NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
UNDERSTANDING INFLATION-INDEXED BOND MARKETS John Y. Campbell Robert J. Shiller Luis M. Viceira Working Paper 15014 http://www.nber.org/papers/w15014 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2009
Campbell and Viceira's research was supported by the U.S. Social Security Administration through grant #10-M-98363-1-01 to the National Bureau of Economic Research as part of the SSA Retirement Research Consortium. Viceira's research was also supported by the Division of Research at the Harvard Business School. The findings and conclusions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not represent the views of SSA, any agency of the Federal Government, or the NBER. We are grateful to Carolin Pflueger for exceptionally able research assistance, to Mihir Worah and Gang Hu of PIMCO, Derek Kaufman of Citadel, and Albert Brondolo, Michael Pond, and Ralph Segreti of Barclays Capital for their help in understanding TIPS and inflation derivatives markets and the unusual market conditions in the fall of 2008, and to Barclays Capital for providing data. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity, April 2-3, 2009. We acknowledge the helpful comments of panel members and our discussants, Rick Mishkin and Jonathan Wright. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. © 2009 by John Y. Campbell, Robert J. Shiller, and Luis M. Viceira. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.
Understanding Inflation-Indexed Bond Markets John Y. Campbell, Robert J. Shiller, and Luis M. Viceira NBER Working Paper No. 15014 May 2009 JEL No. E43,E44,G12 ABSTRACT This paper explores the history of inflation-indexed bond markets in the US and the UK. It documents a massive decline in long-term real interest rates from the 1990's until 2008, followed by a sudden spike in these rates during the financial crisis of 2008. Breakeven inflation rates, calculated from inflationindexed and nominal government bond yields, stabilized until the fall of 2008, when they showed dramatic declines. The paper asks to what extent short-term real interest rates, bond risks, and liquidity explain the trends before 2008 and the unusual developments in the fall of 2008. Low inflation-indexed yields and high short-term volatility of inflation-indexed bond returns do not invalidate the basic case for these bonds, that they provide a safe asset for long-term investors. Governments should expect inflation-indexed bonds to be a relatively cheap form of debt financing going forward, even though they have offered high returns over the past decade. John Y. Campbell Morton L. and Carole S. Olshan Professor of Economics Department of Economics Harvard University Littauer Center 213 Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER
[email protected] Robert J. Shiller Yale University, Cowles Foundation Box 208281 30 Hillhouse Avenue, Room 11a New Haven, CT 06520-8281 and NBER
[email protected] Luis M. Viceira George E. Bates Professor Harvard Business School Baker Library 367 Boston, MA 02163 and NBER
[email protected]
US!Inflation!Indexed!Bonds!Outstanding 12 %!of!Debt 10
%!of!GDP
8 6 4 2 0 1997
1998
1999
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
2009
Figure!1A UK!Inflation!Indexed!Bonds!Outstanding 30 %!of!Debt 25
%!of!GDP
20 15 10 5 0 1980
1985
1990
1995
Figure!1B
2000
2005
2010
US!Real!and!Nominal!Yields 10.00
10-year nominal yield 10-year real yield
Annualized (%)
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1990
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
2009
Figure!2A UK!Real!and!Nominal!Yields 10.00
10-year nominal yield 10-year real yield
Annualized (%)
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00 1990
1992
1995
1998
Figure!2B
2000
2003
2006
2009
US!Realized!and!Breakeven!Inflation!Rates 6
5
3-year realized inflation 10-year breakeven inflation
Annualized (%)
4
3
2
1
0 1990
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
2009
2006
2009
Figure!3A UK!Realized!and!Breakeven!Inflation!Rates 6
5
Annualized (%)
4
3
2
3-year realized inflation 1
10-year breakeven inflation 0 1990
1992
1995
1998
Figure!3B
2000
2003
Standard!Deviations!of!US!Daily!Bond!Returns!Over!1"Year!Moving!Window 0.16 10-year real daily standard deviation 10-year nominal daily standard deviation
0.14
Annualized (%)
0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1990
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
2009
Figure!4A Standard!Deviations!of!UK!Daily!Bond!Returns!Over!1"Year!Moving!Window 0.16 0.14
10-year real daily standard deviation 10-year nominal daily standard deviation
Annualized (%)
0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0
1990
1992
1995
1998
Figure!4B
2000
2003
2006
2009
US!Breakeven!Inflation!Volatility!and!Nominal/Real!Correlation 16
1.60 Standard deviation of breakeven inflation
Annualized (%)
14
1.40
Correlation of daily real and nominal bond returns
12
1.20
10
1.00
8
0.80
6
0.60
4
0.40
2
0.20
0 1990
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
0.00 2009
Figure!5A UK!Breakeven!Inflation!Volatility!and!Nominal/Real!Correlation 16
1.60 Standard deviation of breakeven inflation
Annualized (%)
14
Correlation of daily real and nominal bond returns
1.40
12
1.20
10
1.00
8
0.80
6
0.60
4
0.40
2
0.20
0 1990
0.00 1992
1995
1998
Figure!5B
2000
2003
2006
2009
US!Correlations!of!Daily!Bond!Returns!with!Equity!Returns 0.7 10-year real bond correlation 0.5
10-year breakeven inflation correlation 10-year nominal bond correlation
0.3
0.1 -0.11990
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
2009
-0.3
-0.5
-0.7
Figure!6A UK!Correlations!of!Daily!Bond!Returns!with!Equity!Returns 0.7 10-year real bond correlation 10-year breakeven inflation correlation
0.5
10-year nominal bond correlation
0.3
0.1 1990 -0.1
1992
1995
1998
-0.3
-0.5
-0.7
Figure!6B
2000
2003
2006
2009
US!Betas!of!Daily!Bond!Returns!with!Equity!Returns 0.6 10-year real bond beta 10-year breakeven inflation beta 0.4
10-year nominal bond beta
0.2
0 1990
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
2009
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Figure!7A UK!Betas!of!Daily!Bond!Returns!with!Equity!Returns 0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1990
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
-0.2
10-year real bond beta
-0.4
10-year breakeven inflation beta 10-year nominal bond beta -0.6
Figure!7B
2009
US!Observed!and!Hypothetical!Real!Yields 5 4 3 2 1 0 1998 -1
1999
-2
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Observed real 10-year yield Hypothetical real 10-year yield
-3
Fitted real 3-month Treasury bill rate -4
Figure!8A UK!Observed!and!Hypothetical!Real!Yields 6
5
4
3
2 Observed real 10-year yield 1
Hypothetical real 10-year yield Fitted real 3-month Treasury bill rate
0 2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
Figure8B
US!10"Year!Real!Yields!Implied!by!Alternative!Risk!Models 4 3.5
Annualized (%)
3 2.5 2
Observed yield
1.5
Constant covariance yield
1
Fitted yield
0.5
Persistent risk yield
0 1998 -0.5
1999
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
2009
Figure!9 US!Breakeven!Inflation!Rates!and!TIPS!Asset!Swap!Spread 3.5
140
3
120 100
2.5
80
2
60 1.5 40
July 2017 TIPS/nominal breakeven inflation
1
20
10-year synthetic zero-coupon breakeven inflation TIPS asset swap spread
0.5
0
-1
Apr2009
Mar2009
Feb2009
Jan2009
Dec2008
Nov2008
Oct2008
Sep2008
Aug2008
Jul2008
Jun2008
May2008
Apr2008
Mar2008
Feb2008
Jan2008
Dec2007
Nov2007
Oct2007
Sep2007
Aug2007
-0.5
Jul2007
0
-20 -40 -60
Figure!10
Standard!Deviations!of!GMV!Portfolio!and!Daily!TIPS!Returns 6
16 Standard deviation of 10-year TIPS daily returns Standard deviation 10-year UK real bond daily returns 10-year standard deviation of 10-year GMV portfolio
14
5
Annualized(%)
12 4
10
3
8 6
2
4 1
2 0 1954
1967
1981
1995
0 2008
Figure!11 Standard!Deviations!of!GMV!Portfolio!and!Hypothetical!Quarterly!TIPS!Returns 8 Standard deviation of hypothetical quarterly TIPS returns 10-year standard deviation of 10-year GMV portfolio
7
Annualized (%)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1954
1967
1981
Figure!12
1995
2008