ULLETIN of the US ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER
F
OF THE
U.S. ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER
VOLUME VI NUMBER 1 NOVEMBER 1964
ULLETIN of the U.S. ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER A presentation of activities of the Government of the United States of America pertaining to the logistic support, scientific programs, and current events of interest in Antarctica, published monthly during the austral summer season and distributed to organizations, groups, and individuals interested in United States Antarctic activities, Rear Admiral James R. Reedy, USN United States Antarctic Projects Officer Volume VI, Number 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Material for this issue of the Bulletin was abstracted from the Operation Plan of Commander, U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, and from the press releases and press kit prepared by the National Science Foundation, Commencing with this issue, it is planned that only six issues of Volume VI of the Bulletin will be released this season. They will run consecutively from November through March, with the sixth, and final, issue, which will be a yearly summary, being released during next summer. All photographs in this issue are official U. S. Navy photographs. The center-spread map and the map on page 13 were prepared and released by the National Science Foundation. Greenwich Mean Time is used throughout the Bulletin except where noted. No events appear in this issue after 30 September 1964.
November 1964
CONTENTS Introduction .....................................1 Organization ...................................1 ShipOperations.................................2 Ocean Station Ships .............................3 Icebreakers ....................................3 Cargo Ships and Tankers ........................4 Air Operations .................................5 U. S. Navy .....................................6 U. S. Air Force ................................7 U. S. Army ....................................8 Shipboard Helicopters ...........................8 Antarctic Activities Map........ ... .... .... ......9 Construction ........ ..... ... . .... ... ...... .. .... 11 Science Proçjrarn ...... . ........ .. ......... ......12 USARPGrants ..................................15 Additions to the Map Collection ...................19
When sending in a change of address request, Inquiries should be directed to the United States please make reference to the four-digit code Antarctic Projects Officer, 801 19th Street, N.W., number appearing in the address label. Washington, D. C. 20305. Telephone: 382-1795.
Introduction
DEEP FREEZE 65 began officially on 1 October 1964 and will end on 1 March 1965. Between those dates, approximately 21,000 measurement tons of cargo and 5,000,000 gallons of petroleum products will be delivered by ship. Another 600 or so short tons, mostly of a high-priority nature, will be carried by air. The Navy will resupply the S existing United States stations, 3 of them entirely by air and 1 principally by that method. Within Antarctica, about 3,750 tons, including passenger weight, will be distributed. Ships will establish a new station on Anvers Island, off the weE coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. About 3,000 persons will take part in the operation. Except for ships' companies, most of these individuals will arrive by air. Over 30 scientific projects will receive support from the aircraft, while others will either operate from stations or be ship-based. This effort, as well as the operation and maintenance of stations, is the responsibility of the U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, Rear Admiral James R. Reedy, USN, Commanding. As senior United States Representative in the Antarctic, Rear Admiral Reedy is also responsible for the feasibility, success, and safety of all United States effort in Antarctica. As the second decade of consecutive operations opens, the logistic effort appears to have settled into a reasonably-fixed pattern. Both supplies and personnel are brought to Antarctica by ship and distributed within the area by aircraft, except for the new Palmer Station which is accessible only from the sea. Scientific parties are placed in the field, supplied, and retrieved, by air. A station improvement program insures that each year both large and small projects will be undertaken to render living and working conditions more comfortable and efficient. Notable in this respect are the projected completion of a water -distillation plant and a heated sewerage system at McMurdo.
Organization
The U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, is a unit of the United States Atlantic Fleet and carries the task designation of "Task Force 43. 11 As such, it is organized as follows: Task Force 43 - U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, L ax Admiral J. R. Reedy, USN. Task Group 43. 1 - Antarctic Support Activities, Captain J. B. Elliott, Jr., USN. Task Group 43.2 - Ross Sea Ship Group, Captain B. R. Henry, USCG. Task Group 43.3 - Naval Air Group, Commander F. S. Gallup, Jr., USN. U. S. Army Aviation Detachment, Major W. C. Hampton, USA. Task Group 43.4 - Mobile Construction Battalion Group, Lieutenant Commander H. A. Tombay CEC, USN. Task Group 43. 5 - Special Operations Group, Rear Admiral J. R. Reedy, USN. Task Unit 43.S. 1 - Antarctic Peninsula Unit, Commander N. E. Nickerson, USN. Task Unit 43.5.2 - Ocean Station Unit, Commanding Officer of Ship or Station. U. S. Air Force DEEP FREEZE 65 Task Unit - Lieutenant Colonel R. D. Coffee, USAF.
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Eleven ships will participate in Operation DEEP FREEZE 65. There are 4 icebreakers, 3 cargo vessels, 2 tankers, and 2 ocean station ships. The United States Navy has assigned 3 icebreakers and a destroyer escort, the last to serve as ocean station ship, while 3 cargo vessels and a tanker are from the Military Sea Transportation Service. Of the 3 remaining ships, 1 is a Coast Guard icebreaker, another a New Zealand frigate, and the third, a New Zealand tanker. Because of the establishment of Palmer Station on Anvers Island, 1 icebreaker will operate off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, and a cargo ship will visit that area. The remaining icebreakers and all cargo ships will operate in the Ross Sea. The ocean station ships will occupy a station at 600 South latitude, 1590 East longitude, which is north of the Oates Coast. It is expected that over 21,000 measurement tons of cargo and 5,000,000 gallons of balk petroleum will be moved during the operation. Some 2,200 measurement tons of cargo were shipped to New Zealand by commercial carrier during July, August, and September 1964. The remainder will go in the ships assigned to the expedition, including small quantities aboard icebreakers. Some personnel will also travel by ship. Although the primary mission of the ships is the logistic support of United States installations in the Antarctic, icebreakers will also carry scientific parties and participate in scientific surveys and investigations. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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Ocean Station Ships USS MILLS (DER-383) - Lieutenant Commander R. D. Hoffman, USN HMNZS PUKAKI (F-424) - Lieutenant Commander A. G. Rhodes, RNZN As in the past, a ship will be at Ocean Station during flight operations between New Zealand and Antarctica. This vessel will be at 600 South, 159° East, and will provide communications, navigational aid, weather information, and a search-and-rescue capability. The ocean picket ship in passing back-and-forth, will provide logistic support for the New Zealand scientific station on Campbell Island. This duty will be alternated between the United States destroyer escort, MILLS, and the New Zealand frigate, PUKAKI. The former will normally base at Dunedin, New Zealand, but will visit Port Lyttelton twice during the season. MILLS will be first on station, arriving 28 September 1964 for the first fly-in scheduled 2 days later. She will be relieved by PUKAKI on 12 October. The 2 ships will continue to alternate on Ocean Station until 1 March 1965 when operations will be terminated. Between 10 and 12 December, MILLS will refuel from ENDEAVOUR on her way from Port Lyttelton to McMurdo Sound, and a refuelling drill will be held by the same vessels on 1 March.
Icebreakers USCGC EASTWIND (WAGB-279) - Captain B. R. Henry, USCG USS EDISTO (AGB-2) - Commander N. E. Nickerson, USN USS GLACIER (AGB-4) - Commander V. J. Vaughan, USN USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB-5) - Commander J. L. Erikson, USN One Coast Guard and 2 Navy icebreakers will operate in the Ross Sea area during the 1964-1965 season. They are USCGC EASTWLND and the Navy's GLACIER and STATEN ISLAND. USS EDISTO, the fourth icebreaker assigned to DEEP FREEZE 65, will operate on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, The principal mission of icebreakers in the Ross Sea is to open and maintain a channel in the fast bay ice of McMurdo Sound, and to escort supply ships through the ice pack and in and out of McMurdo Sound. They also assist in the refuelling and replenishment of Hallett Station, support the ice-prediction program, and provide services for interdisciplinary researches by United States and New Zealand scientists along the western side of the Ross Sea and in the Balleny Islands. The Icebreakers will also carry cargo within the limits of their capabilities, make their assigned helicopter units available to support the overall program, and furnish boat crews as required. EASTWIND and GLACIER are scheduled to depart Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, on 9 November 1964 and to commence channel-breaking operations upon arrival in the McMurdo Sound area, They will be joined by STATEN ISLAND, which will leave Port Lyttelton on 15 November. With the first supply ship not due until 18 December, the icebreakers will have approximately a month to open the channel into Hut Point. During the second half of the season, the icebreakers have various assignments. EAST WIND will leave McMurdo on 16 December to return to Port Lyttelton for Christmas. She is expected to leave the latter place for a second Antarctic tour on 28 December. She will be at McMurdo during January, but from 4 to 8 February will participate in refuelling Hallett Station. After this brief excursion, EASTWIND will go back to McMurdo and remain until the end of the season, about 1 March. STATEN ISLAND will continue in the vicinity of McMurdo until 5 Januaxy when she will depart for a visit to Wellington from 12 to 17 Januaxy. The ship will return to McMurdo on 24 January, where she will remain until 25 February. On the latter date STATEN ISLAND will leave McMurdo Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
occupy a series of ice-prediction stations in the western Ross Sea. She will clear the area about 2 March. The third of the Ross Sea icebreakers, GLACIER, will depart McMurdo on 10 January to support the interdisciplinary scientific program in the Ross Sea. Her itinerary calls for stops at Beaufort Island, 10-13 January; Franklin Island, 14-16 January; Coulman Island, 17-21 January; Cape Adare, 22-26 January; and the Balleny Islands, 28 January-3 March. 1155 EDISTO will depart Boston on 8 December 1964 and proceed to the Antarctic Peninsula by way of the Panama Canal and the west coast of South America, arriving in the vicinity of Anvers Island about 11 January 1965. She will be joined by the cargo ship, USNS WYANDOT, 4 days later. The vessels will unload cargo for the new Palmer Station, after which WYANDOT will depart for the Ross Sea. EDISTO, however, will remain off the Antarctic Peninsula where her personnel will assist in the establishment of the new station. She will also support scientific work in the area and will depart for home about 10 March.
Cargo Ships and Tankers USNS CHATTAHOOCHEE (T-AOG-82) - Harold Jacobsen, Master HMNZS ENDEAVOUR (A-189) - Commander P. R. H. Silk, RNZN USNS PVT. J. F. MERRELL (T-AK-275) - Harold H. Cleaves, Master TJSNS PVT. J. R. TOWLE (T-AK-240) - Wilhelm F. Bondeson, Master USNS WYANDOT (T-AK-92) - A. Ekblad, Master Plans for Operation DEEP FREEZE 65 call for the movement of over 21,000 measurement tons of cargo from the United States to New Zealand and Antarctica. Of this total, 2,200 measurement tons were shipped in July, August, and September to Port Lyttelton on commercial vessels. The 3 cargo ships assigned to the operation will carry 18,500 measurement tons to McMurdo Sound and 500 measurement tons to Anvers Island. During DEEP FREEZE 64, arrangements were made with the New Zealand Naval Board to use excess space aboard HMNZS ENDEAVOUR to carry bulk petroleum products from New Zealand to Antarctica. The same arrangement has been continued for the current season Another tanker, USNS CHATTAHOOCHEE, will also participate in the operation. Together, the 2 ships are expected to deliver about 5,000,000 gallons of fuel. EDISTO, an icebreaker, will supply about 60,000 gallons of diesel fuel to Palmer Station. ENDEAVOUR will depart from Port Lyttelton on 6 December 1964, will meet and refuel USS MILLS, an ocean picket vessel, and is scheduled to arrive at McMurdo on 20 December. She will make a second supply run to McMurdo during February and will carry out a fueling drill with MILLS on the return journey, about 1 March. CHATTAHOOCHEE will leave Port Lyttelton on 8 December, but will precede ENDEAVOUR into McMurdo Sound by 2 days, arriving 18 December. CHATTAHOOCHEE will make 2 additional trips to McMurdo during January and February. The 3 cargo ships will make a single visit each to McMurdo. WYANDOT, however, will also stop at Anvers Island. The first to reach the Antarctic will be TOWLE, which is scheduled to depart Port Lyttelton on 15 December and arrive McMurdo on 22 December. MERRELL will follow, leaving Port Lyttelton on 31 December and reaching McMurdo on 7 January. WYANDOT will go to the Antarctic Peninsula by way of Punta Arenas, Chile. She will leave Punta Arenas on 13 January and reach Anvers Island 2 days later. After unloading 500 measurement tons of cargo for Palmer Station, WYANDOT will proceed directly to McMurdo, arriving 28 January. She will remain in the area until 24 February and will be the last cargo ship to leave.
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Air Operations Aviation is the key to United States operations in Antarctica. Each year sees a greater reliance upon aircraft to move personnel, cargo, and fuel, and Operation DEEP FREEZE 65 will be no exception. The bulk delivery of fuel by LC-130s will be increased over last season. More air support will be given the science program, and, for the first time, Hallett Station will be resupplied (except for fuel) by aircraft. Air operations may be divided into 3 phases: United States-New Zealand, New Zealand-Antarctica, and Tntra-Antarctic. Although naval aircraft participate in all 3, the first phase is a primary responsibility of special mission aircraft of the Military Air Transport Service. In the deployment portion of the second phase, C- 130E s of the lbOlst Air Transport Wing have a significant role, especially in carrying passengers to and from the Antarctic. Intra-Antarctic air transport is now almost entirely a Navy activity, with a small Army unit providing direct support to some scientific programs. To carry out air operations, 32 Navy, 3 Army, and 3 Air Force planes will be assigned, not including special mission aircraft of the Military Air Transport Service. TI the LC-47/LC-117s may be considered as a single type of aircraft, and they are all basically modifications of the well-known DC-3, 13 aircraft types will be employed varying from ship-based helicopters or single-engined Otters to jet-powered LC-135s. Each has its capability and its mission to perform in bringing the operations to success. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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Air Development Squadron SD( Commander F. S. Gallup, USN SAW
4 LC-130F 1 C-54Q 1LC-117D 1C_121,r* 4LC-47H 6U-1B 1 LC-471 3 LH34D
* An additional C-121J is expected to replace the C-54Q (15 November to 15 December). ** To be increased to S after 5 January 1965, The primary mission of Air Development Squadron SD (VX6) is to transport personnel, cargo, and fuel to inland stations. Other tasks are undertaken without jeopardizing this objective. They include transportation of passengers and cargo between the United States and New Zealand and New Zealand and Antarctica, support of scientific field parties, conduct of aerial ice reconnaissance and photographic reconnaissance and mapping, and provision of search-and-rescue capability in Antarctica and between Antarctica and New Zealand. While the Air Force DEEP FREEZE Task Unit is operating, from about 15 October to 15 December, it will provide search-and-rescue between New Zealand and 600 South latitude. For the supply of inland stations, principal reliance is placed on the LC-130F although other aircraft are occasionally used for this purpose. Planning calls for 3,400 flight hours by the 4 LC130Fs. Of this total, 2,545 hours will be devoted to the resupply of Amundsen-Scott South Pole, Byrd, and Eights Stations. SUMMARY Stations
Passengers** Flights Hours
South Pole 11315 456 121 786 Byrd 11810 480 181 12267 Eights 270 64 41 492 Totals 3,395 4000 343 2,545 * Includes passenger weight, figured at 7 passengers per ton. ** Includes passengers in both directions. LC-130s will also participate in the resupply of Hallett Station and of the 2 summer weather facilities., carrying 195 tons of cargo and passengers on 17 flights, requiring 63 flight hours. In this effort they will be assisted by other aircraft, particularly at Hallett where 104 of 134 tons will be delivered by C-54Q and C-121.I. Of the approximately 800 remaining flight hours for the LC- l3OFs, one-hall, 482 hours, will be devoted to logistics flights, including deployment, redeployment, and turnarounds between McMurdo and New Zealand, except for the original fly-in. On that occasion, about 1 October, 2 aircraft will take-off from New Zealand and 1 each from Melbourne, Australia, and Punta Arenas, Chile. About 122 flight hours are scheduled for support of science, 120 for aerial photography, and 43 for special flights, with 15 hours being reserved for contingencies. The LC-130Fs provide the heavy airlift for the Antarctic program, and their share has been increased by the successful bulk delivery of fuel, first tried experimentally on DEEP FREEZE 63 and used extensively on DEEP FREEZE 64. Other types of aircraft also engage in logistic support of stations. Approximately a fourth of the cargo for Little Jeana and Little Rockford, 25 and 22 tons, Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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respectively, will be lifted by LC-47s. For the first time, all passengers and cargo, except fuel, for Hallett Station will be delivered by air, with three-fourths being carried by the C-54Q and C-121J. Many scientific parties do not require an aircraft with the capacity of the LC-130F, and even those that do, for their initial placement in the field, may often be resupplied by a smaller plane. For groups operating in the vicinity of McMurdo Sound, an Otter (U- 1B) or helicopter will frequently suffice. Further in the field, an LC-47 or LC-117 is frequently used. One LC-130F has been configured with aerial cameras and will be employed for photography this season. Within 750 miles of McMurdo, however, the C-121J is capable of carrying out photographic missions and will be available for this purpose between 15 October and 15 November. Naval aircraft will also take part in carrying cargo and passengers between Christchurch and McMurdo. In a total airlift from New Zealand to Antarctica of 580 tons, including passenger weight, VX6 will lift 158 tons.
U. S. Air Force U. S. Air Force DEEP FREEZE 65 Task Unit Lieutenant Colonel R. D. Coffee, USAF 3 C-130E The Air Force, on contract with the Navy, will provide a task unit of 3 C- 130E wheeled aircraft from the 1501st Air Transport Wing of the Western Transport Air Force. The primary mission of this unit is the transport of personnel and cargo between New Zealand and McMurdo during the period from 15 October to 15 December, Thirty-six turnaround flights are scheduled. Two planes will make the initial flight and, after that, there will be 1 a day until 18 have been completed. The remaining turnarounds will be flown every 2 or 3 days until 15 December, when the unit will redeploy to the United States. While it is operating, the task unit will be prepared to provide search-and-rescue from New Zealand to 60° South latitude. Of 580 tons of cargo and passengers destined for delivery in Antarctica, the C-130Es will lift 432 tons, if conditions permit, some flights may be made directly to Hallett Station rather than to McMurdo. On the return, the task unit will carry personnel and cargo to Christchurch.
Military Air Transport Service Special Mission Aircraft :
required)
- --The success of United States Antarctic programs depends heavily upon getting personnel into the field as early in the season as possible. They are therefore deployed by air from the United States to New Zealand to Antarctica. Important also is high-priority cargo needed to sustain the activities of these people or for other projects. In the lift from the United States to New Zealand, and in the return at the end of the season, special mission aircraft of the Military Air Transport Service play the leading part. During DEEP FREEZE 65, 29 flights by C-135, each carrying pas sengers, are planned. Sixteen are primarily for the deployment of personnel to New Zealand between September and December, and 13 for redeployment to the United States between January and March. 7
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In addition to the C-135 operations between the United States and New Zealand, 6 C-124 flights are programmed all the way through to the Antarctic. These flights give both a reserve airlift and a capability for transporting large-volume items. Three of them have already been committed to carrying UH-1B helicopters into or out of McMurdo. Other Navy and Air Force aircraft also participate in the transport of passengers between the United States and New Zealand as they pass back and forth on the way to their primary missions.
U. S. Army U. S. Army Aviation Detachment (Antarctic Support) Major W. C. Hampton, USA 3 UH-1B For the fourth successive season, the United States Army has assigned a unit equipped with turbo-powered helicopters to operate under the operational control of Air Development Squadron SIX. This year the unit will have 3 UH- lB aircraft and will support 3 scientific programs. One will be in the vicinity of Hallett Station, a second around the Shackleton Glacier, and the third in the western Horlick Mountains. The helicopters will fly from McMurdo to Hallett and return, but will be lifted by LC-130F to the other locations.
Shipboard Helicopters
L 5 CH-19E
3 TH-13N/UH-13P
Wind-class icebreakers each carry a CH- 19E and either a TH- 13N or UN- 13P helicopter. USS GLACIER has 2 CH-19Es. These aircraft are used for ice reconnaissance and the transport of cargo and passengers between ships or between ships and shore. Commanding Officers of the icebreakers may also be called upon to furnish helicopters in support of the overall logistic and scientific effort or for search-and-rescue. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
ANTARCTIC ACTIVITIES 1964 - 1965
National Science Foundation United States Antarctic Research Program EA N
STATION DESCRIPTION HALLETT BYRD EIGHTS (U.S.-NEW Md8JRDO PALMER POLE USNS ELTANIN ZEALAND) LA T. LOT. LAT. LOT. AT. LAY. 79 59' S 78 IN'S 72 18'S 71' SI'S 6445's 9O5 N...,., LONG, LONG. LONG. LONG. LONG W.IIi,,1o* I 20OI'W 78"W I7O IRE I6637' E 6405'W E.o.,,, T.*,^,*,..
LOCATION
L90
Fl
FEET ABOVE 4.971 1,300 16 102 25 9,184 SEA LEVEL
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ESTABLISHED 1957 1962 5957 1954 1965 1957
1962
TERRAIN ON INLAND ON INLAND ON GLACIAL ON VOLCANIC 021 BEDROCK ON INLAND ICE ICE MORAINE ASH ICE METHOD OF AIR AIR AIR AIR SEA AIR SUPPLY SEA SEA
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NUMBER OF IS (Ai, .,,.p.,$bI.( 11 BUILDINGS
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10 70 2 11
MEAN ANNUAL -18.4 -12.6 +4.2 +01 +20 -56.7 TEMPERATURE (F( (..6MA.A) I....s.dI
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MEAN TEMP. (o F) *1.6 *11.2 *28.2 .21.6 +30 -25.2 DEC., JAN., FEB. (J*. F.b.I
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APPROXIMATE WINTER PERSONNEL (SCIENTISTS)9 5 SUAN4ER 7 5 7 *,4*7i7* 34 (y..**d (NAVY) II 6 STATION ONLY 260 4 IT METS .,., 48 Np***) AIR DISTANCE FROM M.5#JRDO (STATUTE MILES) 885 5,925 380 - 2.360 820
00 0 -
-
100 200 300 400 500 600 S S
STATUTE MILES
LEGEND U.S.,
U.S. Cooperative Stations
Foreign. Stations
Aerial Photography for Mapping Topographic Map Compilation Geological Field Parties South Pole-Queen Maud Land Traversel Biological Reconnaissance Glaciology Stake Network
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During Operation DEEP FREEZE 65, U. S. Naval Mobile Construction Battalion SIX (MCB-6) will accomplish major new construction, repair, and rehabilitation projects. Antarctic Support Acitvities (ASA), which is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the stations, will carry out minor construction, repair, and rehabilitation projects. A major project will be the establishment of a new station on Anvers Island off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. To be named after Nathaniel Brown Palmer, a Yankee sealer, from Stonnington, Connecticut, and one of the early discoverers of the Antarctic. The new station will be located on Norsel Point at 6004610111 South latitude, 64°04 1 39" West longitude. A detachment from MCB-6, assisted by crewmen from the icebreaker EDISTO, will convert a vacant British hut into a laboratory and erect a prefabricated and modified N-2 building for living quarters to accom odate a wintering-over group of 4 navymen and 5 scientists. The principal studies to be conducted at Palmer Station will be in the fields of biology and geology. Antarctic Support Activities will relocate the former Beardmore Summer Weather Station at 810231 South latitude, 1700451 East longitude, about 125 miles north of the previous site. In addition to portable living and working quarters, 2 1,800-gallon fuel tanks will be installed. The station will be renamed Little Jeana. Little Rockford, another summer weather facility, located at 790141 South latitude, 1470291 West longitude, will also be rebuilt and a similar fuel capacity added. The shift from air-drop of drummed petroleum products to delivery of bulk fuel by LC-130F has caused the installation of new storage capacity and distribution systems. At Byrd Station, MCB-6 will construct a new tunnel, 300 by 30 feet, to accommodate fuel bladders with 100,000-gallon capacity. At Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, 6 bladders were delivered last year, and with a seventh to arrive during this season, the whole will be integrated into the station fuel-distribution system. Projects to be completed at McMurdo Station this season include the seawater distillation plant, began 2 years ago, to provide fresh water at the station and make possible the installation of a heated sewerage system; erection of a modern dispens'y; and the building of Antarctica's first paved road from the station through Scott Pass. Some modifications will be made to the nuclear power plant, and 2 400- by 40-foot warehouses established. All the above is part of a long-range station development program. The many projects, both large and small, that are included in the program, will result in better living and working conditio for support personnel and scientists alike. Collectively, they reflect a decade of experience that will assist men to adapt to living in a rigorous environment. 11
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Science Program
On 13 September 1964, the National Science Foundation announced plans for the coming season. Approximately 150 scientists will participate in some 50 field projects beginning in October and ending in March. About 35 scientists will pass the next austral winter at 6 United States stations. In addition to work on the Antarctic Continent, the United States Antarctic Research Program also supports the operation and research activities of USNS ELTANThT and a number of projects in the United States related to the investigation of Antarctic phenomena. The National Science Foundation expects to award grants and contracts for about $7,000,000 in support of the program. A list of grants up to 3 September was attached to the announcement and is reproduced on the following pages. Two projects of unusual interest are the initiation of a 4-year traverse from the South Pole across Queen Maud Land to the Roi Baudoin Station, at 70°26' South latitude, 23°19' East longitude, andthe establishment of a new United States station on Anvers Island off the west coast of the Antarctic i?eninsula. The traverse will follow a zig-zag course largely over unexplored territory, and it is hoped to cover about 1,200 miles during the first season. At the terminal point, the vehicles will be cached and the party flown out. Dr. Charles R. Bentley of the University of Wisconsin will be the traverse leader for the first year. He will be accompanied by Wisconsin geophysicists and engineers, Ohio State glaciologist, Dr. Richard L. Cameron and his assistants, a geomagnetician from the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and scientists from Norway and Belgium. En route, they will seek to determine the depth of the ice and the character of the land beneath, examine the ice itself, record the weather, study the earth's magnetic field, and investigate the geology of any mountains or exposed rock that lies in their path. The establishment of Palmer Station on Anvers Island will mark the reentry of the United States into an area of great scientific value for the first time since 1948, when the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition departed from the old United States Antarctic Service base on Stonington Island. A laboratory will be established in an existing hut made available by the British and living quarters will be built by a Navy construction battalion detachment. The summer population is expected to be 16 navymen and 7 scientists, while 5 scientists and 4 sailors will winter-over. Initially, research will be concentrated in the fields of biology and geology, including glaciology. Anvers Island is north of the Antarctic Circle and has a much more varied fauna and flora than the more southerly areas where United States biologists have worked in recent years. There is also more exposed rock than in most other areas of Antarctica which, when combined with the many glaciers in the area, will be favorable for the study of geology and glacial mechanics. Palmer Station will be supported by ship, but a survey will be made for a possible aircraft landing site. While many of the scientific projects are being continued from previous years, others are new. Among the latter is the laying-out of a 10-mile-long antenna on the snow surf ae near Byrd Station by University of Washington technicians. They hope to be able to duplicate in a controlled form such natural radio phenomena as 'hiss," "whistlers," and "dawn chorus," all useful in studying the properties of the earth's magnetic field. Another will be a survey of the Balleny Islands by United States and New Zealand scientists based aboard a Navy icebreaker. In revival of a study commenced some years ago, scientists from The Johns Hopkins University will investigate the behavior of Adelie penguins. The penguin, since he does not fly, is more readily trackable than most birds. In this experiment, he will be flown a distance from his rookery, equipped with a radio transmitter, and turned loose to make his way back as best he can. In a not dissimilar investigation, other scientists will seek to determine how the Weddell seal finds his food and returns to his breathing hole through the murky, and often dark, waters of McMurdo Sound. They are believed to have some sort of natural sonar to guide them. One of three teams of SCUBA divers will photograph swimming seals. The other two will investigate marine algae and collect specimens for future study. U. S. Army helicopters, so successful during the past 3 years in support of topographic and geologic surveys, will again be employed this season. They will first assist the U. S. Geological Bulletin e. the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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PALMER STATION'
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Survey in photo-geological work in northern Victoria Land. Later in the season, they will support a Texas Technological College project in the Shackleton Glacier area and an Ohio State University geological survey in the western Horlick Mountains. Another geological party, this one from the University of Minnesota will investigate the Ellsworth Nunataks. Many of the scientific projects operate in proximity to existing stations and require only occasional air support that can be furnished by helicopter or single-engine Otter aircraft. This is particularly true of the many biological and geological investigations in the Mc Mu r d o Sound area. At the stations, continuing programs will include meteorology., cosmic ray, aurora, airglow, geomagnetisrtn, VLF and ionospheric phenomena, and station seismQlogy. Antarctica, being seismically quiet, is an excellent place to study earthquake waves from other parts of he world. Oceanographers will continue their investigations of the geology, currents, temperatures, and chemical content, as well as the biology of the Antarctic O$an. On shore, the dynamics of the continental icecap will be studied, and aerial photography and mapping of unknown areas continued. USNS ELTANTh, the laboratory ship supported by the U. S. Antarctic Research Program, will be carrying out investigations of geophysical phenomena in the South Pacific Ocean north of the pack ice. It will use both Valparaiso, Chile, and Wellington, New Zealand, as home ports. Anew dimension will be added to the scientific program this season. Stanford University intends to install a readout center for the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's planned POGO Satellite. To the uninitiated, the mnemonic stands for Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory The United States Antarctic Research Program is financed by the National Science Foundation through grants and contracts with universities, research organizations, and government agencies. Within the Foundation, there is an Office of Antarctic Programs, which exercises general oversight over the program. T o coordinate scientific activities with those of the naval support force, the United States Antarctic Research Program also assignes representatives to the field during the operating season. The principal elements of the organization for Antarctic research are as follows: Office of Antarctic Programs Dr. T. 0. Jones Chief Scientist Dr. A. P. Crary Executive Officer Mr. G. R. Toney United States Antarctic Research Program Representatives Christchurch, New Zealand Mr. E. E. Goodale Davisville, Rhode Island Mr. T. B. Armstrong Mr. McMurdo Station, Antarctica P. M. Smith Palmer Station, Antarctica Mr, W. T. Austin The many facets of the United States Antarctic Research Program are best illustrated by the grants made as of 3 September 1964, which are listed, by subject, on the following pages. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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USARP Grants BIOLOGY
Bernice P. Bishop Museum Dr, T. Linsley Gressitt "Ecological Survey of Land Arthropods, Anvers Island." Bernice P. Bishop Museum Dr. f, Linsley Gressitt "Entomological Research in Antarctica." California Institute of Technology Dr. Heinz A. Lowenstam "A Biogeochemical Study of the Skeletal Carbonates of the Benthic Organisms in the Antarctic Seas." Clark University Dr. Vernon Ahmadjian "Cultural Study of Antarctic Lichen Fungi."
New York Botanical Garden Dr. William C. Steere "Monographic Treatment of Bryophyta." New York Zoological Society Dr Paul L. Montreuil "Underwater Acoustics, Physiological Ecology and Parasitology of the Weddell sea], Leptonychotes Weddelli." Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Derry Koob "Ecology of Some Antarctic Algae." Old Dominion College Dr. Jacques S. Zaneveld "Benthic Algal Vegetation of the Ross S6a.11 Roanoke College Dr. Harry L. Holloway, Jr. "Endoparasites of Antarctic Vertebrates."
Columbia University Lamont Geological Observatory Stanford University Dr. Paul R. Burkholder Dr. Donald E. Wohlschlag "Biological Investigations at Ushuaia and "Growth and Metabolic Characteristics of in the Antarctic Peninsula." McMurdo Sound Fishes." Columbia University Lamont Geological Observatory Texas A&M Research Foundation Dr. Maurice Ewing Dr. Sayed Z. El-Sayed "A Systematic Marine Biological Survey in "Biological Productivity of Antarctic the Drake Passage and Scotia Seam Waters.* Duke University Texas A&M Research Foundation Dr, Robert 3, Menzies Dr. Sayed Z. El-Sayed "The Systematics, Distribution, and Origin "Productivity in the Drake Passage and of Antarctic Deep Sea Marine Isopoda," Waters Surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula." Florida State University Dr. Robert B. Short University of Arizona "Toxonomy of Dicyemid Mesozoans," Dr. Albert R. Mead "Polar Adaptation in the Weddell Seal." Harvard University Dr. I. Mackenzie Lamb University of California at Berkley "Botanical Survey in West Antarctica." Dr. Cadet Hand "Photography and Collection of Information Johns Hopkins University on Sea Anemones in the McMurdo Area." Dr. William J. L. Sladen "Antarctic Avian Populations." University of California at Davis Dr. Robert E. Feeney Johns Hopkins University "Comparative Biochemistry of Proteins." Dr. Richard L. Penny and University of Miami, Florida Dr. John T. Emlen, Jr. Dr. Gilbert L. Voss "Orientation Mechanisms and Related "Systematics of Zoogeography of Cephalopod Behavior in Adelie Penguins." 15
Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
University of Southern California Dr. Leslie A. Chambers and Dr. John L. Mohr "Biological Oceanology in the Antarctic Seas." University of Texas Dr, Orville Wyss "Bacteria, Fungi, and other Biota in Air, Soil, Snow, and Melt Pools at Mirnyy Station." Virginia Institute of Marine Science Dr. William J. Hargis, Jr. "Parasites of Antarctic Vertebrates and Invertebrates." Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. William E. Schevill "Blo-Acoustics of Leptonychotes Weddelli." GEOLOGY Florida State University Dr. H. G. Goodell and Dr. 3. K. Osmond "Marine Geology Aboard USNS ELTANIN." Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Gunter Faure "Geology, of the Wisconsin Range, Western Horlik Mountains."
University of Minnesota Dr. Campbell Craddock "Geology of the Ellsworth Mountains and Related Nunataks." University of Southern California Dr. D. S. Gorsline "Deep-Sea Sediments from Cruises 3 and 4 of USNS ELTANIN." U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Dr. Thomas B. Nolan "Geology of the Pensacola Mountains." U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Dr. Thomas B. Nolan "Photogeology of Northeastern Victoria Land." Victoria University of Wellington Dr. Robin H. Clark "Geology of the Koettlitz Glacier Area." GLACIOLOGY California Institute of Technology Dr. Robert P. Sharp "Oxygen-Isotope and Deuterium Relationships in Snow, Firn, and Ice."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Samuel B. Treves 'Volcanic Rocks of Ross Island."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr, Richard L. Cameron "Glaciology and Meteorology of Anvers Island."
Texas A&M Research Foundation Dr. Ernest E. Angino "Trace Elements in Bottom Sediments."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Richard L. Cameron "Traverse Glaciology, 1984-1965."
Texas Technological College Dr. F. Alton Wade "Geology of the Antarctic Horst Near the Shackleton Glacier."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Lawrence D. Taylor and Dr. James Gliozzi "Particulates in Firn Cores."
University of California, Los Angeles Dr. John C. Crowell "Permo-Carboniferous Tfflites of the Falkland Islands." University of Kansas Dr. Wakefield Dort, Jr. "Development and Distribution of Antarctic Cfrque'
University of Wisconsin Dr. f Charles R. Bentley "Geophysics and Glaciology of Queen Maud Land." University of Wisconsin Dr. Charles R. Bentley "Radio Sounding of Ice Thickness."
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METEOROLOGY University of Wisconsin Dr. C. R. Bentley, Texas Western College of the University of Texas Dr. W. Schwerdtfeger, Dr, Thomas G. Barnes and "Meteorological Rocket Probes of the Upper Dr. M. B. Giovinetto Atmosphere." "Surface Glaciology of Antarctica." U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratories Dr. games A. Bender Analysis of Deep Ice Cores and Particulates." INFORMATION American Geophysical Union Dr. Waldo E. Smith "Antarctic Research Series." American Geophysical Union Dr. Waldo E. Smith "Production of the English Edition of the Information Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition."
University of Wisconsin Dr. Werner Schwerdtfeger "Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation." U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robern M. White "Antarctic Meteorological Research Program Aboard USNS ELTANIN. U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "Atmospheric- Oceanic-Glaciological Interaction." J. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "Meteorological Research Program, 1964-65."
Library of Congress Mr. George A. Doumani "Abstracting and Indexing Service for Current Antarctic Literature."
U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "Meteorological Support of Aircraft Operations."
Smithsonian Institution Dr. I. E. Wallen "Recording Data for Specimens Collected During the U. S. Antarctic Program."
U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "U. S. Participation in the International Antarctic Analysis Center."
Smithsonian Institution Dr. I. E. Wallen "Sorting of United States Antarctic Research Program Biological Collections." MAPPING American Geographical Society Dr. Charles B. Hitchcock "Antarctic Map Folio Series." U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Geography Dr. Meredith F. Burrill "Standard Geographic Nomenclature in Antarctica for United States Use." U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Dr. Thomas B. Nolan "Antarctic Mapping Operations, 1964-1965, 17
OCEANOGRAPHY Columbia University Dr. Maurice Ewing "A Systematic Oceanographic Survey in the Drake Passage, Scotia Sea, South-East Pacific Ocean and Vicinity." U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office Rear Admiral D. W. Knoll "Ship-based Oceanography." Yale University Dr. Karl K. Turekian "The Distribution of Rubidium, Strontium, Cesium, and Barium in Oceanic Vertical Profiles with Special Emphasis on the Antarctic." Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
RELATED SUPPORT onal Academy of Sciences Dr. H. W Wells "Committee on Polar Research.
Bartol Research Foundation Dr. Martin A. Pomerantz "Cosmic Ray Intensity. Variations in Antarctica."
cord University Bartol Research Foundation Dr. Donald E. Wohlschlag Dr. Martin A. Pomerantz "Support of Antarctic Biological Laboratories." "Forward Scatter Observations in the Antarctic - Phase 1: Operation, Data ReducState University Research Foundation tion, and Analysis.?? Dr. Richard P. Goldthwait "Support of the Institute of Polar Studies." Douglas Aircraft Corporation ersity of Wisconsin Dr. A. D. Goedeke Dr. Charles R. Bentley "Conjugate Point Riometer Program." "Support of the Geophysical and Polar Research Center.?? National Bureau of Standards ersity of Wisconsin Dr. C. Gordon Little Dr. Jack B. Long "High Latitude Conjugate Point Ionosphere "Support of the Geophysical and Polar Sounding Program." Research Center Field Operations." National Bureau of Standards Mr. R. B. Scott TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS "Radio Noise Measurements Aboard USNS ELTANTEN." U. S Army Map Service, Far East Division Mr. Robert M. Iverson Stanford University "Gravity Measurements, Inland Stations.?? Dr. Robert A. Helliwell "Satellite Telemetry Facility.? U. S Department of Commerce, Coast and Getic eoc Survey Stanford University 1ear Admiral H. Arnold Karo Dr. Robert A. Helliwell ? Seismological Observatories, 1964-1965." "VLF Phenomena, 1964-1965." U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo "Magnetic Field Survey, 19641965." UPPER ATMOSPHERE PHYSICS Arctic Institute of North America Dr. Robert C. Faylor "Aurora and Airglow Observations, 1964-65." Arctic Institute of North America Mr. Harry Freimanis ??.Ajzglow Photometer Data Reduction and Correlation.?? Avco Corporation Dr. Rudolph B. Penndorf "Antarctic Research and Data Analysis.??
University of Alaska Dr. V. P. Hessler "ELF Studies at the Geomagnetic Poles." University of California at Berkley Dr. Robert H. Brown "Conjugate Point Measurements of High Altitude Radiation Effects in the Geomagnetic Field." University of Washington Dr. Donald K. Reynolds and Dr. H. Myron Swarm "Antenna Feasibility Study.?? U. S. Department of Commerce Coast and Geodetic Survey Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo "Station Magnetic Observatories, 1964-1965.11
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Library ADDITIONS TO THE MAP COLLECTION AUSTRALIA (The following maps were received from the U. S. Department of the Interior ) Geological Survey.) Law Promontory; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SQ 40-41/14A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100, Mawson; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SQ 40-41/15A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100,000. Mt. Henderson; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SQ 40-41/16A;C;D, (3 sheets), 1:100, 000. Sandcock Nunataks; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SR 38-39/4B;C, (2 sheets), 1:100,000. Nansen Mountains; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SR 40-41/2A;B, (2 sheets), 1:100,000. Mt. Twintop; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. 40-41/3B;D, (2 sheets), 1:100,000. Anniversary Nunataks; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. 40-41/4A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100,000. Stinear Nunataks; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. 40-41/8A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100,000. NEW ZEALAND (The following maps were received from the New Zealand Department of Lands and Survey,) Plunket Point, (Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SV 51-60, 8; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Beaumont Bay, (Shackleton Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Territory), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SU 56-60,6; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Byrd Neve, (Australian Antarctic Territory), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SU 56-60, 5; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. The Cloudmaker, (Dulek Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 2nd edition, NZMS 166, sheet SV 51-604.,5; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Shackleton Glacier, (Dufek Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet 1-10, 1; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Mt. Hope, (Shackleton Coast, Dufek Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 2nd edition, NZMS 166, sheet SU 56-60, 15 & 16; 1 March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Liv Glacier, (Amundsen Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SV 1-10, 5 & pt 6; April 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Maps of Antarctic Regions, NZMS 94; 3rd edition, 1963, Polar Stereographic, scale 1:16,000,000 at latitude 71°S. 19
Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
OF THE
U.S. ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER
VOLUME VI NUMBER 1 NOVEMBER 1964
ULLETIN of the U.S. ANTARCTIC PROJECTS OFFICER A presentation of activities of the Government of the United States of America pertaining to the logistic support, scientific programs, and current events of interest in Antarctica, published monthly during the austral summer season and distributed to organizations, groups, and individuals interested in United States Antarctic activities, Rear Admiral James R. Reedy, USN United States Antarctic Projects Officer Volume VI, Number 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Material for this issue of the Bulletin was abstracted from the Operation Plan of Commander, U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, and from the press releases and press kit prepared by the National Science Foundation, Commencing with this issue, it is planned that only six issues of Volume VI of the Bulletin will be released this season. They will run consecutively from November through March, with the sixth, and final, issue, which will be a yearly summary, being released during next summer. All photographs in this issue are official U. S. Navy photographs. The center-spread map and the map on page 13 were prepared and released by the National Science Foundation. Greenwich Mean Time is used throughout the Bulletin except where noted. No events appear in this issue after 30 September 1964.
November 1964
CONTENTS Introduction .....................................1 Organization ...................................1 ShipOperations.................................2 Ocean Station Ships .............................3 Icebreakers ....................................3 Cargo Ships and Tankers ........................4 Air Operations .................................5 U. S. Navy .....................................6 U. S. Air Force ................................7 U. S. Army ....................................8 Shipboard Helicopters ...........................8 Antarctic Activities Map........ ... .... .... ......9 Construction ........ ..... ... . .... ... ...... .. .... 11 Science Proçjrarn ...... . ........ .. ......... ......12 USARPGrants ..................................15 Additions to the Map Collection ...................19
When sending in a change of address request, Inquiries should be directed to the United States please make reference to the four-digit code Antarctic Projects Officer, 801 19th Street, N.W., number appearing in the address label. Washington, D. C. 20305. Telephone: 382-1795.
Introduction
DEEP FREEZE 65 began officially on 1 October 1964 and will end on 1 March 1965. Between those dates, approximately 21,000 measurement tons of cargo and 5,000,000 gallons of petroleum products will be delivered by ship. Another 600 or so short tons, mostly of a high-priority nature, will be carried by air. The Navy will resupply the S existing United States stations, 3 of them entirely by air and 1 principally by that method. Within Antarctica, about 3,750 tons, including passenger weight, will be distributed. Ships will establish a new station on Anvers Island, off the weE coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. About 3,000 persons will take part in the operation. Except for ships' companies, most of these individuals will arrive by air. Over 30 scientific projects will receive support from the aircraft, while others will either operate from stations or be ship-based. This effort, as well as the operation and maintenance of stations, is the responsibility of the U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, Rear Admiral James R. Reedy, USN, Commanding. As senior United States Representative in the Antarctic, Rear Admiral Reedy is also responsible for the feasibility, success, and safety of all United States effort in Antarctica. As the second decade of consecutive operations opens, the logistic effort appears to have settled into a reasonably-fixed pattern. Both supplies and personnel are brought to Antarctica by ship and distributed within the area by aircraft, except for the new Palmer Station which is accessible only from the sea. Scientific parties are placed in the field, supplied, and retrieved, by air. A station improvement program insures that each year both large and small projects will be undertaken to render living and working conditions more comfortable and efficient. Notable in this respect are the projected completion of a water -distillation plant and a heated sewerage system at McMurdo.
Organization
The U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, is a unit of the United States Atlantic Fleet and carries the task designation of "Task Force 43. 11 As such, it is organized as follows: Task Force 43 - U. S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, L ax Admiral J. R. Reedy, USN. Task Group 43. 1 - Antarctic Support Activities, Captain J. B. Elliott, Jr., USN. Task Group 43.2 - Ross Sea Ship Group, Captain B. R. Henry, USCG. Task Group 43.3 - Naval Air Group, Commander F. S. Gallup, Jr., USN. U. S. Army Aviation Detachment, Major W. C. Hampton, USA. Task Group 43.4 - Mobile Construction Battalion Group, Lieutenant Commander H. A. Tombay CEC, USN. Task Group 43. 5 - Special Operations Group, Rear Admiral J. R. Reedy, USN. Task Unit 43.S. 1 - Antarctic Peninsula Unit, Commander N. E. Nickerson, USN. Task Unit 43.5.2 - Ocean Station Unit, Commanding Officer of Ship or Station. U. S. Air Force DEEP FREEZE 65 Task Unit - Lieutenant Colonel R. D. Coffee, USAF.
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Eleven ships will participate in Operation DEEP FREEZE 65. There are 4 icebreakers, 3 cargo vessels, 2 tankers, and 2 ocean station ships. The United States Navy has assigned 3 icebreakers and a destroyer escort, the last to serve as ocean station ship, while 3 cargo vessels and a tanker are from the Military Sea Transportation Service. Of the 3 remaining ships, 1 is a Coast Guard icebreaker, another a New Zealand frigate, and the third, a New Zealand tanker. Because of the establishment of Palmer Station on Anvers Island, 1 icebreaker will operate off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, and a cargo ship will visit that area. The remaining icebreakers and all cargo ships will operate in the Ross Sea. The ocean station ships will occupy a station at 600 South latitude, 1590 East longitude, which is north of the Oates Coast. It is expected that over 21,000 measurement tons of cargo and 5,000,000 gallons of balk petroleum will be moved during the operation. Some 2,200 measurement tons of cargo were shipped to New Zealand by commercial carrier during July, August, and September 1964. The remainder will go in the ships assigned to the expedition, including small quantities aboard icebreakers. Some personnel will also travel by ship. Although the primary mission of the ships is the logistic support of United States installations in the Antarctic, icebreakers will also carry scientific parties and participate in scientific surveys and investigations. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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Ocean Station Ships USS MILLS (DER-383) - Lieutenant Commander R. D. Hoffman, USN HMNZS PUKAKI (F-424) - Lieutenant Commander A. G. Rhodes, RNZN As in the past, a ship will be at Ocean Station during flight operations between New Zealand and Antarctica. This vessel will be at 600 South, 159° East, and will provide communications, navigational aid, weather information, and a search-and-rescue capability. The ocean picket ship in passing back-and-forth, will provide logistic support for the New Zealand scientific station on Campbell Island. This duty will be alternated between the United States destroyer escort, MILLS, and the New Zealand frigate, PUKAKI. The former will normally base at Dunedin, New Zealand, but will visit Port Lyttelton twice during the season. MILLS will be first on station, arriving 28 September 1964 for the first fly-in scheduled 2 days later. She will be relieved by PUKAKI on 12 October. The 2 ships will continue to alternate on Ocean Station until 1 March 1965 when operations will be terminated. Between 10 and 12 December, MILLS will refuel from ENDEAVOUR on her way from Port Lyttelton to McMurdo Sound, and a refuelling drill will be held by the same vessels on 1 March.
Icebreakers USCGC EASTWIND (WAGB-279) - Captain B. R. Henry, USCG USS EDISTO (AGB-2) - Commander N. E. Nickerson, USN USS GLACIER (AGB-4) - Commander V. J. Vaughan, USN USS STATEN ISLAND (AGB-5) - Commander J. L. Erikson, USN One Coast Guard and 2 Navy icebreakers will operate in the Ross Sea area during the 1964-1965 season. They are USCGC EASTWLND and the Navy's GLACIER and STATEN ISLAND. USS EDISTO, the fourth icebreaker assigned to DEEP FREEZE 65, will operate on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, The principal mission of icebreakers in the Ross Sea is to open and maintain a channel in the fast bay ice of McMurdo Sound, and to escort supply ships through the ice pack and in and out of McMurdo Sound. They also assist in the refuelling and replenishment of Hallett Station, support the ice-prediction program, and provide services for interdisciplinary researches by United States and New Zealand scientists along the western side of the Ross Sea and in the Balleny Islands. The Icebreakers will also carry cargo within the limits of their capabilities, make their assigned helicopter units available to support the overall program, and furnish boat crews as required. EASTWIND and GLACIER are scheduled to depart Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, on 9 November 1964 and to commence channel-breaking operations upon arrival in the McMurdo Sound area, They will be joined by STATEN ISLAND, which will leave Port Lyttelton on 15 November. With the first supply ship not due until 18 December, the icebreakers will have approximately a month to open the channel into Hut Point. During the second half of the season, the icebreakers have various assignments. EAST WIND will leave McMurdo on 16 December to return to Port Lyttelton for Christmas. She is expected to leave the latter place for a second Antarctic tour on 28 December. She will be at McMurdo during January, but from 4 to 8 February will participate in refuelling Hallett Station. After this brief excursion, EASTWIND will go back to McMurdo and remain until the end of the season, about 1 March. STATEN ISLAND will continue in the vicinity of McMurdo until 5 Januaxy when she will depart for a visit to Wellington from 12 to 17 Januaxy. The ship will return to McMurdo on 24 January, where she will remain until 25 February. On the latter date STATEN ISLAND will leave McMurdo Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
occupy a series of ice-prediction stations in the western Ross Sea. She will clear the area about 2 March. The third of the Ross Sea icebreakers, GLACIER, will depart McMurdo on 10 January to support the interdisciplinary scientific program in the Ross Sea. Her itinerary calls for stops at Beaufort Island, 10-13 January; Franklin Island, 14-16 January; Coulman Island, 17-21 January; Cape Adare, 22-26 January; and the Balleny Islands, 28 January-3 March. 1155 EDISTO will depart Boston on 8 December 1964 and proceed to the Antarctic Peninsula by way of the Panama Canal and the west coast of South America, arriving in the vicinity of Anvers Island about 11 January 1965. She will be joined by the cargo ship, USNS WYANDOT, 4 days later. The vessels will unload cargo for the new Palmer Station, after which WYANDOT will depart for the Ross Sea. EDISTO, however, will remain off the Antarctic Peninsula where her personnel will assist in the establishment of the new station. She will also support scientific work in the area and will depart for home about 10 March.
Cargo Ships and Tankers USNS CHATTAHOOCHEE (T-AOG-82) - Harold Jacobsen, Master HMNZS ENDEAVOUR (A-189) - Commander P. R. H. Silk, RNZN USNS PVT. J. F. MERRELL (T-AK-275) - Harold H. Cleaves, Master TJSNS PVT. J. R. TOWLE (T-AK-240) - Wilhelm F. Bondeson, Master USNS WYANDOT (T-AK-92) - A. Ekblad, Master Plans for Operation DEEP FREEZE 65 call for the movement of over 21,000 measurement tons of cargo from the United States to New Zealand and Antarctica. Of this total, 2,200 measurement tons were shipped in July, August, and September to Port Lyttelton on commercial vessels. The 3 cargo ships assigned to the operation will carry 18,500 measurement tons to McMurdo Sound and 500 measurement tons to Anvers Island. During DEEP FREEZE 64, arrangements were made with the New Zealand Naval Board to use excess space aboard HMNZS ENDEAVOUR to carry bulk petroleum products from New Zealand to Antarctica. The same arrangement has been continued for the current season Another tanker, USNS CHATTAHOOCHEE, will also participate in the operation. Together, the 2 ships are expected to deliver about 5,000,000 gallons of fuel. EDISTO, an icebreaker, will supply about 60,000 gallons of diesel fuel to Palmer Station. ENDEAVOUR will depart from Port Lyttelton on 6 December 1964, will meet and refuel USS MILLS, an ocean picket vessel, and is scheduled to arrive at McMurdo on 20 December. She will make a second supply run to McMurdo during February and will carry out a fueling drill with MILLS on the return journey, about 1 March. CHATTAHOOCHEE will leave Port Lyttelton on 8 December, but will precede ENDEAVOUR into McMurdo Sound by 2 days, arriving 18 December. CHATTAHOOCHEE will make 2 additional trips to McMurdo during January and February. The 3 cargo ships will make a single visit each to McMurdo. WYANDOT, however, will also stop at Anvers Island. The first to reach the Antarctic will be TOWLE, which is scheduled to depart Port Lyttelton on 15 December and arrive McMurdo on 22 December. MERRELL will follow, leaving Port Lyttelton on 31 December and reaching McMurdo on 7 January. WYANDOT will go to the Antarctic Peninsula by way of Punta Arenas, Chile. She will leave Punta Arenas on 13 January and reach Anvers Island 2 days later. After unloading 500 measurement tons of cargo for Palmer Station, WYANDOT will proceed directly to McMurdo, arriving 28 January. She will remain in the area until 24 February and will be the last cargo ship to leave.
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Air Operations Aviation is the key to United States operations in Antarctica. Each year sees a greater reliance upon aircraft to move personnel, cargo, and fuel, and Operation DEEP FREEZE 65 will be no exception. The bulk delivery of fuel by LC-130s will be increased over last season. More air support will be given the science program, and, for the first time, Hallett Station will be resupplied (except for fuel) by aircraft. Air operations may be divided into 3 phases: United States-New Zealand, New Zealand-Antarctica, and Tntra-Antarctic. Although naval aircraft participate in all 3, the first phase is a primary responsibility of special mission aircraft of the Military Air Transport Service. In the deployment portion of the second phase, C- 130E s of the lbOlst Air Transport Wing have a significant role, especially in carrying passengers to and from the Antarctic. Intra-Antarctic air transport is now almost entirely a Navy activity, with a small Army unit providing direct support to some scientific programs. To carry out air operations, 32 Navy, 3 Army, and 3 Air Force planes will be assigned, not including special mission aircraft of the Military Air Transport Service. TI the LC-47/LC-117s may be considered as a single type of aircraft, and they are all basically modifications of the well-known DC-3, 13 aircraft types will be employed varying from ship-based helicopters or single-engined Otters to jet-powered LC-135s. Each has its capability and its mission to perform in bringing the operations to success. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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Air Development Squadron SD( Commander F. S. Gallup, USN SAW
4 LC-130F 1 C-54Q 1LC-117D 1C_121,r* 4LC-47H 6U-1B 1 LC-471 3 LH34D
* An additional C-121J is expected to replace the C-54Q (15 November to 15 December). ** To be increased to S after 5 January 1965, The primary mission of Air Development Squadron SD (VX6) is to transport personnel, cargo, and fuel to inland stations. Other tasks are undertaken without jeopardizing this objective. They include transportation of passengers and cargo between the United States and New Zealand and New Zealand and Antarctica, support of scientific field parties, conduct of aerial ice reconnaissance and photographic reconnaissance and mapping, and provision of search-and-rescue capability in Antarctica and between Antarctica and New Zealand. While the Air Force DEEP FREEZE Task Unit is operating, from about 15 October to 15 December, it will provide search-and-rescue between New Zealand and 600 South latitude. For the supply of inland stations, principal reliance is placed on the LC-130F although other aircraft are occasionally used for this purpose. Planning calls for 3,400 flight hours by the 4 LC130Fs. Of this total, 2,545 hours will be devoted to the resupply of Amundsen-Scott South Pole, Byrd, and Eights Stations. SUMMARY Stations
Passengers** Flights Hours
South Pole 11315 456 121 786 Byrd 11810 480 181 12267 Eights 270 64 41 492 Totals 3,395 4000 343 2,545 * Includes passenger weight, figured at 7 passengers per ton. ** Includes passengers in both directions. LC-130s will also participate in the resupply of Hallett Station and of the 2 summer weather facilities., carrying 195 tons of cargo and passengers on 17 flights, requiring 63 flight hours. In this effort they will be assisted by other aircraft, particularly at Hallett where 104 of 134 tons will be delivered by C-54Q and C-121.I. Of the approximately 800 remaining flight hours for the LC- l3OFs, one-hall, 482 hours, will be devoted to logistics flights, including deployment, redeployment, and turnarounds between McMurdo and New Zealand, except for the original fly-in. On that occasion, about 1 October, 2 aircraft will take-off from New Zealand and 1 each from Melbourne, Australia, and Punta Arenas, Chile. About 122 flight hours are scheduled for support of science, 120 for aerial photography, and 43 for special flights, with 15 hours being reserved for contingencies. The LC-130Fs provide the heavy airlift for the Antarctic program, and their share has been increased by the successful bulk delivery of fuel, first tried experimentally on DEEP FREEZE 63 and used extensively on DEEP FREEZE 64. Other types of aircraft also engage in logistic support of stations. Approximately a fourth of the cargo for Little Jeana and Little Rockford, 25 and 22 tons, Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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respectively, will be lifted by LC-47s. For the first time, all passengers and cargo, except fuel, for Hallett Station will be delivered by air, with three-fourths being carried by the C-54Q and C-121J. Many scientific parties do not require an aircraft with the capacity of the LC-130F, and even those that do, for their initial placement in the field, may often be resupplied by a smaller plane. For groups operating in the vicinity of McMurdo Sound, an Otter (U- 1B) or helicopter will frequently suffice. Further in the field, an LC-47 or LC-117 is frequently used. One LC-130F has been configured with aerial cameras and will be employed for photography this season. Within 750 miles of McMurdo, however, the C-121J is capable of carrying out photographic missions and will be available for this purpose between 15 October and 15 November. Naval aircraft will also take part in carrying cargo and passengers between Christchurch and McMurdo. In a total airlift from New Zealand to Antarctica of 580 tons, including passenger weight, VX6 will lift 158 tons.
U. S. Air Force U. S. Air Force DEEP FREEZE 65 Task Unit Lieutenant Colonel R. D. Coffee, USAF 3 C-130E The Air Force, on contract with the Navy, will provide a task unit of 3 C- 130E wheeled aircraft from the 1501st Air Transport Wing of the Western Transport Air Force. The primary mission of this unit is the transport of personnel and cargo between New Zealand and McMurdo during the period from 15 October to 15 December, Thirty-six turnaround flights are scheduled. Two planes will make the initial flight and, after that, there will be 1 a day until 18 have been completed. The remaining turnarounds will be flown every 2 or 3 days until 15 December, when the unit will redeploy to the United States. While it is operating, the task unit will be prepared to provide search-and-rescue from New Zealand to 60° South latitude. Of 580 tons of cargo and passengers destined for delivery in Antarctica, the C-130Es will lift 432 tons, if conditions permit, some flights may be made directly to Hallett Station rather than to McMurdo. On the return, the task unit will carry personnel and cargo to Christchurch.
Military Air Transport Service Special Mission Aircraft :
required)
- --The success of United States Antarctic programs depends heavily upon getting personnel into the field as early in the season as possible. They are therefore deployed by air from the United States to New Zealand to Antarctica. Important also is high-priority cargo needed to sustain the activities of these people or for other projects. In the lift from the United States to New Zealand, and in the return at the end of the season, special mission aircraft of the Military Air Transport Service play the leading part. During DEEP FREEZE 65, 29 flights by C-135, each carrying pas sengers, are planned. Sixteen are primarily for the deployment of personnel to New Zealand between September and December, and 13 for redeployment to the United States between January and March. 7
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In addition to the C-135 operations between the United States and New Zealand, 6 C-124 flights are programmed all the way through to the Antarctic. These flights give both a reserve airlift and a capability for transporting large-volume items. Three of them have already been committed to carrying UH-1B helicopters into or out of McMurdo. Other Navy and Air Force aircraft also participate in the transport of passengers between the United States and New Zealand as they pass back and forth on the way to their primary missions.
U. S. Army U. S. Army Aviation Detachment (Antarctic Support) Major W. C. Hampton, USA 3 UH-1B For the fourth successive season, the United States Army has assigned a unit equipped with turbo-powered helicopters to operate under the operational control of Air Development Squadron SIX. This year the unit will have 3 UH- lB aircraft and will support 3 scientific programs. One will be in the vicinity of Hallett Station, a second around the Shackleton Glacier, and the third in the western Horlick Mountains. The helicopters will fly from McMurdo to Hallett and return, but will be lifted by LC-130F to the other locations.
Shipboard Helicopters
L 5 CH-19E
3 TH-13N/UH-13P
Wind-class icebreakers each carry a CH- 19E and either a TH- 13N or UN- 13P helicopter. USS GLACIER has 2 CH-19Es. These aircraft are used for ice reconnaissance and the transport of cargo and passengers between ships or between ships and shore. Commanding Officers of the icebreakers may also be called upon to furnish helicopters in support of the overall logistic and scientific effort or for search-and-rescue. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
ANTARCTIC ACTIVITIES 1964 - 1965
National Science Foundation United States Antarctic Research Program EA N
STATION DESCRIPTION HALLETT BYRD EIGHTS (U.S.-NEW Md8JRDO PALMER POLE USNS ELTANIN ZEALAND) LA T. LOT. LAT. LOT. AT. LAY. 79 59' S 78 IN'S 72 18'S 71' SI'S 6445's 9O5 N...,., LONG, LONG. LONG. LONG. LONG W.IIi,,1o* I 20OI'W 78"W I7O IRE I6637' E 6405'W E.o.,,, T.*,^,*,..
LOCATION
L90
Fl
FEET ABOVE 4.971 1,300 16 102 25 9,184 SEA LEVEL
-
ESTABLISHED 1957 1962 5957 1954 1965 1957
1962
TERRAIN ON INLAND ON INLAND ON GLACIAL ON VOLCANIC 021 BEDROCK ON INLAND ICE ICE MORAINE ASH ICE METHOD OF AIR AIR AIR AIR SEA AIR SUPPLY SEA SEA
-
NUMBER OF IS (Ai, .,,.p.,$bI.( 11 BUILDINGS
-
10 70 2 11
MEAN ANNUAL -18.4 -12.6 +4.2 +01 +20 -56.7 TEMPERATURE (F( (..6MA.A) I....s.dI
-
MEAN TEMP. (o F) *1.6 *11.2 *28.2 .21.6 +30 -25.2 DEC., JAN., FEB. (J*. F.b.I
-
APPROXIMATE WINTER PERSONNEL (SCIENTISTS)9 5 SUAN4ER 7 5 7 *,4*7i7* 34 (y..**d (NAVY) II 6 STATION ONLY 260 4 IT METS .,., 48 Np***) AIR DISTANCE FROM M.5#JRDO (STATUTE MILES) 885 5,925 380 - 2.360 820
00 0 -
-
100 200 300 400 500 600 S S
STATUTE MILES
LEGEND U.S.,
U.S. Cooperative Stations
Foreign. Stations
Aerial Photography for Mapping Topographic Map Compilation Geological Field Parties South Pole-Queen Maud Land Traversel Biological Reconnaissance Glaciology Stake Network
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W; '
Construction
:ilk W I
'I on
During Operation DEEP FREEZE 65, U. S. Naval Mobile Construction Battalion SIX (MCB-6) will accomplish major new construction, repair, and rehabilitation projects. Antarctic Support Acitvities (ASA), which is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the stations, will carry out minor construction, repair, and rehabilitation projects. A major project will be the establishment of a new station on Anvers Island off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. To be named after Nathaniel Brown Palmer, a Yankee sealer, from Stonnington, Connecticut, and one of the early discoverers of the Antarctic. The new station will be located on Norsel Point at 6004610111 South latitude, 64°04 1 39" West longitude. A detachment from MCB-6, assisted by crewmen from the icebreaker EDISTO, will convert a vacant British hut into a laboratory and erect a prefabricated and modified N-2 building for living quarters to accom odate a wintering-over group of 4 navymen and 5 scientists. The principal studies to be conducted at Palmer Station will be in the fields of biology and geology. Antarctic Support Activities will relocate the former Beardmore Summer Weather Station at 810231 South latitude, 1700451 East longitude, about 125 miles north of the previous site. In addition to portable living and working quarters, 2 1,800-gallon fuel tanks will be installed. The station will be renamed Little Jeana. Little Rockford, another summer weather facility, located at 790141 South latitude, 1470291 West longitude, will also be rebuilt and a similar fuel capacity added. The shift from air-drop of drummed petroleum products to delivery of bulk fuel by LC-130F has caused the installation of new storage capacity and distribution systems. At Byrd Station, MCB-6 will construct a new tunnel, 300 by 30 feet, to accommodate fuel bladders with 100,000-gallon capacity. At Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, 6 bladders were delivered last year, and with a seventh to arrive during this season, the whole will be integrated into the station fuel-distribution system. Projects to be completed at McMurdo Station this season include the seawater distillation plant, began 2 years ago, to provide fresh water at the station and make possible the installation of a heated sewerage system; erection of a modern dispens'y; and the building of Antarctica's first paved road from the station through Scott Pass. Some modifications will be made to the nuclear power plant, and 2 400- by 40-foot warehouses established. All the above is part of a long-range station development program. The many projects, both large and small, that are included in the program, will result in better living and working conditio for support personnel and scientists alike. Collectively, they reflect a decade of experience that will assist men to adapt to living in a rigorous environment. 11
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Science Program
On 13 September 1964, the National Science Foundation announced plans for the coming season. Approximately 150 scientists will participate in some 50 field projects beginning in October and ending in March. About 35 scientists will pass the next austral winter at 6 United States stations. In addition to work on the Antarctic Continent, the United States Antarctic Research Program also supports the operation and research activities of USNS ELTANThT and a number of projects in the United States related to the investigation of Antarctic phenomena. The National Science Foundation expects to award grants and contracts for about $7,000,000 in support of the program. A list of grants up to 3 September was attached to the announcement and is reproduced on the following pages. Two projects of unusual interest are the initiation of a 4-year traverse from the South Pole across Queen Maud Land to the Roi Baudoin Station, at 70°26' South latitude, 23°19' East longitude, andthe establishment of a new United States station on Anvers Island off the west coast of the Antarctic i?eninsula. The traverse will follow a zig-zag course largely over unexplored territory, and it is hoped to cover about 1,200 miles during the first season. At the terminal point, the vehicles will be cached and the party flown out. Dr. Charles R. Bentley of the University of Wisconsin will be the traverse leader for the first year. He will be accompanied by Wisconsin geophysicists and engineers, Ohio State glaciologist, Dr. Richard L. Cameron and his assistants, a geomagnetician from the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and scientists from Norway and Belgium. En route, they will seek to determine the depth of the ice and the character of the land beneath, examine the ice itself, record the weather, study the earth's magnetic field, and investigate the geology of any mountains or exposed rock that lies in their path. The establishment of Palmer Station on Anvers Island will mark the reentry of the United States into an area of great scientific value for the first time since 1948, when the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition departed from the old United States Antarctic Service base on Stonington Island. A laboratory will be established in an existing hut made available by the British and living quarters will be built by a Navy construction battalion detachment. The summer population is expected to be 16 navymen and 7 scientists, while 5 scientists and 4 sailors will winter-over. Initially, research will be concentrated in the fields of biology and geology, including glaciology. Anvers Island is north of the Antarctic Circle and has a much more varied fauna and flora than the more southerly areas where United States biologists have worked in recent years. There is also more exposed rock than in most other areas of Antarctica which, when combined with the many glaciers in the area, will be favorable for the study of geology and glacial mechanics. Palmer Station will be supported by ship, but a survey will be made for a possible aircraft landing site. While many of the scientific projects are being continued from previous years, others are new. Among the latter is the laying-out of a 10-mile-long antenna on the snow surf ae near Byrd Station by University of Washington technicians. They hope to be able to duplicate in a controlled form such natural radio phenomena as 'hiss," "whistlers," and "dawn chorus," all useful in studying the properties of the earth's magnetic field. Another will be a survey of the Balleny Islands by United States and New Zealand scientists based aboard a Navy icebreaker. In revival of a study commenced some years ago, scientists from The Johns Hopkins University will investigate the behavior of Adelie penguins. The penguin, since he does not fly, is more readily trackable than most birds. In this experiment, he will be flown a distance from his rookery, equipped with a radio transmitter, and turned loose to make his way back as best he can. In a not dissimilar investigation, other scientists will seek to determine how the Weddell seal finds his food and returns to his breathing hole through the murky, and often dark, waters of McMurdo Sound. They are believed to have some sort of natural sonar to guide them. One of three teams of SCUBA divers will photograph swimming seals. The other two will investigate marine algae and collect specimens for future study. U. S. Army helicopters, so successful during the past 3 years in support of topographic and geologic surveys, will again be employed this season. They will first assist the U. S. Geological Bulletin e. the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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PALMER STATION'
90 National Science Foundation
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Survey in photo-geological work in northern Victoria Land. Later in the season, they will support a Texas Technological College project in the Shackleton Glacier area and an Ohio State University geological survey in the western Horlick Mountains. Another geological party, this one from the University of Minnesota will investigate the Ellsworth Nunataks. Many of the scientific projects operate in proximity to existing stations and require only occasional air support that can be furnished by helicopter or single-engine Otter aircraft. This is particularly true of the many biological and geological investigations in the Mc Mu r d o Sound area. At the stations, continuing programs will include meteorology., cosmic ray, aurora, airglow, geomagnetisrtn, VLF and ionospheric phenomena, and station seismQlogy. Antarctica, being seismically quiet, is an excellent place to study earthquake waves from other parts of he world. Oceanographers will continue their investigations of the geology, currents, temperatures, and chemical content, as well as the biology of the Antarctic O$an. On shore, the dynamics of the continental icecap will be studied, and aerial photography and mapping of unknown areas continued. USNS ELTANTh, the laboratory ship supported by the U. S. Antarctic Research Program, will be carrying out investigations of geophysical phenomena in the South Pacific Ocean north of the pack ice. It will use both Valparaiso, Chile, and Wellington, New Zealand, as home ports. Anew dimension will be added to the scientific program this season. Stanford University intends to install a readout center for the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's planned POGO Satellite. To the uninitiated, the mnemonic stands for Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory The United States Antarctic Research Program is financed by the National Science Foundation through grants and contracts with universities, research organizations, and government agencies. Within the Foundation, there is an Office of Antarctic Programs, which exercises general oversight over the program. T o coordinate scientific activities with those of the naval support force, the United States Antarctic Research Program also assignes representatives to the field during the operating season. The principal elements of the organization for Antarctic research are as follows: Office of Antarctic Programs Dr. T. 0. Jones Chief Scientist Dr. A. P. Crary Executive Officer Mr. G. R. Toney United States Antarctic Research Program Representatives Christchurch, New Zealand Mr. E. E. Goodale Davisville, Rhode Island Mr. T. B. Armstrong Mr. McMurdo Station, Antarctica P. M. Smith Palmer Station, Antarctica Mr, W. T. Austin The many facets of the United States Antarctic Research Program are best illustrated by the grants made as of 3 September 1964, which are listed, by subject, on the following pages. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
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USARP Grants BIOLOGY
Bernice P. Bishop Museum Dr, T. Linsley Gressitt "Ecological Survey of Land Arthropods, Anvers Island." Bernice P. Bishop Museum Dr. f, Linsley Gressitt "Entomological Research in Antarctica." California Institute of Technology Dr. Heinz A. Lowenstam "A Biogeochemical Study of the Skeletal Carbonates of the Benthic Organisms in the Antarctic Seas." Clark University Dr. Vernon Ahmadjian "Cultural Study of Antarctic Lichen Fungi."
New York Botanical Garden Dr. William C. Steere "Monographic Treatment of Bryophyta." New York Zoological Society Dr Paul L. Montreuil "Underwater Acoustics, Physiological Ecology and Parasitology of the Weddell sea], Leptonychotes Weddelli." Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Derry Koob "Ecology of Some Antarctic Algae." Old Dominion College Dr. Jacques S. Zaneveld "Benthic Algal Vegetation of the Ross S6a.11 Roanoke College Dr. Harry L. Holloway, Jr. "Endoparasites of Antarctic Vertebrates."
Columbia University Lamont Geological Observatory Stanford University Dr. Paul R. Burkholder Dr. Donald E. Wohlschlag "Biological Investigations at Ushuaia and "Growth and Metabolic Characteristics of in the Antarctic Peninsula." McMurdo Sound Fishes." Columbia University Lamont Geological Observatory Texas A&M Research Foundation Dr. Maurice Ewing Dr. Sayed Z. El-Sayed "A Systematic Marine Biological Survey in "Biological Productivity of Antarctic the Drake Passage and Scotia Seam Waters.* Duke University Texas A&M Research Foundation Dr, Robert 3, Menzies Dr. Sayed Z. El-Sayed "The Systematics, Distribution, and Origin "Productivity in the Drake Passage and of Antarctic Deep Sea Marine Isopoda," Waters Surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula." Florida State University Dr. Robert B. Short University of Arizona "Toxonomy of Dicyemid Mesozoans," Dr. Albert R. Mead "Polar Adaptation in the Weddell Seal." Harvard University Dr. I. Mackenzie Lamb University of California at Berkley "Botanical Survey in West Antarctica." Dr. Cadet Hand "Photography and Collection of Information Johns Hopkins University on Sea Anemones in the McMurdo Area." Dr. William J. L. Sladen "Antarctic Avian Populations." University of California at Davis Dr. Robert E. Feeney Johns Hopkins University "Comparative Biochemistry of Proteins." Dr. Richard L. Penny and University of Miami, Florida Dr. John T. Emlen, Jr. Dr. Gilbert L. Voss "Orientation Mechanisms and Related "Systematics of Zoogeography of Cephalopod Behavior in Adelie Penguins." 15
Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
University of Southern California Dr. Leslie A. Chambers and Dr. John L. Mohr "Biological Oceanology in the Antarctic Seas." University of Texas Dr, Orville Wyss "Bacteria, Fungi, and other Biota in Air, Soil, Snow, and Melt Pools at Mirnyy Station." Virginia Institute of Marine Science Dr. William J. Hargis, Jr. "Parasites of Antarctic Vertebrates and Invertebrates." Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. William E. Schevill "Blo-Acoustics of Leptonychotes Weddelli." GEOLOGY Florida State University Dr. H. G. Goodell and Dr. 3. K. Osmond "Marine Geology Aboard USNS ELTANIN." Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Gunter Faure "Geology, of the Wisconsin Range, Western Horlik Mountains."
University of Minnesota Dr. Campbell Craddock "Geology of the Ellsworth Mountains and Related Nunataks." University of Southern California Dr. D. S. Gorsline "Deep-Sea Sediments from Cruises 3 and 4 of USNS ELTANIN." U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Dr. Thomas B. Nolan "Geology of the Pensacola Mountains." U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Dr. Thomas B. Nolan "Photogeology of Northeastern Victoria Land." Victoria University of Wellington Dr. Robin H. Clark "Geology of the Koettlitz Glacier Area." GLACIOLOGY California Institute of Technology Dr. Robert P. Sharp "Oxygen-Isotope and Deuterium Relationships in Snow, Firn, and Ice."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Samuel B. Treves 'Volcanic Rocks of Ross Island."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr, Richard L. Cameron "Glaciology and Meteorology of Anvers Island."
Texas A&M Research Foundation Dr. Ernest E. Angino "Trace Elements in Bottom Sediments."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Richard L. Cameron "Traverse Glaciology, 1984-1965."
Texas Technological College Dr. F. Alton Wade "Geology of the Antarctic Horst Near the Shackleton Glacier."
Ohio State University Research Foundation Dr. Lawrence D. Taylor and Dr. James Gliozzi "Particulates in Firn Cores."
University of California, Los Angeles Dr. John C. Crowell "Permo-Carboniferous Tfflites of the Falkland Islands." University of Kansas Dr. Wakefield Dort, Jr. "Development and Distribution of Antarctic Cfrque'
University of Wisconsin Dr. f Charles R. Bentley "Geophysics and Glaciology of Queen Maud Land." University of Wisconsin Dr. Charles R. Bentley "Radio Sounding of Ice Thickness."
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METEOROLOGY University of Wisconsin Dr. C. R. Bentley, Texas Western College of the University of Texas Dr. W. Schwerdtfeger, Dr, Thomas G. Barnes and "Meteorological Rocket Probes of the Upper Dr. M. B. Giovinetto Atmosphere." "Surface Glaciology of Antarctica." U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratories Dr. games A. Bender Analysis of Deep Ice Cores and Particulates." INFORMATION American Geophysical Union Dr. Waldo E. Smith "Antarctic Research Series." American Geophysical Union Dr. Waldo E. Smith "Production of the English Edition of the Information Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition."
University of Wisconsin Dr. Werner Schwerdtfeger "Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation." U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robern M. White "Antarctic Meteorological Research Program Aboard USNS ELTANIN. U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "Atmospheric- Oceanic-Glaciological Interaction." J. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "Meteorological Research Program, 1964-65."
Library of Congress Mr. George A. Doumani "Abstracting and Indexing Service for Current Antarctic Literature."
U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "Meteorological Support of Aircraft Operations."
Smithsonian Institution Dr. I. E. Wallen "Recording Data for Specimens Collected During the U. S. Antarctic Program."
U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Dr. Robert M. White "U. S. Participation in the International Antarctic Analysis Center."
Smithsonian Institution Dr. I. E. Wallen "Sorting of United States Antarctic Research Program Biological Collections." MAPPING American Geographical Society Dr. Charles B. Hitchcock "Antarctic Map Folio Series." U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Geography Dr. Meredith F. Burrill "Standard Geographic Nomenclature in Antarctica for United States Use." U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Dr. Thomas B. Nolan "Antarctic Mapping Operations, 1964-1965, 17
OCEANOGRAPHY Columbia University Dr. Maurice Ewing "A Systematic Oceanographic Survey in the Drake Passage, Scotia Sea, South-East Pacific Ocean and Vicinity." U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office Rear Admiral D. W. Knoll "Ship-based Oceanography." Yale University Dr. Karl K. Turekian "The Distribution of Rubidium, Strontium, Cesium, and Barium in Oceanic Vertical Profiles with Special Emphasis on the Antarctic." Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic Projects Officer
RELATED SUPPORT onal Academy of Sciences Dr. H. W Wells "Committee on Polar Research.
Bartol Research Foundation Dr. Martin A. Pomerantz "Cosmic Ray Intensity. Variations in Antarctica."
cord University Bartol Research Foundation Dr. Donald E. Wohlschlag Dr. Martin A. Pomerantz "Support of Antarctic Biological Laboratories." "Forward Scatter Observations in the Antarctic - Phase 1: Operation, Data ReducState University Research Foundation tion, and Analysis.?? Dr. Richard P. Goldthwait "Support of the Institute of Polar Studies." Douglas Aircraft Corporation ersity of Wisconsin Dr. A. D. Goedeke Dr. Charles R. Bentley "Conjugate Point Riometer Program." "Support of the Geophysical and Polar Research Center.?? National Bureau of Standards ersity of Wisconsin Dr. C. Gordon Little Dr. Jack B. Long "High Latitude Conjugate Point Ionosphere "Support of the Geophysical and Polar Sounding Program." Research Center Field Operations." National Bureau of Standards Mr. R. B. Scott TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS "Radio Noise Measurements Aboard USNS ELTANTEN." U. S Army Map Service, Far East Division Mr. Robert M. Iverson Stanford University "Gravity Measurements, Inland Stations.?? Dr. Robert A. Helliwell "Satellite Telemetry Facility.? U. S Department of Commerce, Coast and Getic eoc Survey Stanford University 1ear Admiral H. Arnold Karo Dr. Robert A. Helliwell ? Seismological Observatories, 1964-1965." "VLF Phenomena, 1964-1965." U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo "Magnetic Field Survey, 19641965." UPPER ATMOSPHERE PHYSICS Arctic Institute of North America Dr. Robert C. Faylor "Aurora and Airglow Observations, 1964-65." Arctic Institute of North America Mr. Harry Freimanis ??.Ajzglow Photometer Data Reduction and Correlation.?? Avco Corporation Dr. Rudolph B. Penndorf "Antarctic Research and Data Analysis.??
University of Alaska Dr. V. P. Hessler "ELF Studies at the Geomagnetic Poles." University of California at Berkley Dr. Robert H. Brown "Conjugate Point Measurements of High Altitude Radiation Effects in the Geomagnetic Field." University of Washington Dr. Donald K. Reynolds and Dr. H. Myron Swarm "Antenna Feasibility Study.?? U. S. Department of Commerce Coast and Geodetic Survey Rear Admiral H. Arnold Karo "Station Magnetic Observatories, 1964-1965.11
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Library ADDITIONS TO THE MAP COLLECTION AUSTRALIA (The following maps were received from the U. S. Department of the Interior ) Geological Survey.) Law Promontory; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SQ 40-41/14A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100, Mawson; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SQ 40-41/15A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100,000. Mt. Henderson; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SQ 40-41/16A;C;D, (3 sheets), 1:100, 000. Sandcock Nunataks; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SR 38-39/4B;C, (2 sheets), 1:100,000. Nansen Mountains; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. SR 40-41/2A;B, (2 sheets), 1:100,000. Mt. Twintop; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. 40-41/3B;D, (2 sheets), 1:100,000. Anniversary Nunataks; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. 40-41/4A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100,000. Stinear Nunataks; Australian Preliminary Chart, No. 40-41/8A;B;C;D, (4 sheets), 1:100,000. NEW ZEALAND (The following maps were received from the New Zealand Department of Lands and Survey,) Plunket Point, (Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SV 51-60, 8; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Beaumont Bay, (Shackleton Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Territory), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SU 56-60,6; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Byrd Neve, (Australian Antarctic Territory), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SU 56-60, 5; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. The Cloudmaker, (Dulek Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 2nd edition, NZMS 166, sheet SV 51-604.,5; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Shackleton Glacier, (Dufek Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet 1-10, 1; March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Mt. Hope, (Shackleton Coast, Dufek Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 2nd edition, NZMS 166, sheet SU 56-60, 15 & 16; 1 March 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Liv Glacier, (Amundsen Coast, Ross Dependency, Antarctica), 1st edition, NZMS 166, sheet SV 1-10, 5 & pt 6; April 1964. Polar Stereographic, scale 1:250,000. Maps of Antarctic Regions, NZMS 94; 3rd edition, 1963, Polar Stereographic, scale 1:16,000,000 at latitude 71°S. 19
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