UNEP Topic B - Nord Anglia Education
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
Committee: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Topic B: The Social and Economic Effects Caused by the Rising Sea Level Written by: Jorge Cortés and Kristen Corlay I. Committee Background The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) was established by Maurice Strong, a Canadian businessman specializing in oil and mineral resources, in June 1972 with the purpose to inspire, inform and enable nations and citizens to improve their quality of life. The UNEP headquarters are located in Nairobi, Kenya, but there are also six regional offices in other countries. The United Nations Environmental Programme provides a centralizing and collective mechanism that are supported by intergovernmental, non-governmental, national and regional bodies, which reinforce and promote environmental topics. The most discussed topics include climate change, natural disasters and/or conflicts, ecosystem management, chemical waste, and resource efficiency. UNEP is involved with other sectors to improve the participation of private sectors, the scientific community, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), youth, and women in the achievement of sustainable development.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
II. Topic information A) History of Topic The rising sea level can be defined as the increase of the horizontal plane of the oceanic water. This event is caused by large bodies of ice melting down, which adds to the original water level. A great contributor to the melting of the ice caps are the green house gasses found in the Earth’s atmosphere. In addition to this, thermal expansion has also played a major role. Global warming has made sea temperature rise, and due to the laws of thermodynamics; warm water expands farther than cold water, making the oceanic levels higher. There are many other theories on the reasons behind the rising sea levels, some even state that this is not a problem. However, the United Nations strongly believes that this is a serious topic that must be addressed.
There cannot be a specific moment in time denoted as the beginning of the constant sea level rise because it has been happening since the Earth’s existence. Nonetheless, it was not until 1990 that a study conducted by National Geographic concluded that the sea level level has been rising about 3.5mm per year. What at first seemed to be a harmless natural phenomena, turned into a threatening event endangering thousands of citizens. The situation is now presenting a risk to many coastal cities like Venice, Montevideo, and Mississippi City. Although there exists preventive measures against this, the high water level is putting them out of service. With water overflowing seawalls, breakwaters and groins; floods are more likely to happen.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
This situation endangers farming, animals, and humans themselves. When sea levels rise near agricultural spaces, the pH found in the ocean water contaminates crops and plants; ruining them for consumption. According to National Geographic, “as seawater reaches farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion, flooding of wetlands, contamination of aquifers and agricultural soils, and lost habitat for fish, birds, and plants.” Not only is this difficult to recover from, but it is also expensive. Drought suffering California, USA is taking seawater and purifying it by means of building seawater desalination plants. The cost of this will be one billion US dollars in construction alone.
The rising sea level will put many places under its control and harm the economy of its respective countries. Touristic cities like Bangkok or Fuji may be inaccessible in the future, taking a significant toll on the nation’s wealth. Though countries who do not rely heavily on tourism may only be partially affected, the ones who do will hit a low point in their economy. For example, the Maldives is a small nation composed of islands whose GDP heavily depends on tourism. The loss of its commercial attractions could lead to an economic fallout. Equally important, other popular places like the beaches of New Orleans and the Caribbean may be devastated. The World Travel and Tourism Council states a 14.2% of the GDP will be lost, as well as a total of two million jobs.
A study made in 1997 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted the city expenses that would be needed if a major flood happened. The example city was Montevideo, Uruguay, and the situation called that the entire city was underwater. The study concluded that it would lose 6.8 hectares of land and have to endure US$23 million dollars in repairs. The same study
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
reported that if Poland did not fight the rising sea level, the city would need to spend 30 billion dollars for damages. However, if they did take preventive measures, then the cost would only be six billion dollars.
B) Current Issues Thailand: The capital of Thailand, Bangkok, will possibly sink due to rising sea levels by 2030. According to a study by Benjamin Strauss in 2014, 12% of Thailand’s population is at risk of directly being exposed to this crisis. This percent may seem slim, but the researchers themselves said that this number may be “two to three times too low.” Thailand's National Reform Council (NRC) analyzed Bangkok’s case and concluded that this phenom was not only due to the rising sea levels, but also by the city’s building’s weight pushing the land down. To solve this problem, the NRC proposed building a seawall to protect the nation’s capital, this wall has an estimated cost of 500 billion Thai baht. Thailand is yet to start working on projects for this issue, but if nothing is done, Bangkok will vanish.
Indonesia: Indonesia consists mainly of a system of islands and high water levels, creating a major problem there. The Strait Times predict that by 2050, about 1,500 of Indonesia’s islands will be submerged underwater. All of the northern districts will only be composed of lakes after 2050. By
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
2016 they have already lost about 24 islands, which proves that the rising sea level is not a new problem in Indonesia. Relying on The Jakarta Post, If action is not taken towards this situation, 42 million homes will be completely flooded and millions of people will desperately drown.
Kenya: Due to this increasing problem, Kenya’s coastal line is now facing a new obstacle. The sea level is menacing Lamu, a popular tourist attraction and the home to the oldest and best-preserved Swahili tribe. However, this is not the only concern. Lamu Port Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET), a port worth 13 billion Kenyan Shillings, is now at risk. Fortunately, Kenya is conscious about this and has began to develop a plan to stop it. This plan, drawn up by a group of scientists, is called the Integrated Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment, which focuses on the case of Mombasa and Lamu Islands. Scientists think that the key to putting an end to this is to redesign coastal barriers to withstand the 10-20 cm of sea level rise each year.
Malaysia: In Malaysia, rising water levels have not been a surprise. There are records of water rising about 1.7-3.1mm per year near its geographical location. However, this is expected to change in the near future. Due to the low topographical characteristics of the land, highly populated socioeconomic areas are at threat of being overrun by water. The National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) is already working on this situation in order to save the long line of
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
coastal cities. This institute has created a study that analyzes water level patterns. With this data, Malaysia will be able to determine which course of action the government should take.
Mozambique According to BBC News, Mozambique is no stranger to the rising sea levels. While each day it consumes their coastal land, Mozambique’s government is doing very little to combat it. Nevertheless, economic problems leave them no choice but to always resort to the least expensive solution. The government has started relocating people to higher ground. However, this action is not solving the problem at all. If they continue relocating people, they will have to find a way for them to make a living, since fishing and farming are no longer safe options. Professor Antonio Queface reports that “there are some things Mozambique can do alone. One of the key things we can do is monitor land use. We can avoid building more dwellings in areas at risk." If these suggestions are followed, then Mozambique will be on a path towards a suitable solution for addressing the rising sea levels.
Cambodia Flooding is inevitable for the country of Cambodia. With greenhouse gases increasing the water level, this country is now facing a new threat. This situation is particularly more endangering in this country than in others because Cambodia does not have the means to combat this issue. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, hundreds of hectares will be lost within the nation. In addition to this, Cambodia’s primary source of income (fishing) will be extremely
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
affected by the heavy climate, resulting in unemployment for fishermen. In addition to this. Thousands of citizens will need to be reallocated within the country, causing great changes to their everyday lives.
C) UN Action Annually, the UN holds worldwide conferences to discuss this problem. This day is called “World Environment Day” in which people, organizations and groups gather to contribute to the solution of this problem. Local projects are conducted and according to Secretary-General Ban Kimoon, include “clean up campaigns to art exhibits to tree-planting drives.” The United Nations campaign, “Raise Your Voice Not The Sea Level” has specialized in raising awareness for this topic. The UN invites celebrities like the Baltimore Orioles baseball team to encourage people to help. All of this is done to help Small Island Developing States (SIDS) from being submerged underwater by the rising sea levels caused by global warming. Taking into consideration the actions previously stated, The United Nations Environmental Programme is extremely concerned by the repercussions the rising sea levels may cause.
III. Conclusion Delegates must address this topic and unite to reach a rapid consensus. Ever since the rising sea levels caught the world’s attention in 1990 with unusual water patterns being detected, many islands have been on the verge of extinction. Global warming and thermal expansion contribute to
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
this high water increase on a daily basis. Countries will face major repercussions if this situation is not addressed properly. The economy will be damaged because thousands of agricultural and fishing jobs will be lost. In addition to this, the tourism industry will be deeply affected due to the possibility of having world-renowned tourist attractions completely underwater. People who lose their homes will need to relocate, causing a major shift in society, since the citizens may need to restructure their entire lives. The United Nations is currently working on this topic through a campaign for World Environment Day called “Raise Your Voice Not The Sea Level.” However, in a world where entities are facing such a high risk situation, raising awareness is not enough. It is crucial for delegates to analyze this issue thoroughly in order to create structured solutions for addressing the social and economic effects caused by the rising sea levels.
IV. Essential Questions 1. Is your country affected by this problem? If so, in what way has this event disrupted the daily life of citizens in your nation? 2. Has your country taken any actions to improve this situation? 3. Where are the most affected areas that need more attention? Why? 4. What could be the long-term repercussions of this event? 5. Are there any organizations that are helping? What are they doing? 6. If your country is not directly threatened by the rising sea levels, what are some things it can do to help other nations?
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
7. Have any patterns been identified regarding the water levels? How can countries use this data to their advantage? 8. How can we make solutions more accessible to economically unstable countries?
V. Resources Awang, Nor Aslinda, and Mohd Radzi Bin. "SEA LEVEL RISE IN MALAYSIA." Feb. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2016. .
"Changes in Sea Level: Causes & the Effect on the Environment" Study.com. Web. 11 Feb. 2016. < h t t p : / / s t u d y. c o m / a c a d e m y / l e s s o n / c h a n g e s - i n - s e a - l e v e l - c a u s e s - t h e - e ff e c t - o n - t h e environment.html>.
Harvey, Chelsea. "Sea-level Rise Will Cause More than Flooding - These 5 Other Impacts of Rising Oceans Are Just as Bad." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 2015. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Indonesia Losing 1,500 Islands to Rising Sea." International Business Times RSS. 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2016. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change." IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Web. 16 Feb. 2016. .
"IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature." IUCN. Web. 03 Mar. 2016. .
“Mapped: The Countries That Rely Most on Your Money.” The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
McGeown, Kate. “Rising sea levels: A tale of two cities.”
BBC News. BBC, 2009. Web. 25 Feb.
2016. .
"Megacities Contend with Sinking Land." BBC News. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"The National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia." GWP.org. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"In Asia Top 3 Ways Sea Level Rise Threatens Asia Pacific Region Comments." Asia Foundation. Web. 03 Mar. 2016. .
"Rising Sea Level." Rising Sea Level (EPA.gov). Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Rise of Sea Levels Is 'the Greatest Lie Ever Told'" The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
“Rising sea level threatens 'hundreds' of Caribbean resorts, says UN report.” The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Sea Level Rise." Greenpeace International. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Sea Level Rise." National Geographic. Web. 11 Feb. 2016. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"United Nations and Climate Change." UN News Center. UN. Web. 10 Mar. 2016. .
"Which Countries Will Be Most Affected by Rising Sea Levels?" World Economic Forum. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
Committee: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Topic B: The Social and Economic Effects Caused by the Rising Sea Level Written by: Jorge Cortés and Kristen Corlay I. Committee Background The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) was established by Maurice Strong, a Canadian businessman specializing in oil and mineral resources, in June 1972 with the purpose to inspire, inform and enable nations and citizens to improve their quality of life. The UNEP headquarters are located in Nairobi, Kenya, but there are also six regional offices in other countries. The United Nations Environmental Programme provides a centralizing and collective mechanism that are supported by intergovernmental, non-governmental, national and regional bodies, which reinforce and promote environmental topics. The most discussed topics include climate change, natural disasters and/or conflicts, ecosystem management, chemical waste, and resource efficiency. UNEP is involved with other sectors to improve the participation of private sectors, the scientific community, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), youth, and women in the achievement of sustainable development.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
II. Topic information A) History of Topic The rising sea level can be defined as the increase of the horizontal plane of the oceanic water. This event is caused by large bodies of ice melting down, which adds to the original water level. A great contributor to the melting of the ice caps are the green house gasses found in the Earth’s atmosphere. In addition to this, thermal expansion has also played a major role. Global warming has made sea temperature rise, and due to the laws of thermodynamics; warm water expands farther than cold water, making the oceanic levels higher. There are many other theories on the reasons behind the rising sea levels, some even state that this is not a problem. However, the United Nations strongly believes that this is a serious topic that must be addressed.
There cannot be a specific moment in time denoted as the beginning of the constant sea level rise because it has been happening since the Earth’s existence. Nonetheless, it was not until 1990 that a study conducted by National Geographic concluded that the sea level level has been rising about 3.5mm per year. What at first seemed to be a harmless natural phenomena, turned into a threatening event endangering thousands of citizens. The situation is now presenting a risk to many coastal cities like Venice, Montevideo, and Mississippi City. Although there exists preventive measures against this, the high water level is putting them out of service. With water overflowing seawalls, breakwaters and groins; floods are more likely to happen.
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
This situation endangers farming, animals, and humans themselves. When sea levels rise near agricultural spaces, the pH found in the ocean water contaminates crops and plants; ruining them for consumption. According to National Geographic, “as seawater reaches farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion, flooding of wetlands, contamination of aquifers and agricultural soils, and lost habitat for fish, birds, and plants.” Not only is this difficult to recover from, but it is also expensive. Drought suffering California, USA is taking seawater and purifying it by means of building seawater desalination plants. The cost of this will be one billion US dollars in construction alone.
The rising sea level will put many places under its control and harm the economy of its respective countries. Touristic cities like Bangkok or Fuji may be inaccessible in the future, taking a significant toll on the nation’s wealth. Though countries who do not rely heavily on tourism may only be partially affected, the ones who do will hit a low point in their economy. For example, the Maldives is a small nation composed of islands whose GDP heavily depends on tourism. The loss of its commercial attractions could lead to an economic fallout. Equally important, other popular places like the beaches of New Orleans and the Caribbean may be devastated. The World Travel and Tourism Council states a 14.2% of the GDP will be lost, as well as a total of two million jobs.
A study made in 1997 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted the city expenses that would be needed if a major flood happened. The example city was Montevideo, Uruguay, and the situation called that the entire city was underwater. The study concluded that it would lose 6.8 hectares of land and have to endure US$23 million dollars in repairs. The same study
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
reported that if Poland did not fight the rising sea level, the city would need to spend 30 billion dollars for damages. However, if they did take preventive measures, then the cost would only be six billion dollars.
B) Current Issues Thailand: The capital of Thailand, Bangkok, will possibly sink due to rising sea levels by 2030. According to a study by Benjamin Strauss in 2014, 12% of Thailand’s population is at risk of directly being exposed to this crisis. This percent may seem slim, but the researchers themselves said that this number may be “two to three times too low.” Thailand's National Reform Council (NRC) analyzed Bangkok’s case and concluded that this phenom was not only due to the rising sea levels, but also by the city’s building’s weight pushing the land down. To solve this problem, the NRC proposed building a seawall to protect the nation’s capital, this wall has an estimated cost of 500 billion Thai baht. Thailand is yet to start working on projects for this issue, but if nothing is done, Bangkok will vanish.
Indonesia: Indonesia consists mainly of a system of islands and high water levels, creating a major problem there. The Strait Times predict that by 2050, about 1,500 of Indonesia’s islands will be submerged underwater. All of the northern districts will only be composed of lakes after 2050. By
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
2016 they have already lost about 24 islands, which proves that the rising sea level is not a new problem in Indonesia. Relying on The Jakarta Post, If action is not taken towards this situation, 42 million homes will be completely flooded and millions of people will desperately drown.
Kenya: Due to this increasing problem, Kenya’s coastal line is now facing a new obstacle. The sea level is menacing Lamu, a popular tourist attraction and the home to the oldest and best-preserved Swahili tribe. However, this is not the only concern. Lamu Port Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET), a port worth 13 billion Kenyan Shillings, is now at risk. Fortunately, Kenya is conscious about this and has began to develop a plan to stop it. This plan, drawn up by a group of scientists, is called the Integrated Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment, which focuses on the case of Mombasa and Lamu Islands. Scientists think that the key to putting an end to this is to redesign coastal barriers to withstand the 10-20 cm of sea level rise each year.
Malaysia: In Malaysia, rising water levels have not been a surprise. There are records of water rising about 1.7-3.1mm per year near its geographical location. However, this is expected to change in the near future. Due to the low topographical characteristics of the land, highly populated socioeconomic areas are at threat of being overrun by water. The National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) is already working on this situation in order to save the long line of
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
coastal cities. This institute has created a study that analyzes water level patterns. With this data, Malaysia will be able to determine which course of action the government should take.
Mozambique According to BBC News, Mozambique is no stranger to the rising sea levels. While each day it consumes their coastal land, Mozambique’s government is doing very little to combat it. Nevertheless, economic problems leave them no choice but to always resort to the least expensive solution. The government has started relocating people to higher ground. However, this action is not solving the problem at all. If they continue relocating people, they will have to find a way for them to make a living, since fishing and farming are no longer safe options. Professor Antonio Queface reports that “there are some things Mozambique can do alone. One of the key things we can do is monitor land use. We can avoid building more dwellings in areas at risk." If these suggestions are followed, then Mozambique will be on a path towards a suitable solution for addressing the rising sea levels.
Cambodia Flooding is inevitable for the country of Cambodia. With greenhouse gases increasing the water level, this country is now facing a new threat. This situation is particularly more endangering in this country than in others because Cambodia does not have the means to combat this issue. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, hundreds of hectares will be lost within the nation. In addition to this, Cambodia’s primary source of income (fishing) will be extremely
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
affected by the heavy climate, resulting in unemployment for fishermen. In addition to this. Thousands of citizens will need to be reallocated within the country, causing great changes to their everyday lives.
C) UN Action Annually, the UN holds worldwide conferences to discuss this problem. This day is called “World Environment Day” in which people, organizations and groups gather to contribute to the solution of this problem. Local projects are conducted and according to Secretary-General Ban Kimoon, include “clean up campaigns to art exhibits to tree-planting drives.” The United Nations campaign, “Raise Your Voice Not The Sea Level” has specialized in raising awareness for this topic. The UN invites celebrities like the Baltimore Orioles baseball team to encourage people to help. All of this is done to help Small Island Developing States (SIDS) from being submerged underwater by the rising sea levels caused by global warming. Taking into consideration the actions previously stated, The United Nations Environmental Programme is extremely concerned by the repercussions the rising sea levels may cause.
III. Conclusion Delegates must address this topic and unite to reach a rapid consensus. Ever since the rising sea levels caught the world’s attention in 1990 with unusual water patterns being detected, many islands have been on the verge of extinction. Global warming and thermal expansion contribute to
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
this high water increase on a daily basis. Countries will face major repercussions if this situation is not addressed properly. The economy will be damaged because thousands of agricultural and fishing jobs will be lost. In addition to this, the tourism industry will be deeply affected due to the possibility of having world-renowned tourist attractions completely underwater. People who lose their homes will need to relocate, causing a major shift in society, since the citizens may need to restructure their entire lives. The United Nations is currently working on this topic through a campaign for World Environment Day called “Raise Your Voice Not The Sea Level.” However, in a world where entities are facing such a high risk situation, raising awareness is not enough. It is crucial for delegates to analyze this issue thoroughly in order to create structured solutions for addressing the social and economic effects caused by the rising sea levels.
IV. Essential Questions 1. Is your country affected by this problem? If so, in what way has this event disrupted the daily life of citizens in your nation? 2. Has your country taken any actions to improve this situation? 3. Where are the most affected areas that need more attention? Why? 4. What could be the long-term repercussions of this event? 5. Are there any organizations that are helping? What are they doing? 6. If your country is not directly threatened by the rising sea levels, what are some things it can do to help other nations?
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
7. Have any patterns been identified regarding the water levels? How can countries use this data to their advantage? 8. How can we make solutions more accessible to economically unstable countries?
V. Resources Awang, Nor Aslinda, and Mohd Radzi Bin. "SEA LEVEL RISE IN MALAYSIA." Feb. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2016. .
"Changes in Sea Level: Causes & the Effect on the Environment" Study.com. Web. 11 Feb. 2016. < h t t p : / / s t u d y. c o m / a c a d e m y / l e s s o n / c h a n g e s - i n - s e a - l e v e l - c a u s e s - t h e - e ff e c t - o n - t h e environment.html>.
Harvey, Chelsea. "Sea-level Rise Will Cause More than Flooding - These 5 Other Impacts of Rising Oceans Are Just as Bad." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 2015. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Indonesia Losing 1,500 Islands to Rising Sea." International Business Times RSS. 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2016. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change." IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Web. 16 Feb. 2016. .
"IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature." IUCN. Web. 03 Mar. 2016. .
“Mapped: The Countries That Rely Most on Your Money.” The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
McGeown, Kate. “Rising sea levels: A tale of two cities.”
BBC News. BBC, 2009. Web. 25 Feb.
2016. .
"Megacities Contend with Sinking Land." BBC News. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"The National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia." GWP.org. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"In Asia Top 3 Ways Sea Level Rise Threatens Asia Pacific Region Comments." Asia Foundation. Web. 03 Mar. 2016. .
"Rising Sea Level." Rising Sea Level (EPA.gov). Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Rise of Sea Levels Is 'the Greatest Lie Ever Told'" The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
“Rising sea level threatens 'hundreds' of Caribbean resorts, says UN report.” The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Sea Level Rise." Greenpeace International. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
"Sea Level Rise." National Geographic. Web. 11 Feb. 2016. .
ISRMUN 2016
“Embracing our diversity is the first step to unity.”
"United Nations and Climate Change." UN News Center. UN. Web. 10 Mar. 2016. .
"Which Countries Will Be Most Affected by Rising Sea Levels?" World Economic Forum. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. .
