߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡Ɵࢱ 75-102
ࡻ઼טڱ၆߆ᛨҋڼ ᄃྻү̝ఢቑ* ᔁ઼ຆ**
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઼छ၆߆ٺᛨд߆ඉ˯ଳפခᐽ͚൴ण۞ၗޘĂ˯ޠڱೀ ЇңఢቑĂҭ઼छϺΞਕ˯ޠڱٺಶ߆ᛨ۞నϲ୧Іăᖐăˠְă ੑચĂࠤҌߏᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᏳᏴԔĂࢎྎؠ۞ఢቑͷ᎕ໂгΐͽ ዋϡĄॲፂώ͛۞̶ژĂࡻ઼۞֕˯ࣧטڱд̚ม۞ྮ˯Ăଳפ ۞ࢋߏ߆ᛨҋࣧĄ̝ٙͽтѩĂܼЯኢ৭дࣹ˘࣎ໂბ۞Ҝ ཉĂ࠰ົዎ࿃Ч۞̙ӀৈĄಶ 20 ѐֽ۞၁ᅫଐ֏҃ڶĂ2000 ѐ߆ ᛨڱᔵϏࡻ઼ٺੰڱΦڱ၁ચ˯ٙޙϲ۞߆ᛨҋࣧĂᖼ̼ࠎڱ ޠ୧͛ĂҭϺϏ၆ѩ˘ࣧΐኜЇң۞ࢨטĂ၁ᅫ˯ΞᏜ઼ົ˞ؠۺ ѩ˘ࣧ߆઼ࡻٺᛨ۞טڱड़˧Ąᓁវ҃֏Ă2000 ѐ߆ᛨͽڱ೩̿ ߆ᛨ۞˯ڼ߆ٺᅳጱड़ਕĂૻ̼߆ᛨొ̰ٺੑચ˯۞გநቊ८јڍĂ Тॡ၆߆ٺᛨ۞ຍᙊԛၗᛨ̰ٙૻአ۞ࣧĂ̪ଳפࢦ۞ၗޘĄ ᙯᔣෟĈ ߆ᛨҋڼă߆ᛨڱăТຍࣧă߆ᛨҋࣧă̳ВయЇࣧ ă߆ܛૄڼ
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.201803_(75).0003 ** ฯ̂ጯੑགྷޠڱጯրିĂEmail:
[email protected]Ą ќቇ͟ഇĈ106 ѐ 7 ͡ 24 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ107 ѐ 3 ͡ 14 ͟
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ಥă݈֏ д̶࠹۞઼ࡻژᙯڱఢΦڱ၁ચ֍ྋ̝݈Ăѣᕇᙯ߆઼ࡻٺᛨ۞ ޠڱໄهυืᐹАᄲځĄࢵАĂࡻ઼۞߆ᛨ֭Ϗֳѣপঅ۞ޠڱгҜĞno special legal statusğٕ۰ᄃဥវ̙Т۞ޠڱгҜĞdistinctive legal statusğĄ ߆ᛨѣໂ۞ࢦࢋّĂ൴೭۞ΑਕĂϺᄃ̳Вְચᙯ̷ܼĂҭдࡻ ઼Ă߆ᛨܜഇͽֽ࠰ࠎצռڱĞprivate lawğఢቑ۞ڱܧˠဥវĞunincorporated associations ğĞ Ewing, 2007: 63 ğĄ ྕ т Ї ି ࣖ ٺ ̂ ጯ Ⴓ ఆ ࠱ Ь ጯ ੰ ĞQueen Mary University of Londonğڱጯੰ۞ Caroline Morris ౾̀ٙᄲĂ ็˯Ă߆ᛨдࡻ઼ܲۡ˘̚ڱໂҲ۞ݻၗĞa very low profile in the lawğ Ğ2011Ĉ105ğ ĄѣυࢋপҾᄲߏ۞ځĂಶ߆ᛨޠڱ۞઼ࡻٺгҜ҃֏Ă צܼռڱఢቑ۞ڱܧˠဥវĄѩ߆઼ࡻܧᛨੵ˞זצռڱఢቑ̝γĂ ԆБ̙۞ޠڱצఢቑĂϺ߆ܧᛨֳ˯ޠڱٺѣᔄҺᝋĄ̝ٙͽᄲ߆ ᛨ˜ߏצռڱఢቑ۞ڱܧˠဥវĂܼЯ߆ᛨజࡻ઼ੰڱᄮࠎߏĶ̝ࡗݵய ۏķ Ğ“a creature of contract”ğ Ă1 ّኳᄃ̳ΦٕЪူĞa partnershipğ࠰̙ ࠹ТĄͽࡻ઼۞̍ᛨĞLabour PartyğࠎּĂ̍ᛨᔵϤ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົĞthe Labour Party National Executive CommitteeğԷႊҋޠႾ༛۞֎ҒĂ ĶႾ༛ྍ ᛨ̝ᓁវ͞Шᄃ߆ඉ̝ޘט࿅ķ Ğ“oversee the overall direction of the party and the policy-making process”ğ Ăҭ࣐ࡶ˘̍ᛨᛨࣶᄮࠎྍᛨ۞পؠүࠎ࿁ ͅ˞ᛨౢ۞ఢؠĂྍᛨࣶٙଳ˯ޠڱ۞פାᑻĞremedyğ߱͘ĂᙷҬۤٺ ົ̂ிࢬ၆࿁ࡗĞa breach of contractğॡٙ೩۞෦ĂϺӈ˘ռڱ෦ Ğa private actionğ Ą2 ЯѩĂࡻ઼߆ᛨ۞ޠڱгҜᄃٙޠڱ۞צఢቑܼᛳ ˟ְĂ˟۰ᙯ̷ܼĂҭ̙Ξࠎ˘ኘĈ 1. ޠڱгҜঘ̈́߆ᛨᙷဥវ۞నϲĂҌ߆ٺᛨٙޠڱ۞צఢቑĂ ঘ̈́߆ᛨ߿જٙࡗט۞צĄ
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Conservative Central Office v. Burrell. 1982.1 WLR 522 CA. ᙯ߆઼ࡻٺᛨ่ࠎڱܧˠဥវ۞ޠڱఢቑͽ̈́Φڱ၁ચۋᛉ۞ᖎࢋᄲځĂኛણ҂ Aathelstane Aamodt ۞̶ژĞ2015ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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2. ޠڱгҜ̝ٙͽזצռڱఢቑĂܼЯ߆ᛨ˜ߏϤ˘ཏˠֶҋϤຍ Ԡ҃నϲĂ֭ܝొع߆˘ܧĂЯѩᑕჯ᜕ϲّĂҌ߆ٺᛨٙצ ۞ޠڱఢቑĂϤٺᄃᏴᓝ۞̳πّ̳ВӀৈѣ̙Ξ̶۞ᙯ ܼĂЯѩזצĞΒӣ̙ј̝͛ࣧޠڱд̰۞ğ߆ᛨڱఢٙఢቑĄ ѨĂ߆ᛨᄃ˘ਠˠϔဥវ̪ѣ࠹༊۞मளّĄؼҩ݈߱۞ᄲځĂࡻ ઼ᔵЩࠎ߆ᛨڱĞpolitical party lawğ۞ޠڱĂҭࡻ઼઼ົ ܕ20 ѐֽ ࿅ϲڱᄃ࣒ڱĂૻ̼˞၆߆ٺᛨྻүᄃ߿જ۞ఢቑĄ̚ࣃ˘೩۞Ă ం࿅ ٺ2000 ѐ۞߆ᛨăᏴᓝ̳ϔԸைڱĞPolitical Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000Ăͽ˭ᖎჍĶ2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱķğ၆ٺА݈࠹ᙯ̝ޠڱ ૻ̼ૻ۞˧טĄ 3 ॲፂѩڱĂ่ѣ̏൳۞߆ᛨĂ͞ѣଯᓝᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ ᝋӀĄѩγĂӈߏܮ၆ٺᛨְ̰ચĂ߆ᛨϺᑕۧ၆̳ிయĞpublic accountableğ۞ၗޘΐͽநĂᔵֳѣ۞ޘҋᝋĂҭ֭ܧБ̙ڱצ ޠఢቑĞEwing, 2007: 63ğĄᑕপҾૻአ۞ߏĂᐌ߆ᛨְચ̈́࠹ᙯۋᛉ۞ ႊซĂࡻ઼̪ன˞ᇴ࣎ጱ߆ᛨ࠹ᙯڱఢ۞ࣧĂ̙҃̚ᑕజنෛ ۞ࣧޠڱĂం࿅࠹࣎ٺᅃ࠹ј۞ࣧĈĶ߆ᛨҋࣧķĞthe Principle of Party Autonomyğͽ̈́Ķ̳ВయЇࣧķ Ğthe Principle of Public Accountabilityğ Ą ኢߏ࠹ᙯϲڱᄃ࣒۞ڱតࢭĂٕߏޙ۞ࣧޠڱϲĂ࠰ᄃ߆ᛨдϔۤ ົ̚ᄃ࣌͟ᆧ۞ࢦࢋّĂѣ̙Ξ̶۞ᙯܼĄ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼҌ̫Ă̏ѣ ֽкˠ࠹ܫĂ߆ᛨٺϔ̚ޘטԷႊ˞υࢋͷѣᆊࣃ۞֎ҒĞplaying a necessary and valuable roleğĞSchattschneider, 1942ćWare, 1987ğ ĄࣃপҾ ˘೩۞ߏĂ࿅߆ᛨม۞ᚮۋĞinter-party competitionğͽ̈́ᛨ̰Ğࠎ˞̚ δ̈́г͞Ᏼᓝޙϲ۞ğϔ፟טٙ၁ன۞߆ڼણᄃĞpolitical participation via intra-party democracyğĂ߆ᛨώ֗ಶజᄮࠎߏϔ۞೩ֻ۰ĞMüller & Sieberer, 2006: 436ğ Ąдࡻ઼Ă߆ᛨְચ۞ႊซ̈́࠹ᙯۋᛉ۞னĂᄃ̍ᛨ Ğthe Labour Partyğ۞ޙϲ̈́ܜޢॡม۞൴णĂѣໂࠎ̷۞ᙯܼĂ Яѩώ͛ೈ̍ᛨ۞൴णྫᄃΦۋڱᛉன۞АޢĂֶԔଣ࠹ᙯ۞ ࢦࢋࣧޠڱĄ
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ௐˬొ̶ଂгӀڱጯछ႔ႬĞHans Kelsenğ۞ૺኘĂ ଣࡻ઼ѝഇ۞൴णĂপҾߏ߆ᛨඕၹкّ̮۞ԛјࡦഀᄃ࿅Ăͽ̈́Т ຍࣧĞthe Principle of Consentğ۞னᄃ൴णĄࢵАĂႬ۞ૺĂ ጳڱΞ߆ᛨ۞ޙၹ߆ᛨ۞߿જĂৼˢ߆۞عଠ˭̝טĄ҃Ăଂࡻ઼ ߆ᛨ۞טڱ൴णֽ࠻Ăࡻ઼ˠϔព֭ϏᏴፄ߆ᛨ۞ྻүĂৼˢ߆۞ع ଠטĄѨĂᙯ߆ٺᛨඕၹкّ̮۞̶ژĂࢦᕇჸ൏ٺĈ1910 ѐࡻ઼ ੰڱĞHouse of Lordsğ۞ Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v. Osborne ९Ğͽ˭ᖎჍĶOsborne ९ķğҿՙĂ 4 ̈́ޢᜈ۞ᇆᜩĄOsborne ९˜ߏࡻ઼ࢵੰڱѨந۞߆ᛨۋᛉĂ҃ѩ९ٙঘ̈́۞߆ᛨĂϒߏүࠎࡻ ઼னࢋ߆ᛨ̝˘۞̍ᛨĄѩ९۞ࢋۋᛉࠎĂயຽࠧ۞̍ົĂਕӎᓑ ЪጾѣВТ߆ڼந۞هϔมဥវВ߆ᛨĉ̍ົӎۡତົࣶᘳϹ۞ົ Ăϡֽྤӄѩ˘າјϲ߆ᛨ۞ྻүĉд 20 ͵ࡔܐĂ็߆ڼයࡻͽγ۞ ཏវĂฟؕဘྏ࿅ඕ༖҃۞˯ڼ߆פᇆᜩ˧ĂҭϤٺ༊ॡ۞ޠڱĞΒ ߁ј̙͛ڱј͛ڱğ Ă̙̯֭ధ̍ົྤயԸˢᄃ̍ົຽચᙯ۞߆ڼ ߿જ̝̚Ă࠹ᙯ۞ۋᛉ྾Ϥѩ҃ϠĄௐˬĂᙯٺТຍࣧژ̶۞Ăኢ۞ ߏࡻ઼ 1913 ѐ۞̍ົڱĂٚᄮ˞̍ົѣྤӄ̍ᛨ֭ჯᗕ͞ᙯܼ۞ᝋ˧Ă ҃ี࣒ڱĂඈٺឰ̍ᛨͽ˞פᜈྻү۞ĶϠхᝋķ Ą҃Ăд̍ົ ۞ڱఢቑ̝˭Ă่̙ߏ၆ྤٺӄ̍ᛨ۞̍ົĂ၆ٺٙѣѣຍྤӄপ߆ؠᛨ ۞̍ົ҃֏ĂࡶଳפĶ̍ົྤӄ߆ᛨķ۞ྻүሀёĂົ̍υืତֱ˘צ າ۞ࢨטĄּтĂ੫၆̍ົߏӎࢋࢎڼ߆ؠϫᇾĞpolitical objectsğĂྍ̍ ົ̰ొᑕͽઠЩԸைĞa secret ballotğкᇴТຍĞmajority supportğ۞͞ ёΐͽՙؠĄѩඈࢨט၆ٺТຍࣧ۞னᄃ൴णĂயϠ˞ۡତ۞ᇆᜩĄ ௐαొ̶ଣ߆ᛨҋࣧ۞ຍཌྷăໄهᄃΦڱ၁ચ˯۞ۋᛉĄ࠹ ྵ̍ٺᛨјϲ̝݈۞߆ᛨĂ̍ᛨ۞౹ϲ۰֭็ܧ۞߆གྷයࡻĂᛨ
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Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v. Osborne. 1910 AC 87. ώ͛ᔵ House of Lords ᛌࠎࡻ઼ੰڱĂҭְ၁˯ĂHouse of Lords ܜഇͽֽϺࠎࡻ઼઼ົ۞˯ᛉੰ Ğthe upper House of Parliamentğ Ąࡻ઼ ٺੰڱ2009 ѐՀЩࠎ The Supreme Court in the United KingdomĂᖎჍ UKSCĂ่̙྿ј˞дЩჍ˯ᄃ઼ົԆБડ۞ϫᇾĂϺ Тॡ྿ј˞ΦڱᝋᄃϲڱᝋԆБ̶ᗓ۞நຐĄ࠹ᙯ۞ᄲځĂኛણ҂ࡻ઼͞ءੰڱ შ৭۞ྎ̬ĞThe Supreme Court, 2018ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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ࣶ۞ۤົགྷᑻгҜᄃ߆͟ټᛨ۞ᛨࣶ̙ТĂͷ౹ϲ̍ᛨֶٙፂ۞ڱఢĂ ϺѣপঅّĄOsborne ९͔ٙ۞ۋᛉĂ࠰ಛᖒдѩඈયᗟ̝˯ĄҌٺ д̍ᛨјϲ̝ޢĂࡻ઼Чࠧಶ߆ᛨఢቑٙᙯࢦ۞ڦᕇĂు႙ᖼ҃ჸ൏߆ٺ ᛨ̰ొְચĞthe internal affairs of the partiesğߏӎᑕזצఢቑ۞࠹ᙯᛉᗟĂ ҃ϒёҋѩ˘ॡഇฟؕĂ߆ᛨҋࣧᐌ࠹ᙯΦۋڱ۞னĂు႙జ ৼˢࡻ઼۞߆ᛨఢቑ̝̚Ą ௐ̣ొ̶̶ܕژഇ۞࠹ᙯۋᛉᄃԼࢭ۞።ĄѩٙᏜ۞ܕഇ። Ăܼࡻ઼߆ᛨఢቑ ٺ1990 ѐ̝۞ޢ൴णĄѩొ̶ֶԔଣĶБ̃ ّ࣏Ᏼˠķ̝ۋᛉă1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ ڱ2000 ѐ߆ᛨ۞ڱఢቑࢦᕇĄ
෮ăࡻ઼߆ᛨ๕˧ঐ̝ܜ࿅Νᄃனڶ дଣࡻ઼߆ᛨඕၹкّ̮۞ԛјࡦഀᄃ࿅̝݈ĂѣυࢋАᖎࢋг ̶߆઼ࡻژᛨ๕˧ঐ۞ܜ࿅ΝᄃனڶĄ 5 ᓁវ҃֏Ă߆ᛨд˟Ѩ̂ጼ۞ޢ ࡻ઼ĂಝჍߏ࠹༊ᘦڼ߆۞ؠᖐĄٙᏜ۞ᘦؠĂܼЧ࣎߆ᛨٺՏ࣎ॡ ഇ۞ைதĞvote sharesğĂ͉֭̂۞گજĂ҃Ч࣎߆ᛨѣᛨᚱĞparty membershipğ۞ᛨࣶˠᇴĂϺ಼̂۞ᆧഴĞKippin et al., 2017ğĄѩ˘ᘦ ۞ؠ൴णၗ๕ĂۡҌ 2014 ѐ̝͞ޢѣྵࠎᆐধ۞ត̼Ă҃ٙᏜ۞ត̼Ă ࢋពனٺҋϤϔᛨĞLiberal DemocratsĂͽ˭ᖎჍĶҋϔᛨķğைத۞ ঐܜĂώ͛ൾޢ၆ѩѣซ˘Վ۞̶ژĄ
˘ăે߆ᛨĈܲчᛨ 2017 ѐ 6 ͡ 8 ઼͟ົ̂Ᏼ̝ົ઼઼ࡻ۞ޢĂдᓁВ 650 ࣎यѨ̚Ăጾ ѣкयѨ۞߆ᛨߏܲчᛨĞConservative Partyğ ĂВѣ 316 यĄ6 ܲчᛨܼ
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ѩ̶ࢦ۞ژᕇĂд߆઼ࡻٺᛨ۞னڶĄдࡻ઼።Ϋซˢன̝݈ĂҋϤᛨĞLiberal PartyğܲчᛨĞConservative Partyğ۞݈֗ĶϔᛨķĞWhigĂϺѣᛌࠎĶዂॾᛨķğ ĶͳᛨķĞToryĂϺѣᛌࠎĶћӀᛨķğдࡻॾᜋ̏ѣܜഇ۞൴णΫĄᙯٺϔᛨͳ ᛨ ٺ19 ͵ࡔ݈ޢు႙ႊซࠎҋϤᛨܲчᛨ۞።ΫĂΞણ҂ John Adams Roger Brownsword ۞̶ژĞ1999Ĉ65-67ğĄ ᙯٺЧ࣎߆ᛨٺѩѨ̂Ᏼٙᒔ۞઼ົयѨĂኛણ҂ࡻ઼઼ົ͞ءٺშ৭ٙ೩ֻ۞
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ለ߷።Ϋଊ˳۞߆ᛨ̝˘Ăдࡻ઼னΫ˯Ăૺұࣖ ĞNeville Chamberlainğ ă ܘРႬĞWinston ChurchillğݵॻႬĞMargaret Thatcherğඈࢵ࠹Ă࠰ࠎ ֗ܲٺчᛨ۞Щ߆ڼछĄд 2010 ѐ۞઼ົ̂Ᏼ̚Ăܲчᛨᔵᛏ˞ 306 ࣎यѨĂҭͽ֖̙إᅦĄࠎ˞ቁܲྍᛨͽܜഇે߆ĂॡЇࡻ઼ࢵ࠹۞ ܲчᛨᛨᅾΙ౪ษĞDavid CameronğĂՙؠҋϔᛨјᓑЪ̰ᅦĂѩᓝ д༊ॡ͔˞ధкᛨ̰ТԠ۞ԲෞĄޢĂܲчᛨଳҖྵࠎҋϤ۞ۤົ߆ ඉᄃϲಞĂּтଯજТّބЪ̼ڱĄಶགྷᑻ߆ඉ҃֏Ăྍᛨ၁Җੑ߆ ღᒺ߆ඉĂა˧ֹࡻ઼གྷᑻͽٺൺഇ̝̰ೇ൩Ă֭ͷࢫҲεຽத఼ఱ ᎶණதĄ 7 д 2017 ѐ 6 ઼͡ົ̂Ᏼ̝ޢĂϤܲٺчᛨጾѣ۞यѨϤ 330 यഴ͌Ҍ 316 यĂЯѩಉε˞ጾѣ࿅ΗᇴयѨĞ326 यğ͞ਕ۞פᅦᝋĄፉЇன Їࡻ઼ࢵ࠹۞ܲчᛨᛨᅾϿĞTheresa Mayğ ĂᏴޢᒔΔຑႬᜋϔᓑ༖ ᛨĞDemocratic Union Partyğ۞͚Ąܲчᛨ۞ 316 यΐ˯ϔᓑ༖ᛨ̂ٺ Ᏼٙ̚ᝃ߁۞ 10 ࣎यѨĂֹϿͽܲૻݍҝࢵ࠹۞ᖚҜ֭פᅦᝋĄ
˟ăдᛨ д 2017 ѐ 6 ઼͡ົ̂Ᏼ̝ޢĂௐ˟̂ᛨࠎ̍ᛨĂጾѣ 262 यĄ̍ᛨޙ ϲ ٺ1900 ѐ۞̍ົྻજĂޢు႙Ӵ̂Ă֭ ٺ20 ͵ࡔ˯ΗཧĂפ༊ॡ ۞ҋϤᛨјࠎܲчᛨ۞ࢋ၆͘Ą 8 ̍ᛨᚱ۞οႬࢵ࠹ĞPrime Minister Tony Blairğܜٺ྿ 10 ѐ۞߆ॡഇĞ1997 ѐҌ 2007 ѐğĂ˧ଯĶາ̍ ᛨķ ĞNew Labourğ۞நهĂੵ˞၆ٺЋຽռˠགྷᑻଳࠎྵפ۞ၗޘ γĂТॡૻ̼߆ع၆ିٺֈ۞Ըྤăܳซආᝋৈăૻ̼ᙯٺπඈᝋჯ᜕ ۞ϲ̍ڱүĄ ҃Ă˯ϲڱᄃ߆ඉ˯۞јಶĂݒೀͼࠎણᄃϿٛҹጼ߆۞ۋඉ ٙٯዚĄࡻ઼ᄃ઼࡚߆ٺعᓑһϿٛҹ̝݈ĂӮᓏჍ༊ॡ۞Ͽٛҹ ߆عጾѣĶ̂ఢሀ໑ໝّڠጡķ Ğ“weapons of mass destruction”ğ Ă၆ٺፋ࣎
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ࢍᇴፂᄃ࠹ᙯᄲځĞThe Parliament, 2018ğĄ ᙯܲٺчᛨ۞൴णᄃ߆ඉࢭڻĂኛણ҂ࡻ઼઼छᇃᇫ̳ΦĞ2015ğ۞̶ژĄ ᙯ̍ٺᛨ۞൴णᄃ߆ඉࢭڻĂኛણ҂ࡻ઼઼छᇃᇫ̳ΦĞ2015ğ۞̶ژĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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̚ڌгડ˜ҌٺҘ઼͞छĂ࠰ѣໂ̂۞ރĄ̙࿅ĂᓑΚᅳϿٛҹ̝ޢĂ ֭Ϗ൴ன̂ఢሀ໑ໝّڠጡĂధкࡻ઼ϔி࠰ᄮࠎҋ̎זצοႬ۞̍ᛨ ߆۞عᄱጱĂЯѩૻধ᜔యοႬ߆عણᄃ઼࡚ጱ۞ϿٛҹጼۋĄࣃ ྃ·۞ߏĂᙯٺጼ۞ۋԲෞᓏĂҌ̫̪ϏԆБઃĄ дѩѨ̂Ᏼົ઼۞ޢĂௐˬ̂ᛨࠎᛂॾᜋ઼छᛨĞScottish National PartyğĂጾѣ 35 ࣎यѨĄᛂॾᜋ઼छᛨĂϺజᛌࠎᛂॾᜋϔᛨĂྍᛨј ϲ ٺ1934 ѐĂϫ݈̏ଂಏ৷࣍ᛉᛂॾᜋϲྻજ۞߆ᛨĂ൴णј˘࣎ᇆᜩ ˧࿆̈́Бࡻ઼۞јሢ߆ᛨĄ̙ᙱຐည۞ߏĂᛂॾᜋ઼छᛨٺᛂॾᜋгડѣ ૻ̂۞ᇆᜩ˧Ăд።Ϋ˯ᄃࡻ઼̚δ߆۞عᙯܼࢲ̙گᕝĄ9 д 2007 ѐ ۞ࡻ઼г͞Ᏼᓝ̚Ăྍᛨͽ 1 य̝म˞̍ᛨĂјࠎᛂॾᜋᛉົĞthe Scottish Parliamentğ۞ௐ˘̂ᛨĄ4 ѐ̝ޢĂྍᛨٺг͞Ᏼᓝ̚˞פᑅࣆ ّ۞౼ӀĄ дѩѨ̂Ᏼົ઼۞ޢĂ߆ࢋࢦ۞͟ټᛨҋϔᛨĂ่ᝃ߁˞ 12 ࣎यѨĄ ҋϔᛨ۞݈֗Ăܼޙϲ ٺ19 ͵ࡔ̚ഇ۞ҋϤᛨĞLiberal partyğ Ąҋϔᛨٺ ።Ϋ˯അᄃۤົϔᛨѣܜഇ۞߆ڼᓑ༖ᙯܼĂᛨ ٺ1988 ѐЪ׀ј ࠎҋϔᛨĄҋϔᛨ ٺ2005 ѐ۞Ᏼᓝ̚ᛏ˞ 12 ઼࣎ົयѨĄ2010 ѐ۞̂ Ᏼ̝ޢĂҋϔᛨᄃܲчᛨј˞ᓑЪ߆عĂϤҋϔᛨᛨᅾҹॾĞNick CleggğፉЇઘࢵ࠹Ą 10 т݈ٙĂ߆ᛨд˟Ѩ̂ጼ઼ࡻ۞ޢĂ˜ߏ࠹༊ᘦڼ߆۞ؠᖐĂҭ ѩ˘ᘦ۞ؠ൴णၗ๕ĂҌ 2014 ѐ̝ޢனᆐধ۞ត̼Ąд 2010 ѐ۞઼ົ ̂ᏴॡĂҋϔᛨإਕᝃ߁ᓁைᇴ۞ 23%Ăҭ ˞ז2015 ѐ۞઼ົ̂ᏴॡĂྍ ᛨ۞ைதౣ౺˭ 7.9%Ă่ர ٺ2010 ѐைத۞ˬ̶̝˘Ă҃ྍᛨ࣏ Ᏼˠٙᒔ۞઼ົयѨĂଂ 2010 ѐ۞ 57 यĂ಼̂ഴ͌ ז2015 ѐ۞ 8 यĄ ᄃᄲᏴϔ༊ॡߏдᘂჳҋϔᛨĂ̙тᄲᏴϔ༊ॡԓ୕ඕܲчᛨᄃҋϔ ᛨЪ۞ᓑЪ߆عĞKippin et al., 2017ğĄт݈ٙĂд 2010 ѐ۞઼ົ̂Ᏼ ޢĂॡЇࡻ઼ࢵ࠹۞ܲчᛨᛨᅾΙ౪ษҋϔᛨјᓑЪ̰ᅦĂϤҋϔᛨ ᛨᅾҹॾፉЇઘࢵ࠹ĂҭϤٺΙ౪ษҹॾ۞ኜк߆ඉĂϏਕᒔк
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ᙯٺᛂॾᜋ઼छᛨ۞൴णᄃ߆ඉࢭڻĂኛણ҂ࡻ઼઼छᇃᇫ̳ΦĞ2015ğ۞̶ژĄ ᙯٺҋϔᛨ۞൴णᄃ߆ඉࢭڻĂኛણ҂ࡻ઼઼छᇃᇫ̳ΦĞ2015ğ۞̶ژĄ
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ࡻ઼טڱ၆߆ᛨҋڼᄃྻү̝ఢቑ
ᔁ઼ຆ
ᇴᏴϔ۞ᄮТĂЯѩᏴϔᏴፄ˞ͽᏴைඕܲчᛨҋϔᛨ۞ᓑЪ߆عវ טĄ
ણăଂႬ̝ૺ៍၅ࡻ઼ѝഇ̝൴ण ˘ăႬĈ߆ᛨ̝ྻүৼˢ߆عଠ˭̝ט நኢ˯Ă઼छ၆߆ٺᛨ൴ण۞ၗޘĂ̂˯̬͇ٺ۞ბ̝มĄд ͇۞݈ბĂ઼छ၆߆ٺᛨΞਕ˯ޠڱٺೀЇңఢቑĂ҃߆ٺඉ˯ଳפ ခᐽ͚൴ण۞ၗޘĄд͇۞ϐბĂ઼छΞਕ˯ޠڱٺಶ߆ᛨ۞నϲ ୧ІăᖐăˠְăੑચĂࠤҌߏᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᏳᏴԔĂࢎྎؠ۞ఢ ቑͷ᎕ໂгΐͽዋϡĄѩ᎕ໂϲڱᄃዋϡ۞ޠڱၗޘĂତٺܕႬ ۞ૺĄ Ⴌ ٺ1945 ѐ˞ۍĮޠڱᄃ઼छ̝˘ਠநኢį ĞGeneral Theory of Law and Stateğ˘३ĞKelsen, 1945ğ ĄႬ۞៍၅Ăಶ̳ВຍԠ۞ԛ ҃֏Ă߆ᛨ۞ΑਕҌᙯࢦࢋĂ 11 ҃˘઼۞ጳڱĂΞ߆ᛨ۞ޙၹ߆ᛨ۞ ߿જĂৼˢ߆۞عଠ˭̝טĄ 12 Ϥٺ᎕ໂఢቑ߆ᛨ۞јᄃ߿જ۞ڱఢĂ
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ႬĞKelsen, 1945: 294ğĈ дᛉົϔ˭̝טĂ࣎ˠߏ؝ϲ۞Ą࣎ˠ၆ٺາ۞ϲڱ፟ᙯҖ߆፟ᙯ۞నϲĂΞ Ꮬ୮ཉಚ۞ዶгĄ࣎ˠ୬ᒔᇆᜩ˧ĂӈυืᄃѣВТ߆ڼຍ֍̝ˠ࠹ඕ ЪĄѩඕЪĂ˜ߏ߆ᛨͽᎸ۞ࣧЯĄдᛉົϔ˭̝טĂ߆ᛨٚፉ˞ԛ̳ Вຍ֍۞ᙯᔣЇચĄкᇴՙࣧ၆ٺϔޘטҌࠎࢦࢋĂҭкᇴՙࣧึͽၰг ྻү۞݈೩Ă˜ߏӣ߁࿅ΗᇴᏴϔ۞ဥវĂͽдЧ߆˧ڼፋЪ̝ޢனĄࡶ Їң߆ᛨͽפѩ˘၆кᇴĂٕ࣎ᇴ࣎߆ᛨӈυื࠹̢ЪүĄ ࠎ͛ࣧĈ In a parliamentary democracy, the isolated individual has little influence upon the creation of the legislative and executive organs. To gain influence he has to associate with others who share his political opinions. Thus arise political parties. In a parliamentary democracy, the political party is an essential vehicle for the formation of the public will. The majority principle essential to democracy can work only if the political integration results in a group that comprises more than half of the voters. If no political party achieves an absolute majority, two or several of them have to cooperate. ႬᄮࠎĂ Ķ˘઼۞ጳڱĂΞ߆ᛨ۞ޙၹ߆ᛨ۞߿જĂৼˢ߆۞عଠ˭̝טĄϔ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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дᇇ઼ͽγ۞઼छྵࠎց֍ĂЯѩႬңົ೩ѩีྵࠎໂბૺĂࣃ ޥ҂ĄႬᄮࠎĂдϲ۞ܝొڱˠࣶᏴᓝĞּт઼ົᛉࣶᏴᓝğҖ ߆ొ۞ܝˠࣶᏴᓝĞּтᓁᏴᓝğ۞Ԕ̚ĂЧ࣎߆ᛨ࠰Էႊ˞ᙯᔣّ ۞֎ҒĂЯѩಶ۞ޘטనࢍ҃֏ĂΞ߆ᛨৼˢ઼छొܝΐͽఢቑĄ 13 ҃Ăυืྃ·ᄲߏ۞ځĂႬ೩ѩ˘ૺ۞ॡมĂϒߏৼოᇇ઼ĞNazi GermanyğጼୀৼოᅳఞԓপઙĞAdolf Hitlerğҋ୭۞ 1945 ѐĂጼۋ ֽ۞୭ᇜĂ̪дለ߷ˠϔ۞ீ݈˘၌၌۞˯ႊĄ 14 д˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼඕՁޢ
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۞ໄهຳϯĂˠϔޙٺϲ߆ᛨ۞࿅ֳٙ̚ѣ۞ҋϤĂቑಛ࠹༊۞ᆵᇃĂҭӈܮ ˘઼۞ጳڱĂࢎͽֱ˘˞ؠቁܲ߆ᛨ۞ϔّࠎϫ۞۞୧͛Ăѩ˘ጳڱώ֗۞ϔّĂ̪ ̙ົזצຫचĞKelsen, 1945: 294-295ğĄķࠎ͛ࣧĈ“The constitution can subject the formation and the activity of political parties to the control of the government. The idea of democracy implies a far-reaching freedom in the formation of political parties; but the democratic character of a constitution would in no way be impaired if it contained stipulations designed to guarantee a democratic organization of political parties.” ѩ߱ኢ ۞ᄬຍĂ֭ܧȈ̶ĂҭϤٺႬٺѩ߱͛ф̝̚Ă̶˞ژ߆ᛨৼˢጳڱᄃ ̝ޠڱ॰ߛ۞நϤĂЯѩໂѣણ҂۞ᆊࣃĄႬ۞֍ྋĂΞ̂ᕩৼт˭Ĉˠϔٺ ޙϲ߆ᛨ۞࿅̚Ăώᑕֳѣᇃ۞ھҋϤĂѩٕధ֭ܧϔໄهགྷ૱ૻአ۞ࢦᕇĂҭ ѩҋϤ۞хдĂ̪ΞᏜߏϔໄ˘۞هؼҩĂ̙֭࿁ͅϔޘטхд۞ϫ۞Ąྵ ۋᛉّ۞યᗟ۞ߏĂ࣐ࡶ߆ᛨ۞౹ޙᄃ߆ᛨ۞߿જĂ࠰ৼˢጳڱᄃ۞ޠڱఢቑ̝ ˭Ăˠϔޙٺϲ߆ᛨ۞࿅̚ᑕֳѣ۞ᇃھҋϤĂពΞਕזצᑅᒺĂтѩ˘ֽĂ ጳڱώ֗۞ϔّĂߏӎົזצѩఢቑ۞๋चĉႬ۞֍ྋĂඍ९ᑕߏӎ۞ؠĄ ࣧЯдٺĂ࠹ᙯጳڱ୧͛۞ఢቑϫ۞Ăдٺቁܲ߆ᛨүࠎϔᖐ۞Ҳᇾ̙Ҍ ٺజχĂ߇҃ѩඈ୧͛۞ఢቑϫ۞Ăᄃጳڱώ֗۞ϔّĂ֭ᨋॾ̝Ą ႬᄮࠎĂĶ҂ณ˞߆ᛨٺϲڱ፟ᙯᏴᓝͽ̈́Җ߆፟ᙯᏴᓝ̝ٙ̚Էႊ۞ՙ֎ّؠ ҒĂӈՀѣኢᙋ۞நϤĂͽᄲࠎځңᑕ༊ఢቑ߆ᛨ۞ᖐඕၹĂซֹ҃߆ᛨјࠎ˘ ઼छ፟ၹĞKelsen, 1945: 295ğ Ąķࠎ͛ࣧĈ“In view of the decisive role that political parties play in the election of legislative and executive role that political parties play in the election of legislative and executive organs, it would even be justifiable to make them into organs of the State by regulating their constitutions.” ઼छۤົᛨĞNational Socialist Partyğ̝ٙͽజჍࠎৼოᛨĂܼЯྍᛨ۞ᇇ͛ᖎᆷࠎ NaziĂ͛̚ࢰᛌࠎৼოĄགྷ࿅ 1920 ѐ۞಼̂ᕖૺĂৼოᛨ ٺ1933 ѐјࠎᇇ઼۞ௐ ˘̂ᛨĂ҃ᇇ઼ᓁᎸ൳ಢĞPresident Hindenburghğ่ਕᏴፄॲፂᇇ઼ጳ۞ڱఢؠĂ ٺТѐ 1 ͡ 30 ͟ЇԓপઙЇ̰ᅦᓁநĄᎸ൳ಢᓁ ٺ1934 ѐ 8 ͡ీ͵ޢĂԓপ ઙܮՀΐདྷԟᇘгᓁᓁந࣎ᖚҜЪ҃ࠎ˘Ăјࠎৼოᇇ઼ĶҌ˯ķ۞ ۰Ă֭ତ൴જ˞˘ాҚ၆̰χᑝڼ߆๕˧Ăͽ̈́၆γܬரለ߷઼छ۞ ְҖજĄᙯৼٺოᇇ઼Ꮈ۞ࡦഀᄃ࿅Ăͽ̈́ԓপઙೠᝋซ҃ซҖ̬۞ڼ
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ࡻ઼טڱ၆߆ᛨҋڼᄃྻү̝ఢቑ
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۞ᇴѐมĂҘᇇ۞߆عˠϔĂა˧г֨ቑΩ˘࣎፬ซ߆ᛨ۞னĂᔖҺ ઼छˠϔГޘజপ߆ؠᛨШϠីࠒ۞ႯĄѩ˘֨ͤ߆ᛨ̼ ۞நهĂ֝ిͷநٙ༊гјࠎ༊ॡҘᇇۤົ۞ВᙊĄೱήྖᄲĂଂ።Ϋ ۞֎៍ޘ၅ĂႬᙯͽٺጳޠڱڱ᎕ໂఢቑ߆ᛨనϲ୧Іăᖐ߿ જ۞ૺĂֽ֭ܧҋٺপڱ̳۞ؠໄٕهநኢ۞ଯጱĂ҃ߏֽҋٺᏐீٙ ֍۞ڱҘೌᆐĄ ࡶаޘטזᏴፄ۞યᗟ˯Ă༊઼छυืд͇۞ბ̝มүᏴፄ ॡĂϤ઼ٺछᄃ߆ᛨ۞ᙯܼტኑᗔĂஎ̂ົۤצிăˠϔဥវЧ ߆ڼăགྷᑻ˧۞ۡତมତᇆᜩĂ઼छᏴፄ͇݈ბ۞ΞਕّͼĄ ೱήྖᄲĂ઼छ̏Ξਕಏ৷гԷႊ͚߆ᛨ۞֎ҒĄ༊˘઼࣎छᄮࠎ߆ ᛨቁѣυࢋזצఢቑॡĂᐌֽ̝҃۞યᗟߏܮĂߏӎѣυࢋឰ઼छֽఢቑ ߆ᛨ۞ְચĉٕ۰ᑕ༊Ϥણᄃ߆ᛨְચ̝ˠĂҋҖ྿јఢቑ߆ᛨ۞ϫᇾĉ ᖎ҃֏̝Ăѩఢቑᑕࠎ࿅ޠڱఢቑ۞ޠĂٕࠎ߆ᛨ۞ҋԧఢቑĞϺ ӈҋޠğĉѩ˜Β߁ࡻ઼д̰۞ٙѣϔ઼छĂ࠰ืࢬ၆۞ᚑඥኝᗟĄ ซ˘ՎֽᄲĂᖣϤޠڱఢቑ҃၁ன۞ޠĂপҾߏ࿅ᚑॾఢቑ҃၁ ன۞ޠĂពᙷҬ݈͇۞ϐბĂҌٺҋޠĂٕ۰Ⴭ̝ࠎҋڼĂྵ ࠎপҾĂ͇ܧߊ۞݈ბĂϺܧϐბĂ҃ߏٺاბ̝ม۞পঅҜཉĄ ಶ߆ᛨ۞ҋ֏҃ڼĂྵצˠᙯ۞ڦᛉᗟࠎĂ߆ᛨѣңજ፟ซҖѣड़۞ҋԧ გநĉ҃੫၆̂ົۤזצிᙯ߆۞ڦᛨְચĂּтᙯ߆ٺᛨགྷ۞გநĂ15 ߆ᛨώ֗ߏӎ౯გந۞ຍᙸͽ̈́ѣड़გந۞ਕ˧ĉ࣐ࡶͣѣड़ৈͷѣ ड़த۞ҋԧგநĂ߆ᛨҋڼυ֕ШεୀĂ҃εୀ۞߆ᛨҋڼĂົ˫ــ ֽခәᚑॾ۞ޠԼࢭᓏĄ
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ĂΞણ҂ Chris Trueman ۞ኢĞ2015ğ Ąৼოᇇ઼ଂᎸז˸Ă่ܼ 10 ዶѐม۞ ְĄ઼࡚ăࡻ઼ă઼ܻᓑ ٺ1945 ѐ 4 ͡Խˢᇇ઼ĂົޢरٽٺΔثګĂԓপઙ ӈҋ୭Ăᇇ઼Ϻ ٺ5 ͡ 7 ͟ԸࢫĄᇇ઼۞ԸࢫĂᇾᄫ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼᇇ઼ጼಞ۞ඕĂ ҃ѩॡᗓԓপઙ ٺ1933 ѐЇ̰ᅦᓁநĂ่่ 12 ѐĄ ѩ઼֭ࡻܧѣ۞યᗟĂдΒ߁ࡻ઼д̰۞ٙѣϔ઼छĂ࠰ืࢬ၆۞યᗟߏĂᑕт ңͽՀѣड़தड़ৈ۞͞ڱĂᔖҺ߆ᛨགྷֹϡ˯۞યᗟĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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˟ă߆ᛨඕၹкّ̮̝ԛјĈOsborne ९ҿՙ̝̈́ޢ൴ण т݈ٙĂॲፂႬ۞៍၅Ăಶ̳ВຍԠ۞ԛ҃֏Ă߆ᛨ۞Αਕ ҌᙯࢦࢋĂ҃˘઼۞ጳڱĂΞ߆ᛨ۞ޙၹ߆ᛨ۞߿જĂৼˢ߆۞عଠ ˭̝טĄ҃Ăࡻ઼߆ᛨ۞טڱ൴णĂពᄃႬ۞ૺĂԆБࡦ҃ ĄೱήྖᄲĂࡻ઼ˠϔ֭ϏᏴፄ߆ᛨ۞ྻүĂৼˢ߆۞عଠטĄ ᔵ̍ᛨϫ݈̏ߏࡻ઼઼ົ۞ௐ˟̂ᛨĂҭ̍ᛨд˯࣎͵ࡔ۞ܐ౹ޙ ࿅Ă֭˘ܧюࢲึĄॲፂ Osborne ९۞ҿՙ३ͽ̈́࠹ᙯ۞።Ϋ͛ІĂ16 ѩ ९۞ࢋۋᛉࠎĈᇴ࣎̍ົĞtrade unionsğΞӎᓑЪᇴ࣎ۤົཌྷĞsocialistğ ဥវĂВ˘࣎Щࠎ̍ᛨ۞߆ᛨĉѩۋᛉٙঘ̈́۰Ăᑕ༊ࠎĈனᖚ౻̍Ϗ ֽѣΞਕົ઼פयҜĂซ҃д઼ົ໒ૅפۋᝋৈ۞યᗟĉ̙࿅Ă̶ژ ѩ९ҿՙ۞̰टΞۢĂ౻̍ਕӎົ઼פयѨĂ၁ᅫ˯֭Ϗјࠎѩ९ેۋ ۞ࢦᕇĄ ѩ९۞ۋᛉĂజჸ൏д˘࣎ன̫࠻Ҭ̙ࠤࢦࢋ۞ޠڱયᗟĂѩયᗟߏĈ Ğ༊ॡğ̍ົڱĞthe Trade Unions Actsğ൳҃నϲ۞̍ົĂߏӎѣᝋࠎ ˞၁ன߆˯ڼϫ۞Ă҃၆̍ົٙѣ۞ົࣶĂૻטќ˘פඊϡĞa compulsory levy of their membersğĉ̝ٙͽᄲѩϡ۞ќפѣૻّטĂܼЯົࣶ࣐ ࡶ̙ᘳϹѩϡĂົࣶົಉεॾྤࣶົĄಶѩ९۞෦Խ֨҃֏Ă ѩ९ࢦ۞ેۋᕇĂజჸ൏ົ̍ٺᝋ˧кဿ۞ᛉᗟ˯Ąࣃྃ·ᄲߏ۞ځĂ ٺOsborne ९൴Ϡ̝ॡĂࡻ઼إ઼छྃӄ߆ᛨͽ̈́൴ົ઼ٸᛉࣶؠᓟ ྤ۞ޘטĂЯѩ˯ϡ۞ќפĂࢋߏүࠎ߆ᛨϏֽјϲ̝ྻ۞ޢүགྷ ͽ̈́̍ᛨᚱ઼ົᛉࣶ۞ᓟྤĄ၆ٺѩ९۞ેۋયᗟĂٚᆶ۞ ءڱLord Macnaghten ග̟˞ӎ۞ؠඍ९Ăᄮࠎ̍ົᝋࠎ˞၁ன߆˯ڼϫ۞Ă҃၆ ٙѣ̍ົົࣶૻטќפϡĄࢵАĂLord Macnaghten Ă߆ڼᖐࠎ ˞થຽϫ۞҃ޙϲ۞ᖐĂώኳ˯̙֭ТĄѨĂ̍ົڱĂ̍ົଂϏ ጾѣࠎ˞߆ڼϫ۞҃ќפგநགྷ۞ᝋ˧Ğthe power of collecting and administering funds for political purposesğĄ
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ᙯ ٺOsborne ९ྎ۞።Ϋ͛ІĂΞણ҂ࡻ઼ර̂ރጯĞUniversity of Warwickğ ٺ1979 ۞ۍOsborne ९͛ІຉበĞStorey, 1979ğĄ
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៍၅ Osborne ९൴Ϡॡ۞ࡻ઼߆གྷࡦഀͽ̈́۞ੰڱҿՙĂΞᕩৼ ีඕኢĄௐ˘Ă̙Тڼ߆ٺයࡻ౹నͷ።Ϋଊ˳۞ܲчᛨҋϔᛨĂ̍ᛨ ֭ܧϤ઼ົᛉࣶٕڼ߆යࡻٙ౹ޙĂܼ҃Ϥ̍ົົۤཌྷဥវٙޙ ϲĂЯѩᖐ۞ّኳĂᄃ˘ਠˠϔဥវྵࠎତܕĄௐ˟Ăੰڱ၆ົ̍ٺ มତგந̍ᛨ̰ొְચ۞ᝋ˧Ăଳܲࠎྵ˞פч۞ၗޘĄдᝋ˧ቑಛ۞ᄮ ˯ؠĂੰڱᄮࠎĂߊ༊ॡ۞̍ົڱĂ֭Ϗ͛ځኬ̟̍ົќפგநགྷ ͽ၁ன߆ڼϫ۞۞ᝋ˧Ăົ̍ӈѩีᝋ˧Ą ѩ९࠻Ҭ˘่࣎ঘ̈́̍ົᝋ˧ቑಛࠧ۞ؠಏ৷९ІĂܑࢬ˯ߊᄃ߆ᛨ ۞ϠхۡତᙯᓑّĂϺᄃ࣎ˠ̈́ဥវޙϲ߆ᛨ۞ҋϤᙯĄ҃Ăѩ ९ְঘ˘࣎Հࠎࢦࢋ۞યᗟĈࡻ઼ߏӎࢋ࿅࣒͞۞ڱёĂٚᄮ̍ົѣྤ ӄ̍ᛨ֭ჯᗕ͞ᙯܼ۞ᝋ˧ĄϺӈĂࡻ઼ߏڱӎࢋฟ߆ܧٸགྷයࡻٙ ј۞߆ᛨ۞ҋϤྻүĉೱήྖᄲĂ࣐ࡶ઼ົ࣒ڱᗫཆ̍ົטࢨ۞ڱĂ߆ ᛨඕၹ۞кᇹّĞthe diversity of party structureğజٚᄮĂ҃ࡻ઼߆ᛨ۞ ൴णĂົனΩ˘൫ࢲᄻĄ Osborne ९ҿՙ۞ޢ൴णߏĂ̍ົഇ୕ᆿୢ Osborne ९̝ܲੰڱч֍ྋ ۞ᓏĂྍٺ९ҿՙ͟ޢৈႚĂ҃тѩ۞ຍ֍֝ిᒔࡻ઼̰ᅦ̂Ҋ۞ ͚Ąд˘̶ਖ਼Ϲ̰ᅦТ̥۞౯Ԟᐂ̚ĂፉЇڱચ̂ҊĞLord Chancellorğ ۞ Lord LoreburnĂૻአ˞ࢦ̍ົົࣶҋᝋ۞ࢦࢋّĈ ְ၁ߏĂ༊ˠࣇТຍצкᇴՙ۞ࢨטॡĂࣇᐌӈࢬ၆˘ีࢲᐍĈ ࣇѣΞਕυืࢋઇ˘ֱࣇ̙ಈᝌ۞ְĂٕ۰ࣇυืੜĞٙ ᛳ۞ğဥវĄৌϒ۞ҋϤĂ˜ߏឰϤˠࣇٙј۞ဥវĂҋϤгࠎ ˞྿јࣇҋᄮԁዋ۞ϫᇾ҃ඕЪĄТॡĂϺᑕឰՏ࣎ˠдޥ҂࿅ ѩඈϫᇾ˞ࠎޢҋ̎҃ҋϤгүҿᕝĂҿᕝҋ̎ߏӎତ̙˯צТ ဥវޙϲ۞ඕЪវĂ࣐҃ࡶѩඈඕЪវᅮࢋࣇઇ˘ֱᜁࠗĂ ࣇϺืҿᕝҋ̎ߏӎᙸຍࠎѩඕЪវઇֱᜁࠗĄ17
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ࠎ͛ࣧĈ The truth is that when men agree to be bound by majorities they encounter a risk of having to do something they dislike or to quit the association. Real freedom consists in leaving bodies of men free to combine for objects which are in themselves proper, and leaving each man free to judge for himself whether, having regard to these objects, he
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ᖎಏֽᄲĂLord Loreburn ᄮࠎĂߊ̍ົົࣶߏдҋϤຍԠ̝˭ΐˢ ̍ົĂ߆۞ົ̍ඉӈֹΞਕ၆ߙֽࣶົٺ̙ӀৈĂѩ̙Ӏৈ۞ࢲ ᐍĂ̪ߏϤ̍ົົࣶҋ̎ٚፉĂՀңᙸ̙ࣶົࡶ࣐ڶຍତצѩ̙ӀৈĂ ࣇإѣᏴፄੜ̍ົ۞ҋϤĄЯѩĂߊົࣶጾѣᏴፄΐˢ̍ົăܲѣ ̍ົ۞ົᚱٕ۰ੜ̍ົ۞ՙؠᝋĂ̳ᅳા۞ޠڱĂ၁υࢋࢨົ̍ט ߆ؠטඉĞּтͽ̍ົ۞ົྤӄ߆ᛨğ۞ᝋ˧Ą ᔵ၆ٺᆿୢ Osborne ९۞֍ੰڱྋĂд༊ॡ۞ࡻ઼઼ົ̏ѣ˞ВᙊĂ ҭ࿅࣒ڱѩඈВᙊ၁ன۞࿅Ă֭ܧ୮ᗔࢰĄ̙࿅ĂᖣϤ઼ົкᇴ ᛉࣶ۞Ӆ˧Ă˯۞ВᙊĂٺ࿅࣒۞ڱԔ҃ར၁ ٺ1913 ѐົ̍۞ۍ ڱĞthe Trae Union Act 1913ğ Ąາ۞̍ົڱĂٚᄮ˞̍ົѣྤӄ̍ᛨ֭ჯ ᗕ͞ᙯܼ۞ᝋ˧Ąт݈ٙĂ࣒ڱᗫཆ̍ົڱĂຍק߆ᛨඕၹ۞кّ̮ జٚᄮĄᖚߏ̝߇Ăࡻ઼ጯ۰ᄮࠎĂ1913 ѐ̍ົ̍ڱ࣒ڱү۞ԆјĂຍק Ķ߆ᛨඕၹ۞кᇹّҌѩ̏ࠎ઼ົٙۺᄮķ Ğthe diversity of party structure was now recognised by ParliamentğĞEwing, 2007: 66ğĄ
ˬăТຍࣧޙ̝ϲᄃ൴ण 1913 ѐ۞̍ົڱĂٚᄮ˞̍ົѣྤӄ̍ᛨ֭ჯᗕ͞ᙯܼ۞ᝋ˧Ă҃ ี࣒ڱĂඈٺឰ̍ᛨͽ˞פᜈྻү۞ĶϠхᝋķ Ą҃Ăд̍ົڱ ۞ఢቑ̝˭Ă่̙ߏ၆ྤٺӄ̍ᛨ۞̍ົĂ၆ٺٙѣѣຍྤӄপ߆ؠᛨ۞ ̍ົ҃֏ĂࡶଳפĶ̍ົྤӄ߆ᛨķ۞ྻүሀёĂϺӈ݈ٙᏜĶкّ̮ ۞߆ᛨඕၹķĂົ̍υื;˘ֱĶᆊķĄ ѩٙᏜ۞ᆊĂ۞ߏ̍ົ̍ົڱଳҖĶ̍ົྤӄ߆ᛨķ۞ྻү ሀёॡĂυืତֱ˘۞צາ۞ࢨטĂ҃̍ົϺᙱͽည˘͟ټᇹгདྷຍ҃ࠎĄ ѩඈࢨטΒ߁Ăௐ˘Ă̍ົߏӎࢋࢎڼ߆ؠϫᇾĉ̍ົᑕͽઠЩԸைк ᇴТຍ۞͞ёĂ͞ਕаඍѩયᗟĄௐ˟Ăࡶ˘̍ົࢎڼ߆˞ؠϫᇾĂྍ ̍ົᑕͽкᇴՙ۞͞ёĂܛૄڼ߆ࢎטఢቑĞpolitical fund rulesğĂ҃߆
chooses to accept the combination and make the sacrifice which combination involves, if sacrifice there be. TNA, CAB 37/103/44.
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ܛૄڼఢቑυื͛ځఢؠĂ߆ܛૄڼᄃࣧώ۞̍ົ۞ົચૄܛĂυืԆБ ̶ᗓĄٙѣ۞̍ົົࣶ࠰ΞᏴፄߊᘳϹ̍ົົͷᘳϹ߆ܛૄڼĂٕ۰Ă ่ᘳϹ̍ົົ̙҃ᘳϹ߆ܛૄڼĞEwing, 2007: 66ğĄೱήྖᄲĂٙѣ۞ ̍ົົࣶĂ࠰ѣᝋӀᏴፄ่ણᄃ̍ົ۞˘ਠְચĂ̙҃ણᄃ̍ົ۞߆ᛨְ ચĄ тѩ۞ᏴፄᝋĂు႙ႊซࠎࢦ̍ົົࣶຍ֍۞ТຍࣧĄٙᏜ۞Т ຍࣧĂΞϤဥវ࣎ˠĞcollective and individualğඈޘ֎࣎ΐͽ៍၅Ą ಶဥវ۞֎̝៍ޘĂ߆۞ܛૄڼనϲĂᑕͽઠЩԸைкᇴՙ۞͞ёՙؠ ̝Ąಶ࣎ˠ۞֎៍ޘ၅Ăӈٺົ̍˘ܮԸை̚ͽкᇴՙ۞͞ёТຍ˞߆ڼ ૄ۞ܛనϲĂ̍ົົࣶ̪ͽ١ᘳϹ߆͞۞ܛૄڼёĂᏴፄ̙Ᏺчкᇴ ՙ۞ՙؠĞEwing, 2007: 66-67ğĄ ࣃপҾᄲߏ۞ځĂᔵ߆۞ܛૄڼనϲĂᑕͽઠЩԸைкᇴՙ۞ ͞ёՙ̝ؠĂҭ 1913 ѐ۞̍ົ߉ڱҖޢĂயϠ˞ 1 ีۋᛉĈ̍ົົࣶ၆ٺ ߆۞ܛૄڼనϲү˞ĶะវТຍķĞcollective consentğ۞ՙޢ̝ؠĂࣧ ˯ኢ࿅˞к۞ܜॡมĂົࣶ࠰ГѨܑ྿ߏӎĶะវТຍķ۞፟ົĄ ೱήྖᄲĂ۞͟ټĶะវТຍķ Ă̫͟Ξਕ̙̏ೇхдĄࡻ઼ٺௐ˘̈́ௐ˟ Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼഇมͽ̈́۞ޢᇴȈѐมĂᔵ̏ు႙ᄮᙊזѩีۋᛉ۞хдĂ ҭ˘ۡϏਕྋՙĄۡ ז1984 ѐĂ઼ົ࣒ϒ˞ 1913 ѐ۞̍ົڱĂࢋՐٙѣ ѣ߆ڼϫ۞̍ົĂՏ 10 ѐᑕ࿅ઠЩԸைĂࢦາͽкᇴՙ۞͞ёՙؠ ᑕӎჯࣧѣ۞߆ڼϫ۞Ą18 ೱήྖᄲĂТຍࣧүࠎ˘ี߆ᛨࣧ۞ڱĂ Ҍѩ̏࠹༊ځቁĄ
དྷă߆ᛨҋࣧĈຍཌྷăໄهᄃΦڱ၁ચۋᛉ т݈ٙĂ࠹ྵ̍ٺᛨјϲ̝݈۞߆ᛨĂ̍ᛨ۞౹ϲ۰֭็ܧ 18
See now Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, Ch VI. ࠹ྵ ٺ1913 ѐ۞̍ົڱĂࡻ઼઼ົ ٺ1984 ѐ۞̍ົ̚ڱĂ၆ົ̍ٺᙯྤٺӄ߆ᛨ߿ڼ߆જඈ۞ ߆ڼฟ͚Ğpolitical expenditureğĂΐኜ˞Հк۞טࢨޠڱĂּтĂ̍ົᑕؠഇᑭ ߆ྻ۞ܛૄڼϡଐڶĄѩγĂ֭ܧЧֽ۞གྷĂ࠰Ξజϡֽ྿ј߆۞˯ڼϫ۞Ğfor political purposesğĄ࠹ᙯ۞ኢĂΞણ҂ Keith Ewing ۞̶ژĞ1984Ĉ227ğĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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۞߆གྷයࡻĂᛨࣶ۞ۤགྷгҜᄃ߆͟ټᛨ۞ᛨࣶ̙ТĂͷ౹ϲ̍ᛨ ֶٙፂ۞ڱఢĂϺѣপঅّĄ݈͛ Osborne ९͔ٙ۞ۋᛉĂ࠰ಛᖒд ѩඈᛉᗟ̝˯Ą̍ᛨјϲ̝ޢĂࡻ઼Чࠧ੫၆߆ᛨ۞טڱᙯࢦڦᕇĂు႙ ჸ൏ߏٺӎᑕఢቑ߆ᛨ̰ొְચ۞ᛉᗟĄఢቑ߆ᛨ̰ొְચ۞࠹ᙯᛉᗟĂ ࢋΒ߁˞߆ᛨ̰ొᖐᄃგந۞ۋᛉĂͽ̈́Ч৺Ᏼᓝ۞࣏ᏴˠᏳᏴۋ ᛉĄᐌᙯڦ൏ᕇ۞ԼតĂੵ˞݈۞к̮ࣧᄃТຍ̝ࣧγĂௐˬี ᙯ߆ٺᛨఢቑ۞ࣧĂϺӈ߆ᛨҋࣧĂᐌ࠹ᙯΦۋڱ۞ன҃జ ৼˢࡻ઼۞߆ᛨఢቑ̝̚Ą
˘ăຍཌྷ ٙᏜ۞߆ᛨҋࣧĂܼࡻ઼֭੫၆߆ᛨ۞̰ొְચซҖۡତఢ ቑĞdirect regulationğ۞ј͛ڱĄ߆ᛨᔵ˘צਠڱఢĞthe ordinary lawğ۞ ఢቑĂҭࣧ˯Ă߆ᛨֳѣ࠹༊۞ҋّĄࢵАĂ߆ᛨͽҋҖՙؠᛨࣶ ۞ྤॾă߆ᛨ۞ߛၹăྻү۞͞ёͽ̈́൴ण̳В߆ඉ۞ሀёĄѨĂপؠ ߆ᛨϺҋҖՙؠᏳᏴ͞ڱĂᏴ٥ĞܑྍᛨğણᄃЧ৺Ᏼᓝ۞࣏ᏴˠĂ ֭ҋҖՙؠଯᓝٕᏴᓝᛨᅾ۞͞ёĂͽ̈́ᘂԦᛨࣶٕฟੵᛨᚱ۞͞ёᄃ ୧ІĞEwing, 2007: 67ğ ĄೱήྖᄲĂࡻ઼߆ᛨᔵҋγ˘ٺਠڱఢ۞পᝋĂ ҭಶᛨְ̰ચ҃֏Ăֳѣໂ۞ҋᝋĄ
˟ăΦڱ၁ચ ᔵ̙ΞᏜࡻ઼ј͛ڱ၆߆ٺᛨ̰ొְચԆБϏѣЇңఢؠĂҭΞͽቁ ߏ۞ؠĂࡻ઼֭ੰڱϏ࠹ᙯ୧ഠĂෛࠎࢨ߆טᛨҋّ۞ֶޠڱፂĄ៍ ၅ᄃ߆ᛨ࠹ᙯ۞ΦۋڱĂΞۢࡻ઼ੰڱٙࢦ۰â͞ࢬܼЧ࣎߆ᛨߏ ӎॲፂᛨౢྻүĂΩ˘͞ࢬߏĂ༊ѣˠ࿁ͅᛨౢॡĂ߆ᛨߏӎቁ၁ዋ ϡᛨౢ̚۞ఢؠĂ၆ٺ࿁ͅᛨౢ۞ҖࠎΐͽᛉĄ ॲፂࡻ઼ࣖ̂ጯ઼ͳጯੰĞKing’s College LondonğЩ̳ڱጯ۰ Keith Ewing ି۞ࡁտĂ߆ᛨҋࣧࢋវன࣎ٺᆸࢬĄࢵАĂдࡻ ઼̚ڱĂೀͼڱԱਕᙋځځព۞Ķ઼छ̬ˢķ Ğstate interventionğ۞୧ ഠĄѨĂࡻ઼ځ̏ੰڱቁܑ̬ᙸ̙ځˢЧ߆ᛨᛨౢۋᛉĞrule-book disputesğ۞ϲಞĄೱήྖᄲĂౌ̂ੰڱᔖҺજந߆ᛨ۞ᛨ̰ۋᛉĂ҃ߏ
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้Шٺឰ߆ᛨҋҖྋՙొ̰ࡎĞthe parties themselves to resolve internal conflictsğĞ2007Ĉ67ğĄ ঘ̈́߆ᛨҋࣧ۞Φڱ၁ચ˯ۋᛉĂ࠰ᄃ̍ᛨѣᙯĂ҃ѩඈ९ּĂ ˜ߏώ͛ତ˭ֽ୬̶ࢦ۞ژᕇĄࣃдѩྃ·ᄲߏ۞ځĂ߆ᛨҋ۞ໄهĂ ่ܧঘ̈́̍ᛨ۞ְચᄃྍᛨ۞൴णĂᄃΒ߁ܲчᛨд̰̝߆ᛨ۞ְ ચᄃ൴णĂϺѣ̷۞ᙯܼĄ̙࿅Ăѩඈᙯܼ֭Ϗ͔Φۋ۞˯ڱᛉĄซ ˘ՎֽᄲĂܜഇͽֽĂ߆ᛨҋ۞ໄهĂ่̙జϡֽྚᛖࡻ઼߆ᛨಶᛨ̰ ְચֳٙѣ۞ޘҋᝋĂѩໄهϺజϡͽᄲܲځчᛨЧг̶͚߆ᛨֳٙ ѣ۞ҋᝋĄܲчᛨ၆ྍٺᛨЧг̶͚߆ᛨٙ೩۞̙Тຍ֍ٕଳ̙۞פ ТඉரĂ࠰णன˞ໂ̂۞ΒटّĞConvery, 2014ğ Ą࣐ࡶ̶͚߆ᛨ۞ຍ֍ᄃ ඉரĂ̙П̈́ܲчᛨүࠎࡻ઼ࢋ߆ᛨ۞гҜĂྍᛨ఼૱ົග̶̟͚߆ᛨ ԆБ۞ҋᝋĄᛂॾᜋܲчၱᓑЪᛨĞScottish Conservative and Unionist PartyĂ఼૱ᖎჍࠎĶᛂॾᜋܲчᛨķ ĞScottish Conservativesğğͽ̈́ރႬ ܲчᛨĞWelsh Conservative PartyĂ఼૱ᖎჍࠎ Welsh ConservativesğĂ̶ ҾࠎܲчᛨٺᛂॾᜋރႬనϲ۞̶͚߆ᛨĄѩ˟̶͚߆ᛨಶ߆ඉ۞ ؠטă߆ᛨᅳఞĞleadershipğ۞ᏴᓝᄃᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᏳᏴĂ࠰ֳѣĶְ၁ ˯۞ҋᝋķ Ğde facto autonomyğ Ąѩޘҋᝋ۞ֳѣᄃҖֹĂܜഇͽ ֽ֭ځព۞ត̼ĂϺϏഅ͔Φڱ၁ચ˯۞ۋĞConvery, 2016ğĄ ώ͛ღତ੫၆ঘ̈́߆ᛨ̰ొᖐᄃგநͽ̈́Ᏼᓝ࣏ᏴˠᏳᏴ۞Φڱ ۋĂซҖஎˢ۞̶ژĄ
(˘) ߆ᛨ̰ొᖐᄃგந̝ۋᛉ ࡻ઼ੰڱഅዋϡ߆ᛨҋࣧĂநᙯ߆ٺᛨ̰ొᖐᄃგநĞinternal organisation and managementğ۞ۋᛉĂ҃ 1978 ѐ۞ Lewis v. Heffer ९Ğͽ ˭ᖎჍĶLewis ९ķğĂ 19 ϒߏ˘࣎ѣّܑ۞९ּĄॲፂ Lewis ९۞ҿ ՙĂѩ९۞ۋᛉĂ൴Ϡд̍ᛨ۞৸ڌΔᏴડĞthe Newham North-East Constituency Labour Partyğ˘࣎г͞ᛨొĄѩг͞ᛨొ̝˭۞ొ͚࣎ Ğfactionsğ Ă࠰ҋჍѣጱĞmasteryğг͞ᛨొ̂ົĞthe general meeting of 19
Lewis v. Heffer. 1978 WLR 1061.
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the local partyğ۞ᝋ˧ĄϤٺᗕ͞ᆉ̙˭ĂЯѩ่̙ొ͚࣎дొ̝ม ᘕ൴˞፬ধ۞ેۋĂᗕ͞Ϻ೩˞к࣎෦ͽפۋг͞ᛨొ̂ົ۞ጱᝋĄ ॲፂ˯෦ੰڱĞthe Court of Appealğ၆ ٺLewis ९۞ҿՙĂొ͚࣎ ̝ٙͽა˧פۋᛨొ̂ົ۞ጱᝋĂܼЯ༊ॡ۞৸ڌΔᏴડĂ˜ߏ̍ᛨ ۞щБᏴડ̝˘Ă҃ٙᏜ۞щБᏴડĂᙷҬٺன̫ᄂ៉প߆ؠᛨĶᜠைડķ ۞ໄهĄೱήྖᄲĂࣹ˘͚࣎ొ˞פг͞ᛨొ̂ົ۞ጱᝋĂྍ͚ొଯ ᖧ۞ˠᏴĂϏֽυͽ̍ᛨᚱ࣏Ᏼˠ۞̶֗Ăᝃ߁˘઼࣎ົᛉࣶ۞यѨĄ ̍ᛨ̚δޢຍᙊొ͚࣎זొ۞͟ેۋᔌϨሤ̼ĂܮϤྍᛨ۞̚ δҖ߆؎ࣶົ˭΄Ă၆࠹۞ొ͚࣎ٺᙯొ̈́؎ࣶົĂүઃᝋ̶ Ğsuspensionsğ Ă֭ࢋՐొ͚࣎Ăᐖ࣏ᛨ̚δЇܑ۞၆ٺѩีۋᛉซ ҖБࢬ۞አߤĞa full inquiryğĄ۞ొ͚࣎˘̚ᛨચგ Julian LewisĂϤ ̙ٺ႕ᛨ̚δ۞ந͞ёĂЯѩШੰڱ೩˞෦ĄJulian Lewis ૺĂ ኢߏॲፂ̍ᛨ̚δ۞ౢĂٕ۰৸ڌΔᏴડг͞ᛨొ۞ౢĂ̍ᛨ̚δ Җ߆؎ࣶົ࠰ᝋү˯۞ઃᝋ̶Ąᖚߏ̝߇ĂJulian Lewis Шੰڱ೩ ᓏኛĂኛՐၣዚ̍ᛨ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົ۞ઃᝋ̶Ą ॲፂ Lewis ९۞ҿՙĂੰڱĂኢߏ̍ᛨ̚δ۞ౢĂٕ۰৸ ڌΔᏴડг͞ᛨొ۞ౢĂ۞ቁ࠰Ϗ͛ځኬ̟̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົүઃᝋ ̶۞ᝋ˧Ą҃Ăٚᆶѩ९۞ ءڱLord Denning ٺҿՙ३̚Ĉ ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົ၆ٺг͞ᛨొٕјࣶҖֹ˞ࡔޠ̶ᝋĄ༊ॡг ͞ᛨొ۞̰ొĂன˞ிк۞ۋᛉĂ҃̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົซҖ˞አߤĂ ֭ͷࢦາፋந˞ۋᛉ۞̰टĂޢ࠹ᙯ۞͚ొјࣶుᛨొĂ֭ ͷ̟ͽઃᝋ۞̶Ą˯ٙѣ۞ନ߉Ă࠰̏̍ٺᛨ۞ѐົޘᛉ̚ซ Җ˞ಡӘĂͷ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົĂ֭Ϗ၆జઃᝋ۞ొଳפᗝγ۞ନ ߉Ąٕ۰ĂҌ͌дԧ࠻ֽĂྍ؎ࣶົ֭Ϗଳֽົפᚑࢦ۞ڍޢᗝ γନ߉Ąд˘࣎ညĞ̍ᛨğᇹ۞ᖐĂᛨ̰۞ڱఢགྷ૱ዋϡ߆ٺ ᛨ۞၁ચྻү̚Ă҃၁ચྻү۞ඕڍĂϺགྷ૱జϡֽྃ·ᛨ̰୧ഠ ۞̙֖Ą˘όᛨ̰ତ˞צາ۞၁ચྻүඕڍĂѩඈඕڍӈј͛ ۞ڱఢѣТඈ۞ड़˧Ą20 20
ࠎ͛ࣧĈ The NEC have exercised disciplinary powers over the local Labour Parties or their
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៍၅ͽ˯۞ҿՙநϤΞۢĂ˯෦ੰڱд Lewis ९̚Ăणன˞၆߆ٺᛨ ҋᝋ۞ޘࢦĄӈֹ̍ᛨ̚δٕг͞ᛨొ۞ౢĂ࠰Ϗ͛ځኬ̟̚δ Җ߆؎ࣶົүઃᝋ̶۞ᝋ˧Ăҭੰڱ̪ᄮࠎĂྍ؎ࣶົጾѣѩ˘ ᝋ˧Ą ώ͛၆ੰڱٺҿՙநϤ۞̶ژĂΞ̶ࠎͽ˭ 3 ᕇĄࢵАĂ̚δҖ߆؎ ࣶົүઃᝋ̶۞ᝋ˧ĂΞజᄮ߆ࠎؠᛨٙጾѣ۞ࡔޠ̶ᝋĄѨĂ ྍ؎ࣶົ၆࠹ٺᙯ۞ۋᛉซҖ˞አߤĂ֭አߤඕڍઃᝋ̶̍ٺᛨ۞ ѐົޘᛉ̚ү˞ಡӘĄಶ࠹ᙯନ߉۞Ъநّͽ̈́Ԕ۞֏҃ޘځĂ ֭Ξܧᛉ̝ĄௐˬĂྍ؎ࣶົѩѨٙү۞ઃᝋ̶ĂΞజநྋࠎ̍ᛨ ̰ొ۞၁ચྻүඕڍĂ҃ѩ˘າ۞၁ચྻүඕڍĂΞϡֽྃ·ᛨ̰ࡔޠ ڱఢ۞̙֖Ăͷѩඕڍᄃј͛ڱఢѣТඈ۞ड़˧Ą
(˟) Ᏼᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ̝ᏳᏴ Lewis ९˜ߏࡻ઼ੰڱ߆ᛨҋࣧĂዋϡ߆ٺᛨ̰ొۋᛉ۞ࢦࢋ९ ּĄੵѩ̝γĂੰڱϺഅ߆ᛨҋࣧĂዋϡٺᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᏳᏴۋᛉĄ 1999 ѐ۞ Mortimer v. The Labour Party ९Ğͽ˭ᖎჍĶMortimer ९ķğĂ 21 ӈࠎ˘ࢦࢋ९ּĄMortimer ९Ăঘ̈́̍ᛨᏳᏴ 2000 ѐࣖξܜᏴᓝĞthe London mayoral election in 2000ğ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ۋᛉĄ ॲፂ̍ᛨ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົࢎ۞ؠᛨ̰ڱఢĂࢵАĂ̍ᛨࣖ̂ٺгડ ĞGreater Londonğ۞Ķᙯܼ̍ົົۤཌྷဥវķ Ğaffiliated trade unions and socialist societiesğĂϺӈౌࢵٺડܜѐͽֽᙒӄ̍ᛨ۞ᖐĂ࠰ѣᝋଯᓝ ણᏴࣖξ̍۞ܜᛨᚱ࣏ᏴˠĂ֭ણᄃᏳᏴ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ԔĄѩඈ̍ົဥ វâਠᖎჍజࠎĶᙯܼᖐķ Ğaffiliated organizationsğ ĄѨĂᙯܼᖐ
21
members. When there have been dissensions within a local party, the NEC have held enquires and reorganized them. They have expelled members and suspended them. All these measures have been reported to the annual party conference and no exception has been taken to them, or no serious exception as far as I can see. In a body like this, rules are constantly being added. To, or supplemented by, practice and usage; and, once accepted, become as effective as if actually written. Mortimer v. The Labour Party, Case No HC 1999 OY944.
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υืٺՏѐ 12 ͡ 31 ̝݈͟ĂᘳϹᙒӄ̍ᛨ۞Ķᙯܼķ Ğaffiliation feesğĂ ӎᙯܼᖐົಉεଯᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ֭ણᄃᏳᏴԔ۞࠹ᙯᝋӀĄಶᙯܼ ۞ᘳϹͽ̈́ᏳᏴᝋ۞ಉε҃֏Ă12 ͡ 31 ̍͟ٺᛨ۞ᛨચྻү̝̚Ă૱జ ჍࠎĶࣜඕ͟ķĞfreeze dateğĄ д Mortimer ९̚Ăᄦౄăࡊጯ̈́ܛᏉ̍ົĞthe Manufacturing, Science and Finance unionğϤ̶ٺഇᘳϹᙯܼ۞ቡ߇ĂᏵҌ 1999 ѐ 8 ͡Ă͞ᘳ ᑕ˘݈ٺѐĞ1998 ѐğ12 ͡ 31 ݈͟ӈᑕᘳϹ۞ᙯܼĄЯѩĂ̍ᛨ ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົॲፂ݈۞ᛨ̰ڱఢĂᄮؠᄦౄăࡊጯ̈́ܛᏉ̍ົ̏ಉε ˞ଯᓝ 2000 ѐࣖξܜᏴᓝ̍ᛨ࣏Ᏼˠ֭ણᄃᏳᏴԔ۞ᝋӀĄ̙ᙱຐည ۞ߏĂྍ̍ົ۞ົࣶ၆̚ٺδҖ߆؎ࣶົ۞ՙᛉໂࠎ̙႕ĄޢĂྍ̍ົ ۞ 6 ҜົࣶШੰڱ೩෦ĂኛՐቁᄮྍ̍ົ̪ࠎ̍ᛨ۞ᙯܼᖐĂѣᝋ ଯᓝ 2000 ѐࣖξܜᏴᓝ̍ᛨ࣏Ᏼˠ֭ણᄃᏳᏴ̍үĄ ҃Ăੰڱᅺа˞ 6 ҜࣧӘ۞ኛՐĄٚᆶѩ९۞ ءڱJonathan Parker ٺҿՙ३̚Ĉ Їң࣎ˠٕᖐĂ࠰ᝋણᄃ̍ᛨౢٙซҖ۞࣏ᏴˠᏳᏴԔĄ ྍᏳᏴ̍үБࠎ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົٙՙְ۞ؠચĂྍ؎ࣶົѣᝋՙ ؠᏳᏴԔซҖ۞͞ёͽ̈́ңˠѣྤॾણᄃᏳᏴ۞ԔĄЯѩĂώ ੰдѩٙ҂ณ۰Ă֭ؠࢎٕࡗݵ˘ؠࢎܧপؠј͛۞ڱᛉᗟĄώੰ ٙᙯ͕۰Ăܼ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົֶณᝋ҃ซҖ۞۞ᏳᏴԔĄ22 ੰڱତĂдѩ९̚Ăͽ 1998 ѐ 12 ͡ 31 ͟үࠎᙒӄ̍ᛨ۞ᙯܼᖐ ۞Ķࣜඕ͟ķ Ă֭ี˘ܧϤ̍ᛨ̚δҖ߆؎ࣶົٙЇຍү۞ՙᛉĄኢᄦ ౄăࡊጯ̈́ܛᏉ̍ົᏵؼᘳϹᙯܼ۞நϤࠎңĂྍ̍ົಶր࣏۞ۋᏴˠ
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ࠎ͛ࣧĈ [N]o individual or organization had any right to participate in the selection process under the Labour Party Rules. It was entirely a matter for the National Executive Committee to decide what form the selection process should take and who should be eligible to participate in it. Thus the court is not here concerned with the construction of a contract or a statue, but rather with the procedure which the National Executive Committee in its discretion decided to approve. Case No HC 1999 OY944, paras. 7 and 8.
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ᏳᏴԔĂ࠰̙ᑕֳѣপঅ۞гҜĄ 23 ѩγĂૻੰڱአĂѩ९۞ࣧӘ̙ዋॾĞthe claimants had no standingğĄ ѩ˘ۋᛉĂ˜ߏ̍ᛨᄃᄦౄăࡊጯ̈́ܛᏉ̍ົ̝ม۞ۋᛉĂ҃̍ܧᛨᄃྍ ̍ົົࣶ̝ม۞৾ۋĄᖚߏ̝߇Ăѩ९۞ 6 ҜࣧӘ֭ܧዋॾ۞༊ְˠĂࣧ ώӈᝋШੰڱ೩ѩ९۞෦Ą 24
Ёăܕഇ̝តࢭᄃण୕ т݈֏ٙĂώ͛ٙჍ۞ܕഇ።Ăܼࡻ઼߆ᛨఢቑ ٺ1990 ѐ̝ ۞ޢ൴णĄܜഇͽֽĂࡻ઼۞߆ᛨ۞ྻүĂ่זצໂѣࢨ۞ޠڱႾ༛Ă ઼҃ࡻ۞͟ټĂՀߏѩѣࢨ۞Ⴞ༛Ăෛࠎநٙ༊ĄKeith Ewing ି ࠤҌᄲĂ߆઼ࡻ͟ټᛨ۞ྻүĂ่צĶҋϒཌྷڱķĞthe rules of natural justiceğ۞ఢቑĂೀͼԆБ̙ޠڱ۞ੰڱצᆶߤĞlittle legal scrutiny by the courtsğćื่ੰڱቁܲЧ࣎߆ᛨቁ၁ҋࢎ۞ఢቑҖְĞEwing, 2007: 70-71ğĄѩγĂӈ่ܮԷႊѩ˘ঐໂႾ༛۞֎ҒĂੰڱϺ่ᅮĶд˘۞ؠ ᗓ̝γԷႊ֎ҒķĞperforming this role from some distanceğĞEwing, 2007: 70-71ğĄ
˘ăĶБّ࣏̃Ᏼˠķ̝ۋᛉ ࡻ઼߆ᛨఢቑ ٺ1990 ѐ۞൴णĂᄃ̍ᛨ၆ّ࣏̃ٺᏴˠ۞ଯᓝ͞ёĂ ѣ̷۞ᙯܼĄд 1990 ѐĂ̍ᛨࠎ˞ᆧΐྍᛨ઼ّ̃ົᛉࣶ۞यѨĂ ଳ̙˞פТ۞ـͽٺᏳᏴ͞ёĄ̍ᛨ̶ొٺᏴડᏳᏴ઼ົᏴᓝ࣏ᏴˠॡĂ ٙѣజЕˢᏳᏴЩಏ۞࣏Ᏼˠ࠰ࠎّ̃Ąѩ˘ଯᓝ͞ёĂజჍүĶБ̃ ّ࣏Ᏼˠ۞߆ඉķ Ğthe practice of all-women shortlistsğ Ăд༊ॡ͔˞ᅲ к۞ᛉኢĂޢ൴णј 1996 ѐ Jepson v. Labour Party ९Ğͽ˭ᖎჍĶJepson ९ķğ۞෦Ą 25
23 24 25
Mortimer v. The Labour Party, Case No HC 1999 OY944. Mortimer v. The Labour Party, Case No HC 1999 OY944. Jepson v. Labour Party. 1996 IRLR 116.
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
95
ੰڱĂ ĶБّ࣏̃Ᏼˠ۞߆ඉķ Ă࿁ͅ˞ 1975 ѐّͅҾڡෛڱĞthe Sex Discrimination Act 1975ğ۞ௐ 13 ୧Ąॲፂྍ୧۞ఢؠĂ߆פۋᛨ۞઼ ົᛉࣶᏴᓝ೩Щ̝ˠĂĶυื၁ᅫٺᄃˠ̝ᚮۋԔ̚జᏳᏴࠎ࣏Ᏼˠķ Ğ“has to be actually selected as the candidate in competition with others”ğ Ą ҃Ă̍ᛨĶБّ࣏̃Ᏼˠķ۞ᏳᏴ͞ёĂព࿁ࡦ˞ѩ୧͛۞ఢؠĄ Jepson ९͔˞ᅲк۞ۋᛉĄ୮ႷયгĂ ĶБّ࣏̃Ᏼˠ۞߆ඉķ Ă ܑࢬ˯࿁ͅ˞ 1975 ѐ۞ّͅҾڡෛ۞ڱௐ 13 ୧Ą҃Ăಶ߆ᛨఢቑ҃֏Ă ѩ९ពߏ၆߆݈ٺᛨҋࣧ߄̂ࢦี˘۞ጼĂՀңڶտ၁ኳĂ̍ ᛨĶБّ࣏̃Ᏼˠ۞߆ඉķ Ă၁ᅫ˯֭Ϗ࿁ّͅҾπඈࣧ۞ჟৠĄᖚߏ ̝߇Ă઼ົ ٺ2002 ѐ࣒Լ˞ّͅҾڡෛڱĂࢨᒺ˞າ۞ the Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002 ۞ዋϡቑಛĂมତгᖣѩૻ̼˞߆ᛨҋࣧ Ą
˟ă1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ڱ 2002 ѐّͅҾڡෛ࣒ڱϒ̝݈Ă1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ڱĞthe Registration of Political Parties Act 1998ğ۞ϲڱĂႷࡻ઼۞߆ᛨఢቑˢ˞˘࣎າ۞ ล߱Ąͽ߆ᛨࡁྵͧ۞ڱտֽᄲĂࡻ઼ᔵЩࠎ߆ᛨޠڱ۞ڱĂҭࡁտ۰ གྷ૱ 1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳פޢ̈́ڱѩޠڱ۞ڱĂᄮ߆۞઼ࡻࠎؠᛨ ڱĂ26 ព֍ѩڱѣᅲ۞ࢦࢋّّܑĄᅮࢋপҾᄲߏ۞ځĂ1998 ѐ߆ ᛨ൳۞ڱϲڱĂ̙֭ຍקࡻ઼ೳୢ˞߆ᛨҋࣧ҃ซˢ˞Ķ઼छႾ ༛ķ Ğstate supervisionğ۞ॡĄтТࡻ઼߆ع၆ˠϔဥវ۞ၗޘĂ ၆߆ٺᛨΞᏜ࠹༊ࢦĄࡻ઼߆่̙عࢦЧ࣎߆ᛨ۞ຍᙊԛၗᛨ̰ڱ ఢĂТॡϺࢦ߆ᛨ۞ߛၹᛨ̰ఢቑ͞ёĄ тТфࢬ˯۞ຍཌྷĂ1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ڱఢቑ˞߆ᛨ൳۞፟טĄѩ ڱֽٙ۞ۡତᇆᜩĂం࿅ٺ༰ͤপ࣏ؠᏴˠͽೋүᆐ۞͞ёĂ࠻ Ҭࡻ઼ࢋ߆ᛨЩჍ۞ෟຉĂֹϡٺᏴை˯ĄᓝּֽᄲĂপ࣏ؠᏴˠ
26
ᓝּֽᄲĂЇିٺఈᜋ൳̂ጯĞLeiden Universityğ߆ڼጯր۞ጯ۰ Fernando CasalBertoaăDaniela Romee Piccio Ekaterina Rashkova ٺറඈ 2012 ѐ൴ܑ۞߆ᛨྵͧڱ ࡁտĂӈ 1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ڱĂᄮ߆۞઼ࡻࠎؠᛨڱĞCasal-Bertoa et al., 2012: 27ğĄ
96
ࡻ઼טڱ၆߆ᛨҋڼᄃྻү̝ఢቑ
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ConversativesĞ҃ܲܧчᛨˠ Conservtivesğͽ̈́ Literal DemocratsĞ҃ܧ ҋϤϔᛨˠ Liberal DemocratsğֹϡٺᏴை̝˯Ą҃Ăυืૻአ۞ߏĂ 1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ڱٙଳ۞פ൳፟טĂ֭ܧѣૻ۞˧ט፟טĂ҃ߏ˘࣎ ೩ֻૻধ൳ᄵЯĞstrong incentives to registerğ۞ခᐽ፟טĄᓝּֽᄲĂ ߆ᛨ۞ᛨЩ˘གྷ൳Ăӈזצᚑॾ۞ܲޠڱ᜕ĂˠдᏴைĞballot paperğ ˯Ăֹ̙ϡ̏జ൳۞ᛨЩĄѩγĂ่ѣ̏൳۞߆ᛨĂᛨᑔ͞ా Т࣏Ᏼˠ۞ؖЩâТజОдᏴை̝˯Ą
ˬă2000 ѐ߆ᛨăᏴᓝᄃ̳ϔԸைڱ 2000 ѐॡĂࡻ઼઼ົᆿͤ˞ 1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ڱĂ ߏ۞̝҃פ2000 ѐ۞߆ᛨڱĄώ͛ͽࠎĂ୬ଣາڱ၆߆ٺᛨ۞ఢቑĂੵ˞υื̶ژѩڱ ၆߆ٺᛨĞд 1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳̝ڱγğٙᆧࢎ۞ఢቑĂإᅮଣտѩڱϏࢨ ีְ۞טĄଣѩڱϏࢨ۞ีְטຍཌྷࠎңĉ2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱᔵϏࡻ઼ڱ ੰٺΦڱ၁ચ˯ٙޙϲ۞߆ᛨҋࣧĂᖼ̼ࠎޠڱ୧͛ĂҭϺϏ၆ѩ˘ ࣧΐኜЇң۞ࢨטĂ၁ᅫ˯ΞᏜ઼ົ˞ؠۺѩ˘ࣧ߆઼ࡻٺᛨ۞טڱ ड़˧Ąт݈ٙĂ ٺੰڱLewis ९߆ᛨҋࣧዋϡ߆ٺᛨ̰ొۋᛉĂд Mortimer ९߆ᛨҋࣧĂዋϡٺᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᏳᏴۋᛉĂ֭ ٺJepson ९ૻ̼˞ѩࣧ۞ड़˧ĄϤ ٺ2000 ѐ߆ᛨ֭ڱϏ၆ѩ˘ࣧΐኜЇңࢨ טĂЯѩಶ̙ј઼͛ڱछ۞ڱந҃֏Ăѩࣧޠڱ۞гҜĂҌѩΞᏜԆБ ቁϲĄ 27 т݈ٙĂ୬ଣ 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱ၆߆ٺᛨ۞ఢቑĂੵ˞υื̶ژѩڱ Ϗࢨีְ۞טĂϺืଣտѩڱ၆߆ٺᛨٙᆧࢎ۞ఢቑĄᓁវ҃֏Ăѩૻڱ ̼˞ 1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳˧טૻ۞ڱĂҭυืপҾᄲߏ۞ځĂѩඈᆧࢎ۞ఢ ؠĂ֭ͽܧҖ߆გ߆פ߱͘טᛨҋࣧĂ҃ߏࢋՐٙѣ̏൳۞߆ᛨĂ ፉυࢋ۞యЇĂֹ߆ᛨҋᄃ߆ᛨయЇ྿ј࠹ᅃ࠹ј۞ड़ڍĄ 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱ၆߆ٺᛨ۞ఢቑĂࢋࠎௐ 2 ొ̶Ğௐ 22 ୧Ҍௐ 40 ୧ğ Ķ߆ᛨ̝൳ķ ĞRegistration of Political Partiesğăௐ 3 ొ̶Ğௐ 41 ୧Ҍௐ
27
ٕధϤ ٺ2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱ၆߆ٺᛨ۞ຍᙊԛၗᛨ̰ٙૻአ۞ࣧĂଳ࠹˞פ༊ࢦ۞ ၗޘĂЯѩܕѐֽ֭ঘ̈́ѩ߆۞ڱᛨҋۋڼĄ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
97
49 ୧ğ Ķ၆̏൳߆ᛨ̝ົࢍࢋՐķ ĞAccounting Requirements for Registered Partiesğͽ̈́ௐ 4 ొ̶Ğௐ 50 ୧Ҍௐ 71 ୧ğ Ķॕӄ̏൳߆ᛨ̈́ᛨࣶᑕ טࢨ̝צķĞControl of Donations to Registered Parties and Their members etc.ğ Ąᄃώ̶͛۞ژᛉᗟᙯܼྵࠎ̷۰Ăܼௐ 2 ొ̶ᙯٺĶ߆ᛨ̝൳ķ ۞ఢቑĄ ࢵАĂт݈ٙĂ1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳ڱٙଳ۞פ൳፟טĂ֭ܧѣૻ ۞˧ט፟טĂ҃ߏ˘࣎೩ֻૻধ൳ᄵЯ۞ခᐽ፟טĄ҃Ă2000 ѐ߆ᛨ ڱ၁ᅫ˯̏ૻ߆۞טᛨ൳፟טĂ˞פҋᙸ۞߆ᛨ൳፟טĄңͽѣ ѩඕኢĉࣧЯдٺĂॲፂ 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱĂѣ̏൳۞߆ᛨĂ͞ѣଯᓝ Ᏼᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᝋӀĄ 28 ࣏Ᏼˠٺҋ̎೩Ϲ۞೩Щ͛ІĞnomination papersğĂ่ͽᇾϯࠎϲ࣏ᏴˠĞindependent candidateğٕ۰่ᇾϯ ؖЩĂ̙ᆷЇңᄲځĞwithout any descriptionğĄϤٺϏ൳߆ᛨڱ פଯᓝᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᝋӀĂЯѩѣࢍ൪ٺЧีᏴᓝ̚೩Щ࣏Ᏼˠ۞Ч࣎ ߆ᛨĂ̙֝ి೩Ϲ߆ᛨ൳۞ϦኛĂפۋႽԣפѩ˘ᝋӀĄ ѨĂ 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱĂ߆ᛨٺ൳ॡืЪᇴีԛёࢋІĄᓝּֽ ᄲĂ߆ᛨᑕ൳߆ᛨЩჍă߆ᛨᓁొĞheadquartersğăᛨᅾĞleaderğăᏴ ᓝ۞೩ЩგĞnominating officerğੑચܜĞtreasurerğĄ 29 2000 ѐ߆ᛨ ڱௐ 3 ొ̶Ķ၆̏൳߆ᛨ̝ົࢍࢋՐķ࠹ᙯ୧͛۞༼Ăᄃώ͛۞ᗟ ϏѣۡତᙯܼĂҭࣃপҾᄲߏ۞ځĂѩඈົࢍࢋՐӎ၁னĂᄃѩੑ ચ֎۞ܜҒĂѣ̷۞ᙯܼĄ 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱĂੑચܜయቁܲٙᛳ ۞߆ᛨĂਕቁ၁ፉѩڱٙЕᓝ۞ЧีੑચಡӘཌྷચͽ̈́ੑચ೬ᜨ۞ཌྷચĄ ௐˬĂॲፂ 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱĂ߆ᛨυื೩ֻ˘Њᛨౢ۞ኑώĞa copy of its constitutionğ Ąѩ˘ԛёࢋІٙᔳӣ۞ຍཌྷࠎâ߆ᛨืѣᛨౢĂӎ ڱ2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱ൳Ą30 ˘ਠᄮࠎĂ2000 ѐ߆ᛨͽڱ೩̿߆ᛨ߆ٺ ۞˯ڼᅳጱड़ਕĂૻ̼߆ᛨొ̰ٺੑચ˯۞გநቊ८јڍĂТॡ၆߆ٺ ᛨ۞ຍᙊԛၗᛨ̰ٙૻአ۞ࣧĂ̪ଳפࢦ۞ၗޘĄ
28 29 30
2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱௐ 22 ୧Ą 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱௐ 24 ୧Ą 2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱௐ 28 ୧ௐ 1 ีĄ
98
ࡻ઼טڱ၆߆ᛨҋڼᄃྻү̝ఢቑ
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ౙăඕኢ ಶ߆ᛨޠڱ۞઼ࡻٺгҜ҃֏Ăצܼռڱఢቑ۞ڱܧˠဥវĄѩܧ ࡻ઼߆ᛨੵ˞זצռڱఢቑ̝γĂԆБ̙۞ޠڱצఢቑĂϺ߆ܧ ᛨֳ˯ޠڱٺѣᔄҺᝋĄࡻ઼߆ᛨ۞ޠڱгҜᄃٙޠڱ۞צఢቑܼᛳ˟ ְĂ˟۰۞ᙯܼᔵ̷Ăҭ̙Ξࠎ˘ኘĄௐ˘ĂޠڱгҜঘ̈́߆ᛨᙷ ဥវ۞నϲĂҌ߆ٺᛨٙޠڱ۞צఢቑĂঘ̈́߆ᛨ߿જٙࡗט۞צĄௐ ˟ĂޠڱгҜ̝ٙͽזצռڱఢቑĂܼЯ߆ᛨ˜ߏϤ˘ཏˠֶҋϤຍԠ ҃నϲĂ֭ܝొع߆˘ܧĂЯѩᑕჯ᜕ϲّĂҌ߆ٺᛨٙޠڱ۞צఢ ቑĂϤٺᄃᏴᓝ۞̳πّ̳ВӀৈѣ̙Ξ̶۞ᙯܼĂЯѩזצĞΒ ӣ̙ј̝͛ࣧޠڱд̰۞ğ߆ᛨڱఢٙఢቑĄ т݈֏ٙĂ઼छ၆߆ٺᛨ൴ण۞ၗޘĂநኢ˯̬͇ٺ۞ბ̝มĄ д͇۞݈ბĂ઼छ၆߆ٺᛨд߆ඉ˯ଳפခᐽ͚൴ण۞ၗޘĂޠڱ ˯ೀЇңఢቑĄд͇۞ϐბĂ઼छΞਕ˯ޠڱٺಶ߆ᛨ۞నϲ୧Іă ᖐăˠְăੑચĂࠤҌߏᏴᓝ࣏Ᏼˠ۞ᏳᏴԔĂࢎྎؠ۞ఢቑͷ᎕ ໂгΐͽዋϡĄ ॲፂώ͛۞̶ژĂࡻ઼۞טڱពߊ̙д͇۞݈ბĂϺ̙дϐბĂ ࣧ˯Ҝٺბ۞̚มĂଳ۞פࢋߏ߆ᛨҋࣧĄ̝ٙͽ֕д̚ม ۞ྮ˯ĂࣧЯдٺĂኢ৭д͇۞݈ბٕޢბĂ࠰ົዎ࿃Ч۞̙ ӀৈĄᓝּֽᄲĂͽ݈ბ҃֏ĂдೀЇңޠڱఢቑ۞ଐ˭ڶĂ၆ྻٺү ̙߆۞ځᛨĂᘳϹᛨ۞ᛨࣶଂႾ༛ᛨְ̰ચĄͽޢბ҃֏ĂϤϲ ڱ፟ᙯ၆Ķ̰ొ৩ԔķࢎྎؠఢቑĂ֭ϤҖ߆፟ᙯ᎕ໂዋϡڱఢĂЯѩ ѩྻүሀёϏυЪϔࣧĂՀңొ̰ڶ৩Ԕٙঘ̈́۰Ă֭ܧᐖၗ۞ ְચĄ၁ᅫ˯ĂٙᏜ۞̰ొ৩ԔĂــυื߆۞˯ڼᅮՐΐͽᇅّአፋĄ ̙ΞᏕ֏гĂϤࡻ઼ϲڱ፟ᙯ੫၆Ķ̰ొ৩ԔķࢎؠĶҲޘᇾķ Ă֭ ϤҖ߆፟ᙯዋϡ̝â͞ࢬͽ᜕ܲᛨࣶ۞ӀৈĂΩ˘͞ࢬ˫ਕЪϔ ࣧࢋ۞ՐĂΞᏜ˘͞ࢬͽ߆ᛨҋࠎࣧĂΩ˘͞ࢬ˫ਕኝ̟߆ᛨ˘ؠ ۞ཌྷચĄ҃ĂϤ߆۞઼ࡻٺᛨטڱĂ۷ჯ᜕Ч͞ᝋৈ۞ࢦయ̂ЇĂ ϏֽਕӎܜഇჯĶ̰ొ৩Ԕķ۞ĶҲޘᇾķ ĂԺٕົᖼ̼ࠎͽ߆ᛨయЇ
߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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ࠎคĂͽ߆ᛨҋּࣧࠎγ۞טڱĂѣޞॡม۞ᑭរĄ ಶ͒ѐֽ۞၁ᅫଐ֏҃ڶĂࢵАĂ2000 ѐ߆ᛨڱᔵϏࡻ઼ٺੰڱΦ ڱ၁ચ˯ٙޙϲ۞߆ᛨҋࣧĂᖼ̼ࠎޠڱ୧͛ĂҭϺϏ၆ѩ˘ࣧΐ ኜЇң۞ࢨטĂ၁ᅫ˯ΞᏜ઼ົ˞ؠۺѩ˘ࣧ߆઼ࡻٺᛨ۞טڱड़˧Ą ѨĂ2000 ѐ߆ᛨ ˞̼ૻڱ1998 ѐ߆ᛨ൳˧טૻ۞ڱĂҭѩඈᆧࢎ۞ ఢؠĂ֭ͽܧҖ߆გ߆פ߱͘טᛨҋࣧĂ҃ߏࢋՐٙѣ̏൳۞߆ ᛨĂፉυࢋ۞యЇĂֹ߆ᛨҋᄃ߆ᛨయЇ࠹ᅃ࠹јĄௐˬĂ2000 ѐ߆ ᛨڱ၁ᅫ˯̏ଳҖૻ߆۞טᛨ൳፟טĄ߆ᛨٺ൳ॡืЪᇴีԛёࢋ ІĄᓝּֽᄲĂ߆ᛨᑕ൳߆ᛨЩჍăᛨᅾăᏴᓝ۞೩ЩგੑચܜĄ ᓁវ҃֏Ă2000 ѐ߆ᛨͽڱ೩̿߆ᛨ۞˯ڼ߆ٺᅳጱड़ਕĂૻ̼߆ᛨٺ ̰ొੑચ˯۞გநቊ८јڍĂТॡ၆߆ٺᛨ۞ຍᙊԛၗᛨ̰ٙૻአ۞ ࣧĂ̪ଳפࢦ۞ၗޘĄ
ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ࡻ઼઼छᇃᇫ̳ΦĂ2015ĂIJࡻ઼̂Ᏼ߆ᛨᖎ̬ijĂBBC ࡻࣖშĂhttp://www. bbc.com/ukchina/trad/uk_life/2015/03/150330_profile_uk_partiesĂ2018/3/21Ą British Broadcasting Corporation. 2015. “Ying guo da xuan zheng dang jian jie” [An Introduction to the Political Parties Taking Part in the General Elections of the United Kingdom]. in http://www.bbc.com/ukchina/trad/uk_life/2015/ 03/150330_profile_uk_parties update 21 March 2018.
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߆ࡊڼጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡
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Political Party Autonomy under the Party Law in the United Kingdom* Kuo-lien Hsieh**
Abstract The state might sometimes take an encouraging and supportive stance relating to its policies towards political parties. In this regard, the state may have only a few legal rules governing their operation. Conversely, the state might sometimes choose to enact and enforce detailed legal rules regarding the conditions for establishing a party, as well as rules concerning party structure, financial management, appointment of party leaders, and even selection of election candidates. The analysis of this article indicates that the United Kingdom does not stand at either extreme. Rather, the UK has adopted the principle of party autonomy, as going with either extreme would presumably lead to numerous disadvantages. Although the UK Parliament did not incorporate the principle of party autonomy into political parties over the last 18 years, the Parliament did not set any limitation on the principles of the Elections and Referendums Act 2000 either. Generally, the 2000 Act has enhanced the effectiveness of the leadership of political parties by improving their management and internal auditing. Meanwhile, the 2000 Act shows respect for the ideologies and key principles emphasised by the parties. Keywords: Political Party Autonomy; Political Party Law; the Principle of Consent; the Principle of Party Autonomy; the Principle of Public Accountability; Political Funds
* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.201803_(75).0003 ** Professor of Law, Department of Economic Kaohsiung. E-mail:
[email protected].
and Financial Law, National University of
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