Theories Review
Theories Review Disciplinary power: applies norms to individuals. Observation examination and surveillance. Knowledge is you’re being observed. Other part is that you’re being examined on this info or something you’re doing. Difference between this and sovereign power is for disciplinary power: idea of training your body to act or behave in very specific ways. You train the body in contrast to religion, its that the body follows. For Foucault you train the body THEN get to soul. Panopticon: we behave a certain way when being watched by others Emancipation: women are becoming more like men and engaging in crimes… breaking of law to increase harsher punishment. Chivalry hypothesis: this and emancipation based on middle class norms. Medicalization of female criminality: its still going on. Psychiatric expertise in order to fill the gap or justify why women commit those crimes. Implication of the medicalization it constructs women as being weak or helpless. Intersectionality: idea introduced that talked about how there’s one unitary idea of a woman. Think about race, gender, class, etc. and all these influence oppression. Mainstream criminology: directed towards males and idea that we adjust mainstream theories to provide a female perspective. The implication is that it came up w/policies that didn’t necessarily apply to women (BWS), needed to expand idea of selfdefence. Really focused on male crime. Liberal feminism: gender socialization. Gender and equality based on socialization. Make sure more efforts for women to have access to jobs and change laws in formal ways. Argument is when formal changes are made so substantiative will follow. Radical: men are out to oppress women. Liberal doesn’t take the conspiracy theory approach. Marxist: believe that capitalism reads gender and equality b/c women take subordinate roles and are exploited. Men run capitalist. Radical feminist: based on patriarchy. Females are less valued in this society than males. Males have an innate drive to oppress women. See this through violent acts such as rape, which create fear on women. It is biology. Issue is sex differences Socialist feminist: women have ended up in undervalued systems b/c they are working in jobs that are undervalued, working at home, etc. women have less opportunity in this system.
Cultural criminology: subcultural is a branch of cultural – idea that theorists study specific groups and borrow from labelling theory. Group is deviating from social norms – bring that group into focus. Tends to make them sound as if they’re criminal and media attention and moral panic. Looks at the group’s lifestyle, outside of the norm, deviate from the norm, their appearance. Focused on the emotional aspect of it and the reasons for why they do it, etc. a part of labelling theory but DON’T MAKE DIRECT LINKS. Other aspect of this theory is the focus on methods qualitative. Focuses more on exploring the group itself through qualitative research and takes position that to study these from… Phenomenology of passion: Jack Katz – focus is on the emotional aspect of committing crime. Studying experiences from first person perspective – lived experiences. 1. Experience of self as object (idea of a negative emotion taking over) 2. Experience of self as agent capable of dynamics of a situation (thrill out of it – shoplifting). Law and order ideology: tough on crime approach. Society is a crisis and we need more law and more order. Binary logic of representation: strategy by the media. Shows binary logics of good vs. evil – criminals are always breaking law and good ones are following the law. Binary between good and evil, black and white. Constructing these extreme binaries. Environmental design – effect on audience is schema and understand/pick out from this what is good and what is bad. Standpoint theory: bird’s eye view. Postmodern concept that we question the objective truths or ability to come to any bigT truth and objectivity exists. Talks about that we understand the world in a place we are situated. Not any one person can understand in some way – all have different views. Knowledge is different for everybody. Systematic reading: post 911 Dark Knight comparison. Situating a movie within a social context. How that is portrayed in the movie and how people interpret that. Intertextuality: different ways of presenting concept. We cant study individually b/c we need to see how come to life… have to study together. Orderology: how is it different from criminology? Expand understanding of criminology (add order) in order to get to the bottom of what is… redefine disciplines to this then we can… Lifestyle theory: lifestyle that increases exposure to offenders. Victims are criminals, share similar characteristics b/c not entirely separate. Victim precipitation theory: some people might cause own victimization. 2 types: passive and active (ex: homicide).
Secondary…: victimization caused by inappropriate response of… psychological pain suffered by victim. Blaming victim for own victimization. Idea of when a person is victimized by the justice system. Hierarchy of victimization: those who are ideal victims (some women, children, elderly). Others may find it more difficult to achieve victimization status (men). Media perpetuates it, even if not done intentionally. “Deserving victims and undeserving victims” Routine activities theory: idea that the activities for a criminal match the activities of the victim. You as a capable guardian… 3 things: 1. Motivated offender 2. Suitable targets 3. Expand on concept… Long answers • Post modern thoughts: talk about post modernism and what it contributes to criminology or our understanding of it. Talk about idea of post modernism deconstructed mainstream ideas and opposition to mainstream/criticism of methods used and assumption of objectivity in scientific ways for big T truths. • Then talk about Foucault’s ideas of power (in contrast with mainstream, assumed that centralized state of power/power is decentered/fluid notion). Draw the comparisons from mainstream.. Decentralization, deconstructed, throwing off center, decentering the state and power. Then expand on his idea of power. • Third wave feminism? • Same with cultural criminology – emphasize on research methods being critical of mainstream.2nd part: what post modernism can contribute to… pretty much a comparison. • Draw importance of post modernism contributing to our understanding of criminology and there IS a scientific truth or find the big T truth. Mainstream upholding state power. • Post modernism: major contributions: makes us be reflexive about the way we carry it or CJS functions. How we get to know what crime is or how to fix it. Questioning every aspect of mainstream crim. Talk about language. Benefits of being critical of how we use them and what we consider to be knowledge or truth. Demonstrate systemic inequality and goal is to bring out social justice by exposing these inequalities and they can’t be recreated or reflexive about NOT recreating them. Next question… (#2) • Talk about categories themselves and what they are. THEN, talk about theoretical perspectives and what category they fall into and WHY. • Outline what they are (normative and critical). Each of these theoretical perspectives occupies one of those categories. Don’t just occupy one… some several and ADDRESS THIS. o Talk about why Beccaria – theory is normative by…
o Critical don’t interact w/scientific or normative. o Talk about differences in these theories as well. More than one will fall into critical. o Theoretical tension: way to trace these and development of mainstream crim and the tensions that exist… assuming what crime is and we can’t quantify it but others oppose against these. o Talk about Beccaria’s theory and how its normative or critical*? Or whatever… o Using these theoretical perspectives to outline tensions b/w normative, scientific and critical. #3 Question • Symbolic implementing a legislation that signals a certain moral stance of society. Whatever message it sends, it doesn’t care about. Not entirely on reinforcer. If its symbolic legislation, mandates will change. Effective legislation focusing on changes on policy implications. Want to make sure it has an affect. Cleansing legislation for prostitution, criminalization and an active application of it (getting rid of prostitution entirely)… cleansing – put it away/get it out/remove it from society. o Durkheim – o Becker – labelling theory, increases deviance in society, no good thing from label. What is it about his theory and how it relates to these different legislations… against criminalizing b/c would make bigger label*.
Cultural criminology: subcultural is a branch of cultural – idea that theorists study specific groups and borrow from labelling theory. Group is deviating from social norms – bring that group into focus. Tends to make them sound as if they’re criminal and media attention and moral panic. Looks at the group’s lifestyle, outside of the norm, deviate from the norm, their appearance. Focused on the emotional aspect of it and the reasons for why they do it, etc. a part of labelling theory but DON’T MAKE DIRECT LINKS. Other aspect of this theory is the focus on methods qualitative. Focuses more on exploring the group itself through qualitative research and takes position that to study these from… Phenomenology of passion: Jack Katz – focus is on the emotional aspect of committing crime. Studying experiences from first person perspective – lived experiences. 1. Experience of self as object (idea of a negative emotion taking over) 2. Experience of self as agent capable of dynamics of a situation (thrill out of it – shoplifting). Law and order ideology: tough on crime approach. Society is a crisis and we need more law and more order. Binary logic of representation: strategy by the media. Shows binary logics of good vs. evil – criminals are always breaking law and good ones are following the law. Binary between good and evil, black and white. Constructing these extreme binaries. Environmental design – effect on audience is schema and understand/pick out from this what is good and what is bad. Standpoint theory: bird’s eye view. Postmodern concept that we question the objective truths or ability to come to any bigT truth and objectivity exists. Talks about that we understand the world in a place we are situated. Not any one person can understand in some way – all have different views. Knowledge is different for everybody. Systematic reading: post 911 Dark Knight comparison. Situating a movie within a social context. How that is portrayed in the movie and how people interpret that. Intertextuality: different ways of presenting concept. We cant study individually b/c we need to see how come to life… have to study together. Orderology: how is it different from criminology? Expand understanding of criminology (add order) in order to get to the bottom of what is… redefine disciplines to this then we can… Lifestyle theory: lifestyle that increases exposure to offenders. Victims are criminals, share similar characteristics b/c not entirely separate. Victim precipitation theory: some people might cause own victimization. 2 types: passive and active (ex: homicide).
Secondary…: victimization caused by inappropriate response of… psychological pain suffered by victim. Blaming victim for own victimization. Idea of when a person is victimized by the justice system. Hierarchy of victimization: those who are ideal victims (some women, children, elderly). Others may find it more difficult to achieve victimization status (men). Media perpetuates it, even if not done intentionally. “Deserving victims and undeserving victims” Routine activities theory: idea that the activities for a criminal match the activities of the victim. You as a capable guardian… 3 things: 1. Motivated offender 2. Suitable targets 3. Expand on concept… Long answers • Post modern thoughts: talk about post modernism and what it contributes to criminology or our understanding of it. Talk about idea of post modernism deconstructed mainstream ideas and opposition to mainstream/criticism of methods used and assumption of objectivity in scientific ways for big T truths. • Then talk about Foucault’s ideas of power (in contrast with mainstream, assumed that centralized state of power/power is decentered/fluid notion). Draw the comparisons from mainstream.. Decentralization, deconstructed, throwing off center, decentering the state and power. Then expand on his idea of power. • Third wave feminism? • Same with cultural criminology – emphasize on research methods being critical of mainstream.2nd part: what post modernism can contribute to… pretty much a comparison. • Draw importance of post modernism contributing to our understanding of criminology and there IS a scientific truth or find the big T truth. Mainstream upholding state power. • Post modernism: major contributions: makes us be reflexive about the way we carry it or CJS functions. How we get to know what crime is or how to fix it. Questioning every aspect of mainstream crim. Talk about language. Benefits of being critical of how we use them and what we consider to be knowledge or truth. Demonstrate systemic inequality and goal is to bring out social justice by exposing these inequalities and they can’t be recreated or reflexive about NOT recreating them. Next question… (#2) • Talk about categories themselves and what they are. THEN, talk about theoretical perspectives and what category they fall into and WHY. • Outline what they are (normative and critical). Each of these theoretical perspectives occupies one of those categories. Don’t just occupy one… some several and ADDRESS THIS. o Talk about why Beccaria – theory is normative by…
o Critical don’t interact w/scientific or normative. o Talk about differences in these theories as well. More than one will fall into critical. o Theoretical tension: way to trace these and development of mainstream crim and the tensions that exist… assuming what crime is and we can’t quantify it but others oppose against these. o Talk about Beccaria’s theory and how its normative or critical*? Or whatever… o Using these theoretical perspectives to outline tensions b/w normative, scientific and critical. #3 Question • Symbolic implementing a legislation that signals a certain moral stance of society. Whatever message it sends, it doesn’t care about. Not entirely on reinforcer. If its symbolic legislation, mandates will change. Effective legislation focusing on changes on policy implications. Want to make sure it has an affect. Cleansing legislation for prostitution, criminalization and an active application of it (getting rid of prostitution entirely)… cleansing – put it away/get it out/remove it from society. o Durkheim – o Becker – labelling theory, increases deviance in society, no good thing from label. What is it about his theory and how it relates to these different legislations… against criminalizing b/c would make bigger label*.
