study
The Modelling Act
¨ ¥ similar to the speech act § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) a selection and construction of an appropriate model depending on the task and purpose and depending on the properties we are targeting and the context of the intended system and thus of the language appropriate for the system,
Introduction
(2) a workmanship on the model for detection of additional information about the original and of improved model,
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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(3) an analogy conclusion or other derivations on the model and its relationship to the real world, and (4) a preparation of the model for its use in systems, to future evolution and to change.
Modelling as an Activity within (at least) two facets: Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
model deployment based on activities • adaption, concept enrichment, optimisation, specialisation, instantiation, refinement, grinding • applicability studies (evaluation, assurance, composition for application)
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
• integration, selection • problem solution, classification, practice, understanding, theory or paradigm (r)evolution • explanation
model development based on activities • abstraction of origin, scoping, validation, verification, testing, optimisation
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• construction, composition, definition, integration, classification, invention
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• enrichment, adaption, mutation, recombination, refinement, side reuse, preparation for deployment
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• understanding, theory or paradigm injection
Modelling Workflows Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
world of applications relevance stage
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
elicitation of application domain entities
?
derivation of application domain properties
¾
reexamination of ¾ entities and properties
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derivation of modelling objectives
? development of the model
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derivation of model properties
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world of systems realisation stage
derivation of application domain goals and objectives
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Introduction
world of models modelling stage
6 ?
? selection of quality criteria
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evaluation and analysis of the model
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derivation
- of implementation objectives
? development of the implementation
Modelling Workflows: DescriptionPrescription-Specification-Coding re
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
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t ac g in ell od ge
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reasoning about the model, its architecture, its composition, its elements
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Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
de
Introduction
reasoning about ways of operating in the application domain
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assessment and guarantee reasoning
Modelling Workflows: System Construction application domain sub-workflow
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¾
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(1) settlement of development purpose
model evaluation sub-workflow
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(3) ‘normalisation’, change obligations
(2) crude quality analysis
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(1) mapping of quality characteristics
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(2) mapping of application domain properties
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(4) derivation of model properties
(1) calibration to model purpose
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Concept
(4) derivation of application domain properties
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Information
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(2) derivation of development goals in application domain
Introduction
Content
(3) modelling activities, - derivation of relevant concepts to be used in model
(3) derivation of - relevant entities in application domain
6 Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
sub-workflow during modelling activities
⇒
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
implementation sub-workflow (3) component development, coding, component integration (2) implementation management
6
?
(4) quality management, testing, verification
(1) mapping model properties to ¾ implementation objectives
Modelling Workflows: Conceptualisation conceptualisation cycle
(3) understand & explain
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Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
? (2) request differentiation
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(4) evaluate & select
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? concept - (1)request
¾ ¾ ¾
(8) apply concept
(5) concept description
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¾
(7) experiment, test, evaluate
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(6) concept justification
¾
General Principles
¨ ¥ Well-known principles but missing theory § ¦ Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Modularisation: based on relatively independent component or subject architectures, orthogonalisation, parametrisation, based on Parnas information hiding and Liskov substitutability principles with interfaces, obligations, views, hierarchies, responsibilities, integration, dependences, independence, incompleteness and fuzziness, open world potential composability data, functional and control decomposition skeleton or crystallisation techniques Abstraction: component or construction abstraction, context abstraction, implementation abstraction pattern techniques and refinement, meta-structures, views Coupling: easy/lazy enforcement, tight or loose coupling, integration or collaboration
¤ £Esko Marjomaa: Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Principles “Peircean” Reorganization in Conceptual Modeling Terminology
¡ ¢
Conceptualization principle: Only conceptual aspects of the application domain should be taken into account when constructing the conceptual schema. 95% -principle: All the relevant aspects of the application domain should be described in the conceptual schema. instead of 100% principle; based on engineering insight Formalization principle: Conceptual schemata should be formalisable in order to be implementable. Semiotic principle: Conceptual schemata should be easily interpretable and understandable. Correspondence condition for knowledge representation: The modellens should be such that the recognizable constituents of it have a one-to-one correspondence to the relevant constituents of the modellum. Invariance principle: Conceptual schema should be constructed on the basis of such entities found in the application domain that are invariant during certain time periods within the application area. Sub-schemata principle: In order to construct a good conceptual schema it is important first to construct relevant sub-schemata and then to search for connections between them.
Models and Solutions Imperfection explicit modelling of the divergence from the real world Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
• incompleteness • delay • simple error
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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any model is imperfect due to exceptional states events, time lags incompleteness to to limitations of the language, consideration, errors either based on real errors and exceptional states or based on biases
Properties of the Analogy Association: Adequacy Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
likeness of origin and model depending on purpose and deployment with explicit likeness relationship regularity for deployment with exact rules scope within a (wellfounded) system with reasoning support based on some kind of formal system fertility due to the potential for generating insight of high utility capacity of the model simplicity of the model based on the truncation property, on abstraction, concentration to the essential and relevant elements thus better explanation, simpler solutions, easy relaisation, ...
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plausible reasoning on the basis of abduction, induction analog / autoepistemic / default / defeasible /non-monotonic ... reasoning, also reasoning by (counter-)examples
Properties of Modelling Monotonicity: any change leads to a refinement Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Incrementality: any step is only based on new requirements or obligations and on the current specification Finiteness: any quality criteria can be checked in finite time applying a finite number of checks Application domain consistency: corresponds to the requirements and the obligations of the application domain Conservativeness: any model revision that cannot be reflected already in the current specification is entirely based on changes in the requirements. at least conservative and application domain consistent any finite modelling process can be transformed into a process that is application domain consistent if the modelling process is application domain consistent then it can be transformed into an incremental one if we can extract such area of change in which consistency must be enforced
Reasoning on Properties Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Subject of modelling depending on the application area (DSL), organisation units, scope, selected language, language level and expression style, categorisation, classification, terminology Quality of the model depending on the modelling language, modelling transformations, formal treatment, formal derivation of properties, measurement reason whether a model is appropriate or suitable, relative completeness (Frege) depending on the purpose of the model depending on the quality of activities, goals, relevance, reusability, maturity, understandability Economy of modelling partially using standards, evaluating cognitive distance, evaluation value of the model, ROI
Quality of a Model and Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Assessment
Probable Validatable Correctness Testability Provability Conditions of validity Generality Range of validity Power for reasoning Usefulness Relevance Realisability Simplicity Coherence Comprehensibility Clarity Parsimony Not deductable Unexpected Novelty Previously unknown
parsimony: the quality of being careful with resources
Science Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
is any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws. Encyclopedia Britannica Science is treated in a number of articles. For the history of Western and Eastern science, see science, history of. For the conceptualization of science and its interrelationships with culture, see science, philosophy of. For the basic aspects of the scientific approach, see physical science, principles of. For the historical development of the different
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
sciences and their scope, component disciplines, methods, and principal problems, see physical science; Earth sciences; biology; medicine, history of; engineering; social science.
1 the state of knowing : knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding 2a a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study 2b something (as a sport or technique) that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge have it down to a science 3a knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
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3b such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena : natural science
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4 a system or method reconciling practical ends with scientific laws
Theory Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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(1) belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action Synonyms: hypothesis, supposal; compare assumption Related word: base, basis, grounds, position, premise, understanding Antonyms: practice (2) something taken for granted especially on trivial or inadequate grounds Synonyms: conjecture, perhaps, speculation, suppose, supposition Related word: guess, guesswork, surmise; feeling, hunch, impression, presentiment, suspicion Contrasted words: assurance, certainty, knowledge Encyclopedia Britannica 1 the analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one another 2 abstract thought : speculation 3 the general or abstract principles of a body of fact, a science, or an art 4a a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action 4b an ideal or hypothetical set of facts, principles, or circumstances 5 a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena 6 a a hypothesis assumed for the sake of argument or investigation 6b an unproved assumption : conjecture 6c a body of theorems presenting a concise systematic view of a subject
The Principal Element Types of Modelling and SPICE Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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Aspect
Layer
*
*
* Step Document Modelling
*
Process Group
Capability Level
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Process
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Input Product
Generic Work Product
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SPICE Process Dimension SPICE Capability Dimension
The Strategic, Tactical and Support Layers of Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Strategic layer
Purpose of modelling
Paradigms Empirical treatment while background for modelling modelling
...
General principles for modelling
Tactical layer Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
Application domain context
Modelling in the narrow sense
Modelling properties
Modelling actor context Modelling resources Engineering approach
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Platform context
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Stakeholder /partner context
Theory context
Support layer Tool support
Mapping facilities
Facilities for collaborating development
...
Reasoning, validation, verification, testing
Summarising: The Gaps of Conceptual Modelling Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
“Partial reality” Part of reality
6 Things of reality
¾
Observed property
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
Modelling decision
Foundation of decisions
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6 Usage of theory
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“Topic”
6
Content
Concept
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Exactness
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Confidence
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Combining CM and Design Science
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6
local concepts, concept world within audience context understand prescribing, objective gathering, explaining, representing, imaging
model 6 developed for perception and understanding design describing, elicitating properties, criteria application domain, 6observable phenomena and actual/goal relations observe state of affairs, phenomena, requirements and demands for systems support
reality
state-of-affairs
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integrate knowledge
culturing of design, developing methods, founding by paradigms, generalising
perform meta-artifacts, pattern, with sense scientific foundation, experience, expertise predict
R prepare for control
deploying, documenting, guiding, mastering
behaviour description, guidance, defined prompter perform establish
R agile perform
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creating & constructing of systems, creating support, integrating into infrastructure & context
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artifacts and system components based on means/end relations
augmented reality state-of-augmentation
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b a c k g r o u n d i n g - m e d i a t i n g - c o d i n g
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conceptualising, concept gathering, ontologisation, grounding, tagging
design/modelling cycle
Content
relevance cycle
Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
rigor cycle
Introduction
k n o w l e d g e - p e r c e p t i o n - c o m p r e h e n s i o n
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
6
Programme and Problems Discussed throughout this Talk Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
(1) Is there any general theory of conceptual models? Yes, we can!
(2) Restricting consideration to language-based models Systematic treatment based on language mappings.
(3) Models as artifact, image and prescription Introduction
Workflows and stories of modelling.
Modelling? (4) Purpose orientation of models Problems The purpose drives modelling, carries, analogical reasoning, and added Concerns Model value. Modelling Act Principles (5) Semiotics as a language background Finally Well-defined syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Content
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(6) Principles and theory Theory, art and science of modelling.
(7) Modelling acts and modelling workflows Systematic and well-defined support.
Summarising
¨ ¥ ... although there is not too much to summarise § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
¥ ¨ Instead of my own summary: The consternation summary at Modellierung 2009 § ¦ (1) ... but they do not know what they do ... (2) Babylonian language confusion and muddle (3) “It’s not a bug, it’s a feature”, de-facto-standards and lobbyists
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally
(4) why I should cope with what was the state of art yesterday (5) each day a new wheel, new buzzwords without any sense, and a new trend (6) without consideration of the value of the model (7) competition is a feature, inhomogeneity (8) Laokoon forever (9) dreams about a sound mathematical foundation
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(10) take but don’t think - take it only without critics (11) academia in the ivory tower without executable models (12) where is the Ariadne thread through
¨
¥
Our goal: Overcome this situation! ¦
§
Some Papers
¨ ¥ Conceptual modelling § ¦
Conceptual Modelling Theory Aug. 31, 2011 B. Thalheim
Introduction Modelling? Problems Concerns Model Modelling Act Principles Finally Content
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D. Embley, B. Thalheim. The Handbook of Conceptual Modeling: Its Usage and Its Challenges. Springer 2011 Modelling is the programming in the 21st century!! ¨ ¥ §B. Thalheim ¦
• Towards a Theory of Conceptual Modelling. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 2010, 16, 20 Preliminary version: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5833 • The Art of Conceptual Modelling, Proc. EJC’2011 • The Theory of Conceptual Models, the Theory of Conceptual Modelling and Foundations of Conceptual Modelling. Handbook of conceptual modelling.
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• The Science of Conceptual Modelling. DEXA’2011, LNCS 6860
Thank you! [email protected]
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