Weather and Temp Data
APPENDIX 7-D. WEATHER DATA AND TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS TABLE OF CONTENTS 7-D.1 7-D.2 7-D.3
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 7-D-1
OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE DERIVATION .................................................... 7-D-1
7-D.2.2 Imputation Method............................................................................... 7-D-3
INLET WATER TEMPERATURE..................................................................... 7-D-10
LIST OF TABLES
Table 7-D.2.1 Table 7-D.3.1
Imputation Results ............................................................................... 7-D-4 Calculation of Water Inlet Offset for municipal treatment plants ..... 7-D-11 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 7-D.2.1 Figure 7-D.2.2 Figure 7-D.2.3 Figure 7-D.2.4
Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Mean Temperature.......................... 7-D-2 Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Mean Temperature.......................... 7-D-2 Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values .................................................................................................. 7-D-3 Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values .................................................................................................. 7-D-4
7-D-i
APPENDIX 7-D. WEATHER DATA AND TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS 7-D.1
INTRODUCTION
The temperatures for water heater thermostat setpoint, inlet water temperature, and temperature of the air surrounding the water heater are based on the average annual outdoor air temperature, for each sample household. The outdoor air temperature for the households in the water heater RECS sample is not directly available. Similarly, the inlet water temperature is not available for the sample. This appendix describes DOE’s approach to develop data for these two parameters. 7-D.2
OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE DERIVATION
RECS 2001 provides data on heating and cooling degree-days but not air temperatures for each household in the sample. To derive the outdoor air temperatures for the households in the RECS sample, DOE developed an approach to assign a physical location to each RECS household. The following steps were performed: 1. DOE assembled weather data from 282 weather stations that provide annual average outdoor air temperatures.1, 2 The annual average outdoor air temperatures represent 30 year averages. DOE also gathered the heating and cooling degree-days at base temperature 65 oF for year 2004 for these weather stations.3 The 2004 heating and cooling degree days match the period used to determine the degree-days in RECS 2001. 2. RECS reports both heating degree-days (HDD) and cooling degree-days (CDD) to base temperature 65 oF for each housing record. DOE assigned each RECS household to one of the 282 weather stations by calculating which weather station (within the appropriate census region or large state) gave the best linear least squares fit of the RECS data to the weather data. Figure 7-D.2.1 and Figure 7-D.2.2 show the relationship between the gathered mean temperature values and the HDD values.
7-D-1
90 80 70 y = -0.0037x + 72.143 R2 = 0.969
Mean Temperature (Fº)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Hea ting De gree Days (HDD)
Figure 7-D.2.1
Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Mean Temperature
100 90
Mean Temperature (Fº)
80 70 60 50 40 y = 0.0086x + 42.77
30
2
R = 0.7942
20 10 0 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Cooling Degree Days (CDD)
Figure 7-D.2.2
Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Mean Temperature
7-D-2
7-D.2.2
Imputation Method
To calculate the mean outdoor air temperature, DOE matched the RECS 2001 combinations (255 individual combinations of census divisions plus 4 large states, together with the HDD and CDD data) to U.S. weather data. DOE used the U.S. weather station closest (or with minimum “distance”) from the RECS 2001 data combination. The following equation calculates the “distance” between the U.S. weather data and RECS 2001 data:
" Distance" = ( HDD2 − HDD1 ) 2 + (CDD2 − CDD1 ) 2 Where: = = = =
HDD1 HDD2 CDD1 CDD2
heating degree days from U.S. weather data, heating degree days from RECS 2001 data, cooling degree days from U.S. weather data, and cooling degree days from RECS 2001 data.
Figure 7-D.2.3 and Figure 7-D.2.4 show the relationship between the imputed mean outdoor air temperature values and the RECS 2001 HDD values. 90 80
Mean Temperature (Fº)
70 60 50 40 y = -0.0038x + 72.163
30
2
R = 0.948 20 10 0 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
HDD (days)
Figure 7-D.2.3
Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values
7-D-3
12000
90 80
Mean Temperature (Fº)
70 60 50 40 y = 0.0072x + 46.626
30
2
R = 0.7486
20 10 0 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CDD (days)
Figure 7-D.2.4
Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values
Table 7-D.2.1 shows the imputation results for all RECS locations. Note that some weather station data matches with several of the RECS 2001 255 HDD & CDD combinations. Table 7-D.2.1
Imputation Results
RECS Data Combinations Divisio n+4 HDD CDD 1 5053 903 1 5247 820 1 5256 613 1 5312 777 1 5397 760 1 5415 753 1 5455 583 1 5456 887 1 5549 769 1 5791 781 1 5872 711 1 5914 696 1 5939 708 1 5978 671 1 6183 761 1 6433 590 1 6822 447 1 8072 416
Station Location BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BOSTON, MA PROVIDENCE, RI PROVIDENCE, RI PROVIDENCE, RI HARTFORD, CT HARTFORD, CT HARTFORD, CT WORCESTER, MA BURLINGTON, VT
Weather Station Data Station Mean ID Temp 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 51.6 376698 51.1 376698 51.1 376698 51.1 50.2 50.2 50.2 47.2 431081 45.2
7-D-4
HDD (2004) 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5770 5802 5802 5802 6157 6157 6157 6800 7831
CDD (2004) 808 808 808 808 808 808 808 808 808 626 613 613 613 645 645 645 413 369
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
8948 4148 4168 4398 4484 4781 4807 4850 4880 4931 4940 5190 5235 5263 5289 5395 5508 5560 5573 5631 5651 5826 5831 6340 4683 4752 4806 4824 4889 5046 5080 5207 5297 5316 5409 5501 5513 5530 5590 5598 5637 5641 5725 5777 5800 5855
191 1225 1404 1271 1070 1045 1027 961 983 1083 1027 743 801 704 881 719 596 714 589 714 722 608 515 377 1411 974 1231 1048 1083 1149 902 847 740 1154 1072 696 740 1064 715 697 863 973 606 802 735 931
HOULTON, ME PHILADELPHIA, PA PHILADELPHIA, PA PHILADELPHIA, PA PHILADELPHIA, PA NEWARK, NJ NEWARK, NJ ATLANTIC CITY, NJ ATLANTIC CITY, NJ NEWARK, NJ ATLANTIC CITY, NJ HARRISBURG, PA HARRISBURG, PA PITTSBURGH, PA HARRISBURG, PA PITTSBURGH, PA PITTSBURGH, PA ALLENTOWN, PA PITTSBURGH, PA ALLENTOWN, PA ALLENTOWN, PA WILLIAMSPORT, PA WILLIAMSPORT, PA ERIE, PA EVANSVILLE, IN CINCINNATI, OH CINCINNATI, OH CINCINNATI, OH CINCINNATI, OH INDIANAPOLIS, IN INDIANAPOLIS, IN COLUMBUS, OH COLUMBUS, OH COLUMBUS, OH PEORIA, IL DAYTON, OH DAYTON, OH PEORIA, IL DAYTON, OH DAYTON, OH MOLINE, IL MOLINE, IL FINDLAY, OH MOLINE, IL MOLINE, IL MOLINE, IL 7-D-5
173944
280325 280325 280325 363699 363699 363699
360106 360106 360106 369728 369728 362682
332791
39.9 55.3 55.3 55.3 55.3 54.5 54.5 53.5 53.5 54.5 53.5 53.3 53.3 50.9 53.3 50.9 50.9 50.6 50.9 50.6 50.6 49.8 49.8 50 56 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2 52.5 52.5 52.9 52.9 52.9 50.8 51.5 51.5 50.8 51.5 51.5 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2
9539 4683 4683 4683 4683 4904 4904 4990 4990 4904 4990 5101 5101 5510 5101 5510 5510 5624 5510 5624 5624 5909 5909 6145 4252 4882 4882 4882 4882 5093 5093 5230 5230 5230 5446 5534 5534 5446 5534 5534 5722 5722 5880 5722 5722 5722
128 1261 1261 1261 1261 1120 1120 993 993 1120 993 917 917 650 917 650 650 758 650 758 758 657 657 486 1265 926 926 926 926 938 938 884 884 884 824 755 755 824 755 755 816 816 624 816 816 816
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5873 5936 6019 6041 6139 6215 6633 6796 6877 6932 7038 7076 7137 7526 7927 4174 4198 4249 4404 4422 4545 4665 4720 4873 4984 5106 5771 6456 6727 7153 7506 7574 7617 7808 7988 8122 2164 2251 2474 2554 2592 2672 2742 2932 2957 2971
673 849 537 746 516 620 729 713 693 642 567 722 546 653 590 1419 1573 1713 1377 1545 1637 1294 1405 1114 1270 1297 980 940 711 922 647 708 738 654 777 711 1936 1902 1669 1535 1648 1770 1669 1643 1555 1367
FINDLAY, OH MOLINE, IL FORT WAYNE, IN TOLEDO, OH AKRON CANTON, OH SOUTH BEND, IN LACROSSE, WI LACROSSE, WI LACROSSE, WI LACROSSE, WI MADISON, WI LACROSSE, WI MADISON, WI GREEN BAY, WI HOUGHTON LAKE, MI SAINT LOUIS, MO WICHITA, KS WICHITA, KS DODGE CITY, KS WICHITA, KS WICHITA, KS DODGE CITY, KS DODGE CITY, KS KANSAS CITY, MO CONCORDIA, KS CONCORDIA, KS OMAHA, NE SIOUX CITY, IA PIERRE, SD MINNEAPOLIS, MN MINNEAPOLIS, MN MINNEAPOLIS, MN MINNEAPOLIS, MN WATERTOWN, SD WATERTOWN, SD BISMARCK, ND CAPE HATTERAS, NC CAPE HATTERAS, NC ATLANTA, GA ATLANTA, GA ATLANTA, GA ATLANTA, GA ATHENS, GA GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC 7-D-6
332791
396597 215435 215435 215435 215435 398932 398932 311458 311458
383747 383747 383747
50.2 50.2 49.9 49.5 49.5 49.5 47.3 47.3 47.3 47.3 46.1 47.3 46.1 44.4 43.1 56.3 56.4 56.4 55.2 56.4 56.4 55.2 55.2 54.2 53.5 53.5 50.7 48.3 47.5 45.4 45.4 45.4 45.4 42.8 42.8 42.3 62.8 62.8 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 61.5 60 60 60
5880 5722 5994 6050 6144 6120 6810 6810 6810 6810 6926 6810 6926 7538 8167 4135 4216 4216 4639 4216 4216 4639 4639 4748 5022 5022 5796 6404 6779 7266 7266 7266 7266 8008 8008 8183 2573 2573 2611 2611 2611 2611 2766 3007 3007 3007
624 816 598 646 500 642 580 580 580 580 451 580 451 333 192 1526 1548 1548 1290 1548 1548 1290 1290 1122 1230 1230 923 739 689 579 579 579 579 347 347 381 1958 1958 1846 1846 1846 1846 1846 1599 1599 1599
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8
2992 2997 3047 3100 3118 3163 3175 3213 3222 3241 3377 3687 3885 4068 4095 4263 4364 4394 4454 4520 4591 1291 2384 2565 2620 2760 3424 3568 3649 3836 3851 4047 4193 1437 1562 1718 1816 2629 2915 3287 3348 1093 1212 1615 1692 2277
1352 1330 1420 1479 1497 1536 1422 1414 1290 1463 1356 1424 1301 1139 1025 1125 1105 1072 1030 837 1133 2716 1955 1833 1797 1907 1430 1206 1315 1626 1074 1269 981 2704 2502 2604 2578 2490 2115 2078 2374 5161 4612 3949 3509 2067
GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC GREENSBORO, NC ROANOKE, VA HUNTINGTON, WV HUNTINGTON, WV CHARLESTON, WV LYNCHBURG, VA LYNCHBURG, VA LYNCHBURG, VA SALISBURY, MD BALTIMORE, MD MOBILE, AL BIRMINGHAM, AL BIRMINGHAM, AL TUPELO, MS TUPELO, MS KNOXVILLE, TN BOWLING GREEN, KY BOWLING GREEN, KY LOUISVILLE, KY JACKSON, KY PADUCAH, KY BRISTOL, TN BATON ROUGE, LA BATON ROUGE, LA SHREVEPORT, LA SHREVEPORT, LA FORT SMITH, AR FORT SMITH, AR HOBART, OK HOBART, OK PHOENIX, AZ PHOENIX, AZ LAS VEGAS, NV TUCSON, AZ DOUGLAS, AZ 7-D-7
383747 383747 383747 383747 383747
188000 180470
150909 150909
160549 160549
344204 344204
28815 22659
60 60 60 60 60 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4 58.1 56.3 55 55 54.5 55.4 55.4 55.4 56.6 54.6 66.8 62.2 62.2 61.3 61.3 58.4 57.2 57.2 56.9 55.9 56.8 54.9 67 67 65.7 65.7 61.2 61.2 59.8 59.8 74.2 74.2 68.1 68.7 61.5
3007 3007 3007 3007 3007 3258 3258 3258 3258 3258 3258 3578 3825 4181 4181 4252 4276 4276 4276 4698 4663 1582 2504 2504 2790 2790 3416 3818 3818 3862 3874 4142 4040 1560 1560 1939 1939 2886 2886 3075 3075 963 963 1975 1586 2514
1599 1599 1599 1599 1599 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1523 1269 1087 1087 1044 1021 1021 1021 1055 1219 2807 2047 2047 1863 1863 1440 1298 1298 1580 1008 1178 966 2858 2858 2598 2598 1935 1935 2022 2022 4771 4771 3755 3283 1808
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
2686 3266 5356 5447 5566 5576 5675 6022 6074 6262 6583 6781 7075 7134 7205 7379 7418 7419 7594 0 4195 4670 4993 5821 5897 6860 10045 4242 4298 4575 5947 5957 6191 6217 6243 6820 6932 7675 1258 1281 1290 1359 1413 1539 1576 1669
2255 1911 1018 1109 905 663 912 789 592 703 426 1037 859 431 235 298 346 790 538 4912 357 106 71 35 531 357 0 1251 1216 1029 789 638 684 653 571 325 400 145 1314 1058 1050 1704 544 446 960 311
CARLSBAD, NM ROSWELL, NM BOISE, ID GRAND JUNCTION, CO LOVELOCK, NV LOVELOCK, NV SALT LAKE CITY, UT WINNEMUCCA, NV WINNEMUCCA, NV WINNEMUCCA, NV CHEYENNE, WY MILES CITY, MT MILES CITY, MT HELENA, MT HELENA, MT GREAT FALLS, MT WORLAND, WY MILES CITY, MT LANDER, WY HONOLULU-OAHU, HI SALEM, OR ASTORIA, OR BELLINGHAM, WA YAKIMA, WA YAKIMA, WA BAKER, OR ST PAUL ISLAND, AK NEW YORK, NY NEW YORK, NY NEW YORK, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY ROCHESTER, NY SYRACUSE, NY WATERTOWN, NY SAN DIEGO, CA SAN DIEGO, CA SAN DIEGO, CA SAN DIEGO, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA 7-D-8
291469 297610
264698 264698 269171 269171 269171 481675 245690 245690 244055 244055 243751 489770 245690
350328 450587
350412 305801 305801 305801 301012 301012 301012 301012 301012 307167 308383 309000
62.8 60.8 51.9 51.8 50.1 50.1 52 49.3 49.3 49.3 44.9 46.3 46.3 44 44 43.7 45.4 46.3 45 77.5 52.6 51 50.8 48.9 48.9 45.4 35 55.1 55.1 55.1 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.6 47.4 45.7 64.4 64.4 64.4 64.4 63.3 63.3 63.3 63.3
2778 3188 5227 5640 5428 5428 5693 6057 6057 6057 6603 7143 7143 7146 7146 7407 7414 7143 7509 0 4320 4383 5037 5568 5568 7193 9926 4730 4730 4730 6641 6641 6641 6641 6641 6761 6781 7960 997 997 997 997 1239 1239 1239 1239
1948 1718 1008 1166 785 785 1102 606 606 606 260 546 546 341 341 240 366 546 311 5130 396 36 94 644 644 193 0 1180 1180 1180 401 401 401 401 401 355 461 253 975 975 975 975 734 734 734 734
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
1718 1730 1734 1737 1849 1912 1967 1971 2013 2050 2094 2223 2273 2427 2443 2642 2705 2869 2935 5228 5524 5968 6083 1189 1342 1376 1542 1545 1568 1791 2022 2294 2340 2619 2852 3402 4180 4280 83 138 224 416 421 508 516 522 545
3745 646 1137 1066 2041 1856 152 579 1787 1107 1820 234 1528 1522 828 135 1676 2256 290 310 256 463 106 3086 2806 2947 2995 2521 2875 2510 2916 2642 2580 2574 2242 1937 1622 1828 4553 4546 4151 3458 3675 3665 3494 3308 3294
BLYTHE, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA BAKERSFIELD, CA FRESNO, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA FRESNO, CA SACRAMENTO, CA FRESNO, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA STOCKTON, CA STOCKTON, CA PASO ROBLES, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA STOCKTON, CA REDDING, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA MT SHASTA, CA MT SHASTA, CA MT SHASTA, CA MT SHASTA, CA SAN ANTONIO, TX SAN ANTONIO, TX SAN ANTONIO, TX AUSTIN, TX AUSTIN, TX AUSTIN, TX WACO, TX DALLAS FT WORTH, TX DALLAS FT WORTH, TX EL PASO, TX EL PASO, TX MIDLAND ODESSA, TX LUBBOCK, TX AMARILLO, TX AMARILLO, TX FT LAUDERDALE, FL FT LAUDERDALE, FL WEST PALM BEACH, FL VERO BEACH, FL TAMPA, FL TAMPA, FL TAMPA, FL ORLANDO, FL ORLANDO, FL 7-D-9
40924
43257
43257 43257
46730
47304 45983 45983 45983 45983 417945 417945 417945
412797 412797
83163 83163
71.3 63.3 63.3 63.3 65 63.2 57.3 57.3 63.2 61.1 63.2 57.3 61.8 61.8 58.5 57.3 61.8 61.6 57.3 49.2 49.2 49.2 49.2 68.7 68.7 68.7 69 69 69 66.6 65.5 65.5 64.7 64.7 63.4 59.7 57 57 75.4 75.4 75.3 73.2 73.1 73.1 73.1 72.8 72.8
1064 1239 1239 1239 1993 2227 2282 2282 2227 2358 2227 2282 2402 2402 2687 2282 2402 2450 2282 5299 5299 5299 5299 1278 1278 1278 1633 1633 1633 1827 1998 1998 2519 2519 2605 3170 3955 3955 112 112 189 433 517 517 517 536 536
4444 734 734 734 2398 2243 275 275 2243 1322 2243 275 1356 1356 942 275 1356 2141 275 299 299 299 299 3078 3078 3078 2774 2774 2774 2708 2654 2654 2344 2344 2163 1699 1269 1269 4528 4528 4096 3420 3563 3563 3563 3425 3425
13 13 13 13 13 13
7-D.3
550 849 992 1010 1061 1480
3661 2806 2726 2723 2628 2225
TAMPA, FL DAYTONA BEACH, FL GAINESVILLE, FL GAINESVILLE, FL GAINESVILLE, FL TALLAHASSEE, FL
88758
73.1 71 68.6 68.6 68.6 68
517 741 1237 1237 1237 1661
3563 3087 2846 2846 2846 2704
INLET WATER TEMPERATURE
The daily hot water use and the water heater energy use depend on average inlet water temperature. The inlet water comes to the water heater either from a municipal treatment plant or from ground well sources. DOE determined the water source using RECS 2001, which provides information about the households in the sample that have a well. The households that don’t have a well presumably use water from the municipal treatment plants. DOE derived the inlet water temperature using an approach developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.4, 5
⎛ ΔT air ,max Tmains = (Tair ,avg + offset ) + ratio ∗ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎝
⎞ ⎟⎟ ∗ sin (0.986 ∗ (30 ∗ month #−30 − lag ) − 90 )
⎠
Where:
Tmains Tair,avg ΔTair,max
= = =
0.986 month# offset ratio
= = = =
mains (supply) temperature to domestic hot water tank, °F,
annual average outdoor air temperature, °F,
maximum difference between monthly average outdoor air temperatures
(i.e. MAX(Tair,month) - MIN(Tair,month)), °F, degrees/day (360/365),
number of month of the year (e.g. January = 1),
given by a distribution of values as shown below, °F,
0.4 + 0.01 × (Tamb,avg - 44 ) , and
lag
=
35 − 1.0 × (Tamb,avg - 44 ) , °F.
DOE calculated the offset term separately for the households using municipal treatment plants and ground well sources. For households with wells DOE calculated offset value using a triangular distribution with min value of 0, average value of 2, and maximum value of 4. The municipal plants offset was calculated using typical long-term water temperature 6 average values for households with water coming from municipal treatment plants. as well as 1, 2 7 annual air temperature data and population by state for 75 cities. The difference between these two averages was then calculated. The average population weighted average offset was 7-D-10
calculated to be on average 3.72 with a standard deviation of 5.94. These values where used in the LCC spreadsheet to create a normal distribution for the offset. (See Table 7-D.3.1).
Table 7-D.3.1 Site Anchorage, AK Birmingham, AL Montgomery, AL Little Rock, AR Phoenix, AZ Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA San Francisco, CA Denver, CO Hartford, CT Washington, DC Dover, DE Wilmington, DE Miami, FL Tallahassee, FL Atlanta, GA Savannah, GA Honolulu, HI Des Moines, IA Boise, ID Chicago, IL Indianapolis, IN Topeka, KS Louisville, KY New Orleans, LA Boston, MA Baltimore, MD Portland, ME Detroit, MI Minneapolis, MN Kansas City, MO St. Louis, MO Biloxi, MS Jackson, MS Helena, MT Raliegh, NC Bismark, ND Lincoln, NE Concord, NH
Calculation of Water Inlet Offset for municipal treatment plants Average Water Inlet Temp (°F) 38.6 71.7 66.4 63.9 82.3 72.8 76.2 67.7 61.3 56.6 63.9 61.9 59.6 75 76.7 62 68.1 76.8 60.3 45.3 53.9 49 59 56.3 64.9 59.3 56.8 63.5 49.9 45.8 51.1 61.3 64.9 67.8 41.8 71.8 51 53.5 65.6
Average Annual Air Temp (°F) 36.2 62.2 65 62.1 72.8 63.3 64.4 57.3 50.1 50.2 57.5 56.8 54.4 76.7 68 62.1 66.2 77.5 50 51.9 49.1 52.5 54.3 56.9 68.8 51.6 54.6 45.7 49.7 45.4 54.2 56.3 67.4 64.1 44 59.6 42.3 51.1 45.9 7-D-11
Difference (Offset), Temp (°F)
Population by State (Census 2007 Est)
2.4 9.5 1.4 1.8 9.5 9.5 11.8 10.4 11.2 6.4 6.4 5.1 5.2 -1.7 8.7 -0.1 1.9 -0.7 10.3 -6.6 4.8 -3.5 4.7 -0.6 -3.9 7.7 2.2 17.8 0.2 0.4 -3.1 5 -2.5 3.7 -2.2 12.2 8.7 2.4 19.7
683,478 4,627,851 2,834,797 6,338,755 36,553,215 4,861,515 3,502,309 588,292 864,764 864,764 18,251,243 9,544,750 1,283,388 2,988,046 1,499,402 12,852,548 6,345,289 2,775,997 4,241,474 4,293,204 6,449,755 5,618,344 1,317,207 10,071,822 5,197,621 5,878,415 2,918,785 957,861 9,061,032 639,715 1,774,571 1,315,828
Trenton, NJ Albuquerque, NM Carson City, NV Albany, NY Binghamton, NY Buffalo, NY Long Island, NY New York, NY Plattburgh, NY Potsdam, NY Poughkeepsie, NY Rochester, NY Rome, NY Syracuse, NY Watertown, NY Columbus, OH Oklahoma City, OK Portland, OR Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh, PA Providence, RI Columbia, SC Sioux Falls, SD Chattanooga, TN Knoxville, TN Memphis, TN Dallas, TX Houston, TX Salt Lake City, UT Richmond, VA Montpelier, VT Seattle, WA Greenbay, WI Milwaukee, WI Charleston, WV Cheyenne, WY
55.3 76.2 58 51.5 59.9 49.2 53 57.6 50.6 48.5 56.8 57 51.3 54.7 51.7 54.8 58.8 51.6 56 58 49.7 59.2 55.3 67.7 55 55 68.3 65.9 70.5 59.1 47.8 41.1 44.7 46 62.8 51.7
52.9 56.8 50.6 47.5 45.8 47.9 52.4 55.1 44.5 43.3 48.8 47.6 46.6 47.4 44.7 52.9 60.1 53.5 55.3 50.9 51.1 63.6 45.1 60 58.4 62.3 65.5 70.5 52 57.6 42.9 52.3 44.4 47.5 54.5 44.9
2.4 19.4 7.4 4 14.1 1.3 0.6 2.5 6.1 5.2 8 9.4 4.7 7.3 7 1.9 -1.3 -1.9 0.7 7.1 -1.4 -4.4 10.2 7.7 -3.4 -7.3 2.8 -4.6 18.5 1.5 4.9 -11.2 0.3 -1.5 8.3 6.8 Mean Standard Deviation
7-D-12
8,685,920 1,969,915 2,565,382
19,297,729
11,466,917 3,617,316 3,747,455 12,432,792 1,057,832 4,407,709 796,214 6,156,719
23,904,380 2,645,330 7,712,091 621,254 6,468,424 5,601,640 1,812,035 522,830 3.72 5.94
REFERENCES 1.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Normal Daily Mean Temperature, Deg F, 2004.
2.
Williams, C. N., Jr., M.J. Menne, R.S. Vose, and D.R. Easterling., United States Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Data., 2007. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,. Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
3.
National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration, Degree Days Statistics, 2005.
4.
Burch, J. a. C. C., Towards Development of an Algorithm for Mains Water Temperature. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
5.
Hendron, R., R. Anderson, C. Christensen, and M. Eastment, P. Reeves, Development of an Energy Savings Benchmark for All Residential End-Uses, August, 2004. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Report No. NREL/BK-610-28044.
6.
Abrams, D. W. and A. C. Shedd, Commercial Water Heating Applications Handbook, 1992. Electric Power Research Institute. Palo Alto, CA. Report No. EPRI TR-100212.
7.
U. S. Department of Commerce - Bureau of the Census, Population Estimates, 2007. U.S. Census. Washington, DC.
7-D-13
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 7-D-1
OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE DERIVATION .................................................... 7-D-1
7-D.2.2 Imputation Method............................................................................... 7-D-3
INLET WATER TEMPERATURE..................................................................... 7-D-10
LIST OF TABLES
Table 7-D.2.1 Table 7-D.3.1
Imputation Results ............................................................................... 7-D-4 Calculation of Water Inlet Offset for municipal treatment plants ..... 7-D-11 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 7-D.2.1 Figure 7-D.2.2 Figure 7-D.2.3 Figure 7-D.2.4
Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Mean Temperature.......................... 7-D-2 Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Mean Temperature.......................... 7-D-2 Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values .................................................................................................. 7-D-3 Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values .................................................................................................. 7-D-4
7-D-i
APPENDIX 7-D. WEATHER DATA AND TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS 7-D.1
INTRODUCTION
The temperatures for water heater thermostat setpoint, inlet water temperature, and temperature of the air surrounding the water heater are based on the average annual outdoor air temperature, for each sample household. The outdoor air temperature for the households in the water heater RECS sample is not directly available. Similarly, the inlet water temperature is not available for the sample. This appendix describes DOE’s approach to develop data for these two parameters. 7-D.2
OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE DERIVATION
RECS 2001 provides data on heating and cooling degree-days but not air temperatures for each household in the sample. To derive the outdoor air temperatures for the households in the RECS sample, DOE developed an approach to assign a physical location to each RECS household. The following steps were performed: 1. DOE assembled weather data from 282 weather stations that provide annual average outdoor air temperatures.1, 2 The annual average outdoor air temperatures represent 30 year averages. DOE also gathered the heating and cooling degree-days at base temperature 65 oF for year 2004 for these weather stations.3 The 2004 heating and cooling degree days match the period used to determine the degree-days in RECS 2001. 2. RECS reports both heating degree-days (HDD) and cooling degree-days (CDD) to base temperature 65 oF for each housing record. DOE assigned each RECS household to one of the 282 weather stations by calculating which weather station (within the appropriate census region or large state) gave the best linear least squares fit of the RECS data to the weather data. Figure 7-D.2.1 and Figure 7-D.2.2 show the relationship between the gathered mean temperature values and the HDD values.
7-D-1
90 80 70 y = -0.0037x + 72.143 R2 = 0.969
Mean Temperature (Fº)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Hea ting De gree Days (HDD)
Figure 7-D.2.1
Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Mean Temperature
100 90
Mean Temperature (Fº)
80 70 60 50 40 y = 0.0086x + 42.77
30
2
R = 0.7942
20 10 0 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Cooling Degree Days (CDD)
Figure 7-D.2.2
Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Mean Temperature
7-D-2
7-D.2.2
Imputation Method
To calculate the mean outdoor air temperature, DOE matched the RECS 2001 combinations (255 individual combinations of census divisions plus 4 large states, together with the HDD and CDD data) to U.S. weather data. DOE used the U.S. weather station closest (or with minimum “distance”) from the RECS 2001 data combination. The following equation calculates the “distance” between the U.S. weather data and RECS 2001 data:
" Distance" = ( HDD2 − HDD1 ) 2 + (CDD2 − CDD1 ) 2 Where: = = = =
HDD1 HDD2 CDD1 CDD2
heating degree days from U.S. weather data, heating degree days from RECS 2001 data, cooling degree days from U.S. weather data, and cooling degree days from RECS 2001 data.
Figure 7-D.2.3 and Figure 7-D.2.4 show the relationship between the imputed mean outdoor air temperature values and the RECS 2001 HDD values. 90 80
Mean Temperature (Fº)
70 60 50 40 y = -0.0038x + 72.163
30
2
R = 0.948 20 10 0 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
HDD (days)
Figure 7-D.2.3
Heating Degree Days (HDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values
7-D-3
12000
90 80
Mean Temperature (Fº)
70 60 50 40 y = 0.0072x + 46.626
30
2
R = 0.7486
20 10 0 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
CDD (days)
Figure 7-D.2.4
Cooling Degree Days (CDD) vs. Imputed Mean Temperature Values
Table 7-D.2.1 shows the imputation results for all RECS locations. Note that some weather station data matches with several of the RECS 2001 255 HDD & CDD combinations. Table 7-D.2.1
Imputation Results
RECS Data Combinations Divisio n+4 HDD CDD 1 5053 903 1 5247 820 1 5256 613 1 5312 777 1 5397 760 1 5415 753 1 5455 583 1 5456 887 1 5549 769 1 5791 781 1 5872 711 1 5914 696 1 5939 708 1 5978 671 1 6183 761 1 6433 590 1 6822 447 1 8072 416
Station Location BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BRIDGEPORT, CT BOSTON, MA PROVIDENCE, RI PROVIDENCE, RI PROVIDENCE, RI HARTFORD, CT HARTFORD, CT HARTFORD, CT WORCESTER, MA BURLINGTON, VT
Weather Station Data Station Mean ID Temp 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 51.6 376698 51.1 376698 51.1 376698 51.1 50.2 50.2 50.2 47.2 431081 45.2
7-D-4
HDD (2004) 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5358 5770 5802 5802 5802 6157 6157 6157 6800 7831
CDD (2004) 808 808 808 808 808 808 808 808 808 626 613 613 613 645 645 645 413 369
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
8948 4148 4168 4398 4484 4781 4807 4850 4880 4931 4940 5190 5235 5263 5289 5395 5508 5560 5573 5631 5651 5826 5831 6340 4683 4752 4806 4824 4889 5046 5080 5207 5297 5316 5409 5501 5513 5530 5590 5598 5637 5641 5725 5777 5800 5855
191 1225 1404 1271 1070 1045 1027 961 983 1083 1027 743 801 704 881 719 596 714 589 714 722 608 515 377 1411 974 1231 1048 1083 1149 902 847 740 1154 1072 696 740 1064 715 697 863 973 606 802 735 931
HOULTON, ME PHILADELPHIA, PA PHILADELPHIA, PA PHILADELPHIA, PA PHILADELPHIA, PA NEWARK, NJ NEWARK, NJ ATLANTIC CITY, NJ ATLANTIC CITY, NJ NEWARK, NJ ATLANTIC CITY, NJ HARRISBURG, PA HARRISBURG, PA PITTSBURGH, PA HARRISBURG, PA PITTSBURGH, PA PITTSBURGH, PA ALLENTOWN, PA PITTSBURGH, PA ALLENTOWN, PA ALLENTOWN, PA WILLIAMSPORT, PA WILLIAMSPORT, PA ERIE, PA EVANSVILLE, IN CINCINNATI, OH CINCINNATI, OH CINCINNATI, OH CINCINNATI, OH INDIANAPOLIS, IN INDIANAPOLIS, IN COLUMBUS, OH COLUMBUS, OH COLUMBUS, OH PEORIA, IL DAYTON, OH DAYTON, OH PEORIA, IL DAYTON, OH DAYTON, OH MOLINE, IL MOLINE, IL FINDLAY, OH MOLINE, IL MOLINE, IL MOLINE, IL 7-D-5
173944
280325 280325 280325 363699 363699 363699
360106 360106 360106 369728 369728 362682
332791
39.9 55.3 55.3 55.3 55.3 54.5 54.5 53.5 53.5 54.5 53.5 53.3 53.3 50.9 53.3 50.9 50.9 50.6 50.9 50.6 50.6 49.8 49.8 50 56 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2 52.5 52.5 52.9 52.9 52.9 50.8 51.5 51.5 50.8 51.5 51.5 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2
9539 4683 4683 4683 4683 4904 4904 4990 4990 4904 4990 5101 5101 5510 5101 5510 5510 5624 5510 5624 5624 5909 5909 6145 4252 4882 4882 4882 4882 5093 5093 5230 5230 5230 5446 5534 5534 5446 5534 5534 5722 5722 5880 5722 5722 5722
128 1261 1261 1261 1261 1120 1120 993 993 1120 993 917 917 650 917 650 650 758 650 758 758 657 657 486 1265 926 926 926 926 938 938 884 884 884 824 755 755 824 755 755 816 816 624 816 816 816
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5873 5936 6019 6041 6139 6215 6633 6796 6877 6932 7038 7076 7137 7526 7927 4174 4198 4249 4404 4422 4545 4665 4720 4873 4984 5106 5771 6456 6727 7153 7506 7574 7617 7808 7988 8122 2164 2251 2474 2554 2592 2672 2742 2932 2957 2971
673 849 537 746 516 620 729 713 693 642 567 722 546 653 590 1419 1573 1713 1377 1545 1637 1294 1405 1114 1270 1297 980 940 711 922 647 708 738 654 777 711 1936 1902 1669 1535 1648 1770 1669 1643 1555 1367
FINDLAY, OH MOLINE, IL FORT WAYNE, IN TOLEDO, OH AKRON CANTON, OH SOUTH BEND, IN LACROSSE, WI LACROSSE, WI LACROSSE, WI LACROSSE, WI MADISON, WI LACROSSE, WI MADISON, WI GREEN BAY, WI HOUGHTON LAKE, MI SAINT LOUIS, MO WICHITA, KS WICHITA, KS DODGE CITY, KS WICHITA, KS WICHITA, KS DODGE CITY, KS DODGE CITY, KS KANSAS CITY, MO CONCORDIA, KS CONCORDIA, KS OMAHA, NE SIOUX CITY, IA PIERRE, SD MINNEAPOLIS, MN MINNEAPOLIS, MN MINNEAPOLIS, MN MINNEAPOLIS, MN WATERTOWN, SD WATERTOWN, SD BISMARCK, ND CAPE HATTERAS, NC CAPE HATTERAS, NC ATLANTA, GA ATLANTA, GA ATLANTA, GA ATLANTA, GA ATHENS, GA GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC 7-D-6
332791
396597 215435 215435 215435 215435 398932 398932 311458 311458
383747 383747 383747
50.2 50.2 49.9 49.5 49.5 49.5 47.3 47.3 47.3 47.3 46.1 47.3 46.1 44.4 43.1 56.3 56.4 56.4 55.2 56.4 56.4 55.2 55.2 54.2 53.5 53.5 50.7 48.3 47.5 45.4 45.4 45.4 45.4 42.8 42.8 42.3 62.8 62.8 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 61.5 60 60 60
5880 5722 5994 6050 6144 6120 6810 6810 6810 6810 6926 6810 6926 7538 8167 4135 4216 4216 4639 4216 4216 4639 4639 4748 5022 5022 5796 6404 6779 7266 7266 7266 7266 8008 8008 8183 2573 2573 2611 2611 2611 2611 2766 3007 3007 3007
624 816 598 646 500 642 580 580 580 580 451 580 451 333 192 1526 1548 1548 1290 1548 1548 1290 1290 1122 1230 1230 923 739 689 579 579 579 579 347 347 381 1958 1958 1846 1846 1846 1846 1846 1599 1599 1599
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8
2992 2997 3047 3100 3118 3163 3175 3213 3222 3241 3377 3687 3885 4068 4095 4263 4364 4394 4454 4520 4591 1291 2384 2565 2620 2760 3424 3568 3649 3836 3851 4047 4193 1437 1562 1718 1816 2629 2915 3287 3348 1093 1212 1615 1692 2277
1352 1330 1420 1479 1497 1536 1422 1414 1290 1463 1356 1424 1301 1139 1025 1125 1105 1072 1030 837 1133 2716 1955 1833 1797 1907 1430 1206 1315 1626 1074 1269 981 2704 2502 2604 2578 2490 2115 2078 2374 5161 4612 3949 3509 2067
GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC GREENVILLE, SC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC CHARLOTTE, NC GREENSBORO, NC ROANOKE, VA HUNTINGTON, WV HUNTINGTON, WV CHARLESTON, WV LYNCHBURG, VA LYNCHBURG, VA LYNCHBURG, VA SALISBURY, MD BALTIMORE, MD MOBILE, AL BIRMINGHAM, AL BIRMINGHAM, AL TUPELO, MS TUPELO, MS KNOXVILLE, TN BOWLING GREEN, KY BOWLING GREEN, KY LOUISVILLE, KY JACKSON, KY PADUCAH, KY BRISTOL, TN BATON ROUGE, LA BATON ROUGE, LA SHREVEPORT, LA SHREVEPORT, LA FORT SMITH, AR FORT SMITH, AR HOBART, OK HOBART, OK PHOENIX, AZ PHOENIX, AZ LAS VEGAS, NV TUCSON, AZ DOUGLAS, AZ 7-D-7
383747 383747 383747 383747 383747
188000 180470
150909 150909
160549 160549
344204 344204
28815 22659
60 60 60 60 60 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4 58.1 56.3 55 55 54.5 55.4 55.4 55.4 56.6 54.6 66.8 62.2 62.2 61.3 61.3 58.4 57.2 57.2 56.9 55.9 56.8 54.9 67 67 65.7 65.7 61.2 61.2 59.8 59.8 74.2 74.2 68.1 68.7 61.5
3007 3007 3007 3007 3007 3258 3258 3258 3258 3258 3258 3578 3825 4181 4181 4252 4276 4276 4276 4698 4663 1582 2504 2504 2790 2790 3416 3818 3818 3862 3874 4142 4040 1560 1560 1939 1939 2886 2886 3075 3075 963 963 1975 1586 2514
1599 1599 1599 1599 1599 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1523 1269 1087 1087 1044 1021 1021 1021 1055 1219 2807 2047 2047 1863 1863 1440 1298 1298 1580 1008 1178 966 2858 2858 2598 2598 1935 1935 2022 2022 4771 4771 3755 3283 1808
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
2686 3266 5356 5447 5566 5576 5675 6022 6074 6262 6583 6781 7075 7134 7205 7379 7418 7419 7594 0 4195 4670 4993 5821 5897 6860 10045 4242 4298 4575 5947 5957 6191 6217 6243 6820 6932 7675 1258 1281 1290 1359 1413 1539 1576 1669
2255 1911 1018 1109 905 663 912 789 592 703 426 1037 859 431 235 298 346 790 538 4912 357 106 71 35 531 357 0 1251 1216 1029 789 638 684 653 571 325 400 145 1314 1058 1050 1704 544 446 960 311
CARLSBAD, NM ROSWELL, NM BOISE, ID GRAND JUNCTION, CO LOVELOCK, NV LOVELOCK, NV SALT LAKE CITY, UT WINNEMUCCA, NV WINNEMUCCA, NV WINNEMUCCA, NV CHEYENNE, WY MILES CITY, MT MILES CITY, MT HELENA, MT HELENA, MT GREAT FALLS, MT WORLAND, WY MILES CITY, MT LANDER, WY HONOLULU-OAHU, HI SALEM, OR ASTORIA, OR BELLINGHAM, WA YAKIMA, WA YAKIMA, WA BAKER, OR ST PAUL ISLAND, AK NEW YORK, NY NEW YORK, NY NEW YORK, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY BUFFALO, NY ROCHESTER, NY SYRACUSE, NY WATERTOWN, NY SAN DIEGO, CA SAN DIEGO, CA SAN DIEGO, CA SAN DIEGO, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA 7-D-8
291469 297610
264698 264698 269171 269171 269171 481675 245690 245690 244055 244055 243751 489770 245690
350328 450587
350412 305801 305801 305801 301012 301012 301012 301012 301012 307167 308383 309000
62.8 60.8 51.9 51.8 50.1 50.1 52 49.3 49.3 49.3 44.9 46.3 46.3 44 44 43.7 45.4 46.3 45 77.5 52.6 51 50.8 48.9 48.9 45.4 35 55.1 55.1 55.1 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.6 47.4 45.7 64.4 64.4 64.4 64.4 63.3 63.3 63.3 63.3
2778 3188 5227 5640 5428 5428 5693 6057 6057 6057 6603 7143 7143 7146 7146 7407 7414 7143 7509 0 4320 4383 5037 5568 5568 7193 9926 4730 4730 4730 6641 6641 6641 6641 6641 6761 6781 7960 997 997 997 997 1239 1239 1239 1239
1948 1718 1008 1166 785 785 1102 606 606 606 260 546 546 341 341 240 366 546 311 5130 396 36 94 644 644 193 0 1180 1180 1180 401 401 401 401 401 355 461 253 975 975 975 975 734 734 734 734
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
1718 1730 1734 1737 1849 1912 1967 1971 2013 2050 2094 2223 2273 2427 2443 2642 2705 2869 2935 5228 5524 5968 6083 1189 1342 1376 1542 1545 1568 1791 2022 2294 2340 2619 2852 3402 4180 4280 83 138 224 416 421 508 516 522 545
3745 646 1137 1066 2041 1856 152 579 1787 1107 1820 234 1528 1522 828 135 1676 2256 290 310 256 463 106 3086 2806 2947 2995 2521 2875 2510 2916 2642 2580 2574 2242 1937 1622 1828 4553 4546 4151 3458 3675 3665 3494 3308 3294
BLYTHE, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA LOS ANGELES, CA BAKERSFIELD, CA FRESNO, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA FRESNO, CA SACRAMENTO, CA FRESNO, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA STOCKTON, CA STOCKTON, CA PASO ROBLES, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA STOCKTON, CA REDDING, CA SAN FRANCISCO, CA MT SHASTA, CA MT SHASTA, CA MT SHASTA, CA MT SHASTA, CA SAN ANTONIO, TX SAN ANTONIO, TX SAN ANTONIO, TX AUSTIN, TX AUSTIN, TX AUSTIN, TX WACO, TX DALLAS FT WORTH, TX DALLAS FT WORTH, TX EL PASO, TX EL PASO, TX MIDLAND ODESSA, TX LUBBOCK, TX AMARILLO, TX AMARILLO, TX FT LAUDERDALE, FL FT LAUDERDALE, FL WEST PALM BEACH, FL VERO BEACH, FL TAMPA, FL TAMPA, FL TAMPA, FL ORLANDO, FL ORLANDO, FL 7-D-9
40924
43257
43257 43257
46730
47304 45983 45983 45983 45983 417945 417945 417945
412797 412797
83163 83163
71.3 63.3 63.3 63.3 65 63.2 57.3 57.3 63.2 61.1 63.2 57.3 61.8 61.8 58.5 57.3 61.8 61.6 57.3 49.2 49.2 49.2 49.2 68.7 68.7 68.7 69 69 69 66.6 65.5 65.5 64.7 64.7 63.4 59.7 57 57 75.4 75.4 75.3 73.2 73.1 73.1 73.1 72.8 72.8
1064 1239 1239 1239 1993 2227 2282 2282 2227 2358 2227 2282 2402 2402 2687 2282 2402 2450 2282 5299 5299 5299 5299 1278 1278 1278 1633 1633 1633 1827 1998 1998 2519 2519 2605 3170 3955 3955 112 112 189 433 517 517 517 536 536
4444 734 734 734 2398 2243 275 275 2243 1322 2243 275 1356 1356 942 275 1356 2141 275 299 299 299 299 3078 3078 3078 2774 2774 2774 2708 2654 2654 2344 2344 2163 1699 1269 1269 4528 4528 4096 3420 3563 3563 3563 3425 3425
13 13 13 13 13 13
7-D.3
550 849 992 1010 1061 1480
3661 2806 2726 2723 2628 2225
TAMPA, FL DAYTONA BEACH, FL GAINESVILLE, FL GAINESVILLE, FL GAINESVILLE, FL TALLAHASSEE, FL
88758
73.1 71 68.6 68.6 68.6 68
517 741 1237 1237 1237 1661
3563 3087 2846 2846 2846 2704
INLET WATER TEMPERATURE
The daily hot water use and the water heater energy use depend on average inlet water temperature. The inlet water comes to the water heater either from a municipal treatment plant or from ground well sources. DOE determined the water source using RECS 2001, which provides information about the households in the sample that have a well. The households that don’t have a well presumably use water from the municipal treatment plants. DOE derived the inlet water temperature using an approach developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.4, 5
⎛ ΔT air ,max Tmains = (Tair ,avg + offset ) + ratio ∗ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎝
⎞ ⎟⎟ ∗ sin (0.986 ∗ (30 ∗ month #−30 − lag ) − 90 )
⎠
Where:
Tmains Tair,avg ΔTair,max
= = =
0.986 month# offset ratio
= = = =
mains (supply) temperature to domestic hot water tank, °F,
annual average outdoor air temperature, °F,
maximum difference between monthly average outdoor air temperatures
(i.e. MAX(Tair,month) - MIN(Tair,month)), °F, degrees/day (360/365),
number of month of the year (e.g. January = 1),
given by a distribution of values as shown below, °F,
0.4 + 0.01 × (Tamb,avg - 44 ) , and
lag
=
35 − 1.0 × (Tamb,avg - 44 ) , °F.
DOE calculated the offset term separately for the households using municipal treatment plants and ground well sources. For households with wells DOE calculated offset value using a triangular distribution with min value of 0, average value of 2, and maximum value of 4. The municipal plants offset was calculated using typical long-term water temperature 6 average values for households with water coming from municipal treatment plants. as well as 1, 2 7 annual air temperature data and population by state for 75 cities. The difference between these two averages was then calculated. The average population weighted average offset was 7-D-10
calculated to be on average 3.72 with a standard deviation of 5.94. These values where used in the LCC spreadsheet to create a normal distribution for the offset. (See Table 7-D.3.1).
Table 7-D.3.1 Site Anchorage, AK Birmingham, AL Montgomery, AL Little Rock, AR Phoenix, AZ Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA San Francisco, CA Denver, CO Hartford, CT Washington, DC Dover, DE Wilmington, DE Miami, FL Tallahassee, FL Atlanta, GA Savannah, GA Honolulu, HI Des Moines, IA Boise, ID Chicago, IL Indianapolis, IN Topeka, KS Louisville, KY New Orleans, LA Boston, MA Baltimore, MD Portland, ME Detroit, MI Minneapolis, MN Kansas City, MO St. Louis, MO Biloxi, MS Jackson, MS Helena, MT Raliegh, NC Bismark, ND Lincoln, NE Concord, NH
Calculation of Water Inlet Offset for municipal treatment plants Average Water Inlet Temp (°F) 38.6 71.7 66.4 63.9 82.3 72.8 76.2 67.7 61.3 56.6 63.9 61.9 59.6 75 76.7 62 68.1 76.8 60.3 45.3 53.9 49 59 56.3 64.9 59.3 56.8 63.5 49.9 45.8 51.1 61.3 64.9 67.8 41.8 71.8 51 53.5 65.6
Average Annual Air Temp (°F) 36.2 62.2 65 62.1 72.8 63.3 64.4 57.3 50.1 50.2 57.5 56.8 54.4 76.7 68 62.1 66.2 77.5 50 51.9 49.1 52.5 54.3 56.9 68.8 51.6 54.6 45.7 49.7 45.4 54.2 56.3 67.4 64.1 44 59.6 42.3 51.1 45.9 7-D-11
Difference (Offset), Temp (°F)
Population by State (Census 2007 Est)
2.4 9.5 1.4 1.8 9.5 9.5 11.8 10.4 11.2 6.4 6.4 5.1 5.2 -1.7 8.7 -0.1 1.9 -0.7 10.3 -6.6 4.8 -3.5 4.7 -0.6 -3.9 7.7 2.2 17.8 0.2 0.4 -3.1 5 -2.5 3.7 -2.2 12.2 8.7 2.4 19.7
683,478 4,627,851 2,834,797 6,338,755 36,553,215 4,861,515 3,502,309 588,292 864,764 864,764 18,251,243 9,544,750 1,283,388 2,988,046 1,499,402 12,852,548 6,345,289 2,775,997 4,241,474 4,293,204 6,449,755 5,618,344 1,317,207 10,071,822 5,197,621 5,878,415 2,918,785 957,861 9,061,032 639,715 1,774,571 1,315,828
Trenton, NJ Albuquerque, NM Carson City, NV Albany, NY Binghamton, NY Buffalo, NY Long Island, NY New York, NY Plattburgh, NY Potsdam, NY Poughkeepsie, NY Rochester, NY Rome, NY Syracuse, NY Watertown, NY Columbus, OH Oklahoma City, OK Portland, OR Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh, PA Providence, RI Columbia, SC Sioux Falls, SD Chattanooga, TN Knoxville, TN Memphis, TN Dallas, TX Houston, TX Salt Lake City, UT Richmond, VA Montpelier, VT Seattle, WA Greenbay, WI Milwaukee, WI Charleston, WV Cheyenne, WY
55.3 76.2 58 51.5 59.9 49.2 53 57.6 50.6 48.5 56.8 57 51.3 54.7 51.7 54.8 58.8 51.6 56 58 49.7 59.2 55.3 67.7 55 55 68.3 65.9 70.5 59.1 47.8 41.1 44.7 46 62.8 51.7
52.9 56.8 50.6 47.5 45.8 47.9 52.4 55.1 44.5 43.3 48.8 47.6 46.6 47.4 44.7 52.9 60.1 53.5 55.3 50.9 51.1 63.6 45.1 60 58.4 62.3 65.5 70.5 52 57.6 42.9 52.3 44.4 47.5 54.5 44.9
2.4 19.4 7.4 4 14.1 1.3 0.6 2.5 6.1 5.2 8 9.4 4.7 7.3 7 1.9 -1.3 -1.9 0.7 7.1 -1.4 -4.4 10.2 7.7 -3.4 -7.3 2.8 -4.6 18.5 1.5 4.9 -11.2 0.3 -1.5 8.3 6.8 Mean Standard Deviation
7-D-12
8,685,920 1,969,915 2,565,382
19,297,729
11,466,917 3,617,316 3,747,455 12,432,792 1,057,832 4,407,709 796,214 6,156,719
23,904,380 2,645,330 7,712,091 621,254 6,468,424 5,601,640 1,812,035 522,830 3.72 5.94
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Normal Daily Mean Temperature, Deg F, 2004.
2.
Williams, C. N., Jr., M.J. Menne, R.S. Vose, and D.R. Easterling., United States Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Data., 2007. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,. Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
3.
National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration, Degree Days Statistics, 2005.
4.
Burch, J. a. C. C., Towards Development of an Algorithm for Mains Water Temperature. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
5.
Hendron, R., R. Anderson, C. Christensen, and M. Eastment, P. Reeves, Development of an Energy Savings Benchmark for All Residential End-Uses, August, 2004. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Report No. NREL/BK-610-28044.
6.
Abrams, D. W. and A. C. Shedd, Commercial Water Heating Applications Handbook, 1992. Electric Power Research Institute. Palo Alto, CA. Report No. EPRI TR-100212.
7.
U. S. Department of Commerce - Bureau of the Census, Population Estimates, 2007. U.S. Census. Washington, DC.
7-D-13
