UWB Radiowave Propagation within the Passenger Cabin of a Boeing ...
UWB Radiowave Propagation within the Passenger Cabin of a Boeing 737-200 Aircraft James Chuang, Ni Xin, Howard Huang, Simon Chiu, and David G. Michelson jimc|[email protected] UBC – IEEE Workshop on Future Communications Systems 9 Mar 2007
1
I. Introduction • Studies of wireless aboard aircraft have been conducted by: – German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and the European Union’s WirelessCabin project – Old Dominion University and NASA – Qualcomm and Boeing • These have emphasized: – Studies and field trials for existing technologies, – Measurement of RF coverage using client devices, – Simulation of aircraft interiors using RF coverage tools, – Characterization of the wideband channel response.
9 Mar 2007
2
Past Work and Its Limitations • UWB holds great promise for facilitating, – deployment of high data rate multimedia and network access services. – operations and maintenance through deployment of sensor networks and precise positioning system. • Past efforts to develop measurement-based models for UWB propagation channels have focused on residential, office, outdoor and industrial environments • No previous published work concerning the UWB propagation channel within aircraft passenger cabin or the effect of human presence within such environments.
9 Mar 2007
3
Where do we fit in? Conventional Environments Conventional Wireless Systems
Many Organizations
UWB
IEEE 802.15.3a/4a
Aircraft Environment DLR & EU NASA & Boeing
9 Mar 2007
UBC RSL
4
Objectives • Characterize large-scale aspects of UWB propagation within the passenger cabin of an aircraft: – Distance and frequency dependence of path loss. – Time dispersion • RMS delay spread • Parameters of the AR-FD channel model. – The effect of human presence. • Prepare for the next step: characterization of the detailed structure of the UWB channel impulse response.
9 Mar 2007
5
Outline • Section II – Measurement Approach – Point-to-Multipoint and Peer-to-Peer Configurations • Section III – UWB Channel Sounder – Implementation, Settings and Configuration – Data Collection, Receiver Sampling Strategy • Section IV – Results – Distance and Frequency Dependence of Path Loss – Time Dispersion Parameters and AR-FD Channel Modeling • Section V – Conclusions
9 Mar 2007
6
II. Measurement Approach • The main cabin of a Boeing 737200 is: • 21 m in length, • 3.54 m in width, • 2.2 m in height. • We have considered both point-to-multipoint and peer-to-peer wireless system configurations.
9 Mar 2007
7
Point-to-Multipoint Configuration •
•
Transmitting antenna (access point) on the ceiling Receiving antenna (user terminals) placed at headrest, armrest and footrest levels.
RX ANTENNA
9 Mar 2007
8
Peer-to-Peer Configuration •
•
Transmitting antenna (user terminal) placed at headrest, armrest and footrest levels Receiving antenna (user terminal) placed at headrest, armrest and footrest levels.
RX ANTENNA
9 Mar 2007
TX ANTENNA
9
III. UWB Channel Sounder Reflections from objects in the environment Transmitting Antenna Source
Receiving Antenna
PA
LNA B R
~
Measurement Receiver
VNA
Display/ Controller
Control Signals
Laptop
9 Mar 2007
10
Implementation • An Agilent E8362B vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to collect complex frequency response of the channel throughout the aircraft. • Two UWB biconical antennas, Electro-metrics 6865, were used as both the transmitter and receiver. • Two 15 m long LMR-400 UltraFlex coaxial cables were used to connect the antennas to the VNA. • Calibration is done up to the antenna connectors. • Both the antennas and the channel are treated as the device under test by the VNA.
9 Mar 2007
11
Configuration and Settings EM-6865 UWB Biconical Antenna
Agilent E8362B PNA
VNA Settings
9 Mar 2007
Start Frequency
3 GHz
Stop Frequency
10.6 GHz
Frequency Steps
6401
Transmit Power
5 dBm
IF Bandwidth
3 kHz
Sweep Time
2 sec
Time Resolution
132 psec
12
Data Collection • Point-to-multipoint configuration • Tx antenna • near the cabin ceiling. • at 3 locations throughout the cabin. • Rx antenna • at headrest, armrest, footrest. • at over 50 locations throughout the cabin. • Redundancies in the data base allowed us to check the consistency of our results. • At 3 transmitter locations, • At over 50 receiver locations. 9 Mar 2007
13
Receiver Sampling Strategy Aisle
Aisle
23
24 22
20
21
18
15
Row 22
Row 21
Row 21
Row 21
Row 20
Row 20
Row 20
Row 19
Row 19
Row 19
Row 18
Row 18
Row 18
Row 17
Row 17
Row 17
Row 16
Row 16
Row 15
Row 15
Row 14
Row 14
Row 13
Row 13
Row 12
Row 12
19
Row 15
12
16
Row 13
15
14 13
Row 11
11
Row 10
10
18
17
Row 12
13 11
Row 22
Row 14
16 14
Row 22
Row 16
19 17
Aisle
12
Row 11
Row 11 Row 10
10
Passengers 8
9
6
3
Tx Location Point-to-Multipoint
F
E
D
C
B
Row 7
5
Row 5
A
6
Row 7 Row 6
3
2
Row 9 Row 8
4
Row 4
1
9 7
Row 6
4 2
8
Row 8
7 5
Row 9
Row 5 Row 4
1
Row 3
Row 3
Row 2
Row 2 E
D
Tx Location Point-to-Multipoint
9 Mar 2007
C
B
20
21
Row 10
16
17
18
Row 9
13
14
15
Row 8
10
11
12
Row 7
7
8
9
Row 6
4
5
6
Row 5
1
2
3
Row 4 Row 3 Row 2
F F
19
E
D
C
B
A
A
Tx Location Point-to-Multipoint
14
IV. Results • We processed our measurement database to characterize largescale aspects of UWB propagation within the passenger cabin of an aircraft: – Distance and frequency dependence of path loss. – Time dispersion • RMS delay spread • Parameters of the AR-FD channel model. – The effect of human presence.
9 Mar 2007
15
Distance & Frequency Dependence of Path Loss • We estimated the parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4a UWB path loss model: −n
⎛d ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ Gp ( d , f ) = k ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ d0 ⎠ ⎝ fc ⎠
−2κ
where d and f are distance and frequency, respectively, d0 and fc are the reference distance and frequency, n and κ are the distance and frequency exponent, and k is a constant. • The distance and frequency are assumed to be independent of each other.
9 Mar 2007
16
Distance Dependent Path Loss • We averaged path gain across the entire frequency response 1 PL ( d ) = M
M
∑ H ( f ,d ) i =1
2
i
and fit the results to the power law path loss equation ⎛d ⎞ PLdB ( d ) = PL0 + 10n log10 ⎜ ⎟ + X σ ⎝ d0 ⎠
in dB scale
9 Mar 2007
17
Path Gain with No Passengers -50 Headrest Armrest
Path Gain [dB]
-55 Footrest
-60
-65
-70 0 10
1
10 Distance [m]
9 Mar 2007
18
Path Gain with Passengers in Every Other Seat -50 Headrest Armrest
Path Gain [dB]
-55
Footrest
-60
-65
-70 0 10
1
10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
19
Path Gain with Passengers in Every Seat -50 Headrest Armrest
Path Gain [dB]
-55
Footrest
-60
-65
-70 0 10
1
10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
20
Distance Dependent Path Loss Parameters Passenger Density
Mounting Point
Path loss exponent, n
1-m Intercept (dBm)
Location variability σ (dB)
No Passengers
Headrest
2.1
-40.0
5.0
Armrest
2.2
-42.6
5.1
Footrest
2.2
-45.1
4.7
Passengers in every other seats
Headrest
2.4
-39.7
5.3
Armrest
2.5
-43.1
5.2
Footrest
1.9*
-49.1*
3.8*
Passengers in every seat
Headrest
2.6
-39.9
4.0
Armrest
2.5
-46.0
3.9
Footrest
1.7*
-50.9*
2.4*
* only measured in aisle seats 9 Mar 2007
21
Frequency Dependent Path Loss PL ( f ) ∝ f −κ -30
Path Gain [dB]
-40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
4
6 8 Frequency [GHz]
9 Mar 2007
10
22
κ(d) with Receiver at Headrest 1.5 1
kappa
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5
2
4
6
8 10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
12
14
23
κ(d) with Receiver at Armrest 1.5 1
kappa
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5
2
4
6
8 10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
12
14
24
κ(d) with Receiver at Footrest 1.5 1
kappa
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5
2
4
6
8 10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
12
14
25
Time Dispersion Parameters • Power Delay Profile
P (τ k ) = ∑ ak δ (τ − τ k )
2
k
• RMS delay spread τ RMS =
2 P τ τ ( ) ∑ k k k
∑ P (τ ) k
k
• The ratio of power in the LOS and scattered components P (τ ) PLOS = PSCAT
∑ ∑ P (τ ) LOS
k
SCAT
k
k
k
9 Mar 2007
26
CDF of RMS Delay Spread
Cumulative probability
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 Headrest Armrest Footrest
0.0
5
10 15 20 25 RMS Delay Spread [ns]
9 Mar 2007
30
27
CDF of the Ratio of Power in the LOS and Scattered Components Cumulative probability
1.0 0.8 0.6
0.4 0.2
Headrest Armrest Footrest
0.0
0
1
2 3 PLOS/PSCAT
9 Mar 2007
4
5
28
Autoregressive Frequency Domain Channel Model • The Difference Equation, p
Hˆ ( f k , t ; x) + ∑ ai Hˆ ( f k −i , t ; x) = U ( f k , t ; x) i =1
• The Poles, G (z) =
1
∏ (1 − p z ) k
i =1
9 Mar 2007
−1
i
29
AR-FD Model – Pole Distribution for Receiver at Headrest 1.0
Imaginary Part
0.5
50% of seats occupied
0.0
all seats occupied
-0.5 empty aircraft
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 Real Part
9 Mar 2007
0.5
1.0
30
AR-FD Model – Pole Distribution for Receiver at Armrest 1.0
Imaginary Part
0.5 50% of seats occupied all seats occupied
0.0
-0.5 empty aircraft
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0 Real Part
9 Mar 2007
0.5
1
31
AR-FD Model - Pole Distribution for Receiver at Footrest 1.0
Imaginary Part
0.5 50% of seats occupied
0.0
all seats occupied
-0.5 empty aircraft
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 Real Part
9 Mar 2007
0.5
1.0
32
V. Conclusions • We characterized the large-scale aspect of UWB propagation in point-to-multipoint configuration within the passenger cabin of a mid-size airliner. • These results include: – Distance and frequency dependence of path loss, – Time dispersion parameters, • RMS delay spread • PLOS/PSCAT • Parameters of the AR-FD channel model – The effect of human presence.
9 Mar 2007
33
Conclusions - 2 • The results will assist those: – planning UWB deployment and field trials in aircraft, – wishing to verify the results of eletromagnetic simulations of aircraft interiors, – wishing to simulate UWB aircraft systems with realistic channels.
9 Mar 2007
34
Future Work • Peer-to-peer configuration • Going beyond the passenger cabin, e.g., cargo holds, wings, cockpit, etc. • Characterization of channel impulse response • Small-scale fading parameters.
9 Mar 2007
35
Acknowledgements • We are grateful to the management and staff of the BCIT Aerospace Technology Campus at Vancouver International Airport for providing us with access to their Boeing 737-200 aircraft during the course of this study. • We thank Ivan Chan, Alex Lee, Chris Pang, Cecilia Yeung, Chad Woodworth, and especially Shahzad Bashir for their considerable assistance during the data collection phase of this study. • This work was supported by Bell Canada’s University Laboratories R&D Program, Nokia Canada, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
9 Mar 2007
36
References 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
N.R. Diaz and M. Holzbock, “Aircraft cabin propagation for multimedia communications,” Proc. EMPS 2002, 25-26 Sep. 2002. C.P. Niebla, “Coverage and capacity planning for aircraft in-cabin wireless heterogeneous network,” Proc. IEEE VTC 2003-Fall, 6-9 Oct. 2003, pp. 16581662. G.A. Berit, H. Hachem, J. Forrester, P. Guckian, K.P. Kirchoff, B.J. Donham, “RF propagation characteristics of in-cabin CDMA mobile phone networks,” Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 30 Oct. – 3 Nov. 2005, pp. 9.C.5-1--9.C.5-12. N.R. Diaz and J.E.J. Esquitino, “Wideband channel characterization for wireless communication inside a short haul aircraft,” Proc. IEEE VTC 2004 Spring, 17-19 May 2004, pp. 223-228. A.F. Molisch, “Ultrawideband propagation channels: Theory, measurement, and modeling,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 54, no. 5, Sep. 2005, pp. 15281545.
9 Mar 2007
37
References (cont.) 6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
A.F. Molisch, et al., “A comprehensive standardized model for ultrawideband propagation channels,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 11, Nov. 2006, pp. 3151-3165. T.B. Welch, et al., “The effects of the human body on UWB signal propagation in an indoor environment,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 20, no. 9, Dec. 2002, pp. 1778-1782. S.J. Howard and K. Pahlavan, “Autoregressive modeling of wide-band indoor propagation,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 40, no. 9, Sep. 1992, pp. 1540-1552. S.S. Ghassemzadeh, R. Jana, C.W. Rice, W. Turin, and V. Tarokh, “Measurement and modeling of an ultra-wide bandwidth indoor channel,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 52, no. 10, Oct. 2004, pp. 1786-1796. N. Xin, and D. G. Michelson, “Frequency domain analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4a standard channel models,” Proc. IEEE WCNC 2007, 11-15 Mar. 2007.
9 Mar 2007
38
1
I. Introduction • Studies of wireless aboard aircraft have been conducted by: – German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and the European Union’s WirelessCabin project – Old Dominion University and NASA – Qualcomm and Boeing • These have emphasized: – Studies and field trials for existing technologies, – Measurement of RF coverage using client devices, – Simulation of aircraft interiors using RF coverage tools, – Characterization of the wideband channel response.
9 Mar 2007
2
Past Work and Its Limitations • UWB holds great promise for facilitating, – deployment of high data rate multimedia and network access services. – operations and maintenance through deployment of sensor networks and precise positioning system. • Past efforts to develop measurement-based models for UWB propagation channels have focused on residential, office, outdoor and industrial environments • No previous published work concerning the UWB propagation channel within aircraft passenger cabin or the effect of human presence within such environments.
9 Mar 2007
3
Where do we fit in? Conventional Environments Conventional Wireless Systems
Many Organizations
UWB
IEEE 802.15.3a/4a
Aircraft Environment DLR & EU NASA & Boeing
9 Mar 2007
UBC RSL
4
Objectives • Characterize large-scale aspects of UWB propagation within the passenger cabin of an aircraft: – Distance and frequency dependence of path loss. – Time dispersion • RMS delay spread • Parameters of the AR-FD channel model. – The effect of human presence. • Prepare for the next step: characterization of the detailed structure of the UWB channel impulse response.
9 Mar 2007
5
Outline • Section II – Measurement Approach – Point-to-Multipoint and Peer-to-Peer Configurations • Section III – UWB Channel Sounder – Implementation, Settings and Configuration – Data Collection, Receiver Sampling Strategy • Section IV – Results – Distance and Frequency Dependence of Path Loss – Time Dispersion Parameters and AR-FD Channel Modeling • Section V – Conclusions
9 Mar 2007
6
II. Measurement Approach • The main cabin of a Boeing 737200 is: • 21 m in length, • 3.54 m in width, • 2.2 m in height. • We have considered both point-to-multipoint and peer-to-peer wireless system configurations.
9 Mar 2007
7
Point-to-Multipoint Configuration •
•
Transmitting antenna (access point) on the ceiling Receiving antenna (user terminals) placed at headrest, armrest and footrest levels.
RX ANTENNA
9 Mar 2007
8
Peer-to-Peer Configuration •
•
Transmitting antenna (user terminal) placed at headrest, armrest and footrest levels Receiving antenna (user terminal) placed at headrest, armrest and footrest levels.
RX ANTENNA
9 Mar 2007
TX ANTENNA
9
III. UWB Channel Sounder Reflections from objects in the environment Transmitting Antenna Source
Receiving Antenna
PA
LNA B R
~
Measurement Receiver
VNA
Display/ Controller
Control Signals
Laptop
9 Mar 2007
10
Implementation • An Agilent E8362B vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to collect complex frequency response of the channel throughout the aircraft. • Two UWB biconical antennas, Electro-metrics 6865, were used as both the transmitter and receiver. • Two 15 m long LMR-400 UltraFlex coaxial cables were used to connect the antennas to the VNA. • Calibration is done up to the antenna connectors. • Both the antennas and the channel are treated as the device under test by the VNA.
9 Mar 2007
11
Configuration and Settings EM-6865 UWB Biconical Antenna
Agilent E8362B PNA
VNA Settings
9 Mar 2007
Start Frequency
3 GHz
Stop Frequency
10.6 GHz
Frequency Steps
6401
Transmit Power
5 dBm
IF Bandwidth
3 kHz
Sweep Time
2 sec
Time Resolution
132 psec
12
Data Collection • Point-to-multipoint configuration • Tx antenna • near the cabin ceiling. • at 3 locations throughout the cabin. • Rx antenna • at headrest, armrest, footrest. • at over 50 locations throughout the cabin. • Redundancies in the data base allowed us to check the consistency of our results. • At 3 transmitter locations, • At over 50 receiver locations. 9 Mar 2007
13
Receiver Sampling Strategy Aisle
Aisle
23
24 22
20
21
18
15
Row 22
Row 21
Row 21
Row 21
Row 20
Row 20
Row 20
Row 19
Row 19
Row 19
Row 18
Row 18
Row 18
Row 17
Row 17
Row 17
Row 16
Row 16
Row 15
Row 15
Row 14
Row 14
Row 13
Row 13
Row 12
Row 12
19
Row 15
12
16
Row 13
15
14 13
Row 11
11
Row 10
10
18
17
Row 12
13 11
Row 22
Row 14
16 14
Row 22
Row 16
19 17
Aisle
12
Row 11
Row 11 Row 10
10
Passengers 8
9
6
3
Tx Location Point-to-Multipoint
F
E
D
C
B
Row 7
5
Row 5
A
6
Row 7 Row 6
3
2
Row 9 Row 8
4
Row 4
1
9 7
Row 6
4 2
8
Row 8
7 5
Row 9
Row 5 Row 4
1
Row 3
Row 3
Row 2
Row 2 E
D
Tx Location Point-to-Multipoint
9 Mar 2007
C
B
20
21
Row 10
16
17
18
Row 9
13
14
15
Row 8
10
11
12
Row 7
7
8
9
Row 6
4
5
6
Row 5
1
2
3
Row 4 Row 3 Row 2
F F
19
E
D
C
B
A
A
Tx Location Point-to-Multipoint
14
IV. Results • We processed our measurement database to characterize largescale aspects of UWB propagation within the passenger cabin of an aircraft: – Distance and frequency dependence of path loss. – Time dispersion • RMS delay spread • Parameters of the AR-FD channel model. – The effect of human presence.
9 Mar 2007
15
Distance & Frequency Dependence of Path Loss • We estimated the parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4a UWB path loss model: −n
⎛d ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ Gp ( d , f ) = k ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ d0 ⎠ ⎝ fc ⎠
−2κ
where d and f are distance and frequency, respectively, d0 and fc are the reference distance and frequency, n and κ are the distance and frequency exponent, and k is a constant. • The distance and frequency are assumed to be independent of each other.
9 Mar 2007
16
Distance Dependent Path Loss • We averaged path gain across the entire frequency response 1 PL ( d ) = M
M
∑ H ( f ,d ) i =1
2
i
and fit the results to the power law path loss equation ⎛d ⎞ PLdB ( d ) = PL0 + 10n log10 ⎜ ⎟ + X σ ⎝ d0 ⎠
in dB scale
9 Mar 2007
17
Path Gain with No Passengers -50 Headrest Armrest
Path Gain [dB]
-55 Footrest
-60
-65
-70 0 10
1
10 Distance [m]
9 Mar 2007
18
Path Gain with Passengers in Every Other Seat -50 Headrest Armrest
Path Gain [dB]
-55
Footrest
-60
-65
-70 0 10
1
10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
19
Path Gain with Passengers in Every Seat -50 Headrest Armrest
Path Gain [dB]
-55
Footrest
-60
-65
-70 0 10
1
10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
20
Distance Dependent Path Loss Parameters Passenger Density
Mounting Point
Path loss exponent, n
1-m Intercept (dBm)
Location variability σ (dB)
No Passengers
Headrest
2.1
-40.0
5.0
Armrest
2.2
-42.6
5.1
Footrest
2.2
-45.1
4.7
Passengers in every other seats
Headrest
2.4
-39.7
5.3
Armrest
2.5
-43.1
5.2
Footrest
1.9*
-49.1*
3.8*
Passengers in every seat
Headrest
2.6
-39.9
4.0
Armrest
2.5
-46.0
3.9
Footrest
1.7*
-50.9*
2.4*
* only measured in aisle seats 9 Mar 2007
21
Frequency Dependent Path Loss PL ( f ) ∝ f −κ -30
Path Gain [dB]
-40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
4
6 8 Frequency [GHz]
9 Mar 2007
10
22
κ(d) with Receiver at Headrest 1.5 1
kappa
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5
2
4
6
8 10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
12
14
23
κ(d) with Receiver at Armrest 1.5 1
kappa
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5
2
4
6
8 10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
12
14
24
κ(d) with Receiver at Footrest 1.5 1
kappa
0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5
2
4
6
8 10 Distance [m ]
9 Mar 2007
12
14
25
Time Dispersion Parameters • Power Delay Profile
P (τ k ) = ∑ ak δ (τ − τ k )
2
k
• RMS delay spread τ RMS =
2 P τ τ ( ) ∑ k k k
∑ P (τ ) k
k
• The ratio of power in the LOS and scattered components P (τ ) PLOS = PSCAT
∑ ∑ P (τ ) LOS
k
SCAT
k
k
k
9 Mar 2007
26
CDF of RMS Delay Spread
Cumulative probability
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 Headrest Armrest Footrest
0.0
5
10 15 20 25 RMS Delay Spread [ns]
9 Mar 2007
30
27
CDF of the Ratio of Power in the LOS and Scattered Components Cumulative probability
1.0 0.8 0.6
0.4 0.2
Headrest Armrest Footrest
0.0
0
1
2 3 PLOS/PSCAT
9 Mar 2007
4
5
28
Autoregressive Frequency Domain Channel Model • The Difference Equation, p
Hˆ ( f k , t ; x) + ∑ ai Hˆ ( f k −i , t ; x) = U ( f k , t ; x) i =1
• The Poles, G (z) =
1
∏ (1 − p z ) k
i =1
9 Mar 2007
−1
i
29
AR-FD Model – Pole Distribution for Receiver at Headrest 1.0
Imaginary Part
0.5
50% of seats occupied
0.0
all seats occupied
-0.5 empty aircraft
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 Real Part
9 Mar 2007
0.5
1.0
30
AR-FD Model – Pole Distribution for Receiver at Armrest 1.0
Imaginary Part
0.5 50% of seats occupied all seats occupied
0.0
-0.5 empty aircraft
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0 Real Part
9 Mar 2007
0.5
1
31
AR-FD Model - Pole Distribution for Receiver at Footrest 1.0
Imaginary Part
0.5 50% of seats occupied
0.0
all seats occupied
-0.5 empty aircraft
-1.0 -1.0
-0.5
0.0 Real Part
9 Mar 2007
0.5
1.0
32
V. Conclusions • We characterized the large-scale aspect of UWB propagation in point-to-multipoint configuration within the passenger cabin of a mid-size airliner. • These results include: – Distance and frequency dependence of path loss, – Time dispersion parameters, • RMS delay spread • PLOS/PSCAT • Parameters of the AR-FD channel model – The effect of human presence.
9 Mar 2007
33
Conclusions - 2 • The results will assist those: – planning UWB deployment and field trials in aircraft, – wishing to verify the results of eletromagnetic simulations of aircraft interiors, – wishing to simulate UWB aircraft systems with realistic channels.
9 Mar 2007
34
Future Work • Peer-to-peer configuration • Going beyond the passenger cabin, e.g., cargo holds, wings, cockpit, etc. • Characterization of channel impulse response • Small-scale fading parameters.
9 Mar 2007
35
Acknowledgements • We are grateful to the management and staff of the BCIT Aerospace Technology Campus at Vancouver International Airport for providing us with access to their Boeing 737-200 aircraft during the course of this study. • We thank Ivan Chan, Alex Lee, Chris Pang, Cecilia Yeung, Chad Woodworth, and especially Shahzad Bashir for their considerable assistance during the data collection phase of this study. • This work was supported by Bell Canada’s University Laboratories R&D Program, Nokia Canada, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
9 Mar 2007
36
References 1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
N.R. Diaz and M. Holzbock, “Aircraft cabin propagation for multimedia communications,” Proc. EMPS 2002, 25-26 Sep. 2002. C.P. Niebla, “Coverage and capacity planning for aircraft in-cabin wireless heterogeneous network,” Proc. IEEE VTC 2003-Fall, 6-9 Oct. 2003, pp. 16581662. G.A. Berit, H. Hachem, J. Forrester, P. Guckian, K.P. Kirchoff, B.J. Donham, “RF propagation characteristics of in-cabin CDMA mobile phone networks,” Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 30 Oct. – 3 Nov. 2005, pp. 9.C.5-1--9.C.5-12. N.R. Diaz and J.E.J. Esquitino, “Wideband channel characterization for wireless communication inside a short haul aircraft,” Proc. IEEE VTC 2004 Spring, 17-19 May 2004, pp. 223-228. A.F. Molisch, “Ultrawideband propagation channels: Theory, measurement, and modeling,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 54, no. 5, Sep. 2005, pp. 15281545.
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37
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