THESIS USE OF OTOLITH ELEMENTAL SIGNATURES IN ...
THESIS
USE OF OTOLITH ELEMENTAL SIGNATURES IN ESTIMATING SOURCES OF NORTHERN PIKE RECRUITMENT IN THE YAMPA RIVER, COLORADO
Submitted by Ryan M. Fitzpatrick Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO Fall 2008
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
April 14, 2008 WE HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER OUR SUPERVISION BY RYAN MICHAEL FITZPATRICK ENTITLED USE OF OTOLITH ELEMENTAL SIGNATURES IN ESTIMATING SOURCES OF NORTHERN PIKE RECRUITMENT IN THE YAMPA RIVER, COLORADO BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING IN PART REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTERS OF SCIENCE.
Committee on Graduate Work
__________________________________ Brett Johnson __________________________________ John Stednick __________________________________ Kevin Rogers __________________________________ Advisor Dana Winkelman __________________________________ Kenneth Wilson Department Head
ii
ABSTRACT OF THESIS
UTILITY OF OTOLITH ELEMENTAL SIGNATURES IN ESTIMATING SOURCES OF NORTHERN PIKE RECRUITMENT IN THE YAMPA RIVER, COLORADO
Predation from nonnative northern pike, Esox lucius, has caused extensive problems for Colorado trout fisheries and native fish assemblages. Evaluating potential control options for northern pike requires a clearer understanding of recruitment. If major recruitment sources can be identified, then management efforts can focus on these areas to reduce reinvasion. If there are many recruitment sources and reinvasion rates are high, then control efforts may not be successful. My project focused on introduced northern pike in the upper Yampa River system in Colorado. I used otolith microchemistry to develop elemental signatures to identify sources of northern pike recruitment throughout the Yampa basin. I developed a discriminant function to classify northern pike based on elemental signatures. When all sampling sites were included in the analysis, classification rates ranged from 8-82%, with an average of 64% in 2005 and 58% in 2006. When fewer sites were considered classification accuracy increased. In particular, classification rates between Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount ranged from 73-100% from 2004 to 2006, with an overall average of 90%. Classification rates were higher in low runoff years than in high runoff years. There was significant temporal variation in elemental signatures, which indicates that age-0 northern pike will need to be collected every year to estimate elemental signatures, adults aged, and then classified using the appropriate year’s signature. This will increase effort involved using this technique, but it is still less labor intensive and more cost effective than manual tagging
iii
methods. My classification rates are similar to other otolith microchemistry studies; however, elemental data are not consistently reliable enough for classifying fish of unknown origin throughout the Yampa River basin.
Ryan Michael Fitzpatrick Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Fall 2008
iv
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Dana Winkelman for his support and guidance throughout this project. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my committee members; Dr. Brett Johnson for his guidance in my transition into the science arena as well as his assistance in this project; Dr. Kevin Rogers for his support in terms of this project and assisting my development professionally; Dr. John Stednick for guidance with water chemistry. I would also like to thank Dr. Alan Koenig of the U.S.G.S. for his assistance at the laser ablation laboratory. Several people at the Colorado Division of Wildlife helped in various aspects of this project, including Bill Atkinson, Pat Martinez, Bill Elmblad, and Lori Martin. John Hawkins and Cameron Wolford of the Larval Fish Laboratory at Colorado State University provided fish samples and information regarding the lower Yampa River. At Colorado State I have been fortunate to have been assisted by many people, including Darin Simpkins, Greg Whitledge, Jeff Falke, and Dan GibsonReinemer. I would like to thank Dr. Phil Chapman for his guidance on statistical issues. A great deal of thanks also goes to the technicians and volunteers who assisted me: Gregor Dekleva, Brendan McGinn, Kendall Ross, Paul Erker, Kelli Rehder, Corey Beaugh, Mike Boatwright, Mary Pearl Murphy, Boyd Wright, Mike Hill, Michelle McGree, Ashley Ficke and Nate Catchcart. I would like to thank the landowners who allowed access onto their properties, especially Dave McAtee of the Catamount Ranch and Club and Bill Wheelihan of Haymaker Golf Course.
v
This study was funded by the Colorado Division of Wildlife as well as the Colorado River Recovery Project through the Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION
1
METHODS
8
RESULTS
15
DISCUSSION
17
LITERATURE CITED
25
TABLES
30
FIGURES
34
APPENDIX A: OTOLITH:WATER ELEMENTAL COMPARISONS
38
APPENDIX B: MEAN OTOLITH ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS
42
APPENDIX C: 2006 AGE-0 FISH DATA
44
APPENDIX D: 2005 AGE-0 FISH DATA
50
APPENDIX E: 2004 AGE-0 FISH DATA
59
APPENDIX F: HYDROGEN ISOTOPE DATA
61
APPENDIX G: WATER CHEMISTRY DATA
63
vii
LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 1:
Classification rates from a nonlinear discriminant function analysis of northern pike collected from ponds and reservoirs in the Yampa River system, Colorado. A dash indicates fish were not collected from that location in the given year. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese.
TABLE 2:
Results of multivariate discriminant function analysis of 31 elemental concentrations of strontium, barium and manganese from northern pike otoliths collected in the Yampa River system, Colorado. Only canonical axes explaining greater than 10% of the variation were included. All canonical axes shown were highly significant (p < 0.001). The element with the highest correlation for each analysis is shown in bold.
TABLE 3:
Results of discriminate function analysis with MANOVA output examining the temporal variation of otolith elemental signatures of age-0 northern pike collected throughout the Yampa River system, Colorado. Elements used in the analysis included strontium, barium and manganese. Pillai’s trace statistic is reported with the probability in parentheses (* indicates p < 0.01).
32
TABLE 4:
Classification rates comparing when hydrogen isotopic ratios were included as a fourth variable and when it was not. Sample sizes are given in parentheses.
33
viii
30
LIST OF FIGURES
Page FIGURE 1:
The study area was located in northwest Colorado between Stagecoach Reservoir and Elkhead Reservoir. The Yampa River flows in a westerly direction.
34
FIGURE 2:
Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2004, 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado. Elements analyzed included barium, strontium and manganese. Classification rates and sample sizes are also given. Classification rates were obtained using a nonlinear discriminant function analysis.
35
FIGURE 3:
Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado showing temporal variation in the signatures between years. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese. The otoliths were analyzed with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To avoid any temporal variation in the machine, all otoliths were run on the same machine on the same day.
36
FIGURE 4:
Relationship between residence time in Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount and the classification rates of age-0 northern pike collected 2004, 2005 and 2006. Residence time was calculated based on the mean monthly discharge from April through August.
37
ix
Introduction Nonnative fish species have negatively affected native fish assemblages globally (Vander Zanden et al. 1999; Rahel 2000; Olden and Poff 2004) and nonnative introductions are acute in the arid western United States. Schade and Bonar (2005) estimated that one in every four fishes in western streams and two of every three fishes in Colorado were nonnative. Typical management strategies for nonnative invasive fishes involve removal or reduction of non-natives by poisoning (Martinez 2004), gillnetting (Knapp and Matthews 1998), electrofishing (Kulp and Moore 2000), or dewatering (Copp et al. 2005). Usually reinvasion is prevented by the use of barriers and native fishes are reintroduced above the barrier. For example, Kulp and Moore (2000) removed nonnative rainbow trout in an Appalachian stream and stocked multiple age classes of the native southern Appalachian brook trout. The treatment area of their study had a waterfall (~10 m) that inhibited movement into the treatment area and native brook trout spawned successfully within one year of nonnative removal. The effectiveness of nonnative fish removal will depend on reinvasion rates of non-natives. If reinvasion rates are high, then non-native removal may not be successful. Conversely, if reinvasion rates are low then removal may be an effective management strategy. Non-native fishes may reinvade by moving from an area not subject to the removal, and typical management to avoid such reinvasion is the construction of a barrier. If removal isn’t complete, reinvasion can occur through reproduction and recruitment. Reintroduction can also occur from movement by humans. For example, Copp et al. (2005) found human disturbance variables, such as
1
distance to nearest road or footpath, as a significant factor related to introduction of nonnative fish into restored ponds. Estimating movement and sources of recruitment of nonnative fishes is necessary to focus management efforts and define points of potential reinvasion and possible control. The northern pike (Esox lucius) is an aggressive piscivore that has a circumpolar distribution throughout the northern hemisphere (Craig 1996) and has been stocked outside their native range to act as biological controls and to offer angling opportunities. Once introduced, northern pike have been implicated in declines in native fish populations (Findley et al. 2000; Labbe and Fausch 2000; Nesler 1995). The first documented stocking of nonnative northern pike into Colorado’s west slope occurred in 1962 at Vallecito Reservoir to control a white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) population (Bergersen 2001). Since that time, agency sanctioned as well as illegal movement of northern pike has taken place, and currently northern pike are found throughout the state. The Yampa River, Colorado is home to four federally endangered species, the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), roundtail chub (Gila robusta), bonytail (Gila elegans), and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). The section of river downstream of Craig, Colorado (river mile 139) has been identified as critical habitat for these fishes (Nesler 1995). Northern pike, as well as other nonnative predators, have been identified as major predatory threats to native fish in the river (Nesler 1995). The first stocking of northern pike into a reservoir with direct flow into the Yampa was 580 fingerlings into Elkhead Reservoir in 1977 (Rogers et al. 2005) and there were reports of escaped fish from Elkhead Reservoir as early as 1979 (Tyus and
2
Beard 1990). Once in the river system the northern pike became established. Lake Catamount dam was completed in 1978 and there were northern pike detected below the Lake Catamount spillway in 1980, but not in the reservoir until 1995 which suggests the Lake Catamount dam blocked upstream movement. Rogers et al. (2005) suggest the establishment of northern pike in Lake Catamount was from fish escaping from Stagecoach Reservoir which is located upstream of Lake Catamount and was constructed in 1989. Northern pike were first documented in Stagecoach Reservoir in 1994. Hill (2004) studied the suitability of northern pike spawning habitat in backwaters along the Yampa River, including one off-channel pond. He speculated that spawning habitat within the river was not sufficient to sustain northern pike due to high variation in flows, especially through nursery areas. Suitable spawning habitat may be inundated with heavy flows within a few days of spawning, thus washing eggs from vegetation and killing them. Conversely, the river levels may drop significantly immediately following spawning, thus desiccating eggs. While Hill’s study did not focus on off-channel ponds, he suggested they were the site of the majority of successful northern pike spawning along the river. He also suggested that northern pike recruit from ponds with a connection to the river, but ponds not connected directly to the river could allow immigration of northern pike into the river during flood events. With the high fluctuation of water levels in the Yampa River, flooding water levels may take place every few years. In addition to off-channel ponds, he implicated reservoirs in the study area as sources of recruitment and indicated future research to control northern pike recruitment should focus in these
3
areas. Orabutt (2006) conducted further research in the study area by tagging northern pike in Lake Catamount and Stagecoach Reservoir for a mark recapture study. Tagged fish were recaptured below the Lake Catamount dam in the main stem Yampa River within weeks of being tagged. Since Catamount Dam is the last dam on the river system before critical habitat of native fishes, it is a potential source and control point for northern pike into the Yampa River system. In addition to the native fishes in the lower Yampa River, the upper Yampa River supports an economically important trout fishery. Trout anglers and managers are interested in controlling northern pike because they are implicated in the decline of trout fisheries in the region. Northern pike can consume prey up to one-half their own body length (Craig 1996) and reach over 115 cm inches in total length in reservoirs on the Yampa River, resulting in northern pike able to consume trout over 57 cm total length. Controlling the number of northern pike in the upper Yampa River would benefit the trout fishery by reducing trout mortality. However, the effectiveness of removing northern pike in specific areas will depend on how quickly northern pike are able to recolonize after removal. If there are several potential recruitment sources, or a single productive recruitment source, then reinvasion would be likely and removals may not be effective. If recruitment sources are limited then removal may be an effective management option. To examine if removal may be effective, I focused on Lake Catamount. Lake Catamount currently has a large northern pike population that is well studied. Orabutt (2006) marked northern pike and assessed habitat and the Colorado Division of Wildlife has extensive data on the reservoir as part of its annual monitoring.
4
Historical records of changes in population structure will allow the efficacy of control efforts at Lake Catamount to be documented. Additionally, Lake Catamount had a highly productive trout fishery until northern pike were established and stakeholders are interested in reestablishing a rainbow trout fishery. Lake Catamount is the last reservoir on the main stem of the Yampa River and may be responsible for northern pike recruitment into native fish critical spawning habitat. Control of northern pike in Lake Catamount may reduce recruitment into the Yampa River system. Lake Catamount is well suited for examination of removal efforts as it is relatively small, privately owned, and has a population of northern pike that has been studied. Northern pike control would be beneficial for both trout management and reduction of recruitment into the river. The most likely source of northern pike immigrants into Lake Catamount is Stagecoach Reservoir which lies upstream of Lake Catamount. These two locations can be analyzed discretely from other locations in the basin because movement of northern pike upstream into Lake Catamount is precluded by its overflow dam. As previously stated, the effectiveness of nonnative fish removal will depend on reinvasion rates of non-natives. To estimate movement of fish several methods of tagging have been used, including T-bar anchor tags (Parsons and Reed 2005), coded wire tags (Able et al. 2006), passive integrative transmitter tags (Roussel et al. 2004), and more recently pop-up satellite archival tags (Sibert et al. 2006). Tagging methods tend to be inefficient in estimating population size or movement of juvenile fish as small fishes are difficult to mark and have low recapture rates (Bergman et al. 1992). Stable isotopes in muscle tissues have also been used (Hesslein 1991); however,
5
isotopic signatures change over time (Hobson 1999, Hesslein 1993), making this technique inappropriate for long term studies of fish movement. Another technique to estimate movement and recruitment is the use of elemental and isotopic concentrations in calcified structures. These are commonly referred to as elemental fingerprints or signatures and can be used as a natural tag. Elemental fingerprints can potentially be used to discriminate among fish that have inhabited different water bodies, such as nursery areas (Gillanders and Kingsford 2000, Arai et al. 2007, Feyrer et al. 2007) and different stocks (Edmonds et al. 1999) and can help estimate the source and migration patterns of individuals. Otoliths are the most widely used calcified structure for stock discrimination and movement studies (Campana 1999). Growth of the otolith occurs daily, seasonally, and annually resulting in visible increments that can be used to reconstruct the age and life history of fishes (Campana and Neilson 1985). Since otoliths are metabolically inert, elemental information recovered at different locations within the otolith can be used to reconstruct events throughout the lifetime of a fish. Changes in elemental composition reflect either changes in the water conditions, or modifications due to the physiological conditions of a fish at a specific time (Kalish 1989; Kennedy et al. 2000). The advantage of using otolith elemental composition is that each fish in the population has a signature, thus no effort needs to be expended to mark fish. When evaluating the potential utility of using otolith elemental composition as a natural tag, certain characteristics should be examined. First, differences in otolith elemental composition are based on differences in water chemistry (Walther and Thorrold 2006) that are caused mainly by differences in the geology of the area and
6
potentially diet (Buckel et al. 2004). Relatively large differences in water and otolith elemental composition may be expected comparing sites over large, diverse geographic areas while smaller differences might be expected over smaller spatial scales that have similar geology. In my study area, the Yampa River flows from its headwaters near Stagecoach Reservoir and remains in a mountainous canyon until it flows out of Lake Catamount. At that point, the geology surrounding the river becomes a high elevation plateau. I hope this change in geology will be reflected in differences in water chemistries in locations downstream. Second, the biology of the target species should be examined. Fishes well suited to studies of natal areas with otolith microchemistry have discrete and identifiable spawning habitats (e.g., Feyrer et al. 2007). Northern pike require lentic, heavily vegetated areas for spawning and leave river channels to find suitable spawning habitat in backwaters, reservoirs, or ponds. Water in these off channel areas may possess unique chemical compositions. Thus, the northern pike’s reproductive biology makes this species a reasonable choice for studying natal areas with otolith microchemistry. Third, it is important to examine temporal variation when using otolith elemental signatures. If elemental signatures are not stable over time, then age-0 fish will need to be collected each year to obtain a baseline signature of each location. Adults will need to be collected, aged, then classified using the appropriate year’s elemental signatures. In addition to using otolith elemental signatures to classify fish, I also examined the potential utility of hydrogen isotopic signatures. Whitledge et al. (2006) showed the utility of hydrogen isotopes in aquatic environments and otolith hydrogen isotopic ratios have a very strong relationship to water hydrogen isotopic
7
ratios (r2 ≥ 0.97). Differences in hydrogen isotopic ratios are driven by differences in evaporation rates and evaporation probably differs between small ponds and large reservoirs. I assessed hydrogen isotopes to either use in conjunction with elemental data to increase accuracy in basin wide classification rates, or as a filter to classify fish recruited from ponds and fish recruited from reservoirs, thereby reducing the number of locations to identify using elemental data. My first objective was to develop otolith elemental signatures by collecting age-0 northern pike from several different areas. I assumed that age-0 northern pike had spent their entire brief life in the pond or reservoir where they were collected. My second objective was to estimate variation in elemental signatures among sites among years. Temporal variation is often ignored and has not been adequately addressed in most otolith studies. My third objective was to examine the potential utility of hydrogen isotopes in increasing my ability to discriminate reservoirs and ponds.
Methods The Yampa River is located in northwest Colorado (Figure 1) and is critical habitat to four federally endangered fishes, the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), bonytail (Gila elegans), razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), and the roundtail chub (Gila robusta). It flows from its headwaters in the Flattops Wilderness, through Steamboat Springs, to the Green River near the Colorado/Utah border. The Yampa River is one of few rivers remaining in Colorado with largely unregulated flows. Seasonal runoff creates extreme variation in discharge. The
8
majority of northern pike spawning locations were located in the upper river, but northern pike movement has been documented throughout the river system (Martin 2005). Reservoirs in my study include Stagecoach Reservoir, Lake Catamount and Elkhead Reservoir. Stagecoach Reservoir is 316 ha with a mean depth of 13 m and aquatic vegetation coverage of 250 mm in Stagecoach Reservoir yet only one was possibly recaptured (orange tag 1236) in Lake Catamount. This recapture is suspect because the estimated growth rate from tagging to recapture was unrealistic (Kevin Rogers, Colorado Division of Wildlife, personal communication). Due to the biology of age-0 northern pike, the small size of fish used in this study, and the physical characteristics of my study sites, I believe age-0 movement among sites was minimal. Finally, otolith elemental transects were stable, indicating the fish had not moved from their capture location.
20
Temporal Variation Temporal variation has been documented in otolith elemental signatures previously (Thorrold et al. 1998, Gillanders 2002, Patterson et al. 2004, Feyrer et al. 2007, Schaffler and Winkelman, in press) and was significant in my study as well. Temporal variation was related to the residence time of water in Lake Catamount and Stagecoach Reservoir, indicating that winter precipitation and subsequent runoff are influencing otolith elemental composition. However, more data is needed to conclusively demonstrate this relationship. Other factors, such as differences in temperature between sites may be responsible for differences in otolith elemental composition. For instance, Lake Catamount is shallower than Stagecoach Reservoir and its mean temperature may be higher and research has shown that otolith Sr:Ca ratios were positively related to water temperature (Bath Martin et al., 2004). Due to annual variation in elemental composition, age-0 northern pike will need to be collected each year and site-specific signatures assessed. Then, to accurately classify unknown fish, individuals will need to be aged and classified using the signatures developed from the year the fish was hatched. Annual collection and analysis will increase the amount of labor and cost involved, but it is still potentially less labor intensive and more cost effective than mechanical tagging methods deployed on a basin wide scale.
Additional Approaches Whitledge et al. (2006) showed the utility of hydrogen in aquatic environments to discriminate between bodies of water with different evaporation
21
rates. We decided to assess the potential of hydrogen isotopes to discriminate between pike collected in large reservoirs and smaller pond environments. We did not analyze every fish using hydrogen isotopes; however, classification rates improved an average of 17% in 2005 and 11% in 2006. My results support the conclusions of Whitledge et al. (2006) and we feel that hydrogen isotopes have utility in discriminating sources of recruitment when water bodies differ in evaporation rates.
Management Recommendations Managers of Lake Catamount are interested in removing northern pike to aid in reestablishing a rainbow trout fishery. However, the efficacy of a northern pike removal project would depend on the rate of northern pike movement from Stagecoach Reservoir to Lake Catamount. If reinvasion rates are low, then a large, focused effort to remove northern pike may be effective and control northern pike for many years. However, if reinvasion rates from Stagecoach Reservoir are high, continual control efforts will be necessary to keep northern pike numbers low. High classification rates between Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount may be surprising due to the relatively short distance between the two reservoirs (approximately five miles). The reservoirs have different physical characteristics: Lake Catamount is smaller, shallower, and highly vegetated compared to Stagecoach Reservoir, which is larger, deeper, and has very little aquatic vegetation (Orabutt 2006). Classification rates increase as the residence time of the reservoirs increase. This suggests the amount of runoff on an annual basis may affect the ability to
22
identify natal origin of northern pike in these reservoirs. On a high runoff year with low residence times in the reservoirs, classification rates would be expected to drop.
Conclusions My ultimate goal was to estimate the origin of northern pike captured in the Yampa River. It is thought that the majority of pike recruitment is occurring from spawning populations in off-channel ponds and reservoirs (Hill 2004). Classification rates using otolith elemental signatures of reservoir populations are relatively high, indicating that it may be possible to estimate the proportion of northern pike in the Yampa River that have come from the three major reservoirs. Estimating recruitment from off-channel ponds is more problematic because the classification rates can be low and are variable. However, in both instances, the use of hydrogen isotopes improved classification dramatically. Another goal of my study was to estimate the potential recruitment and movement of northern pike from Stagecoach Reservoir into Lake Catamount. Mechanical tagging data indicate that movement is relatively low but this does not address the movement of smaller age-0 pike. My classification rates of northern pike between the two reservoirs are high and may be useful in estimating the movement and recruitment of northern pike into Lake Catamount. It is thought that the original invasion of northern pike into Lake Catamount was a result of fish moving from Stagecoach Reservoir (Rogers et al. 2005). However, in high runoff years my ability to estimate movement of northern pike from Stagecoach Reservoir to Lake
23
Catamount may be limited because classification rates decline as a function of reservoir residence time. Annual variation in otolith elemental composition has an impact on both goals and we suggest collecting age-0 northern pike annually to build a bank of elemental signatures that can be used to classify adult northern pike living in the Yampa River and movement between locations. Additional sampling will also help clarify the utility of otolith microchemistry in this system. I also suggest that other markers, such as hydrogen isotopes, could be useful and deserve further research. Although there are challenges associated with using otolith microchemistry, it represents a powerful tool and has utility for estimating northern pike recruitment into the Yampa River.
24
Literature Cited Able, K. W., S. M. Hagan, and S. A. Brown. 2006. Habitat use, movement, and growth of young-of-year Fundulus spp. in southern New Jersey salt marshes: Comparisons based on tag/recapture. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 335:177-187. Arai, T., T. Hirata, and Y. Takagi. 2007. Application of laser ablation ICPMS to trace the environmental history of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Marine Environmental Research 63:55-66. Bath martin, G., S. R. Thorrold, and C. M. Jones. 2004. Temperature and salinity effects on strontium incorporation in otoliths of largal spot (Leiostomus xanthurus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:34-42. Bergersen, E. P. 2001. Colorado’s experience with northern pike. Lake Line 21(3):33-36. Bergman, P. K., F. Haw, H. L. Blankenship, and R. M. Buckley. 1992. Perspectives on design, use, and misuse of fish tags. Fisheries (Bethesda), 17:20-25. Brazner, J. C., S. E. Campana, D. K. Tanner, and S. T. Schram. 2004. Habitat fingerprints from Lake Superior coastal wetlands derived from elemental analysis of yellow perch otoliths. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:692-704. Bronte, C. R., R. J. Hesselberg, J. A. Shoesmith, and M. H. Hoff. 1996. Discrimination among spawning concentration of Lake Superior lake herring based on trace element profiles in sagittae. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:852-859. Buckel, J. A., B. L. Sharack, and V. S. Zdanowicz. 2004. Effect of diet on otolith composition in Pomatomus saltatrix, an estuarine piscivore. Journal of Fish Biology 64:1469-1484. Campana, S.E. 1999. Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 188:263-297. Campana, S. E., and J. D. Neilson. 1985. Microstructure of fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42(5): 1014-1032. Copp, G. H., K. J. Wesley, and L. Vilizzi. 2005. Pathways of ornamental and aquarium fish introductions into urban ponds of Epping Forest (London, England): the human vector. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21:263-274.
25
Craig, J. F., editor. 1996. Pike: Biology and Exploitation. Chapman & Hall, London, England. Edmonds, J. S., R. A. Steckis, M. J. Moran, N. Caputi, and M. Morita. 1999. Stock delineation of pink snapper and tailor from Western Australia by analysis of stable isotope and strontium/calcium ratios in otolith carbonate. Journal of Fish Biology 55:243-259. Feyrer, F., J. Hobbs, M. Baerwald, T. Sommer, Q. Yin, K. Clark, B. May, and W. Bennett. 2007. Otolith microchemistry provides information complementary to microsatellite DNA for a migratory fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:469-476. Findlay, C. S., D. G. Bert, and L. Zheng. 2000. Effect of introduced piscivores on native minnow communities in Adirondack lakes. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 57:570-580. Gillanders, B. M., and M. J. Kingsford. 2000. Elemental fingerprints of otoliths of fish may distinguish estuarine “nursery” habitats. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 201:273-286. Gillanders, B. M. 2002. Temporal and spatial variability in elemental composition of otoliths:implications for determining stock identity and connectivity of populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:669-679. Hesslein, R. H., M. J. Capel, D.E. Fox, and K.A. Hallard. 1991. Stable isotopes of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen as indicators of trophic level and fish migration in the lower Mackenzie River basin, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:2258-2265. Hesslein, R. H., K. A. Hallard, and P. Ramlal. 1993. Replacement of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by delta-S-34, delta-C-13, and delta-N-15. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:2071-2076. Hobson K. A. 1999. Tracing origins and migration of wildlife using stable isotopes: a review. Oceologia 120:314-326. Hill, C. G. 2004. Dynamics of northern pike spawning and nursery habitat in the Yampa River, Colorado. Master’s Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Kalish, J. M. 1989. Otolith microchemistry: validation of the effects of physiology, and environment on otolith composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 132:151-178.
26
Kennedy, B. P., C. L. Folt, J. D. Blum, and K. H. Nislow. 2000. Using natural strontium isotopic signatures as fish markers: methodology and application. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:2280-2292. Knapp, R. A. and K. R. Matthews. 1998. Eradication of nonnative fish by gillnetting from a small mountain lake in California. Restoration Ecology 6:207-213. Kulp, M. A. and S. E. Moore. 2000. Multiple electrofishing removals for eliminating rainbow trout in a small southern Appalacian stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20:259-266. Labbe, T.R. and K. D. Fausch. 2000. Dynamics of intermittent stream habitat regulate persistence of a threatened fish at multiple scales. Ecological Applications 10:1774-1791. Longerich, H. P., S. E. Jackson, D. Gunther. 1996. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 11:899-904. Martin, L. M. 2005. Middle Yampa River northern pike removal and evaluation #98A-1. Colorado River Recovery Program FY 2005 Annual Project Report. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Fort Collins, Colorado. Martinez, A. 2004. An evaluation of nonnative fish control treatments in ponds along the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers, 1996-2002. Colorado Division of Wildlife Final Report for Recovery Program Project Number 18/19. Fort Collins, Colorado. Nesler, T. P. 1995. Interactions between endangered fishes and introduced gamefishes in the Yampa River, Colorado, 1987-1991. Colorado Division of Wildlife Aquatic Research Section, Colorado Recovery Implementation Program Project No. 91-29, Federal Aid Project SE-3, Fort Collins, Colorado. Olden, J. D. and N. L. Poff. 2004. Ecological processes driving biotic homogenization: testing a mechanistic model using fish faunas. Ecology 85:1867-1875. Orabutt, D. E. 2006. Northern pike in selected Colorado trout reservoirs. Master’s Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Parsons, B. G. and J. R. Reed. 2005. Movement of black crappies and bluegills among interconnected lakes in Minnesota. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:689-695.
27
Patterson, H. M., R. S. McBride, and N. Julien. 2004. Population structure of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) as determined by otolith microchemistry. Marine Biology 144:855-862. Quinn, G. P. and M. J. Keogh. 2002. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. University Press, Cambridge. Rahel, F. J. 2000. Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States. Science 288:854-856. Rogers, K. B., B. F. Atkinson, and D. E. Orabutt. 2005. Catamount Reservoir: Fish community summary. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Roussel, J., R. A. Cunjak, R. Newbury, D. Caissie, and A. Haro. 2004. Movements and habitat use by PIT-tagged Atlantic salmon parr in early winter: the influence of anchor ice. Freshwater Biology 49:1026-1035. Schade, C. B and S. A. Bonar. 2005. Distribution and abundance of nonnative fishes in streams of the western United States. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:1386-1394. Schaffler and Winkelman, in press. Shiller, A.M. 2003. Syringe filtration methods for examining dissolved and colloidal trace element distributions in remote field locations. Environmental Science and Technology 37:3953-3957. Sibert, R. S., M. E. Lutcavage, A. Nielsen, R. W. Brill, and S. G. Wilson. 2006. Interannual variation in large-scale movement of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) determined from pop-up satellite archival tags. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:2154-2166. Tabachnick, B. G., L. S. Fidell. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics, fifth edition. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Thorrold, S. R., C. M. Jones, P. K. Swart, and T. E. Targett. 1998. Accurate classification of juvenile weakfish Cynoscion regalis to estuarine nursery areas based on chemical signatures in otoliths. Marine Ecology Progress Series 173:253-265. Tyus H. M., and J. M. Beard. 1990. Esox lucius (Esocidae) and Stizostedion vitreum (Percidae) in the Green River basin, Colorado and Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 50:33-39.
28
Vander Zanden, M. J., J. M. Casselman, and J. B. Rasmussen. 1999. Stable isotope evidences for the food web consequences of species invasions in lakes. Nature 401:464-467. Walther , B. D., S. R. Thorrold. 2006. Water, not food, contributes the majority of strontium and barium deposited in the otoliths of a marine fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311:125-130. Wells, B. K., B. E. Reiman, J. L. Clayton, D.L. Horan, and C. M. Jones. 2003. Relationship between water, otolith and scale chemistries of westslope cutthroat trout from Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho: the potential application of hard-part chemistry to describe movements in freshwater. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:409-424. Whitledge, G. W., B. M. Johnson, and P.J. Martinez. 2006. Stable hydrogen isotopic composition of fishes reflects that of their environment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:1746-1751. Wilson, S. A., W. I. Ridley, A. E. Koenig. 2002. Development of sulfide calibration standards for the laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy 17:406-409. Wiltzius, W. J. 1985. Fish Culture and Stocking in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife Report No.12. Fort Collins, Colorado.
29
Table 1. Classification rates from a nonlinear discriminant function analysis of northern pike collected from ponds and reservoirs in the Yampa River system, Colorado. A dash indicates fish were not collected from that location in the given year. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese. Year 2004 2005 2006
Stagecoach 100% (11) 62% (34) 8% (40)
Catamount 60% (10) 78% (55) 69% (39)
Elkhead 83% (12) 76% (35) -
30
Haymaker 44% (55) 77% (22)
Lafarge 80% (45) 59% (27)
Ski Pond 31% (52) 82% (39)
Y.R.S.W.A. 80% (44) 53% (32)
Table 2. Results of multivariate discriminant function analysis of elemental concentrations of strontium, barium and manganese from northern pike otoliths collected in the Yampa River system, Colorado. Only canonical axes explaining greater than 10% of the variation were included. All canonical axes shown were highly significant (p < 0.001). The element with the highest correlation for each analysis is shown in bold.
Scope of analysis
2004 2005
Canonical axis number 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1
Percent variation between groups explained 90% 10% 57% 32% 10% 58% 35% 100% 100%
Eigenvalue 9.95 1.12 2.29 1.3 0.42 1.38 0.84 16.8 2.24
Sr 0.96 0.24 -0.61 0.40 0.68 -0.21 0.86 1.00 0.55
Ba 0.40 0.78 0.26 0.77 0.58 0.00 0.99 0.81 -0.46
Mn 0.14 0.97 0.39 0.39 0.86 0.89 0.41 0.61 -0.28
2006
1
100%
0.5
0.37
0.76
0.66
Year 2004
All Sites
2005
2006 Stagecoach and Catamount
31
Canonical correlations for each axis
Table 3. Results of discriminate function analysis with MANOVA output examining the temporal variation of otolith elemental signatures of age-0 northern pike collected throughout the Yampa River system, Colorado. Elements used in the analysis included strontium, barium and manganese. Pillai’s trace statistic is reported with the probability in parentheses (* indicates p < 0.01). Location Stagecoach Catamount Elkhead Haymaker Lafarge Ski Pond Y.S.W.A.
2004 vs. 2005 0.293 (*) 0.760 (*) 0.125 (0.121) -
2004 vs 2006 0.309 (*) 0.478 (*) -
32
2005 vs. 2006 0.082 (0.111) 0.558 (*) 0.169 (*) 0.361 (*) 0.131 (*) 0.438 (*)
Table 4. Classification rates comparing when hydrogen isotopic ratios were included as a fourth variable and when it was not. Sample sizes are given in parentheses.
Year
2005
2006
δ2H
δ2H
Location Stagecoach (10) Catamount (9) Elkhead (10) Haymaker (10) Lafarge (10) Ski Pond (9) Y.S.W.A. (8) Stagecoach (10)
excluded 80% 67% 60% 20% 70% 33% 44% 10%
included 90% 89% 70% 60% 70% 22% 89% 60%
Change + 10% + 22% + 10% + 40% 0% - 11% + 45% + 50%
Catamount (10)
50%
60%
+ 10%
Haymaker (8)
63%
38%
- 25%
Lafarge (10)
40%
40%
0%
Ski Pond (10)
80%
80%
0%
Y.S.W.A. (10)
40%
70%
+ 30%
33
Elkhead Reservoir Ski Pond Yampa River State Wildlife Area
Lafarge Pond Stagecoach Reservoir
Haymaker Golf Course Lake Catamount
Figure 1. The study area was located in northwest Colorado between Stagecoach Reservoir and Elkhead Reservoir. The Yampa River flows in a westerly direction.
34
2004 Stagecoach 100% (11) Catamount 100% (10)
4 3 2 1 0
CA1 -6
-4
-2
0
-1
2
4
6
-2
CA2
-3
2005 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
CA1 -6
-4
-2
-0.5 0
2
4
Stagecoach 100%, 34 Catamount 93%, 55
-1 -1.5 -2
CA2
-2.5
2006 3 2 1
CA1 -6
-4
-2
0 -1 0
2
4
Stagecoach 73%, 40 Catamount 73%, 41
-2 -3 -4 -5
CA2
-6
Figure 2. Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2004, 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado. Elements analyzed included barium, strontium and manganese. Classification rates and sample sizes are also given. Classification rates were obtained using a nonlinear discriminant function analysis.
35
Stagecoach Reservoir
CA1 -3
-2
-1
1
2
3
2005 2006
Pillai’s Trace = 0.273 p = 0.007
CA2
-4
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 -1 -1.5 -2
Lake Catamount 3 2 1 0
CA1 -3
-2
-1
-1
0
1
2
3
2005 2006
Pillai’s Trace = 0.392 p < 0.001
-2
CA2
-3
FIGURE 3. Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado showing temporal variation in the signatures between years. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese. The otoliths were analyzed with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To avoid any temporal variation in the machine, all otoliths were run on the same machine on the same day.
36
105
2004
100
2004
Classification Rate
2005 95
2005 90 Stagecoach Catamount
85
80
2006
2006 75 0
100
200
300
400
500
Residence Time (days)
FIGURE 4. Relationship between residence time in Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount and the classification rates of age-0 northern pike collected 2004, 2005 and 2006. Residence time was calculated based on the mean monthly discharge from April through August.
37
Appendix A: Otolith elemental composition correlations with water elemental concentrations. Overall, otolith elemental concentrations were significantly correlated with water elemental concentrations in five of nine within year comparisons (Figures A13). Barium’s correlation was significant in all three years, while strontium and manganese were correlated in one out of three years. During the highest runoff year, 2006, only barium was significantly correlated. There was not strong correlation between water elemental concentrations and otolith elemental concentrations of the three elements used in this analysis. This may be due to water samples being collected only once at one location while the fish were integrating the water chemistry over several months. Wells (2003) had strong correlations for strontium and barium, but this may be due to his study sites were 24m wide streams while my study sites included reservoirs up to 316ha. One would expect the largest bodies of water to be more heterogeneous in terms of water chemistry than a relatively small stream.
38
1.6
0.06
p = 0.774 [Ba/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.28
0.51 Elkhead
Catamount
[Sr/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Ba/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
0.25 [Mn/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
0.36
Stagecoach
4.7 Elkhead
Stagecoach
3.5 Catamount
3.1
p = 0.015
p < 0.001
0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
1.08 Catamount
Elkhead
0.56 Stagecoach
0.18
[Mn/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
Figure A1. Comparison of water elemental concentration and otolith elemental concentration of samples collected in 2004 from three locations in the Yampa River basin. P-value given is from linear regression between the two variables. YSWA refers to the Yampa River State Wildlife Area.
39
0.07 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
p < 0.001
0.06
[Ba/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
p < 0.001
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
0.0
0.00 0.54 0.84
0.89 Ski Pond
YSWA
0.38
Ski Pond
Elkhead
0.26 0.34
Elkhead
0.19
Catamount
4.6
Lafarge
3.6
Stagecoach
3.6
Ski Pond
Stagecoach
3.5
Haymaker
YSWA
3.1
Lafarge
2.8
Catamount
2.7
[Ba/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Mn/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
0.6 p = 0.567 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.089 0.23 0.61 1.10 5.61 7.54 11.5 Ski Pond
YSWA
Haymaker
Elkhead
Catamount
Stagecoach
Lafarge
[Mn/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
Figure A2. Comparison of water elemental concentration and otolith elemental concentration of samples collected in 2005 from three locations in the Yampa River basin. P-value given is from linear regression between the two variables. YSWA refers to the Yampa River State Wildlife Area.
40
1.6
0.06
p = 0.121
p = 0.0032
[Ba/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
0.0 3.55
0.11
YSWA
Lafarge
Haymaker
Ski Pond
Stagecoach
Catamount
YSWA
0.31
0.35
0.41
0.79
0.99 Haymaker
3.51
Ski Pond
3.33
Lafarge
3.32
Stagecoach
3.30
Catamount
2.83
[Ba/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
0.30 p = 0.200 [Mn/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
0.05
0.07
0.34
0.39
7.26
8.00
Stagecoach
Lafarge
Ski Pond
Catamount
YSWA
Haymaker
[Mn/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
Figure A3. Comparison of water elemental concentration and otolith elemental concentration of samples collected in 2006 from three locations in the Yampa River basin. P-value given is from linear regression between the two variables. YSWA refers to the Yampa River State Wildlife Area.
41
Appendix B: Mean strontium, barium, and manganese otolith elemental concentrations +/- one standard error of age-0 northern pike collected 2004 to 2006 from spawning habitats throughout the Yampa River, Colorado. Otoliths were analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
42
Appendix B Location Stagecoach
Catamount Haymaker Lafarge Ski Pond YSWA Elkhead Avg. Det. Limits
Year 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2004 2005
Sr 668 750 787 1095 585 893 857 981 534 666 757 742 679 754 990 1055 1.687
SE 11.2 17.7 22.7 25.5 27.0 24.0 23.1 24.7 18.7 18.2 19.3 10.6 22.4 16.6 31.0 32.7
Ba 19.8 28.9 32.9 38.3 37.8 48.0 34.7 39.9 13.1 22.2 28 27.2 24.9 26.5 21.8 28.5 0.773
43
SE 1.97 29.0 1.95 2.47 1.67 2.03 1.52 2.07 0.84 1.32 1.39 1.04 1.21 1.19 2.53 2.43
Mn 14.8 30.7 39.9 44.2 55.3 54.3 23.9 23.6 24.7 38.6 20.9 14.3 85.1 39.1 8.98 46.9 0.638
SE 2.47 2.04 3.24 10.1 6.15 4.02 1.87 2.44 2.41 3.45 1.37 1.28 5.48 2.39 0.952 8.92
n 11 34 40 10 50 41 55 22 45 27 52 39 45 32 10 34
Appendix C: Location, fish identification number, date collected, total length (mm), weight (g), date ablated, manganese concentration (ppm), strontium concentration (ppm), and barium concentration (ppm) of northern pike collected 2006 in various locations throughout the Yampa River, Colorado.
44
Appendix C Location Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker
Fish ID # 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 1 6 7 8 10
Date collected 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 188 210 200 196 180 205 128 192 177 185 157 118 221 202 190 169 203 197 198 179 189 183 185 215 196 225 195 232 179 206 205 188 185 181 186 176 156 190 192 206 135 132 139 163
Weight (g) 34 48 40 42 31 47 13 41 29 35 21 43 60 43 38 23 46 41 45 31 40 34 36 53 43 61 41 67 32 52 43 36 36 29 38 30 21 37 37 51 14 12 18 25
45
Date ablated 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
43.0 39.4 84.8 48.1 59.8 53.0 38.0 40.4 74.8 99.3 78.0 59.0 53.7 43.6 35.1 55.8 35.6 36.1 34.9 26.8 47.0 42.0 34.4 44.1 41.6 52.0 107.0 81.4 22.3 38.0 52.9 38.6 90.4 49.0 54.1 38.9 45.9 50.1 150.2 12.1 22.4 14.5 13.3 29.5
942.1 809.0 849.0 823.5 733.0 1033.7 721.0 1014.4 1026.5 908.1 954.3 985.5 1093.3 1032.3 811.7 1029.2 764.1 807.5 872.2 686.0 1087.4 1040.9 585.6 908.7 738.7 808.9 962.1 877.9 498.7 809.4 1211.3 903.9 932.5 828.3 1142.5 752.1 924.9 1009.1 924.6 1068.2 920.6 834.7 1073.5 1146.8
56.5 34.1 31.9 34.5 58.4 55.8 49.5 57.6 46.2 42.6 85.8 42.6 47.2 50.2 45.6 47.5 43.8 31.5 45.5 52.1 46.2 36.8 74.4 44.6 26.6 53.1 41.6 36.9 39.7 39.2 72.7 48.4 39.7 30.7 65.7 47.0 65.3 58.0 44.8 36.1 40.1 26.0 41.9 54.1
Appendix C Location Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge
Fish ID # 11 12 15 16 18 21 22 24 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30
Date Collected 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 155 138 179 136 144 137 128 165 144 144 259 280 244 232 274 287 253 178 189 208 169 155 158 229 215 152 184 78 202 173 155 183 187 148 177 169 167 177 164 185 204 172 185 160
Weight (g) 21 15 33 13 16 15 12 25 18 16 109 139 90 80 109 149 96 31 41 51 32 23 31 75 64 20 35 33 44 29 21 35 41 19 31 27 29 32 42 37 50 31 38 22
46
Date Ablated 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
12.0 15.8 28.5 43.7 25.0 25.4 21.8 37.2 15.4 33.5 10.5 12.9 21.1 13.9 52.6 20.1 37.1 22.3 59.9 15.0 27.3 86.1 42.4 10.3 39.2 41.7 41.6 44.9 47.4 63.1 55.4 21.0 25.5 27.5 31.3 33.3 26.6 48.0 19.9 44.2 75.1 37.2 25.1 31.1
1086.5 933.7 828.2 1220.3 927.1 909.5 1157.8 1027.7 872.5 987.3 806.7 860.5 952.4 882.9 1071.0 1008.6 1010.8 558.7 608.5 490.9 813.4 684.2 673.8 427.8 769.1 795.1 566.1 648.9 716.7 768.1 739.9 696.6 565.0 747.7 642.6 663.4 627.4 768.1 722.7 732.5 683.1 683.7 555.0 641.7
42.1 35.8 24.1 53.7 41.9 30.5 54.5 48.4 29.5 34.3 28.1 28.4 43.9 33.8 49.8 35.8 52.2 11.4 23.0 10.1 20.3 29.7 26.9 8.6 24.8 24.9 19.4 19.1 28.4 38.0 27.3 19.8 17.5 23.8 20.1 28.4 14.5 23.8 19.3 23.7 34.6 21.3 16.2 24.3
Appendix C Location Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach
Fish ID# 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 36 37 38 39 43 44 45 46 47 2 4 6 8 10
Date Collected 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 139 132 118 144 126 125 131 120 153 144 138 149 125 141 110 132 119 137 151 144 148 147 149 150 128 128 123 136 137 135 125 125 117 137 117 124 155 128 143 140 151 137 115 159
Weight (g) 14 13 8 18 11 13 12 9 20 18 15 19 11 18 8 14 8 13 17 19 19 18 19 19 12 12 10 14 14 13 9 12 8 15 8 11 23 11 17 15 21 15 10 25
47
Date Ablated 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
7.0 9.7 7.3 47.7 11.4 6.8 23.9 13.4 9.0 11.4 10.9 13.3 14.7 13.5 13.6 13.0 30.5 28.4 10.6 12.0 17.3 18.7 11.0 14.8 7.5 11.2 8.6 11.5 26.7 13.8 10.0 21.7 9.1 12.8 18.7 10.3 8.6 9.1 10.0 31.9 45.7 8.0 43.1 41.1
718.8 708.1 686.0 768.2 793.1 860.6 831.8 755.3 669.8 740.7 773.3 746.6 677.0 711.5 612.7 630.6 798.0 806.3 669.6 736.1 733.6 851.6 680.5 801.3 678.2 828.0 762.5 647.2 833.9 691.5 658.8 763.9 835.4 744.3 817.9 780.3 654.6 733.1 748.6 773.6 913.7 687.4 875.3 649.2
23.3 28.2 17.5 33.4 32.1 22.9 28.9 38.1 19.9 24.4 32.3 35.2 20.9 22.8 16.9 17.7 28.6 27.1 24.3 25.2 29.0 49.0 21.4 29.2 21.4 29.5 24.9 19.1 37.2 29.5 21.6 30.2 30.9 25.3 32.7 33.2 23.5 28.3 23.4 35.3 48.5 16.6 28.4 21.3
Appendix C Location Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID# 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 39 40 41 43 44 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 5 6 7 11 13 15 16 17 18
Date Collected 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 133 158 149 174 132 125 125 170 161 169 157 166 149 152 164 153 159 121 144 128 148 156 173 164 128 165 149 145 180 165 143 138 153 134 100 143 128 128 151 154 151 133 125 145
Weight (g) 13 23 20 29 14 12 11 27 24 29 24 28 20 22 29 23 25 11 19 12 21 23 29 27 12 26 21 17 39 27 18 15 19 13 7 16 10 11 18 20 18 12 11 20
48
Date Ablated 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
40.8 23.5 21.5 31.6 35.2 67.9 29.6 44.2 32.7 23.4 37.5 37.1 46.6 76.3 35.4 20.4 38.2 40.0 33.5 20.5 26.2 19.5 71.7 51.8 15.9 38.2 67.6 111.5 41.2 21.5 49.2 85.9 26.9 36.2 28.0 36.8 57.7 32.5 38.9 51.4 39.5 18.8 42.3 26.0
834.7 654.4 769.5 632.1 598.1 712.8 723.8 713.4 761.6 848.6 1202.9 741.2 937.1 1016.0 1077.2 903.7 807.1 580.5 859.2 804.6 901.4 804.5 794.7 587.9 925.3 928.4 762.9 995.0 665.9 660.5 751.4 666.2 759.8 608.9 592.0 887.2 818.9 660.3 734.2 769.6 953.5 715.3 716.8 785.2
33.3 25.9 31.0 24.4 19.3 36.7 20.0 26.4 25.2 50.1 65.7 25.9 35.8 36.6 49.2 41.3 35.3 17.6 36.1 39.1 37.5 33.1 30.5 21.8 35.5 62.6 27.0 59.7 24.4 20.7 40.3 25.4 34.8 26.4 11.9 35.2 29.2 28.5 32.2 38.6 38.1 23.9 21.6 37.5
Appendix C Location YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID# 19 21 22 26 27 30 33 35 37 41 43 44 50 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 68 70 71
Date Collected 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 144 132 127 127 126 125 130 137 124 128 129 144 121 132 128 144 131 126 132 139 129 132 133
Weight (g) 18 10 11 13 10 9 13 15 10 11 11 15 9 11 11 15 12 10 11 14 13 13 13
49
Date Ablated 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
62.2 49.3 56.3 30.6 33.9 23.9 26.8 66.0 26.2 35.2 38.3 21.1 23.5 36.5 26.4 39.5 32.7 48.1 26.2 52.7 35.3 70.0 45.5
822.9 1013.7 759.8 603.4 747.6 631.8 691.5 774.5 667.1 753.7 784.1 704.1 650.1 688.7 626.4 856.4 664.8 794.6 689.0 853.6 716.8 832.7 743.9
26.8 28.4 27.1 12.7 30.0 19.7 24.8 29.3 22.5 23.5 29.5 22.6 14.6 19.7 16.3 38.6 25.7 23.6 22.1 24.9 20.5 30.4 30.6
Appendix D: Location, fish identification number, date collected, total length (mm), weight (g), date ablated, manganese concentration (ppm), strontium concentration (ppm), and barium concentration (ppm) of northern pike collected 2005 in various locations throughout the Yampa River, Colorado.
50
Appendix D Location Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount
Fish ID # 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Date Collected 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005
Total Length (mm) 204 168 168 169 208 151 163 133 156 185 168 150 160 189 185 150 164 141 168 147 140 154 135 150 154 167 158 154 157 164 160 154 124 156 163 175 94 143 127 118 158 111 77 88
Weight (g) 53 27 28 26 50 19 24 14 21 37 25 19 23 38 41 19 25 17 28 19 17 22 16 18 21 25 22 22 24 28 19 23 14 25 32 36 6 24 11 11 30 9 3 3
51
Date Ablated 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
20.3 34.4 70.6 53.4 17.5 44.8 36.3 23.9 40.7 16.3 31.3 24.6 35.4 21.5 11.7 41.1 39.3 25.3 23.5 34.3 15.6 34.8 26.5 27.9 29.4 34.1 18.5 41.6 27.7 34.2 25.8 32.9 14.4 35.4 50.9 93.0 26.3 101 18.9 59.7 129 34.2 15.7 22.0
763 866 914 1037 701 880 825 805 939 698 834 869 778 766 669 671 703 696 711 655 691 665 611 673 790 750 707 756 782 771 691 665 538 633 519 1048 584 918 471 639 776 627 514 431
28.9 40.8 36.4 49.0 19.0 43.5 24.1 27.2 44.2 15.8 31.3 36.1 32.7 18.3 22.9 19.2 31.9 29.2 39.0 26.8 22.2 21.0 20.6 22.5 34.9 30.6 28.1 28.2 31.7 40.2 21.4 23.7 14.2 21.8 45.0 34.6 40.9 50.1 43.9 70.1 66.9 54.3 47.2 45.0
Appendix D Location Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount
Fish ID # 11 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Date Collected 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005
Total Length (mm) 98 105 86 70 86 130 93 102 115 124 102 129 146 85 148 75 98 101 100 77 88 76 117 106 129 137 137 128 225 219 234 218 215 259 207 196 240 202 244 228 241 240 202 240
Weight (g) 7 7 4 3 4 15 5 7 11 13 7 14 22 4 25 2 7 7 7 3 4 3 11 9 15 18 17 14 72 67 75 67 67 123 58 49 92 56 92 77 88 70 49 95
52
Date Ablated 10/28/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
48.5 17.3 10.1 18.5 20.5 38.7 27.3 23.6 19.1 15.7 23.2 38.6 72.1 22.5 57.0 12.8 19.9 21.2 21.4 16.0 5.8 15.2 17.8 21.7 49.9 48.1 45.5 16.6 185.1 51.8 42.9 106.6 104.9 151.3 111.0 125.3 84.1 149.3 67.8 111.9 60.6 95.4 54.5 177.5
578 375 417 380 431 720 737 388 550 410 322 353 536 370 517 344 379 370 605 319 351 314 370 302 509 709 473 369 826 780 499 794 867 777 761 900 655 856 826 774 733 610 898 798
51.4 25.2 36.0 26.6 28.3 46.1 65.5 39.7 46.0 32.8 28.5 28.9 27.2 23.8 18.7 24.4 26.8 29.1 41.9 23.0 22.6 23.1 26.6 20.2 41.4 24.4 27.1 25.0 43.7 33.7 35.5 40.9 48.0 32.3 46.9 39.6 40.7 49.9 52.1 49.6 27.8 30.2 29.5 55.5
Appendix D Location Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker
Fish ID # 62 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 19 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 36 37 38 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 55 56
Date Collected 7/25/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005
Total Length (mm) 221 81 127 82 112 81 103 105 93 119 75 104 115 142 94 137 83 85 98 80 83 96 90 89 87 78 82 137 153 141 145 149 157 162 125 165 192 145 142 128 173 220 147 131
Weight (g) 72 3 13 3 9 3 7 7 5 11 2 7 9 19 5 16 4 4 6 4 3 5 4 4 4 3 3 11 19 16 16 17 23 24 11 26 41 21 20 11 27 62 19 13
53
Date Ablated 4/14/2006 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
48.0 15.0 29.2 38.0 15.6 13.6 25.8 31.8 22.1 15.5 45.1 89.1 28.0 21.4 26.6 23.6 18.5 17.7 30.2 29.8 11.6 20.8 14.6 12.0 15.8 16.0 17.1 9.4 65.5 25.5 27.2 36.0 16.2 32.0 19.2 20.8 15.5 13.9 11.5 11.3 26.9 17.3 18.6 33.7
791 963 776 1178 737 1002 729 916 811 759 1631 1188 797 1094 718 561 760 787 828 823 782 751 737 553 703 670 732 794 879 806 909 864 735 817 975 738 854 885 785 836 754 656 1027 1037
46.9 41.44 27.99 47.25 22.39 34.24 23.97 38.99 33.01 21.00 78.17 58.03 29.20 37.52 30.5 20.1 31.7 28.1 33.3 29.4 21.8 30.2 30.3 20.1 28.6 19.3 18.9 32.91 47.70 33.33 32.69 42.82 28.88 37.01 46.98 29.83 28.37 28.67 22.43 33.13 31.33 25.98 44.34 54.90
Appendix D Location Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge
Fish ID# 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 71 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Date collected 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005
Total length (mm) 154 154 143 147 170 126 127 131 129 168 171 145
Weight (g) 21 20 16 18 26 10 11 12 14 27 29 17
111 107 100 61 93 92 127 82 104 108 96 75 91 103 105 110 201 170 179 156 192 160 200 131 185
9 7 7 1 5 5 13 3 7 8 7 3 4 7 7 8 49 32 34 24 45 28 52 15 44
54
Date Ablated 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
15.67 19.22 9.57 22.59 15.23 12.08 38.75 24.24 49.85 21.53 21.09 17.63 18.2 55.7 16.8 71.3 14.2 22.8 17.3 13.7 13.6 37.1 64.4 24.1 46.8 18.7 11.9 23.3 32.2 10.6 22.2 13.3 17.9 24.6 13.3 9.9 26.2 13.2 17.3 14.5 27.8 26.8 33.8 7.8
916 831 950 733 712 916 996 990 990 820 988 945 568 769 873 900 620 782 741 485 461 670 687 568 700 519 568 535 583 400 541 437 446 454 440 475 481 392 397 385 482 464 548 427
41.12 31.22 36.48 31.14 26.45 38.27 48.77 47.11 40.25 31.36 57.79 41.15 14.0 24.9 22.4 26.3 11.1 25.7 16.2 12.8 12.8 16.4 25.3 16.6 22.4 14.5 17.9 14.6 19.1 10.4 14.7 7.9 9.4 9.2 8.7 7.8 8.1 6.6 8.4 8.0 10.9 12.0 10.5 6.5
Appendix D Location Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond
Fish ID# 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 60 61 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39
Date Collected 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005
Total Length (mm) 165 174 160 165 191 174 160 178 175 189 221 192 149 90 67 76 89 92 89 96 88 91 95 74 85 72 80 96 81 83 87 89 86 112 94 87 81 77 168 155 139 144 162 187
Weight (g) 30 30 25 28 41 31 24 35 34 41 82 49 19 4 2 3 4 5 4 6 4 5 5 33 4 2 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 9 5 4 4 3 27 24 15 19 23 39
55
Date Ablated 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
78.1 33.8 38.1 22.4 31.1 14.7 23.6 10.3 8.5 19.0 18.0 19.6 14.4 13.6 12.2 15.7 18.6 22.7 14.6 33.0 37.7 12.8 15.2 25.7 11.4 9.2 13.9 18.3 15.3 14.4 25.4 11.9 23.5 21.6 15.4 12.3 12.6 36.8 26.7 27.4 51.9 41.4 39.7 23.9
544 438 533 545 517 446 448 451 419 506 467 474 467 960 762 900 1071 987 999 1213 1058 832 574 608 633 692 663 720 656 602 536 663 648 588 618 545 607 640 770 859 695 824 783 713
19.4 8.7 14.5 8.9 13.2 9.8 9.5 6.1 7.2 12.9 10.2 8.1 9.3 31.6 26.0 28.2 56.7 43.8 32.5 56.0 55.3 30.3 20.6 16.6 22.0 17.4 17.9 23.6 23.7 16.7 18.9 21.0 18.0 15.1 17.0 16.9 15.1 21.0 29.3 43.7 33.6 37.2 31.3 27.9
Appendix D Location Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID# 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30
Date Collected 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005
Total Length (mm) 143 108 232 276 251 202 222 272 254 247 285 132 149 155 132 145 129 121 115 145 138 246 171 201 167 183 244 168 193 179 154 198 183 175 184 194 166
Weight (g) 18 7 69 117 96 46 61 123 88 78 151 13 22 20 12 22 11 10 8 17 14 93 31 47 27 39 97 27 42 34 19 41 33 31 36 43 25
56
Date Ablated 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
18.3 13.1 11.9 13.7 10.7 11.8 17.7 22.6 14.5 25.5 9.4 24.2 33.6 34.5 30.9 20.8 15.8 11.5 16.7 37.9 16.4 47.9 53.7 28.6 90.0 39.5 68.8 107.0 53.0 126.4 60.1 49.6 94.5 49.5 121.7 112.6 60.9 156.3 101.8 39.5 72.1 113.9 49.6 134.6
888 810 637 766 734 770 698 731 684 818 703 742 765 832 819 715 793 731 804 744 754 838 168 606 840 867 668 935 693 906 1033 741 925 853 894 656 905 623 618 605 647 649 620 649
26.9 29.4 20.0 28.57 25.83 30.2 24.5 24.61 20.3 26.7 19.31 26.3 32.6 34.8 29.9 23.4 40.1 25.19 35.3 31.9 38.1 16.54 3.76 15.80 42.1 25.7 29.28 35.4 38.70 33.3 38.2 23.82 34.7 31.8 43.1 31.71 33.81 27.4 21.8 20.3 21.3 26.6 16.8 25.0
Appendix D Location YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead
Fish ID# 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Date Collected 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005
Total Length (mm)
454 352 401 363 332 355 585 367 430 504 471 659 551 582 362 541 414 516 546 518 622 568
Weight (g)
534 284 465 305 227 274 1174 309 486 815 654 1724 1105 1132 284 1000 499 836 1064 747 1572 1132
57
Date Ablated 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
173.9 92.0 71.8 51.0 145.1 61.3 95.0 89.9 84.9 101.5 42.2 101.2 55.8 56.6 62.2 112.6 75.8 156.3 62.2 159.5 76.9 71.7 11.3 6.7 17.5 59.4 20.3 9.5 7.0 66.0 9.8 59.2 29.5 26.1 35.6 36.2 7.2 28.8 160.5 18.6 55.5 63.2 75.2 41.7
668 684 577 509 815 592 636 710 601 612 706 607 567 504 606 651 597 669 573 575 587 551 1050 894 1261 1138 1426 873 975 1019 754 1425 1026 899 1085 903 1075 1193 848 1122 1207 829 1254 1218
25.4 33.1 20.9 11.3 28.3 17.0 20.7 29.1 25.9 21.6 21.6 22.5 17.3 18.4 20.7 19.4 18.8 28.1 17.0 22.2 22.9 19.8 16.8 11.1 28.4 22.3 29.5 13.2 11.7 15.4 19.0 64.3 33.9 30.2 22.8 22.9 24.7 48.9 18.9 33.3 50.9 23.8 45.1 52.2
Appendix D Location Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead
Fish ID# 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Date Collected 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005
Total Length (mm) 528 582 621 530 501 546 630 497 501 315 462 520
Weight (g) 770 1125 1385 823 752 1064 1740 748 853 183 549 941
58
Date Ablated 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
29.18 15.58 30.12 52.41 32.97 37.13 32.27 120.35 286.29 51.51 17.93 74.22
889 720 851 1128 891 1349 1117 1127 1353 1107 946 742
17.0 20.4 18.4 33.2 18.2 42.4 30.6 44.6 62.0 14.4 15.4 19.8
Appendix E: Location, fish identification number, date collected, total length (mm), weight (g), date ablated, manganese concentration (ppm), strontium concentration (ppm), and barium concentration (ppm) of northern pike collected 2004 in various locations throughout the Yampa River, Colorado.
59
Appendix E
Location Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead
Fish ID# 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 9 10 1 2 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 9 1 1 2 3 3 6 5 7 8 9 10 11
Date Collected 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004
Total Length (mm) 320 320 320 315 355 355 330 325 330 330 310 200 209 209 241 199 235 198 195 185 185 280 280 271 243 243 264 295 280 290 265 292 184
Weight (g) 186 181 194 192 268 268 199 217 201 201 188 50 54 54 85 58 74 50 45 34 34 148 148 133 89 89 125 188 156 149 137 174 295
60
Date Ablated 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
8.60 16.72 21.31 10.84 7.48 10.74 20.65 7.09 18.94 33.10 7.50 57.02 10.75 13.19 29.81 50.97 63.36 11.27 115.93 49.67 39.70 6.10 11.09 13.63 7.66 9.13 12.46 5.22 7.43 8.45 14.90 5.91 5.76
676.66 700.18 661.38 658.56 585.19 656.06 727.45 631.73 689.74 684.79 676.28 1175.92 1074.74 1119.60 1178.13 957.80 1168.74 977.12 1154.30 1046.95 1094.81 1106.31 1183.36 1010.81 899.73 947.53 1096.13 841.84 1003.11 1058.41 945.63 832.19 949.61
20.69 21.38 23.89 22.05 11.51 15.13 26.45 11.11 16.90 32.84 15.80 40.28 35.81 35.97 55.82 39.64 37.80 25.89 33.83 43.83 33.87 24.82 33.88 22.04 15.38 20.02 36.63 9.18 15.57 25.93 30.41 12.98 14.23
Appendix F. Location, fish identification number and hydrogen isotopic ratios of age-0 northern pike collected in 2005 in various locations in the Yampa River, Colorado. If multiple samples per otolith were analyzed, the average value for the fish is given.
61
Appendix F Hydrogen Location Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 2 3 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 17 10 11 12 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 14 15 16 17 18
Isotope Ratio -151.88 -157.09 -151.95 -154.21 -151.01 -152.84 -151.96 -157.22 -155.01 -154.46 -155.98 -154.21 -149.89 -157.61 -151.93 -154.33 -147.91 -155.35 -158.03 -158.62 -159.49 -159.73 -160.61 -151.28 -158.10 -156.39 -157.74 -155.28 -157.26 -152.49 -148.82 -152.47 -162.00 -161.99 -163.79 -160.47 -159.92 -151.68 -145.99 -141.35 -141.69 -140.96 -138.28 -138.45
Location YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
62
Fish ID# 19 20 3 7 8
Hydrogen isotope ratio -142.57 -144.33 -140.87 -146.85 -140.80
Appendix G. Water chemistry samples collected 2004, 2005, and 2006 from various locations along the Yampa River, Colorado.
63
Appendix G 2004
above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
Na µM
Mg µM
Si µM
S µM
Ca µM
K µM
Li nM
Cd nM
Cs nM
Ce nM
591 520 518 503 504 266 305 288 289 184 326 412 432
923 842 815 809 801 371 440 412 410 170 240 312 330
319 241 241 236 245 188 187 172 176 171 115 143 145
629 515 515 499 501 233 275 243 247 69 161 293 303
1488 1298 1343 1295 1309 630 752 639 645 333 421 518 539
51.8 60.8 64.3 61.9 62.5 37.8 42.1 36.5 37.3 46.2 32.7 26.8 27.3
2564 2170 2135 2129 2127 1078 1238 1120 1119 729 1186 974 954
0.035 0.013 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.026 0.009 0.020 0.036 0.023 0.024 0.030
0.006 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.008 0.008 0.011 0.010 0.025 1.469 0.017 0.019
0.092 0.077 0.043 0.056 0.044 1.137 0.835 0.432 0.396 2.114 0.833 0.909 1.052
Re nM
Tl nM
Pb nM
U nM
V nM
Cr nM
Mn nM
Fe nM
Co nM
0.084 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.090 0.042 0.049 0.047 0.048 0.015 0.029 0.064 0.063
0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.015 0.014
0.050 0.042 0.047 0.038 0.031 0.095 0.105 0.110 0.102 0.396 0.118 0.182 0.225
3.521 2.730 2.385 2.465 1.970 1.945 2.401 1.807 1.824 0.664 1.784 1.995 2.153
20.07 30.91 30.52 30.33 28.43 18.86 16.81 28.93 29.01 13.57 15.44 10.27 10.69
0.52 0.39 0.43 0.40 0.44 1.78 1.48 1.30 1.46 3.43 2.33 1.32 1.41
173 732 720 725 1331 582 730 718 736 1034 547 89 103
559 151 175 163 189 1720 1937 789 712 5902 1681 740 923
1.57 3.15 2.97 3.13 2.98 1.83 2.20 2.29 2.26 3.57 2.29 0.80 0.87
64
Appendix G 2004
above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
Ni nM
Cu nM
Zn nM
Rb nM
Sr nM
Mo nM
Ba nM
As nM
16.40 14.90 15.61 14.84 14.70 9.56 11.04 10.31 10.07 13.05 9.12 30.08 29.60
4.54 3.56 3.43 3.55 3.09 4.70 4.48 4.23 3.82 35.73 6.26 18.55 18.68
8.51 32.80 14.18 1.49 5.46 27.95 26.07 4.19 26.35 38.37 7.76 3.81 55.52
14.84 17.19 16.89 16.88 17.12 11.39 11.95 12.24 12.11 17.28 17.98 5.91 6.03
4421 4066 4042 4057 3962 2167 2467 2302 2272 1107 1588 2475 2568
11.41 11.73 11.33 10.68 10.40 6.25 6.84 6.42 6.44 3.33 4.52 12.64 12.60
344 387 389 389 388 233 268 233 234 252 167 271 276
11.7 22.9 22.2 21.9 20.6 11.8 12.9 18.7 18.6 8.3 11.2 13.0 13.0
Sr87/86 above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
0.711 0.710 0.711 0.710 0.711 0.709 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.720 0.713 0.707 0.707
65
Appendix G 2005
Lafarge Lafarge Catamount Catamount Elkhead Elkhead Haymaker Haymaker Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Craig Pond Craig Pond YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Na µM
Mg µM
Si µM
S µM
Ca µM
K µM
P µM
Li nM
Ce nM
Pb nM
U nM
237 237 257 251 838 848 84 80 116 111 493 474 3714 3680 596 551
235 237 331 326 512 520 64 63 87 84 874 819 955 944 399 400
95 99 189 185 152 152 86 85 142 136 319 291 156 155 231 228
57 57 211 206 456 460 14 13 20 19 554 522 1792 1773 141 141
374 384 581 569 846 847 163 163 195 186 1581 1453 707 696 755 749
51 51 28 25 43 43 11 10 11 11 51 52 103 104 49 48
0.33 0.32 2.60 2.65 0.47 0.36 1.58 1.50 2.09 2.05 1.62 1.27 1.29 1.32 0.86 0.84
580 574 907 938 1064 1024 190 193 295 288 2170 2101 2009 2176 1283 1253
0.056 0.048 1.278 1.227 0.448 0.561 2.730 2.703 3.778 3.655 0.232 0.193 0.415 0.430 1.046 1.014
0.021 0.017 0.347 0.326 0.105 0.137 0.416 0.425 0.817 0.770 0.096 0.078 0.171 0.181 0.487 0.478
2.62 2.69 2.39 2.22 5.79 6.18 0.20 0.21 0.33 0.30 3.86 4.15 6.05 5.51 3.41 3.45
8.3
0.2
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.02
21
0.001
0.004
0.03
66
Appendix G 2005
Lafarge Lafarge Catamount Catamount Elkhead Elkhead Haymaker Haymaker Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Craig Pond Craig Pond YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Mn nM
Fe nM
Ni nM
Cu nM
Zn nM
Rb nM
Sr nM
Ba nM
Se Sr87/Sr86 nM
35 33 346 360 909 958 930 905 2020 2364 429 270 346 395 5670 5671
237 216 2032 2053 299 466 8590 8247 18145 17817 787 514 460 504 3603 3860
11.6 11.6 11.3 12.5 28.5 27.0 16.0 15.9 18.2 17.6 24.3 21.7 11.9 13.3 17.4 16.8
3.46 3.06 5.72 6.95 16.64 16.42 14.73 14.16 46.95 44.83 6.00 6.48 9.89 4.42 4.74 4.66
3.2 5.7 3.4 3.1 2.2 1.9 68.5 77.8 60.1 62.0 17.8 12.5 2.9 5.0 3.7 1.7
9.5 9.4 10.6 10.9 7.2 7.0 6.0 5.9 8.2 8.1 14.4 14.9 13.1 13.9 7.8 7.8
1326 1353 1752 1777 3906 3836 588 597 715 681 4489 4237 3210 3404 2062 2047
124 131 214 220 456 465 144 149 161 157 396 386 357 367 143 144
0.4 0.9 2.0 1.4 4.6 3.1 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 6.9 7.2 1.3 1.2 2.6 2.0
1
5
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.1
3
1
1
67
0.718 0.717 0.710 0.712 0.709 0.710 0.723 0.723 0.725 0.725 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.712 0.711 0.712
Appendix G 2006
Catamount Catamount Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Na µM 355 360 356 110 109 119 270 265 261 171 184 177 532 500 507 468 460 478
Mg µM 525 533 524 63 64 69 250 249 236 136 141 136 808 780 786 331 336 358
Si µM 182 208 197 127 127 136 185 177 166 115 121 111 231 215 237 156 158 166
S µM 311 318 319 14 15 17 57 58 57 37 37 36 504 486 493 93 90 99
Ca µM 717 754 737 166 162 177 459 463 447 280 284 282 1106 1055 1100 586 586 605
K µM 38.0 44.1 39.9 22.7 24.3 27.8 50.4 51.0 48.4 28.8 28.4 25.3 62.9 58.0 56.4 33.5 35.2 36.2
P µM 0.49 0.75 0.55 1.04 1.18 1.64 0.13 0.13 0.17 0.67 0.71 0.70 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.96 1.09 1.03
Li nM 1373 1426 1423 199 210 220 550 582 584 399 402 392 1849 1947 1784 1014 1009 1060
Ce nM 0.111 0.161 0.129 3.071 3.185 3.432 0.054 0.057 0.093 4.233 4.383 4.349 0.196 0.177 0.160 1.225 1.219 1.216
Pb nM 0.036 0.044 0.038 0.524 0.568 0.573 0.014 0.020 0.023 0.937 0.879 0.846 0.050 0.049 0.049 0.496 0.512 1.673
U nM 2.46 2.63 2.26 0.19 0.20 0.20 2.44 2.44 2.31 0.79 0.78 0.79 3.84 3.98 3.49 2.70 2.61 2.82
3
0.5
2
1
1
0.04
0.02
3
0.001
0.028
0.01
68
Appendix G 2006
Catamount Catamount Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Mn nM 171 413 292 1099 1204 1760 22 29 38 90 101 97 39 39 70 4199 4407 4293
Fe nM 290 447 362 7995 8736 9163 202 208 232 12757 13622 13320 156 142 103 8075 8710 8885
Ni nM 9.0 10.0 9.5 10.1 10.9 11.3 10.3 10.2 9.9 15.2 16.2 15.2 15.3 15.9 15.2 12.9 13.1 13.2
Cu nM 2.9 3.4 2.9 17.2 11.9 13.1 2.1 4.5 2.4 28.8 28.9 28.7 4.5 4.7 4.1 8.6 4.7 4.7
Zn nM 0.4 0.4 0.1 23.4 24.8 28.3 0.3 1.3 0.1 13.6 11.0 9.3 0.4 0.1 1.0 2.1 1.7 3.3
Rb nM 13.4 13.5 13.5 12.4 14.2 14.5 9.2 9.0 8.4 12.9 13.0 13.2 15.8 16.3 15.4 7.3 7.0 7.1
Sr nM 2551 2719 2576 528 566 583 1507 1572 1438 955 916 950 3783 3792 3889 1691 1674 1659
Ba nM 223 237 229 150 166 183 184 187 184 226 223 222 383 380 386 66 65 63
Se nM 2.0 0.8 1.8 2.9 0.5 -2.0 3.8 2.6 0.7 7.1 4.0 3.3 5.9 5.3 10.5 3.5 1.6 0.0
1
5
0.3
0.1
1.2
0.03
1
0.3
3
69
Mole ratio Sr87/86 0.710 0.709 0.710 0.717 0.717 0.719 0.718 0.716 0.718 0.718 0.719 0.718 0.709 0.709 0.709 0.710 0.710 0.710
USE OF OTOLITH ELEMENTAL SIGNATURES IN ESTIMATING SOURCES OF NORTHERN PIKE RECRUITMENT IN THE YAMPA RIVER, COLORADO
Submitted by Ryan M. Fitzpatrick Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO Fall 2008
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
April 14, 2008 WE HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER OUR SUPERVISION BY RYAN MICHAEL FITZPATRICK ENTITLED USE OF OTOLITH ELEMENTAL SIGNATURES IN ESTIMATING SOURCES OF NORTHERN PIKE RECRUITMENT IN THE YAMPA RIVER, COLORADO BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING IN PART REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTERS OF SCIENCE.
Committee on Graduate Work
__________________________________ Brett Johnson __________________________________ John Stednick __________________________________ Kevin Rogers __________________________________ Advisor Dana Winkelman __________________________________ Kenneth Wilson Department Head
ii
ABSTRACT OF THESIS
UTILITY OF OTOLITH ELEMENTAL SIGNATURES IN ESTIMATING SOURCES OF NORTHERN PIKE RECRUITMENT IN THE YAMPA RIVER, COLORADO
Predation from nonnative northern pike, Esox lucius, has caused extensive problems for Colorado trout fisheries and native fish assemblages. Evaluating potential control options for northern pike requires a clearer understanding of recruitment. If major recruitment sources can be identified, then management efforts can focus on these areas to reduce reinvasion. If there are many recruitment sources and reinvasion rates are high, then control efforts may not be successful. My project focused on introduced northern pike in the upper Yampa River system in Colorado. I used otolith microchemistry to develop elemental signatures to identify sources of northern pike recruitment throughout the Yampa basin. I developed a discriminant function to classify northern pike based on elemental signatures. When all sampling sites were included in the analysis, classification rates ranged from 8-82%, with an average of 64% in 2005 and 58% in 2006. When fewer sites were considered classification accuracy increased. In particular, classification rates between Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount ranged from 73-100% from 2004 to 2006, with an overall average of 90%. Classification rates were higher in low runoff years than in high runoff years. There was significant temporal variation in elemental signatures, which indicates that age-0 northern pike will need to be collected every year to estimate elemental signatures, adults aged, and then classified using the appropriate year’s signature. This will increase effort involved using this technique, but it is still less labor intensive and more cost effective than manual tagging
iii
methods. My classification rates are similar to other otolith microchemistry studies; however, elemental data are not consistently reliable enough for classifying fish of unknown origin throughout the Yampa River basin.
Ryan Michael Fitzpatrick Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Fall 2008
iv
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Dana Winkelman for his support and guidance throughout this project. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my committee members; Dr. Brett Johnson for his guidance in my transition into the science arena as well as his assistance in this project; Dr. Kevin Rogers for his support in terms of this project and assisting my development professionally; Dr. John Stednick for guidance with water chemistry. I would also like to thank Dr. Alan Koenig of the U.S.G.S. for his assistance at the laser ablation laboratory. Several people at the Colorado Division of Wildlife helped in various aspects of this project, including Bill Atkinson, Pat Martinez, Bill Elmblad, and Lori Martin. John Hawkins and Cameron Wolford of the Larval Fish Laboratory at Colorado State University provided fish samples and information regarding the lower Yampa River. At Colorado State I have been fortunate to have been assisted by many people, including Darin Simpkins, Greg Whitledge, Jeff Falke, and Dan GibsonReinemer. I would like to thank Dr. Phil Chapman for his guidance on statistical issues. A great deal of thanks also goes to the technicians and volunteers who assisted me: Gregor Dekleva, Brendan McGinn, Kendall Ross, Paul Erker, Kelli Rehder, Corey Beaugh, Mike Boatwright, Mary Pearl Murphy, Boyd Wright, Mike Hill, Michelle McGree, Ashley Ficke and Nate Catchcart. I would like to thank the landowners who allowed access onto their properties, especially Dave McAtee of the Catamount Ranch and Club and Bill Wheelihan of Haymaker Golf Course.
v
This study was funded by the Colorado Division of Wildlife as well as the Colorado River Recovery Project through the Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION
1
METHODS
8
RESULTS
15
DISCUSSION
17
LITERATURE CITED
25
TABLES
30
FIGURES
34
APPENDIX A: OTOLITH:WATER ELEMENTAL COMPARISONS
38
APPENDIX B: MEAN OTOLITH ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS
42
APPENDIX C: 2006 AGE-0 FISH DATA
44
APPENDIX D: 2005 AGE-0 FISH DATA
50
APPENDIX E: 2004 AGE-0 FISH DATA
59
APPENDIX F: HYDROGEN ISOTOPE DATA
61
APPENDIX G: WATER CHEMISTRY DATA
63
vii
LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 1:
Classification rates from a nonlinear discriminant function analysis of northern pike collected from ponds and reservoirs in the Yampa River system, Colorado. A dash indicates fish were not collected from that location in the given year. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese.
TABLE 2:
Results of multivariate discriminant function analysis of 31 elemental concentrations of strontium, barium and manganese from northern pike otoliths collected in the Yampa River system, Colorado. Only canonical axes explaining greater than 10% of the variation were included. All canonical axes shown were highly significant (p < 0.001). The element with the highest correlation for each analysis is shown in bold.
TABLE 3:
Results of discriminate function analysis with MANOVA output examining the temporal variation of otolith elemental signatures of age-0 northern pike collected throughout the Yampa River system, Colorado. Elements used in the analysis included strontium, barium and manganese. Pillai’s trace statistic is reported with the probability in parentheses (* indicates p < 0.01).
32
TABLE 4:
Classification rates comparing when hydrogen isotopic ratios were included as a fourth variable and when it was not. Sample sizes are given in parentheses.
33
viii
30
LIST OF FIGURES
Page FIGURE 1:
The study area was located in northwest Colorado between Stagecoach Reservoir and Elkhead Reservoir. The Yampa River flows in a westerly direction.
34
FIGURE 2:
Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2004, 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado. Elements analyzed included barium, strontium and manganese. Classification rates and sample sizes are also given. Classification rates were obtained using a nonlinear discriminant function analysis.
35
FIGURE 3:
Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado showing temporal variation in the signatures between years. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese. The otoliths were analyzed with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To avoid any temporal variation in the machine, all otoliths were run on the same machine on the same day.
36
FIGURE 4:
Relationship between residence time in Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount and the classification rates of age-0 northern pike collected 2004, 2005 and 2006. Residence time was calculated based on the mean monthly discharge from April through August.
37
ix
Introduction Nonnative fish species have negatively affected native fish assemblages globally (Vander Zanden et al. 1999; Rahel 2000; Olden and Poff 2004) and nonnative introductions are acute in the arid western United States. Schade and Bonar (2005) estimated that one in every four fishes in western streams and two of every three fishes in Colorado were nonnative. Typical management strategies for nonnative invasive fishes involve removal or reduction of non-natives by poisoning (Martinez 2004), gillnetting (Knapp and Matthews 1998), electrofishing (Kulp and Moore 2000), or dewatering (Copp et al. 2005). Usually reinvasion is prevented by the use of barriers and native fishes are reintroduced above the barrier. For example, Kulp and Moore (2000) removed nonnative rainbow trout in an Appalachian stream and stocked multiple age classes of the native southern Appalachian brook trout. The treatment area of their study had a waterfall (~10 m) that inhibited movement into the treatment area and native brook trout spawned successfully within one year of nonnative removal. The effectiveness of nonnative fish removal will depend on reinvasion rates of non-natives. If reinvasion rates are high, then non-native removal may not be successful. Conversely, if reinvasion rates are low then removal may be an effective management strategy. Non-native fishes may reinvade by moving from an area not subject to the removal, and typical management to avoid such reinvasion is the construction of a barrier. If removal isn’t complete, reinvasion can occur through reproduction and recruitment. Reintroduction can also occur from movement by humans. For example, Copp et al. (2005) found human disturbance variables, such as
1
distance to nearest road or footpath, as a significant factor related to introduction of nonnative fish into restored ponds. Estimating movement and sources of recruitment of nonnative fishes is necessary to focus management efforts and define points of potential reinvasion and possible control. The northern pike (Esox lucius) is an aggressive piscivore that has a circumpolar distribution throughout the northern hemisphere (Craig 1996) and has been stocked outside their native range to act as biological controls and to offer angling opportunities. Once introduced, northern pike have been implicated in declines in native fish populations (Findley et al. 2000; Labbe and Fausch 2000; Nesler 1995). The first documented stocking of nonnative northern pike into Colorado’s west slope occurred in 1962 at Vallecito Reservoir to control a white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) population (Bergersen 2001). Since that time, agency sanctioned as well as illegal movement of northern pike has taken place, and currently northern pike are found throughout the state. The Yampa River, Colorado is home to four federally endangered species, the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), roundtail chub (Gila robusta), bonytail (Gila elegans), and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). The section of river downstream of Craig, Colorado (river mile 139) has been identified as critical habitat for these fishes (Nesler 1995). Northern pike, as well as other nonnative predators, have been identified as major predatory threats to native fish in the river (Nesler 1995). The first stocking of northern pike into a reservoir with direct flow into the Yampa was 580 fingerlings into Elkhead Reservoir in 1977 (Rogers et al. 2005) and there were reports of escaped fish from Elkhead Reservoir as early as 1979 (Tyus and
2
Beard 1990). Once in the river system the northern pike became established. Lake Catamount dam was completed in 1978 and there were northern pike detected below the Lake Catamount spillway in 1980, but not in the reservoir until 1995 which suggests the Lake Catamount dam blocked upstream movement. Rogers et al. (2005) suggest the establishment of northern pike in Lake Catamount was from fish escaping from Stagecoach Reservoir which is located upstream of Lake Catamount and was constructed in 1989. Northern pike were first documented in Stagecoach Reservoir in 1994. Hill (2004) studied the suitability of northern pike spawning habitat in backwaters along the Yampa River, including one off-channel pond. He speculated that spawning habitat within the river was not sufficient to sustain northern pike due to high variation in flows, especially through nursery areas. Suitable spawning habitat may be inundated with heavy flows within a few days of spawning, thus washing eggs from vegetation and killing them. Conversely, the river levels may drop significantly immediately following spawning, thus desiccating eggs. While Hill’s study did not focus on off-channel ponds, he suggested they were the site of the majority of successful northern pike spawning along the river. He also suggested that northern pike recruit from ponds with a connection to the river, but ponds not connected directly to the river could allow immigration of northern pike into the river during flood events. With the high fluctuation of water levels in the Yampa River, flooding water levels may take place every few years. In addition to off-channel ponds, he implicated reservoirs in the study area as sources of recruitment and indicated future research to control northern pike recruitment should focus in these
3
areas. Orabutt (2006) conducted further research in the study area by tagging northern pike in Lake Catamount and Stagecoach Reservoir for a mark recapture study. Tagged fish were recaptured below the Lake Catamount dam in the main stem Yampa River within weeks of being tagged. Since Catamount Dam is the last dam on the river system before critical habitat of native fishes, it is a potential source and control point for northern pike into the Yampa River system. In addition to the native fishes in the lower Yampa River, the upper Yampa River supports an economically important trout fishery. Trout anglers and managers are interested in controlling northern pike because they are implicated in the decline of trout fisheries in the region. Northern pike can consume prey up to one-half their own body length (Craig 1996) and reach over 115 cm inches in total length in reservoirs on the Yampa River, resulting in northern pike able to consume trout over 57 cm total length. Controlling the number of northern pike in the upper Yampa River would benefit the trout fishery by reducing trout mortality. However, the effectiveness of removing northern pike in specific areas will depend on how quickly northern pike are able to recolonize after removal. If there are several potential recruitment sources, or a single productive recruitment source, then reinvasion would be likely and removals may not be effective. If recruitment sources are limited then removal may be an effective management option. To examine if removal may be effective, I focused on Lake Catamount. Lake Catamount currently has a large northern pike population that is well studied. Orabutt (2006) marked northern pike and assessed habitat and the Colorado Division of Wildlife has extensive data on the reservoir as part of its annual monitoring.
4
Historical records of changes in population structure will allow the efficacy of control efforts at Lake Catamount to be documented. Additionally, Lake Catamount had a highly productive trout fishery until northern pike were established and stakeholders are interested in reestablishing a rainbow trout fishery. Lake Catamount is the last reservoir on the main stem of the Yampa River and may be responsible for northern pike recruitment into native fish critical spawning habitat. Control of northern pike in Lake Catamount may reduce recruitment into the Yampa River system. Lake Catamount is well suited for examination of removal efforts as it is relatively small, privately owned, and has a population of northern pike that has been studied. Northern pike control would be beneficial for both trout management and reduction of recruitment into the river. The most likely source of northern pike immigrants into Lake Catamount is Stagecoach Reservoir which lies upstream of Lake Catamount. These two locations can be analyzed discretely from other locations in the basin because movement of northern pike upstream into Lake Catamount is precluded by its overflow dam. As previously stated, the effectiveness of nonnative fish removal will depend on reinvasion rates of non-natives. To estimate movement of fish several methods of tagging have been used, including T-bar anchor tags (Parsons and Reed 2005), coded wire tags (Able et al. 2006), passive integrative transmitter tags (Roussel et al. 2004), and more recently pop-up satellite archival tags (Sibert et al. 2006). Tagging methods tend to be inefficient in estimating population size or movement of juvenile fish as small fishes are difficult to mark and have low recapture rates (Bergman et al. 1992). Stable isotopes in muscle tissues have also been used (Hesslein 1991); however,
5
isotopic signatures change over time (Hobson 1999, Hesslein 1993), making this technique inappropriate for long term studies of fish movement. Another technique to estimate movement and recruitment is the use of elemental and isotopic concentrations in calcified structures. These are commonly referred to as elemental fingerprints or signatures and can be used as a natural tag. Elemental fingerprints can potentially be used to discriminate among fish that have inhabited different water bodies, such as nursery areas (Gillanders and Kingsford 2000, Arai et al. 2007, Feyrer et al. 2007) and different stocks (Edmonds et al. 1999) and can help estimate the source and migration patterns of individuals. Otoliths are the most widely used calcified structure for stock discrimination and movement studies (Campana 1999). Growth of the otolith occurs daily, seasonally, and annually resulting in visible increments that can be used to reconstruct the age and life history of fishes (Campana and Neilson 1985). Since otoliths are metabolically inert, elemental information recovered at different locations within the otolith can be used to reconstruct events throughout the lifetime of a fish. Changes in elemental composition reflect either changes in the water conditions, or modifications due to the physiological conditions of a fish at a specific time (Kalish 1989; Kennedy et al. 2000). The advantage of using otolith elemental composition is that each fish in the population has a signature, thus no effort needs to be expended to mark fish. When evaluating the potential utility of using otolith elemental composition as a natural tag, certain characteristics should be examined. First, differences in otolith elemental composition are based on differences in water chemistry (Walther and Thorrold 2006) that are caused mainly by differences in the geology of the area and
6
potentially diet (Buckel et al. 2004). Relatively large differences in water and otolith elemental composition may be expected comparing sites over large, diverse geographic areas while smaller differences might be expected over smaller spatial scales that have similar geology. In my study area, the Yampa River flows from its headwaters near Stagecoach Reservoir and remains in a mountainous canyon until it flows out of Lake Catamount. At that point, the geology surrounding the river becomes a high elevation plateau. I hope this change in geology will be reflected in differences in water chemistries in locations downstream. Second, the biology of the target species should be examined. Fishes well suited to studies of natal areas with otolith microchemistry have discrete and identifiable spawning habitats (e.g., Feyrer et al. 2007). Northern pike require lentic, heavily vegetated areas for spawning and leave river channels to find suitable spawning habitat in backwaters, reservoirs, or ponds. Water in these off channel areas may possess unique chemical compositions. Thus, the northern pike’s reproductive biology makes this species a reasonable choice for studying natal areas with otolith microchemistry. Third, it is important to examine temporal variation when using otolith elemental signatures. If elemental signatures are not stable over time, then age-0 fish will need to be collected each year to obtain a baseline signature of each location. Adults will need to be collected, aged, then classified using the appropriate year’s elemental signatures. In addition to using otolith elemental signatures to classify fish, I also examined the potential utility of hydrogen isotopic signatures. Whitledge et al. (2006) showed the utility of hydrogen isotopes in aquatic environments and otolith hydrogen isotopic ratios have a very strong relationship to water hydrogen isotopic
7
ratios (r2 ≥ 0.97). Differences in hydrogen isotopic ratios are driven by differences in evaporation rates and evaporation probably differs between small ponds and large reservoirs. I assessed hydrogen isotopes to either use in conjunction with elemental data to increase accuracy in basin wide classification rates, or as a filter to classify fish recruited from ponds and fish recruited from reservoirs, thereby reducing the number of locations to identify using elemental data. My first objective was to develop otolith elemental signatures by collecting age-0 northern pike from several different areas. I assumed that age-0 northern pike had spent their entire brief life in the pond or reservoir where they were collected. My second objective was to estimate variation in elemental signatures among sites among years. Temporal variation is often ignored and has not been adequately addressed in most otolith studies. My third objective was to examine the potential utility of hydrogen isotopes in increasing my ability to discriminate reservoirs and ponds.
Methods The Yampa River is located in northwest Colorado (Figure 1) and is critical habitat to four federally endangered fishes, the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), bonytail (Gila elegans), razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), and the roundtail chub (Gila robusta). It flows from its headwaters in the Flattops Wilderness, through Steamboat Springs, to the Green River near the Colorado/Utah border. The Yampa River is one of few rivers remaining in Colorado with largely unregulated flows. Seasonal runoff creates extreme variation in discharge. The
8
majority of northern pike spawning locations were located in the upper river, but northern pike movement has been documented throughout the river system (Martin 2005). Reservoirs in my study include Stagecoach Reservoir, Lake Catamount and Elkhead Reservoir. Stagecoach Reservoir is 316 ha with a mean depth of 13 m and aquatic vegetation coverage of 250 mm in Stagecoach Reservoir yet only one was possibly recaptured (orange tag 1236) in Lake Catamount. This recapture is suspect because the estimated growth rate from tagging to recapture was unrealistic (Kevin Rogers, Colorado Division of Wildlife, personal communication). Due to the biology of age-0 northern pike, the small size of fish used in this study, and the physical characteristics of my study sites, I believe age-0 movement among sites was minimal. Finally, otolith elemental transects were stable, indicating the fish had not moved from their capture location.
20
Temporal Variation Temporal variation has been documented in otolith elemental signatures previously (Thorrold et al. 1998, Gillanders 2002, Patterson et al. 2004, Feyrer et al. 2007, Schaffler and Winkelman, in press) and was significant in my study as well. Temporal variation was related to the residence time of water in Lake Catamount and Stagecoach Reservoir, indicating that winter precipitation and subsequent runoff are influencing otolith elemental composition. However, more data is needed to conclusively demonstrate this relationship. Other factors, such as differences in temperature between sites may be responsible for differences in otolith elemental composition. For instance, Lake Catamount is shallower than Stagecoach Reservoir and its mean temperature may be higher and research has shown that otolith Sr:Ca ratios were positively related to water temperature (Bath Martin et al., 2004). Due to annual variation in elemental composition, age-0 northern pike will need to be collected each year and site-specific signatures assessed. Then, to accurately classify unknown fish, individuals will need to be aged and classified using the signatures developed from the year the fish was hatched. Annual collection and analysis will increase the amount of labor and cost involved, but it is still potentially less labor intensive and more cost effective than mechanical tagging methods deployed on a basin wide scale.
Additional Approaches Whitledge et al. (2006) showed the utility of hydrogen in aquatic environments to discriminate between bodies of water with different evaporation
21
rates. We decided to assess the potential of hydrogen isotopes to discriminate between pike collected in large reservoirs and smaller pond environments. We did not analyze every fish using hydrogen isotopes; however, classification rates improved an average of 17% in 2005 and 11% in 2006. My results support the conclusions of Whitledge et al. (2006) and we feel that hydrogen isotopes have utility in discriminating sources of recruitment when water bodies differ in evaporation rates.
Management Recommendations Managers of Lake Catamount are interested in removing northern pike to aid in reestablishing a rainbow trout fishery. However, the efficacy of a northern pike removal project would depend on the rate of northern pike movement from Stagecoach Reservoir to Lake Catamount. If reinvasion rates are low, then a large, focused effort to remove northern pike may be effective and control northern pike for many years. However, if reinvasion rates from Stagecoach Reservoir are high, continual control efforts will be necessary to keep northern pike numbers low. High classification rates between Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount may be surprising due to the relatively short distance between the two reservoirs (approximately five miles). The reservoirs have different physical characteristics: Lake Catamount is smaller, shallower, and highly vegetated compared to Stagecoach Reservoir, which is larger, deeper, and has very little aquatic vegetation (Orabutt 2006). Classification rates increase as the residence time of the reservoirs increase. This suggests the amount of runoff on an annual basis may affect the ability to
22
identify natal origin of northern pike in these reservoirs. On a high runoff year with low residence times in the reservoirs, classification rates would be expected to drop.
Conclusions My ultimate goal was to estimate the origin of northern pike captured in the Yampa River. It is thought that the majority of pike recruitment is occurring from spawning populations in off-channel ponds and reservoirs (Hill 2004). Classification rates using otolith elemental signatures of reservoir populations are relatively high, indicating that it may be possible to estimate the proportion of northern pike in the Yampa River that have come from the three major reservoirs. Estimating recruitment from off-channel ponds is more problematic because the classification rates can be low and are variable. However, in both instances, the use of hydrogen isotopes improved classification dramatically. Another goal of my study was to estimate the potential recruitment and movement of northern pike from Stagecoach Reservoir into Lake Catamount. Mechanical tagging data indicate that movement is relatively low but this does not address the movement of smaller age-0 pike. My classification rates of northern pike between the two reservoirs are high and may be useful in estimating the movement and recruitment of northern pike into Lake Catamount. It is thought that the original invasion of northern pike into Lake Catamount was a result of fish moving from Stagecoach Reservoir (Rogers et al. 2005). However, in high runoff years my ability to estimate movement of northern pike from Stagecoach Reservoir to Lake
23
Catamount may be limited because classification rates decline as a function of reservoir residence time. Annual variation in otolith elemental composition has an impact on both goals and we suggest collecting age-0 northern pike annually to build a bank of elemental signatures that can be used to classify adult northern pike living in the Yampa River and movement between locations. Additional sampling will also help clarify the utility of otolith microchemistry in this system. I also suggest that other markers, such as hydrogen isotopes, could be useful and deserve further research. Although there are challenges associated with using otolith microchemistry, it represents a powerful tool and has utility for estimating northern pike recruitment into the Yampa River.
24
Literature Cited Able, K. W., S. M. Hagan, and S. A. Brown. 2006. Habitat use, movement, and growth of young-of-year Fundulus spp. in southern New Jersey salt marshes: Comparisons based on tag/recapture. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 335:177-187. Arai, T., T. Hirata, and Y. Takagi. 2007. Application of laser ablation ICPMS to trace the environmental history of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Marine Environmental Research 63:55-66. Bath martin, G., S. R. Thorrold, and C. M. Jones. 2004. Temperature and salinity effects on strontium incorporation in otoliths of largal spot (Leiostomus xanthurus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:34-42. Bergersen, E. P. 2001. Colorado’s experience with northern pike. Lake Line 21(3):33-36. Bergman, P. K., F. Haw, H. L. Blankenship, and R. M. Buckley. 1992. Perspectives on design, use, and misuse of fish tags. Fisheries (Bethesda), 17:20-25. Brazner, J. C., S. E. Campana, D. K. Tanner, and S. T. Schram. 2004. Habitat fingerprints from Lake Superior coastal wetlands derived from elemental analysis of yellow perch otoliths. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:692-704. Bronte, C. R., R. J. Hesselberg, J. A. Shoesmith, and M. H. Hoff. 1996. Discrimination among spawning concentration of Lake Superior lake herring based on trace element profiles in sagittae. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:852-859. Buckel, J. A., B. L. Sharack, and V. S. Zdanowicz. 2004. Effect of diet on otolith composition in Pomatomus saltatrix, an estuarine piscivore. Journal of Fish Biology 64:1469-1484. Campana, S.E. 1999. Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 188:263-297. Campana, S. E., and J. D. Neilson. 1985. Microstructure of fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42(5): 1014-1032. Copp, G. H., K. J. Wesley, and L. Vilizzi. 2005. Pathways of ornamental and aquarium fish introductions into urban ponds of Epping Forest (London, England): the human vector. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21:263-274.
25
Craig, J. F., editor. 1996. Pike: Biology and Exploitation. Chapman & Hall, London, England. Edmonds, J. S., R. A. Steckis, M. J. Moran, N. Caputi, and M. Morita. 1999. Stock delineation of pink snapper and tailor from Western Australia by analysis of stable isotope and strontium/calcium ratios in otolith carbonate. Journal of Fish Biology 55:243-259. Feyrer, F., J. Hobbs, M. Baerwald, T. Sommer, Q. Yin, K. Clark, B. May, and W. Bennett. 2007. Otolith microchemistry provides information complementary to microsatellite DNA for a migratory fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:469-476. Findlay, C. S., D. G. Bert, and L. Zheng. 2000. Effect of introduced piscivores on native minnow communities in Adirondack lakes. Canadian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 57:570-580. Gillanders, B. M., and M. J. Kingsford. 2000. Elemental fingerprints of otoliths of fish may distinguish estuarine “nursery” habitats. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 201:273-286. Gillanders, B. M. 2002. Temporal and spatial variability in elemental composition of otoliths:implications for determining stock identity and connectivity of populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:669-679. Hesslein, R. H., M. J. Capel, D.E. Fox, and K.A. Hallard. 1991. Stable isotopes of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen as indicators of trophic level and fish migration in the lower Mackenzie River basin, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48:2258-2265. Hesslein, R. H., K. A. Hallard, and P. Ramlal. 1993. Replacement of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by delta-S-34, delta-C-13, and delta-N-15. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:2071-2076. Hobson K. A. 1999. Tracing origins and migration of wildlife using stable isotopes: a review. Oceologia 120:314-326. Hill, C. G. 2004. Dynamics of northern pike spawning and nursery habitat in the Yampa River, Colorado. Master’s Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Kalish, J. M. 1989. Otolith microchemistry: validation of the effects of physiology, and environment on otolith composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 132:151-178.
26
Kennedy, B. P., C. L. Folt, J. D. Blum, and K. H. Nislow. 2000. Using natural strontium isotopic signatures as fish markers: methodology and application. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:2280-2292. Knapp, R. A. and K. R. Matthews. 1998. Eradication of nonnative fish by gillnetting from a small mountain lake in California. Restoration Ecology 6:207-213. Kulp, M. A. and S. E. Moore. 2000. Multiple electrofishing removals for eliminating rainbow trout in a small southern Appalacian stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20:259-266. Labbe, T.R. and K. D. Fausch. 2000. Dynamics of intermittent stream habitat regulate persistence of a threatened fish at multiple scales. Ecological Applications 10:1774-1791. Longerich, H. P., S. E. Jackson, D. Gunther. 1996. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 11:899-904. Martin, L. M. 2005. Middle Yampa River northern pike removal and evaluation #98A-1. Colorado River Recovery Program FY 2005 Annual Project Report. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Fort Collins, Colorado. Martinez, A. 2004. An evaluation of nonnative fish control treatments in ponds along the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers, 1996-2002. Colorado Division of Wildlife Final Report for Recovery Program Project Number 18/19. Fort Collins, Colorado. Nesler, T. P. 1995. Interactions between endangered fishes and introduced gamefishes in the Yampa River, Colorado, 1987-1991. Colorado Division of Wildlife Aquatic Research Section, Colorado Recovery Implementation Program Project No. 91-29, Federal Aid Project SE-3, Fort Collins, Colorado. Olden, J. D. and N. L. Poff. 2004. Ecological processes driving biotic homogenization: testing a mechanistic model using fish faunas. Ecology 85:1867-1875. Orabutt, D. E. 2006. Northern pike in selected Colorado trout reservoirs. Master’s Thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Parsons, B. G. and J. R. Reed. 2005. Movement of black crappies and bluegills among interconnected lakes in Minnesota. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:689-695.
27
Patterson, H. M., R. S. McBride, and N. Julien. 2004. Population structure of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) as determined by otolith microchemistry. Marine Biology 144:855-862. Quinn, G. P. and M. J. Keogh. 2002. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. University Press, Cambridge. Rahel, F. J. 2000. Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States. Science 288:854-856. Rogers, K. B., B. F. Atkinson, and D. E. Orabutt. 2005. Catamount Reservoir: Fish community summary. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Roussel, J., R. A. Cunjak, R. Newbury, D. Caissie, and A. Haro. 2004. Movements and habitat use by PIT-tagged Atlantic salmon parr in early winter: the influence of anchor ice. Freshwater Biology 49:1026-1035. Schade, C. B and S. A. Bonar. 2005. Distribution and abundance of nonnative fishes in streams of the western United States. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:1386-1394. Schaffler and Winkelman, in press. Shiller, A.M. 2003. Syringe filtration methods for examining dissolved and colloidal trace element distributions in remote field locations. Environmental Science and Technology 37:3953-3957. Sibert, R. S., M. E. Lutcavage, A. Nielsen, R. W. Brill, and S. G. Wilson. 2006. Interannual variation in large-scale movement of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) determined from pop-up satellite archival tags. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:2154-2166. Tabachnick, B. G., L. S. Fidell. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics, fifth edition. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA. Thorrold, S. R., C. M. Jones, P. K. Swart, and T. E. Targett. 1998. Accurate classification of juvenile weakfish Cynoscion regalis to estuarine nursery areas based on chemical signatures in otoliths. Marine Ecology Progress Series 173:253-265. Tyus H. M., and J. M. Beard. 1990. Esox lucius (Esocidae) and Stizostedion vitreum (Percidae) in the Green River basin, Colorado and Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 50:33-39.
28
Vander Zanden, M. J., J. M. Casselman, and J. B. Rasmussen. 1999. Stable isotope evidences for the food web consequences of species invasions in lakes. Nature 401:464-467. Walther , B. D., S. R. Thorrold. 2006. Water, not food, contributes the majority of strontium and barium deposited in the otoliths of a marine fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311:125-130. Wells, B. K., B. E. Reiman, J. L. Clayton, D.L. Horan, and C. M. Jones. 2003. Relationship between water, otolith and scale chemistries of westslope cutthroat trout from Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho: the potential application of hard-part chemistry to describe movements in freshwater. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:409-424. Whitledge, G. W., B. M. Johnson, and P.J. Martinez. 2006. Stable hydrogen isotopic composition of fishes reflects that of their environment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:1746-1751. Wilson, S. A., W. I. Ridley, A. E. Koenig. 2002. Development of sulfide calibration standards for the laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy 17:406-409. Wiltzius, W. J. 1985. Fish Culture and Stocking in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife Report No.12. Fort Collins, Colorado.
29
Table 1. Classification rates from a nonlinear discriminant function analysis of northern pike collected from ponds and reservoirs in the Yampa River system, Colorado. A dash indicates fish were not collected from that location in the given year. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese. Year 2004 2005 2006
Stagecoach 100% (11) 62% (34) 8% (40)
Catamount 60% (10) 78% (55) 69% (39)
Elkhead 83% (12) 76% (35) -
30
Haymaker 44% (55) 77% (22)
Lafarge 80% (45) 59% (27)
Ski Pond 31% (52) 82% (39)
Y.R.S.W.A. 80% (44) 53% (32)
Table 2. Results of multivariate discriminant function analysis of elemental concentrations of strontium, barium and manganese from northern pike otoliths collected in the Yampa River system, Colorado. Only canonical axes explaining greater than 10% of the variation were included. All canonical axes shown were highly significant (p < 0.001). The element with the highest correlation for each analysis is shown in bold.
Scope of analysis
2004 2005
Canonical axis number 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1
Percent variation between groups explained 90% 10% 57% 32% 10% 58% 35% 100% 100%
Eigenvalue 9.95 1.12 2.29 1.3 0.42 1.38 0.84 16.8 2.24
Sr 0.96 0.24 -0.61 0.40 0.68 -0.21 0.86 1.00 0.55
Ba 0.40 0.78 0.26 0.77 0.58 0.00 0.99 0.81 -0.46
Mn 0.14 0.97 0.39 0.39 0.86 0.89 0.41 0.61 -0.28
2006
1
100%
0.5
0.37
0.76
0.66
Year 2004
All Sites
2005
2006 Stagecoach and Catamount
31
Canonical correlations for each axis
Table 3. Results of discriminate function analysis with MANOVA output examining the temporal variation of otolith elemental signatures of age-0 northern pike collected throughout the Yampa River system, Colorado. Elements used in the analysis included strontium, barium and manganese. Pillai’s trace statistic is reported with the probability in parentheses (* indicates p < 0.01). Location Stagecoach Catamount Elkhead Haymaker Lafarge Ski Pond Y.S.W.A.
2004 vs. 2005 0.293 (*) 0.760 (*) 0.125 (0.121) -
2004 vs 2006 0.309 (*) 0.478 (*) -
32
2005 vs. 2006 0.082 (0.111) 0.558 (*) 0.169 (*) 0.361 (*) 0.131 (*) 0.438 (*)
Table 4. Classification rates comparing when hydrogen isotopic ratios were included as a fourth variable and when it was not. Sample sizes are given in parentheses.
Year
2005
2006
δ2H
δ2H
Location Stagecoach (10) Catamount (9) Elkhead (10) Haymaker (10) Lafarge (10) Ski Pond (9) Y.S.W.A. (8) Stagecoach (10)
excluded 80% 67% 60% 20% 70% 33% 44% 10%
included 90% 89% 70% 60% 70% 22% 89% 60%
Change + 10% + 22% + 10% + 40% 0% - 11% + 45% + 50%
Catamount (10)
50%
60%
+ 10%
Haymaker (8)
63%
38%
- 25%
Lafarge (10)
40%
40%
0%
Ski Pond (10)
80%
80%
0%
Y.S.W.A. (10)
40%
70%
+ 30%
33
Elkhead Reservoir Ski Pond Yampa River State Wildlife Area
Lafarge Pond Stagecoach Reservoir
Haymaker Golf Course Lake Catamount
Figure 1. The study area was located in northwest Colorado between Stagecoach Reservoir and Elkhead Reservoir. The Yampa River flows in a westerly direction.
34
2004 Stagecoach 100% (11) Catamount 100% (10)
4 3 2 1 0
CA1 -6
-4
-2
0
-1
2
4
6
-2
CA2
-3
2005 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
CA1 -6
-4
-2
-0.5 0
2
4
Stagecoach 100%, 34 Catamount 93%, 55
-1 -1.5 -2
CA2
-2.5
2006 3 2 1
CA1 -6
-4
-2
0 -1 0
2
4
Stagecoach 73%, 40 Catamount 73%, 41
-2 -3 -4 -5
CA2
-6
Figure 2. Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2004, 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado. Elements analyzed included barium, strontium and manganese. Classification rates and sample sizes are also given. Classification rates were obtained using a nonlinear discriminant function analysis.
35
Stagecoach Reservoir
CA1 -3
-2
-1
1
2
3
2005 2006
Pillai’s Trace = 0.273 p = 0.007
CA2
-4
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 -1 -1.5 -2
Lake Catamount 3 2 1 0
CA1 -3
-2
-1
-1
0
1
2
3
2005 2006
Pillai’s Trace = 0.392 p < 0.001
-2
CA2
-3
FIGURE 3. Canonical correlation analysis of age-0 northern pike otolith elemental signatures collected 2005 and 2006 from Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount, Colorado showing temporal variation in the signatures between years. Elements analyzed included strontium, barium and manganese. The otoliths were analyzed with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To avoid any temporal variation in the machine, all otoliths were run on the same machine on the same day.
36
105
2004
100
2004
Classification Rate
2005 95
2005 90 Stagecoach Catamount
85
80
2006
2006 75 0
100
200
300
400
500
Residence Time (days)
FIGURE 4. Relationship between residence time in Stagecoach Reservoir and Lake Catamount and the classification rates of age-0 northern pike collected 2004, 2005 and 2006. Residence time was calculated based on the mean monthly discharge from April through August.
37
Appendix A: Otolith elemental composition correlations with water elemental concentrations. Overall, otolith elemental concentrations were significantly correlated with water elemental concentrations in five of nine within year comparisons (Figures A13). Barium’s correlation was significant in all three years, while strontium and manganese were correlated in one out of three years. During the highest runoff year, 2006, only barium was significantly correlated. There was not strong correlation between water elemental concentrations and otolith elemental concentrations of the three elements used in this analysis. This may be due to water samples being collected only once at one location while the fish were integrating the water chemistry over several months. Wells (2003) had strong correlations for strontium and barium, but this may be due to his study sites were 24m wide streams while my study sites included reservoirs up to 316ha. One would expect the largest bodies of water to be more heterogeneous in terms of water chemistry than a relatively small stream.
38
1.6
0.06
p = 0.774 [Ba/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.28
0.51 Elkhead
Catamount
[Sr/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Ba/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
0.25 [Mn/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
0.36
Stagecoach
4.7 Elkhead
Stagecoach
3.5 Catamount
3.1
p = 0.015
p < 0.001
0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
1.08 Catamount
Elkhead
0.56 Stagecoach
0.18
[Mn/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
Figure A1. Comparison of water elemental concentration and otolith elemental concentration of samples collected in 2004 from three locations in the Yampa River basin. P-value given is from linear regression between the two variables. YSWA refers to the Yampa River State Wildlife Area.
39
0.07 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
p < 0.001
0.06
[Ba/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
p < 0.001
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
0.0
0.00 0.54 0.84
0.89 Ski Pond
YSWA
0.38
Ski Pond
Elkhead
0.26 0.34
Elkhead
0.19
Catamount
4.6
Lafarge
3.6
Stagecoach
3.6
Ski Pond
Stagecoach
3.5
Haymaker
YSWA
3.1
Lafarge
2.8
Catamount
2.7
[Ba/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Mn/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
0.6 p = 0.567 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.089 0.23 0.61 1.10 5.61 7.54 11.5 Ski Pond
YSWA
Haymaker
Elkhead
Catamount
Stagecoach
Lafarge
[Mn/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
Figure A2. Comparison of water elemental concentration and otolith elemental concentration of samples collected in 2005 from three locations in the Yampa River basin. P-value given is from linear regression between the two variables. YSWA refers to the Yampa River State Wildlife Area.
40
1.6
0.06
p = 0.121
p = 0.0032
[Ba/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
0.0 3.55
0.11
YSWA
Lafarge
Haymaker
Ski Pond
Stagecoach
Catamount
YSWA
0.31
0.35
0.41
0.79
0.99 Haymaker
3.51
Ski Pond
3.33
Lafarge
3.32
Stagecoach
3.30
Catamount
2.83
[Ba/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
[Sr/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
0.30 p = 0.200 [Mn/Ca]otolith(mmol/mol)
0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
0.05
0.07
0.34
0.39
7.26
8.00
Stagecoach
Lafarge
Ski Pond
Catamount
YSWA
Haymaker
[Mn/Ca]water(mmol/mol)
Figure A3. Comparison of water elemental concentration and otolith elemental concentration of samples collected in 2006 from three locations in the Yampa River basin. P-value given is from linear regression between the two variables. YSWA refers to the Yampa River State Wildlife Area.
41
Appendix B: Mean strontium, barium, and manganese otolith elemental concentrations +/- one standard error of age-0 northern pike collected 2004 to 2006 from spawning habitats throughout the Yampa River, Colorado. Otoliths were analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
42
Appendix B Location Stagecoach
Catamount Haymaker Lafarge Ski Pond YSWA Elkhead Avg. Det. Limits
Year 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2004 2005
Sr 668 750 787 1095 585 893 857 981 534 666 757 742 679 754 990 1055 1.687
SE 11.2 17.7 22.7 25.5 27.0 24.0 23.1 24.7 18.7 18.2 19.3 10.6 22.4 16.6 31.0 32.7
Ba 19.8 28.9 32.9 38.3 37.8 48.0 34.7 39.9 13.1 22.2 28 27.2 24.9 26.5 21.8 28.5 0.773
43
SE 1.97 29.0 1.95 2.47 1.67 2.03 1.52 2.07 0.84 1.32 1.39 1.04 1.21 1.19 2.53 2.43
Mn 14.8 30.7 39.9 44.2 55.3 54.3 23.9 23.6 24.7 38.6 20.9 14.3 85.1 39.1 8.98 46.9 0.638
SE 2.47 2.04 3.24 10.1 6.15 4.02 1.87 2.44 2.41 3.45 1.37 1.28 5.48 2.39 0.952 8.92
n 11 34 40 10 50 41 55 22 45 27 52 39 45 32 10 34
Appendix C: Location, fish identification number, date collected, total length (mm), weight (g), date ablated, manganese concentration (ppm), strontium concentration (ppm), and barium concentration (ppm) of northern pike collected 2006 in various locations throughout the Yampa River, Colorado.
44
Appendix C Location Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker
Fish ID # 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 1 6 7 8 10
Date collected 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 9/24/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 188 210 200 196 180 205 128 192 177 185 157 118 221 202 190 169 203 197 198 179 189 183 185 215 196 225 195 232 179 206 205 188 185 181 186 176 156 190 192 206 135 132 139 163
Weight (g) 34 48 40 42 31 47 13 41 29 35 21 43 60 43 38 23 46 41 45 31 40 34 36 53 43 61 41 67 32 52 43 36 36 29 38 30 21 37 37 51 14 12 18 25
45
Date ablated 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
43.0 39.4 84.8 48.1 59.8 53.0 38.0 40.4 74.8 99.3 78.0 59.0 53.7 43.6 35.1 55.8 35.6 36.1 34.9 26.8 47.0 42.0 34.4 44.1 41.6 52.0 107.0 81.4 22.3 38.0 52.9 38.6 90.4 49.0 54.1 38.9 45.9 50.1 150.2 12.1 22.4 14.5 13.3 29.5
942.1 809.0 849.0 823.5 733.0 1033.7 721.0 1014.4 1026.5 908.1 954.3 985.5 1093.3 1032.3 811.7 1029.2 764.1 807.5 872.2 686.0 1087.4 1040.9 585.6 908.7 738.7 808.9 962.1 877.9 498.7 809.4 1211.3 903.9 932.5 828.3 1142.5 752.1 924.9 1009.1 924.6 1068.2 920.6 834.7 1073.5 1146.8
56.5 34.1 31.9 34.5 58.4 55.8 49.5 57.6 46.2 42.6 85.8 42.6 47.2 50.2 45.6 47.5 43.8 31.5 45.5 52.1 46.2 36.8 74.4 44.6 26.6 53.1 41.6 36.9 39.7 39.2 72.7 48.4 39.7 30.7 65.7 47.0 65.3 58.0 44.8 36.1 40.1 26.0 41.9 54.1
Appendix C Location Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge
Fish ID # 11 12 15 16 18 21 22 24 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30
Date Collected 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 155 138 179 136 144 137 128 165 144 144 259 280 244 232 274 287 253 178 189 208 169 155 158 229 215 152 184 78 202 173 155 183 187 148 177 169 167 177 164 185 204 172 185 160
Weight (g) 21 15 33 13 16 15 12 25 18 16 109 139 90 80 109 149 96 31 41 51 32 23 31 75 64 20 35 33 44 29 21 35 41 19 31 27 29 32 42 37 50 31 38 22
46
Date Ablated 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 11/2/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
12.0 15.8 28.5 43.7 25.0 25.4 21.8 37.2 15.4 33.5 10.5 12.9 21.1 13.9 52.6 20.1 37.1 22.3 59.9 15.0 27.3 86.1 42.4 10.3 39.2 41.7 41.6 44.9 47.4 63.1 55.4 21.0 25.5 27.5 31.3 33.3 26.6 48.0 19.9 44.2 75.1 37.2 25.1 31.1
1086.5 933.7 828.2 1220.3 927.1 909.5 1157.8 1027.7 872.5 987.3 806.7 860.5 952.4 882.9 1071.0 1008.6 1010.8 558.7 608.5 490.9 813.4 684.2 673.8 427.8 769.1 795.1 566.1 648.9 716.7 768.1 739.9 696.6 565.0 747.7 642.6 663.4 627.4 768.1 722.7 732.5 683.1 683.7 555.0 641.7
42.1 35.8 24.1 53.7 41.9 30.5 54.5 48.4 29.5 34.3 28.1 28.4 43.9 33.8 49.8 35.8 52.2 11.4 23.0 10.1 20.3 29.7 26.9 8.6 24.8 24.9 19.4 19.1 28.4 38.0 27.3 19.8 17.5 23.8 20.1 28.4 14.5 23.8 19.3 23.7 34.6 21.3 16.2 24.3
Appendix C Location Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach
Fish ID# 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 36 37 38 39 43 44 45 46 47 2 4 6 8 10
Date Collected 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/27/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 139 132 118 144 126 125 131 120 153 144 138 149 125 141 110 132 119 137 151 144 148 147 149 150 128 128 123 136 137 135 125 125 117 137 117 124 155 128 143 140 151 137 115 159
Weight (g) 14 13 8 18 11 13 12 9 20 18 15 19 11 18 8 14 8 13 17 19 19 18 19 19 12 12 10 14 14 13 9 12 8 15 8 11 23 11 17 15 21 15 10 25
47
Date Ablated 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
7.0 9.7 7.3 47.7 11.4 6.8 23.9 13.4 9.0 11.4 10.9 13.3 14.7 13.5 13.6 13.0 30.5 28.4 10.6 12.0 17.3 18.7 11.0 14.8 7.5 11.2 8.6 11.5 26.7 13.8 10.0 21.7 9.1 12.8 18.7 10.3 8.6 9.1 10.0 31.9 45.7 8.0 43.1 41.1
718.8 708.1 686.0 768.2 793.1 860.6 831.8 755.3 669.8 740.7 773.3 746.6 677.0 711.5 612.7 630.6 798.0 806.3 669.6 736.1 733.6 851.6 680.5 801.3 678.2 828.0 762.5 647.2 833.9 691.5 658.8 763.9 835.4 744.3 817.9 780.3 654.6 733.1 748.6 773.6 913.7 687.4 875.3 649.2
23.3 28.2 17.5 33.4 32.1 22.9 28.9 38.1 19.9 24.4 32.3 35.2 20.9 22.8 16.9 17.7 28.6 27.1 24.3 25.2 29.0 49.0 21.4 29.2 21.4 29.5 24.9 19.1 37.2 29.5 21.6 30.2 30.9 25.3 32.7 33.2 23.5 28.3 23.4 35.3 48.5 16.6 28.4 21.3
Appendix C Location Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID# 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 39 40 41 43 44 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 5 6 7 11 13 15 16 17 18
Date Collected 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 133 158 149 174 132 125 125 170 161 169 157 166 149 152 164 153 159 121 144 128 148 156 173 164 128 165 149 145 180 165 143 138 153 134 100 143 128 128 151 154 151 133 125 145
Weight (g) 13 23 20 29 14 12 11 27 24 29 24 28 20 22 29 23 25 11 19 12 21 23 29 27 12 26 21 17 39 27 18 15 19 13 7 16 10 11 18 20 18 12 11 20
48
Date Ablated 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 10/2/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
40.8 23.5 21.5 31.6 35.2 67.9 29.6 44.2 32.7 23.4 37.5 37.1 46.6 76.3 35.4 20.4 38.2 40.0 33.5 20.5 26.2 19.5 71.7 51.8 15.9 38.2 67.6 111.5 41.2 21.5 49.2 85.9 26.9 36.2 28.0 36.8 57.7 32.5 38.9 51.4 39.5 18.8 42.3 26.0
834.7 654.4 769.5 632.1 598.1 712.8 723.8 713.4 761.6 848.6 1202.9 741.2 937.1 1016.0 1077.2 903.7 807.1 580.5 859.2 804.6 901.4 804.5 794.7 587.9 925.3 928.4 762.9 995.0 665.9 660.5 751.4 666.2 759.8 608.9 592.0 887.2 818.9 660.3 734.2 769.6 953.5 715.3 716.8 785.2
33.3 25.9 31.0 24.4 19.3 36.7 20.0 26.4 25.2 50.1 65.7 25.9 35.8 36.6 49.2 41.3 35.3 17.6 36.1 39.1 37.5 33.1 30.5 21.8 35.5 62.6 27.0 59.7 24.4 20.7 40.3 25.4 34.8 26.4 11.9 35.2 29.2 28.5 32.2 38.6 38.1 23.9 21.6 37.5
Appendix C Location YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID# 19 21 22 26 27 30 33 35 37 41 43 44 50 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 68 70 71
Date Collected 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006 8/26/2006
Total Length (mm) 144 132 127 127 126 125 130 137 124 128 129 144 121 132 128 144 131 126 132 139 129 132 133
Weight (g) 18 10 11 13 10 9 13 15 10 11 11 15 9 11 11 15 12 10 11 14 13 13 13
49
Date Ablated 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006 9/29/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
62.2 49.3 56.3 30.6 33.9 23.9 26.8 66.0 26.2 35.2 38.3 21.1 23.5 36.5 26.4 39.5 32.7 48.1 26.2 52.7 35.3 70.0 45.5
822.9 1013.7 759.8 603.4 747.6 631.8 691.5 774.5 667.1 753.7 784.1 704.1 650.1 688.7 626.4 856.4 664.8 794.6 689.0 853.6 716.8 832.7 743.9
26.8 28.4 27.1 12.7 30.0 19.7 24.8 29.3 22.5 23.5 29.5 22.6 14.6 19.7 16.3 38.6 25.7 23.6 22.1 24.9 20.5 30.4 30.6
Appendix D: Location, fish identification number, date collected, total length (mm), weight (g), date ablated, manganese concentration (ppm), strontium concentration (ppm), and barium concentration (ppm) of northern pike collected 2005 in various locations throughout the Yampa River, Colorado.
50
Appendix D Location Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount
Fish ID # 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Date Collected 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/8/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005
Total Length (mm) 204 168 168 169 208 151 163 133 156 185 168 150 160 189 185 150 164 141 168 147 140 154 135 150 154 167 158 154 157 164 160 154 124 156 163 175 94 143 127 118 158 111 77 88
Weight (g) 53 27 28 26 50 19 24 14 21 37 25 19 23 38 41 19 25 17 28 19 17 22 16 18 21 25 22 22 24 28 19 23 14 25 32 36 6 24 11 11 30 9 3 3
51
Date Ablated 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
20.3 34.4 70.6 53.4 17.5 44.8 36.3 23.9 40.7 16.3 31.3 24.6 35.4 21.5 11.7 41.1 39.3 25.3 23.5 34.3 15.6 34.8 26.5 27.9 29.4 34.1 18.5 41.6 27.7 34.2 25.8 32.9 14.4 35.4 50.9 93.0 26.3 101 18.9 59.7 129 34.2 15.7 22.0
763 866 914 1037 701 880 825 805 939 698 834 869 778 766 669 671 703 696 711 655 691 665 611 673 790 750 707 756 782 771 691 665 538 633 519 1048 584 918 471 639 776 627 514 431
28.9 40.8 36.4 49.0 19.0 43.5 24.1 27.2 44.2 15.8 31.3 36.1 32.7 18.3 22.9 19.2 31.9 29.2 39.0 26.8 22.2 21.0 20.6 22.5 34.9 30.6 28.1 28.2 31.7 40.2 21.4 23.7 14.2 21.8 45.0 34.6 40.9 50.1 43.9 70.1 66.9 54.3 47.2 45.0
Appendix D Location Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount
Fish ID # 11 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Date Collected 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005 7/25/2005
Total Length (mm) 98 105 86 70 86 130 93 102 115 124 102 129 146 85 148 75 98 101 100 77 88 76 117 106 129 137 137 128 225 219 234 218 215 259 207 196 240 202 244 228 241 240 202 240
Weight (g) 7 7 4 3 4 15 5 7 11 13 7 14 22 4 25 2 7 7 7 3 4 3 11 9 15 18 17 14 72 67 75 67 67 123 58 49 92 56 92 77 88 70 49 95
52
Date Ablated 10/28/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
48.5 17.3 10.1 18.5 20.5 38.7 27.3 23.6 19.1 15.7 23.2 38.6 72.1 22.5 57.0 12.8 19.9 21.2 21.4 16.0 5.8 15.2 17.8 21.7 49.9 48.1 45.5 16.6 185.1 51.8 42.9 106.6 104.9 151.3 111.0 125.3 84.1 149.3 67.8 111.9 60.6 95.4 54.5 177.5
578 375 417 380 431 720 737 388 550 410 322 353 536 370 517 344 379 370 605 319 351 314 370 302 509 709 473 369 826 780 499 794 867 777 761 900 655 856 826 774 733 610 898 798
51.4 25.2 36.0 26.6 28.3 46.1 65.5 39.7 46.0 32.8 28.5 28.9 27.2 23.8 18.7 24.4 26.8 29.1 41.9 23.0 22.6 23.1 26.6 20.2 41.4 24.4 27.1 25.0 43.7 33.7 35.5 40.9 48.0 32.3 46.9 39.6 40.7 49.9 52.1 49.6 27.8 30.2 29.5 55.5
Appendix D Location Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker
Fish ID # 62 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 19 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 36 37 38 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 51 52 53 55 56
Date Collected 7/25/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 7/27/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005
Total Length (mm) 221 81 127 82 112 81 103 105 93 119 75 104 115 142 94 137 83 85 98 80 83 96 90 89 87 78 82 137 153 141 145 149 157 162 125 165 192 145 142 128 173 220 147 131
Weight (g) 72 3 13 3 9 3 7 7 5 11 2 7 9 19 5 16 4 4 6 4 3 5 4 4 4 3 3 11 19 16 16 17 23 24 11 26 41 21 20 11 27 62 19 13
53
Date Ablated 4/14/2006 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
48.0 15.0 29.2 38.0 15.6 13.6 25.8 31.8 22.1 15.5 45.1 89.1 28.0 21.4 26.6 23.6 18.5 17.7 30.2 29.8 11.6 20.8 14.6 12.0 15.8 16.0 17.1 9.4 65.5 25.5 27.2 36.0 16.2 32.0 19.2 20.8 15.5 13.9 11.5 11.3 26.9 17.3 18.6 33.7
791 963 776 1178 737 1002 729 916 811 759 1631 1188 797 1094 718 561 760 787 828 823 782 751 737 553 703 670 732 794 879 806 909 864 735 817 975 738 854 885 785 836 754 656 1027 1037
46.9 41.44 27.99 47.25 22.39 34.24 23.97 38.99 33.01 21.00 78.17 58.03 29.20 37.52 30.5 20.1 31.7 28.1 33.3 29.4 21.8 30.2 30.3 20.1 28.6 19.3 18.9 32.91 47.70 33.33 32.69 42.82 28.88 37.01 46.98 29.83 28.37 28.67 22.43 33.13 31.33 25.98 44.34 54.90
Appendix D Location Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge
Fish ID# 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 71 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Date collected 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 7/11/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005
Total length (mm) 154 154 143 147 170 126 127 131 129 168 171 145
Weight (g) 21 20 16 18 26 10 11 12 14 27 29 17
111 107 100 61 93 92 127 82 104 108 96 75 91 103 105 110 201 170 179 156 192 160 200 131 185
9 7 7 1 5 5 13 3 7 8 7 3 4 7 7 8 49 32 34 24 45 28 52 15 44
54
Date Ablated 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
15.67 19.22 9.57 22.59 15.23 12.08 38.75 24.24 49.85 21.53 21.09 17.63 18.2 55.7 16.8 71.3 14.2 22.8 17.3 13.7 13.6 37.1 64.4 24.1 46.8 18.7 11.9 23.3 32.2 10.6 22.2 13.3 17.9 24.6 13.3 9.9 26.2 13.2 17.3 14.5 27.8 26.8 33.8 7.8
916 831 950 733 712 916 996 990 990 820 988 945 568 769 873 900 620 782 741 485 461 670 687 568 700 519 568 535 583 400 541 437 446 454 440 475 481 392 397 385 482 464 548 427
41.12 31.22 36.48 31.14 26.45 38.27 48.77 47.11 40.25 31.36 57.79 41.15 14.0 24.9 22.4 26.3 11.1 25.7 16.2 12.8 12.8 16.4 25.3 16.6 22.4 14.5 17.9 14.6 19.1 10.4 14.7 7.9 9.4 9.2 8.7 7.8 8.1 6.6 8.4 8.0 10.9 12.0 10.5 6.5
Appendix D Location Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond
Fish ID# 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 60 61 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39
Date Collected 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/15/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 7/13/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005
Total Length (mm) 165 174 160 165 191 174 160 178 175 189 221 192 149 90 67 76 89 92 89 96 88 91 95 74 85 72 80 96 81 83 87 89 86 112 94 87 81 77 168 155 139 144 162 187
Weight (g) 30 30 25 28 41 31 24 35 34 41 82 49 19 4 2 3 4 5 4 6 4 5 5 33 4 2 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 9 5 4 4 3 27 24 15 19 23 39
55
Date Ablated 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
78.1 33.8 38.1 22.4 31.1 14.7 23.6 10.3 8.5 19.0 18.0 19.6 14.4 13.6 12.2 15.7 18.6 22.7 14.6 33.0 37.7 12.8 15.2 25.7 11.4 9.2 13.9 18.3 15.3 14.4 25.4 11.9 23.5 21.6 15.4 12.3 12.6 36.8 26.7 27.4 51.9 41.4 39.7 23.9
544 438 533 545 517 446 448 451 419 506 467 474 467 960 762 900 1071 987 999 1213 1058 832 574 608 633 692 663 720 656 602 536 663 648 588 618 545 607 640 770 859 695 824 783 713
19.4 8.7 14.5 8.9 13.2 9.8 9.5 6.1 7.2 12.9 10.2 8.1 9.3 31.6 26.0 28.2 56.7 43.8 32.5 56.0 55.3 30.3 20.6 16.6 22.0 17.4 17.9 23.6 23.7 16.7 18.9 21.0 18.0 15.1 17.0 16.9 15.1 21.0 29.3 43.7 33.6 37.2 31.3 27.9
Appendix D Location Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID# 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 30
Date Collected 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005
Total Length (mm) 143 108 232 276 251 202 222 272 254 247 285 132 149 155 132 145 129 121 115 145 138 246 171 201 167 183 244 168 193 179 154 198 183 175 184 194 166
Weight (g) 18 7 69 117 96 46 61 123 88 78 151 13 22 20 12 22 11 10 8 17 14 93 31 47 27 39 97 27 42 34 19 41 33 31 36 43 25
56
Date Ablated 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 4/21/2006 4/21/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
18.3 13.1 11.9 13.7 10.7 11.8 17.7 22.6 14.5 25.5 9.4 24.2 33.6 34.5 30.9 20.8 15.8 11.5 16.7 37.9 16.4 47.9 53.7 28.6 90.0 39.5 68.8 107.0 53.0 126.4 60.1 49.6 94.5 49.5 121.7 112.6 60.9 156.3 101.8 39.5 72.1 113.9 49.6 134.6
888 810 637 766 734 770 698 731 684 818 703 742 765 832 819 715 793 731 804 744 754 838 168 606 840 867 668 935 693 906 1033 741 925 853 894 656 905 623 618 605 647 649 620 649
26.9 29.4 20.0 28.57 25.83 30.2 24.5 24.61 20.3 26.7 19.31 26.3 32.6 34.8 29.9 23.4 40.1 25.19 35.3 31.9 38.1 16.54 3.76 15.80 42.1 25.7 29.28 35.4 38.70 33.3 38.2 23.82 34.7 31.8 43.1 31.71 33.81 27.4 21.8 20.3 21.3 26.6 16.8 25.0
Appendix D Location YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead
Fish ID# 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Date Collected 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 8/26/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005
Total Length (mm)
454 352 401 363 332 355 585 367 430 504 471 659 551 582 362 541 414 516 546 518 622 568
Weight (g)
534 284 465 305 227 274 1174 309 486 815 654 1724 1105 1132 284 1000 499 836 1064 747 1572 1132
57
Date Ablated 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 4/14/2006 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 11/21/2005 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
173.9 92.0 71.8 51.0 145.1 61.3 95.0 89.9 84.9 101.5 42.2 101.2 55.8 56.6 62.2 112.6 75.8 156.3 62.2 159.5 76.9 71.7 11.3 6.7 17.5 59.4 20.3 9.5 7.0 66.0 9.8 59.2 29.5 26.1 35.6 36.2 7.2 28.8 160.5 18.6 55.5 63.2 75.2 41.7
668 684 577 509 815 592 636 710 601 612 706 607 567 504 606 651 597 669 573 575 587 551 1050 894 1261 1138 1426 873 975 1019 754 1425 1026 899 1085 903 1075 1193 848 1122 1207 829 1254 1218
25.4 33.1 20.9 11.3 28.3 17.0 20.7 29.1 25.9 21.6 21.6 22.5 17.3 18.4 20.7 19.4 18.8 28.1 17.0 22.2 22.9 19.8 16.8 11.1 28.4 22.3 29.5 13.2 11.7 15.4 19.0 64.3 33.9 30.2 22.8 22.9 24.7 48.9 18.9 33.3 50.9 23.8 45.1 52.2
Appendix D Location Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead
Fish ID# 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Date Collected 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 9/30/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 10/15/2005
Total Length (mm) 528 582 621 530 501 546 630 497 501 315 462 520
Weight (g) 770 1125 1385 823 752 1064 1740 748 853 183 549 941
58
Date Ablated 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006 4/20/2006
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
29.18 15.58 30.12 52.41 32.97 37.13 32.27 120.35 286.29 51.51 17.93 74.22
889 720 851 1128 891 1349 1117 1127 1353 1107 946 742
17.0 20.4 18.4 33.2 18.2 42.4 30.6 44.6 62.0 14.4 15.4 19.8
Appendix E: Location, fish identification number, date collected, total length (mm), weight (g), date ablated, manganese concentration (ppm), strontium concentration (ppm), and barium concentration (ppm) of northern pike collected 2004 in various locations throughout the Yampa River, Colorado.
59
Appendix E
Location Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead Elkhead
Fish ID# 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 9 10 1 2 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 9 1 1 2 3 3 6 5 7 8 9 10 11
Date Collected 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 11/6/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 10/9/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004 11/7/2004
Total Length (mm) 320 320 320 315 355 355 330 325 330 330 310 200 209 209 241 199 235 198 195 185 185 280 280 271 243 243 264 295 280 290 265 292 184
Weight (g) 186 181 194 192 268 268 199 217 201 201 188 50 54 54 85 58 74 50 45 34 34 148 148 133 89 89 125 188 156 149 137 174 295
60
Date Ablated 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/27/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005 6/29/2005
Mn55
Sr86
Ba137
8.60 16.72 21.31 10.84 7.48 10.74 20.65 7.09 18.94 33.10 7.50 57.02 10.75 13.19 29.81 50.97 63.36 11.27 115.93 49.67 39.70 6.10 11.09 13.63 7.66 9.13 12.46 5.22 7.43 8.45 14.90 5.91 5.76
676.66 700.18 661.38 658.56 585.19 656.06 727.45 631.73 689.74 684.79 676.28 1175.92 1074.74 1119.60 1178.13 957.80 1168.74 977.12 1154.30 1046.95 1094.81 1106.31 1183.36 1010.81 899.73 947.53 1096.13 841.84 1003.11 1058.41 945.63 832.19 949.61
20.69 21.38 23.89 22.05 11.51 15.13 26.45 11.11 16.90 32.84 15.80 40.28 35.81 35.97 55.82 39.64 37.80 25.89 33.83 43.83 33.87 24.82 33.88 22.04 15.38 20.02 36.63 9.18 15.57 25.93 30.41 12.98 14.23
Appendix F. Location, fish identification number and hydrogen isotopic ratios of age-0 northern pike collected in 2005 in various locations in the Yampa River, Colorado. If multiple samples per otolith were analyzed, the average value for the fish is given.
61
Appendix F Hydrogen Location Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Catamount Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Yampa River Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
Fish ID # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 2 3 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 17 10 11 12 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 14 15 16 17 18
Isotope Ratio -151.88 -157.09 -151.95 -154.21 -151.01 -152.84 -151.96 -157.22 -155.01 -154.46 -155.98 -154.21 -149.89 -157.61 -151.93 -154.33 -147.91 -155.35 -158.03 -158.62 -159.49 -159.73 -160.61 -151.28 -158.10 -156.39 -157.74 -155.28 -157.26 -152.49 -148.82 -152.47 -162.00 -161.99 -163.79 -160.47 -159.92 -151.68 -145.99 -141.35 -141.69 -140.96 -138.28 -138.45
Location YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA YSWA
62
Fish ID# 19 20 3 7 8
Hydrogen isotope ratio -142.57 -144.33 -140.87 -146.85 -140.80
Appendix G. Water chemistry samples collected 2004, 2005, and 2006 from various locations along the Yampa River, Colorado.
63
Appendix G 2004
above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
Na µM
Mg µM
Si µM
S µM
Ca µM
K µM
Li nM
Cd nM
Cs nM
Ce nM
591 520 518 503 504 266 305 288 289 184 326 412 432
923 842 815 809 801 371 440 412 410 170 240 312 330
319 241 241 236 245 188 187 172 176 171 115 143 145
629 515 515 499 501 233 275 243 247 69 161 293 303
1488 1298 1343 1295 1309 630 752 639 645 333 421 518 539
51.8 60.8 64.3 61.9 62.5 37.8 42.1 36.5 37.3 46.2 32.7 26.8 27.3
2564 2170 2135 2129 2127 1078 1238 1120 1119 729 1186 974 954
0.035 0.013 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.026 0.009 0.020 0.036 0.023 0.024 0.030
0.006 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.008 0.008 0.011 0.010 0.025 1.469 0.017 0.019
0.092 0.077 0.043 0.056 0.044 1.137 0.835 0.432 0.396 2.114 0.833 0.909 1.052
Re nM
Tl nM
Pb nM
U nM
V nM
Cr nM
Mn nM
Fe nM
Co nM
0.084 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.090 0.042 0.049 0.047 0.048 0.015 0.029 0.064 0.063
0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.015 0.014
0.050 0.042 0.047 0.038 0.031 0.095 0.105 0.110 0.102 0.396 0.118 0.182 0.225
3.521 2.730 2.385 2.465 1.970 1.945 2.401 1.807 1.824 0.664 1.784 1.995 2.153
20.07 30.91 30.52 30.33 28.43 18.86 16.81 28.93 29.01 13.57 15.44 10.27 10.69
0.52 0.39 0.43 0.40 0.44 1.78 1.48 1.30 1.46 3.43 2.33 1.32 1.41
173 732 720 725 1331 582 730 718 736 1034 547 89 103
559 151 175 163 189 1720 1937 789 712 5902 1681 740 923
1.57 3.15 2.97 3.13 2.98 1.83 2.20 2.29 2.26 3.57 2.29 0.80 0.87
64
Appendix G 2004
above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
Ni nM
Cu nM
Zn nM
Rb nM
Sr nM
Mo nM
Ba nM
As nM
16.40 14.90 15.61 14.84 14.70 9.56 11.04 10.31 10.07 13.05 9.12 30.08 29.60
4.54 3.56 3.43 3.55 3.09 4.70 4.48 4.23 3.82 35.73 6.26 18.55 18.68
8.51 32.80 14.18 1.49 5.46 27.95 26.07 4.19 26.35 38.37 7.76 3.81 55.52
14.84 17.19 16.89 16.88 17.12 11.39 11.95 12.24 12.11 17.28 17.98 5.91 6.03
4421 4066 4042 4057 3962 2167 2467 2302 2272 1107 1588 2475 2568
11.41 11.73 11.33 10.68 10.40 6.25 6.84 6.42 6.44 3.33 4.52 12.64 12.60
344 387 389 389 388 233 268 233 234 252 167 271 276
11.7 22.9 22.2 21.9 20.6 11.8 12.9 18.7 18.6 8.3 11.2 13.0 13.0
Sr87/86 above Stagecoach Stagecoach (center) Stagecoach (Big Pike Bay) Stagecoach (Little Pike Bay) below Stagecoach Service Creek Entrance above Catamount Catamount (center ) below Catamount Ski Pond Yampa River in Steamboat Elkhead (center ) below Elkhead
0.711 0.710 0.711 0.710 0.711 0.709 0.708 0.708 0.708 0.720 0.713 0.707 0.707
65
Appendix G 2005
Lafarge Lafarge Catamount Catamount Elkhead Elkhead Haymaker Haymaker Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Craig Pond Craig Pond YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Na µM
Mg µM
Si µM
S µM
Ca µM
K µM
P µM
Li nM
Ce nM
Pb nM
U nM
237 237 257 251 838 848 84 80 116 111 493 474 3714 3680 596 551
235 237 331 326 512 520 64 63 87 84 874 819 955 944 399 400
95 99 189 185 152 152 86 85 142 136 319 291 156 155 231 228
57 57 211 206 456 460 14 13 20 19 554 522 1792 1773 141 141
374 384 581 569 846 847 163 163 195 186 1581 1453 707 696 755 749
51 51 28 25 43 43 11 10 11 11 51 52 103 104 49 48
0.33 0.32 2.60 2.65 0.47 0.36 1.58 1.50 2.09 2.05 1.62 1.27 1.29 1.32 0.86 0.84
580 574 907 938 1064 1024 190 193 295 288 2170 2101 2009 2176 1283 1253
0.056 0.048 1.278 1.227 0.448 0.561 2.730 2.703 3.778 3.655 0.232 0.193 0.415 0.430 1.046 1.014
0.021 0.017 0.347 0.326 0.105 0.137 0.416 0.425 0.817 0.770 0.096 0.078 0.171 0.181 0.487 0.478
2.62 2.69 2.39 2.22 5.79 6.18 0.20 0.21 0.33 0.30 3.86 4.15 6.05 5.51 3.41 3.45
8.3
0.2
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.02
21
0.001
0.004
0.03
66
Appendix G 2005
Lafarge Lafarge Catamount Catamount Elkhead Elkhead Haymaker Haymaker Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Craig Pond Craig Pond YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Mn nM
Fe nM
Ni nM
Cu nM
Zn nM
Rb nM
Sr nM
Ba nM
Se Sr87/Sr86 nM
35 33 346 360 909 958 930 905 2020 2364 429 270 346 395 5670 5671
237 216 2032 2053 299 466 8590 8247 18145 17817 787 514 460 504 3603 3860
11.6 11.6 11.3 12.5 28.5 27.0 16.0 15.9 18.2 17.6 24.3 21.7 11.9 13.3 17.4 16.8
3.46 3.06 5.72 6.95 16.64 16.42 14.73 14.16 46.95 44.83 6.00 6.48 9.89 4.42 4.74 4.66
3.2 5.7 3.4 3.1 2.2 1.9 68.5 77.8 60.1 62.0 17.8 12.5 2.9 5.0 3.7 1.7
9.5 9.4 10.6 10.9 7.2 7.0 6.0 5.9 8.2 8.1 14.4 14.9 13.1 13.9 7.8 7.8
1326 1353 1752 1777 3906 3836 588 597 715 681 4489 4237 3210 3404 2062 2047
124 131 214 220 456 465 144 149 161 157 396 386 357 367 143 144
0.4 0.9 2.0 1.4 4.6 3.1 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 6.9 7.2 1.3 1.2 2.6 2.0
1
5
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.1
3
1
1
67
0.718 0.717 0.710 0.712 0.709 0.710 0.723 0.723 0.725 0.725 0.710 0.710 0.710 0.712 0.711 0.712
Appendix G 2006
Catamount Catamount Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Na µM 355 360 356 110 109 119 270 265 261 171 184 177 532 500 507 468 460 478
Mg µM 525 533 524 63 64 69 250 249 236 136 141 136 808 780 786 331 336 358
Si µM 182 208 197 127 127 136 185 177 166 115 121 111 231 215 237 156 158 166
S µM 311 318 319 14 15 17 57 58 57 37 37 36 504 486 493 93 90 99
Ca µM 717 754 737 166 162 177 459 463 447 280 284 282 1106 1055 1100 586 586 605
K µM 38.0 44.1 39.9 22.7 24.3 27.8 50.4 51.0 48.4 28.8 28.4 25.3 62.9 58.0 56.4 33.5 35.2 36.2
P µM 0.49 0.75 0.55 1.04 1.18 1.64 0.13 0.13 0.17 0.67 0.71 0.70 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.96 1.09 1.03
Li nM 1373 1426 1423 199 210 220 550 582 584 399 402 392 1849 1947 1784 1014 1009 1060
Ce nM 0.111 0.161 0.129 3.071 3.185 3.432 0.054 0.057 0.093 4.233 4.383 4.349 0.196 0.177 0.160 1.225 1.219 1.216
Pb nM 0.036 0.044 0.038 0.524 0.568 0.573 0.014 0.020 0.023 0.937 0.879 0.846 0.050 0.049 0.049 0.496 0.512 1.673
U nM 2.46 2.63 2.26 0.19 0.20 0.20 2.44 2.44 2.31 0.79 0.78 0.79 3.84 3.98 3.49 2.70 2.61 2.82
3
0.5
2
1
1
0.04
0.02
3
0.001
0.028
0.01
68
Appendix G 2006
Catamount Catamount Catamount Haymaker Haymaker Haymaker Lafarge Lafarge Lafarge Ski Pond Ski Pond Ski Pond Stagecoach Stagecoach Stagecoach YSWA YSWA YSWA Det. Limit
Mn nM 171 413 292 1099 1204 1760 22 29 38 90 101 97 39 39 70 4199 4407 4293
Fe nM 290 447 362 7995 8736 9163 202 208 232 12757 13622 13320 156 142 103 8075 8710 8885
Ni nM 9.0 10.0 9.5 10.1 10.9 11.3 10.3 10.2 9.9 15.2 16.2 15.2 15.3 15.9 15.2 12.9 13.1 13.2
Cu nM 2.9 3.4 2.9 17.2 11.9 13.1 2.1 4.5 2.4 28.8 28.9 28.7 4.5 4.7 4.1 8.6 4.7 4.7
Zn nM 0.4 0.4 0.1 23.4 24.8 28.3 0.3 1.3 0.1 13.6 11.0 9.3 0.4 0.1 1.0 2.1 1.7 3.3
Rb nM 13.4 13.5 13.5 12.4 14.2 14.5 9.2 9.0 8.4 12.9 13.0 13.2 15.8 16.3 15.4 7.3 7.0 7.1
Sr nM 2551 2719 2576 528 566 583 1507 1572 1438 955 916 950 3783 3792 3889 1691 1674 1659
Ba nM 223 237 229 150 166 183 184 187 184 226 223 222 383 380 386 66 65 63
Se nM 2.0 0.8 1.8 2.9 0.5 -2.0 3.8 2.6 0.7 7.1 4.0 3.3 5.9 5.3 10.5 3.5 1.6 0.0
1
5
0.3
0.1
1.2
0.03
1
0.3
3
69
Mole ratio Sr87/86 0.710 0.709 0.710 0.717 0.717 0.719 0.718 0.716 0.718 0.718 0.719 0.718 0.709 0.709 0.709 0.710 0.710 0.710
