Unit 1 Unit 2
Unit 1 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
A strong agnostic (不不不不 不) Neither believes nor disbelieves in god’s existence Thinks neither theism nor atheism can be justified by reason Thinks there is something wrong with being wither a theistic or an atheist. A popular agnostic will necessarily be a philosophical agnostic; but a philosophical is not necessary a popular agnostic. (False) The cosmological argument(不不不不不) argues that the existence of the world demonstrates the existence of transcendent(不不不不,不) caused of the world. St. Anselm is prominently associated with the ontological (不不不) argument. Although religions are typically complex systems of theory and practice, including both myths and rituals, philosophers tend to concentrate on evaluating religious truth claims. Atheism(不不不) is the position that affirms the nonexistence of god. The principal point on which desists, as a group, disagree with traditional theists, as a group, concerns whether god provides special revelations. A contingent being is a being that could have failed to exit. Pantheists(不不不不) reject the distinction between god and creation. In a broad sense, an atheist is anyone who disbelieves in any divine being, including a theistic deity(不). All deists deny that god loves us. (false) In strict philosophical sense, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of justifying belief in either god’s existence or god’s nonexistence. People should distinguished two kinds of evil: natural evil and moral evil. We understand god to be a perfect being, something than which nothing greater can be conceived. Ontological argument tries to show that a cosmic designer must exist(False) Mere theism is the core of beliefs common to western monotheisms(不不不).
Unit 2 1. 2. 3. 4.
Strict natural theology allows only deductive reasoning and premises which are evident. Most critics of natural theology argue that one or more arguments of natural theology are failures. Thomas Aquinas only practices natural theology via the strict conception. (False) According to Kierkegaard:
The highest truths can only be attained by infinite subjective passion that is itself
paradoxical(不不不) from the objective point of view. Natural theology is not only useless but an impediment (不不) to attaining religious truth. 5. Prominent strands of atheology: the concept of god is incoherent.(不不不不不) the existence of god is incompatible with things we know about the world. 6. Thomas Aquinas thought the truth of the trinity (不不不不不不,不不,不不) and the incarnation(不不不不不) cannot be discovered by unaided human reason. 7. A deductive argument: if its premises be true, then it is impossible for its conclusion to be false. 不不不不不不不不不,不不不不不不不不不. 8. Broad natural theology accepts Both deductive and nondeductive forms of reasoning. both evident and nonevident premises. 9. The traditional, strict understanding of natural theology is base on Aristotle’s science. 10. Natural theology contrasts (不不) best with revelationbased theology. 11. Richard Swinburne is an example of someone who follows the strict conception of natural theology. (False) 12. Kant’s criticism of ontological argument is: existence is not a real predicate.
Unit 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Lewis thought we all have a sense of the law of nature which we cannot get rid of it, all of us break this law at one time or another. Erik Wielenberg argues ultimate self sacrifice(不不不不) is possible only if there is no divine justice. Wielenberg argues that there is nothing to admire in the actions of people who believe in God (False) For Lewis, the moral law goes beyond a mere description of the way things are and it is also something of which we all, with very exceptions, are aware. The 13th century French city of Belziers is an example of religious faith inspiring moral atrocities. Lewis says we all under a moral law which we cannot get rid of.
According to Stephen T. David, whether it is possible to give a compelling account of morality in purely naturalistic terms is the deepest issue in assessing the moral argument. 8. Lewis responded to moral relativism with the differences among the moral codes of different societies don't amount to a total difference. 9. All atheist philosophers are relativists. (False) 10. Normative cultural relativism states that what is right and wrong really does vary across cultural lines. 11. According to Lewis, the truth of god’s existence could be determined by examining our personal subjective experiences. 12. A subjective truth is best defined as a truth which is dependent on what one or more people think. 7.
13. What could constitute a “total difference” in morality? People who runaway in battle being admires. Selfishness being considered morally good. People feeling proud for doublecrossing(不不) all those who had been kindest to them. 14. Descriptive moral relativism is the view that what people think is moral can vary across
different societies and times. 15. Normative cultural relativism stated that what is right and wrong really does vary across cultural lines. 16. According to Lewis, science was the key to discovering which of the main cosmologies was correct. (False) 17. John Beversluis argues Lewis’s moral argument commits affirming the consequent. (不不不不)
Unit 4 1. There are as many even numbers (2, 4, 6…) as there are natural numbers( 1, 2, 3…). True 2. According to the second law of thermodynamics(不不不): Processes taking place in a closed system不不不不不不 always tend toward a state of equilibrium. 3. Regarding Craig’s example of an actually infinite library with alternating( 不 不 不 ) red and black boos. The whole library has as many members as the same library with all the red books removed An actually infinite amount of books could be taken out of the library, and the library would remain actually infinite If a yellow book were inserted between every red and black book, it would not have any more members that it did before If all the library were emptied save for the first one hundred books, the library would no longer be actually infinite
4. Craig’s second philosophical argument against a beginningless(不不不不) universe can be summed up as: A collection formed by adding one member after another cannot be beginningless, but the past of a beginningless universe would have to be formed by one event being added to another 5. Suppose that Earth and Jupiter have being orbiting the sun from eternity. Also assume that Earth orbits the sun every year, while Jupiter orbits the sun every three years. The Earth and Jupiter will have orbited the sun an equal number of times 6. A personal cause is a cause with the power to bring about various effects, but which is free to determine just how and when and whether it will exercise that power. True 7. A collection of things is said to be actually infinite only if: Part f the collection can have the same number of items as the whole collection It is a completed totality(不不) 8. Craig think the following scientific observation不finding shows the universe had a beginning不 The universe is expanding 9. Morriston argues a finite chunk of spatial extension (不不不不) can serve as an example of a ‘real world’ actual infinity, given that it can be divided into subregions不不不不 ad infinitum不不不不不. Craig’s response is A: the number of subregions is only potentially infinite ;Morriston counterresponds B; we can give a rule to specify the actual infinity of divisions, thus showing there is an actual infinity of subregions in a finite chunk of spatial extension. 10. Craig thinks the Big Bang model of the universe requires the universe to have begun ex nihilo(不 不不不) because A: the Big Bang starts with a state of infinite density 不不不不不不, and that’s synonymous不不不不不 with ‘nothing’. Morriston disagrees because: an infinitely dense state is not, in fact, nothing, but is in fact a rather extraordinary不不不不不不不 something. 11. Presumably, none of you worries a tiger could just pop into existence, uncaused, in the room right now, Morriston thinks this is because We have a lot of experience with tigers, and given our background knowledge we know they aren’t the sort of thing which just pops in to existence uncaused 12. The concept of potential infinity usually comes into play when: We add to, or subtract(不不) from, a finite set without stopping 13. Morriston emphasizes the possibility that none of our hypotheses about the origin of the universe is especially likely to be true. True 14. According to the principle of Correspondence (不不不不不)(PC): If two sets can be placed in a onetoone correspondence不不不不, they have the same number of members 15. Craig begins his article, ‘ The Kalam Cosmological( 不 不 不 ) Argument’, with a question from Leibniz. Leibniz’s question was:
Why is there something rather than nothing? 16. Immediately after arguing that the universe had a beginning, Craig argues: The beginning must have been caused 17. If you take the set of natural numbers and add the twentysix (26) letters of our alphabet, the set including the alphabet has more members than the set not including the alphabet. False
Unit 5 1. Swinburne’s response to the anthropic principle不不不不不不 relies upon an anology involving: A killer card shuffling machine 2. The following argument is an instance of ‘ affirming the consequent’不不不不不不: If Doug is a general, then Doug is in the army. Doug is in the army. Therefore, Doug is a general. 3. Abiogenesis(不不不不) refers to: The emergence of life from nonliving components via completely naturalistic mechanisms.不不不不 不不 4. According to Everett, it is impossible that the universe would contain kinds of object (or king of stuff) and yet be wholly chaotic(不不不不); therefore, it is hardly surprising that our universe, which contains kinds of objects/stuff, is ordered by regularities不不不不. Further, this means that the mere existence of order in the universe cannot count as evidence for the existence of God. True. 5. Not all Christians disagree with evolutionary theory. True
6. According to theism, the hypothesis(不不) of theism不不不不不不不不不 to explain worldly order is: The simplest hypothesis 7. The following philosopher is described in your readings as having delivered serious blows to (不 不)the argument from design Hume 8. According to Swinburne, the Darwinian explanation of the existence of complex organisms(不不不) is entirely false. False 9. In his most famous analogy(不不) for design, William Paley analogized a watch to an eye. 10. The following argument is an instance of modus ponens.(不不不不不不不不不不不) If binky is a bunny, then pins can fly. Binky is a Bunny. Therefore, pigs can fly. 11. The most famous historical proponent of the classic design argument was: William Paley 12. Swinburne enthusiastically agrees that there are multiple universes(不不不不), each with their own different sets of natural laws. False 13. Finetuning argument don’t need to dispute (不不) either Darwinian evolution不不不不 or abiogenesis. 不不不不不不 True 14. Richard Swinburne asserts (不不) his arguments prove it is certain that God exists. False 15. Stephen hawking suggests, in a passage quoted by Swinburne, that the following phenomenon/phenomena would eliminate(不不) the need for the theistic hypothesis不不不不不不不不 to explain the ‘affairs of the universe’不不不不不不不: Space and time forming不不不不 a closed surface without boundaries 16. The Greek word telos is a philosophical term for: Purpose 17. According to Swinburne, God has the following good reason to choose to make an orderly world: a world containing human persons is a good thing. True
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
A strong agnostic (不不不不 不) Neither believes nor disbelieves in god’s existence Thinks neither theism nor atheism can be justified by reason Thinks there is something wrong with being wither a theistic or an atheist. A popular agnostic will necessarily be a philosophical agnostic; but a philosophical is not necessary a popular agnostic. (False) The cosmological argument(不不不不不) argues that the existence of the world demonstrates the existence of transcendent(不不不不,不) caused of the world. St. Anselm is prominently associated with the ontological (不不不) argument. Although religions are typically complex systems of theory and practice, including both myths and rituals, philosophers tend to concentrate on evaluating religious truth claims. Atheism(不不不) is the position that affirms the nonexistence of god. The principal point on which desists, as a group, disagree with traditional theists, as a group, concerns whether god provides special revelations. A contingent being is a being that could have failed to exit. Pantheists(不不不不) reject the distinction between god and creation. In a broad sense, an atheist is anyone who disbelieves in any divine being, including a theistic deity(不). All deists deny that god loves us. (false) In strict philosophical sense, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of justifying belief in either god’s existence or god’s nonexistence. People should distinguished two kinds of evil: natural evil and moral evil. We understand god to be a perfect being, something than which nothing greater can be conceived. Ontological argument tries to show that a cosmic designer must exist(False) Mere theism is the core of beliefs common to western monotheisms(不不不).
Unit 2 1. 2. 3. 4.
Strict natural theology allows only deductive reasoning and premises which are evident. Most critics of natural theology argue that one or more arguments of natural theology are failures. Thomas Aquinas only practices natural theology via the strict conception. (False) According to Kierkegaard:
The highest truths can only be attained by infinite subjective passion that is itself
paradoxical(不不不) from the objective point of view. Natural theology is not only useless but an impediment (不不) to attaining religious truth. 5. Prominent strands of atheology: the concept of god is incoherent.(不不不不不) the existence of god is incompatible with things we know about the world. 6. Thomas Aquinas thought the truth of the trinity (不不不不不不,不不,不不) and the incarnation(不不不不不) cannot be discovered by unaided human reason. 7. A deductive argument: if its premises be true, then it is impossible for its conclusion to be false. 不不不不不不不不不,不不不不不不不不不. 8. Broad natural theology accepts Both deductive and nondeductive forms of reasoning. both evident and nonevident premises. 9. The traditional, strict understanding of natural theology is base on Aristotle’s science. 10. Natural theology contrasts (不不) best with revelationbased theology. 11. Richard Swinburne is an example of someone who follows the strict conception of natural theology. (False) 12. Kant’s criticism of ontological argument is: existence is not a real predicate.
Unit 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Lewis thought we all have a sense of the law of nature which we cannot get rid of it, all of us break this law at one time or another. Erik Wielenberg argues ultimate self sacrifice(不不不不) is possible only if there is no divine justice. Wielenberg argues that there is nothing to admire in the actions of people who believe in God (False) For Lewis, the moral law goes beyond a mere description of the way things are and it is also something of which we all, with very exceptions, are aware. The 13th century French city of Belziers is an example of religious faith inspiring moral atrocities. Lewis says we all under a moral law which we cannot get rid of.
According to Stephen T. David, whether it is possible to give a compelling account of morality in purely naturalistic terms is the deepest issue in assessing the moral argument. 8. Lewis responded to moral relativism with the differences among the moral codes of different societies don't amount to a total difference. 9. All atheist philosophers are relativists. (False) 10. Normative cultural relativism states that what is right and wrong really does vary across cultural lines. 11. According to Lewis, the truth of god’s existence could be determined by examining our personal subjective experiences. 12. A subjective truth is best defined as a truth which is dependent on what one or more people think. 7.
13. What could constitute a “total difference” in morality? People who runaway in battle being admires. Selfishness being considered morally good. People feeling proud for doublecrossing(不不) all those who had been kindest to them. 14. Descriptive moral relativism is the view that what people think is moral can vary across
different societies and times. 15. Normative cultural relativism stated that what is right and wrong really does vary across cultural lines. 16. According to Lewis, science was the key to discovering which of the main cosmologies was correct. (False) 17. John Beversluis argues Lewis’s moral argument commits affirming the consequent. (不不不不)
Unit 4 1. There are as many even numbers (2, 4, 6…) as there are natural numbers( 1, 2, 3…). True 2. According to the second law of thermodynamics(不不不): Processes taking place in a closed system不不不不不不 always tend toward a state of equilibrium. 3. Regarding Craig’s example of an actually infinite library with alternating( 不 不 不 ) red and black boos. The whole library has as many members as the same library with all the red books removed An actually infinite amount of books could be taken out of the library, and the library would remain actually infinite If a yellow book were inserted between every red and black book, it would not have any more members that it did before If all the library were emptied save for the first one hundred books, the library would no longer be actually infinite
4. Craig’s second philosophical argument against a beginningless(不不不不) universe can be summed up as: A collection formed by adding one member after another cannot be beginningless, but the past of a beginningless universe would have to be formed by one event being added to another 5. Suppose that Earth and Jupiter have being orbiting the sun from eternity. Also assume that Earth orbits the sun every year, while Jupiter orbits the sun every three years. The Earth and Jupiter will have orbited the sun an equal number of times 6. A personal cause is a cause with the power to bring about various effects, but which is free to determine just how and when and whether it will exercise that power. True 7. A collection of things is said to be actually infinite only if: Part f the collection can have the same number of items as the whole collection It is a completed totality(不不) 8. Craig think the following scientific observation不finding shows the universe had a beginning不 The universe is expanding 9. Morriston argues a finite chunk of spatial extension (不不不不) can serve as an example of a ‘real world’ actual infinity, given that it can be divided into subregions不不不不 ad infinitum不不不不不. Craig’s response is A: the number of subregions is only potentially infinite ;Morriston counterresponds B; we can give a rule to specify the actual infinity of divisions, thus showing there is an actual infinity of subregions in a finite chunk of spatial extension. 10. Craig thinks the Big Bang model of the universe requires the universe to have begun ex nihilo(不 不不不) because A: the Big Bang starts with a state of infinite density 不不不不不不, and that’s synonymous不不不不不 with ‘nothing’. Morriston disagrees because: an infinitely dense state is not, in fact, nothing, but is in fact a rather extraordinary不不不不不不不 something. 11. Presumably, none of you worries a tiger could just pop into existence, uncaused, in the room right now, Morriston thinks this is because We have a lot of experience with tigers, and given our background knowledge we know they aren’t the sort of thing which just pops in to existence uncaused 12. The concept of potential infinity usually comes into play when: We add to, or subtract(不不) from, a finite set without stopping 13. Morriston emphasizes the possibility that none of our hypotheses about the origin of the universe is especially likely to be true. True 14. According to the principle of Correspondence (不不不不不)(PC): If two sets can be placed in a onetoone correspondence不不不不, they have the same number of members 15. Craig begins his article, ‘ The Kalam Cosmological( 不 不 不 ) Argument’, with a question from Leibniz. Leibniz’s question was:
Why is there something rather than nothing? 16. Immediately after arguing that the universe had a beginning, Craig argues: The beginning must have been caused 17. If you take the set of natural numbers and add the twentysix (26) letters of our alphabet, the set including the alphabet has more members than the set not including the alphabet. False
Unit 5 1. Swinburne’s response to the anthropic principle不不不不不不 relies upon an anology involving: A killer card shuffling machine 2. The following argument is an instance of ‘ affirming the consequent’不不不不不不: If Doug is a general, then Doug is in the army. Doug is in the army. Therefore, Doug is a general. 3. Abiogenesis(不不不不) refers to: The emergence of life from nonliving components via completely naturalistic mechanisms.不不不不 不不 4. According to Everett, it is impossible that the universe would contain kinds of object (or king of stuff) and yet be wholly chaotic(不不不不); therefore, it is hardly surprising that our universe, which contains kinds of objects/stuff, is ordered by regularities不不不不. Further, this means that the mere existence of order in the universe cannot count as evidence for the existence of God. True. 5. Not all Christians disagree with evolutionary theory. True
6. According to theism, the hypothesis(不不) of theism不不不不不不不不不 to explain worldly order is: The simplest hypothesis 7. The following philosopher is described in your readings as having delivered serious blows to (不 不)the argument from design Hume 8. According to Swinburne, the Darwinian explanation of the existence of complex organisms(不不不) is entirely false. False 9. In his most famous analogy(不不) for design, William Paley analogized a watch to an eye. 10. The following argument is an instance of modus ponens.(不不不不不不不不不不不) If binky is a bunny, then pins can fly. Binky is a Bunny. Therefore, pigs can fly. 11. The most famous historical proponent of the classic design argument was: William Paley 12. Swinburne enthusiastically agrees that there are multiple universes(不不不不), each with their own different sets of natural laws. False 13. Finetuning argument don’t need to dispute (不不) either Darwinian evolution不不不不 or abiogenesis. 不不不不不不 True 14. Richard Swinburne asserts (不不) his arguments prove it is certain that God exists. False 15. Stephen hawking suggests, in a passage quoted by Swinburne, that the following phenomenon/phenomena would eliminate(不不) the need for the theistic hypothesis不不不不不不不不 to explain the ‘affairs of the universe’不不不不不不不: Space and time forming不不不不 a closed surface without boundaries 16. The Greek word telos is a philosophical term for: Purpose 17. According to Swinburne, God has the following good reason to choose to make an orderly world: a world containing human persons is a good thing. True
